Anthu aku America omwe akukhala kunja - kuposa mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi a ife padziko lonse lapansi (osawerengera omwe amagwirira ntchito boma la US) - nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mafunso ovuta okhudza dziko lathu kuchokera kwa anthu omwe timakhala nawo. Azungu, Asiya, ndi anthu aku Africa atifunsa kuti tiwafotokozere zonse zomwe zimawadabwitsa chifukwa chamakhalidwe achilendo komanso ovuta a United States. Anthu aulemu, nthawi zambiri safuna kuyika pachiwopsezo kukhumudwitsa mlendo, amadandaula kuti kuyambitsa-chisangalalo ku America, kuyimitsa ufulu, komanso "kupatula" kwachitika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti tizingotengedwa ngati gawo launyamata. Zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ife aku America akunja tikufunsidwa kawirikawiri kuti tifotokozere za "dziko lathu" lomwe ladziwika kale, lomwe tsopano ladziwika kuchepa komanso mochulukirapo popanda sitepe ndi dziko lonse lapansi.
Mu moyo wanga wautali woyendayenda, ndakhala ndi mwayi wokhala, kugwira ntchito, kapena kuyenda m'maiko onse kupatula mayiko ochepa padziko lapansi. Ndakhala ndikupita kumapiri onse komanso malo ambiri pakati, komanso otakasuka monga momwe ndiriri, ndalankhula ndi anthu panjira yonseyi. Ndimakumbukirabe nthawi yomwe kukhala waku America kumayenera kuchitiridwa nsanje. Dzikoli komwe ndidakulira nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi limawoneka kuti limalemekezedwa komanso kuyamikiridwa padziko lonse lapansi pazifukwa zambiri zopitilira kuno.
Izo zasinthidwa, ndithudi. Ngakhale Iraq italowetsedwa mu 2003, ndidakumanabe ndi anthu - ku Middle East, osafunsanso - osafuna kuweruza United States Ambiri amaganiza kuti Khothi Lalikulu Kuika a George W. Bush ngati Purezidenti anali olakwika ovotera aku America adzasintha pa chisankho cha 2004. Zake kubwerera ku ofesi adatchuladi kutha kwa America monga dziko lapansi limadziwira. Bush anali atayambitsa nkhondo, yotsutsana ndi dziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa amafuna ndipo adatha. Ambiri aku America adamuthandiza. Ndipo ndipamene mafunso onse ovuta adayamba.
Kumayambiriro kwa 2014, ndidayenda kuchokera kunyumba kwanga ku Oslo, Norway, kudutsa kum'mawa ndi Central Europe. Kulikonse komwe ndidapita m'miyezi iwiriyi, mphindi pang'ono anthu am'deralo atazindikira kuti ndine waku America mafunso ayambika, mwaulemu monga anali, ambiri a iwo anali ndi mutu wankhani umodzi: Kodi anthu aku America wadutsa m'mphepete? Ndinu openga? Chonde fotokozerani.
Kenako posachedwa, ndinabwerera "kudziko lakwawo." Zinandidabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri aku America sadziwa kuti ndife achilendo bwanji padziko lapansi pano. Mwazomwe ndidakumana nazo, owonera zakunja amadziwitsidwa bwino za ife kuposa momwe Amereka amadziwira za iwo. Izi ndichifukwa choti "nkhani" munyuzipepala zaku America ndizosokonekera kwambiri ndipo siziwona momwe timagwirira ntchito komanso momwe mayiko ena amaganizira - ngakhale mayiko omwe tidali nawo posachedwa, pano, kapena akuwopseza kuti achita nkhondo . Kulimbana kwa America kokha, osatchulapo zovuta zawo zachuma, kumakakamiza dziko lonse lapansi kuti liziwayandikira. Ndani akudziwa, pambuyo pa zonse, ndi mikangano iti yomwe aku America angakukokereni kumtsata, monga chandamale kapena mnzake wosafuna?
Chifukwa chake kulikonse komwe alendo amatuluka padzikoli, timapeza wina yemwe akufuna kukambirana za zomwe zachitika ku America posachedwa, zazing'ono: dziko lina bombed m'dzina la wathu "Chitetezo cha dziko," wina wofuna kuchita ziwonetsero anaukira mwakukulira kwathu zankhondo apolisi, wina diatribe motsutsana ndi "boma lalikulu" la ofuna wina wannabe yemwe akuyembekeza kutsogolera boma lomwelo ku Washington. Nkhani zoterezi zimasiyitsa omvera akunja modabwitsika komanso achita mantha.
Nthawi Yopempha
Tengani mafunso omwe akukhumudwitsa azungu mu zaka za Obama (zomwe miliyoni 1.6 Anthu aku America omwe amakhala ku Europe nthawi zonse amatiponya). Pamwamba pamndandanda: "Chifukwa chiyani aliyense kutsutsa chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse? ”Mayiko ena ku Europe ndi mayiko ena otukuka ali ndi mtundu wina chithandizo chazachipatala kuyambira ma 1930 kapena 1940, Germany kuyambira 1880. Mabaibulo ena, monga ku France ndi Great Britain, agawika m'magulu awiri aboma komanso achinsinsi. Komabe ngakhale omwe ali ndi mwayi wolipira ndalama mwachangu sangasungire nzika anzawo chithandizo chothandizidwa ndi boma. Kuti anthu ambiri aku America amenyetsa azungu monga kudodometsa, ngati sichoncho mwankhanza.
M'mayiko a Scandinavia, omwe amati anali otukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi, a national (zakuthupi ndi zamaganizidwe) pulogalamu yazaumoyo, yolipiridwa ndi boma, ndi gawo lalikulu - koma ndi gawo limodzi lokhalo lachitukuko. Ku Norway, komwe ndimakhala, nzika zonse zili ndi ufulu wofanana maphunziro (boma lathandizidwa kusukulu kuyambira wazaka chimodzi, ndi masukulu aulere kuyambira azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kudzera pamaphunziro apadera kapena yunivesite maphunziro ndi kupitirira pamenepo), zopindulitsa pantchito, malo antchito komanso ntchito zolembetsa ndalama, tchuthi cholipidwa ndi makolo, mapenshoni okalamba, ndi zina zambiri. Zopindulitsa izi sizongokhala "chitetezo" chadzidzidzi; ndiye kuti, zachifundo zimaperekedwa mokakamiza kwa osowa. Zili ponseponse: nzika zonse zikupezeka monga ufulu wachibadwidwe wolimbikitsa mgwirizano - kapenanso malinga ndi malamulo athu aku US, "bata m'banja." Ndizosadabwitsa kuti, kwazaka zambiri, oyesa mayiko ena adaika Norway kukhala malo abwino kwambiri khalani okalamba, kuti kukhala mkazi, ndi kwa kulera mwana. Mutu wa malo “abwino koposa” kapena “wosangalatsa koposa” kukhala Padziko Lapansi ukubwera pamphikisano yoyandikana pakati pa Norway ndi ma democracies ena a Nordic, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, ndi Iceland.
Ku Norway, maubwino onse amalipiridwa makamaka ndi misonkho yayikulu. Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa malingaliro a msonkho waku US, ndalama zaku Norway ndizowongoka bwino, zimakhomera misonkho kuchokera pantchito ndi penshoni pang'onopang'ono, kotero kuti iwo omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri amalipira ndalama zambiri. Dipatimenti ya misonkho imawerengera, imatumiza ndalama pachaka, ndi okhometsa msonkho, ngakhale ali omasuka kutsutsana, amalipirira, podziwa zomwe iwo ndi ana awo adzabweza. Ndipo chifukwa mfundo za boma zimagawaniza chuma komanso zimachepetsa ndalama zochepa zomwe amalandila, anthu ambiri aku Norwegi amayenda bwino bwato lomwelo. (Ganizirani izi!)
Moyo ndi Ufulu
Izi sizinangochitika zokha. Adakonza. Sweden idatsogolera njira mu ma 1930, ndipo maiko onse asanu a Nordic adalowa mkati mwa nthawi yankhondo kuti apange zosiyana zawo pazomwe zidatchedwa Nordic Model: malire a capitalism olamulidwa, moyo wadziko lonse, demokalase yandale, komanso okwera kwambiri milingo ya chikhalidwe ndi kufanana kwachuma padzikoli. Ndi kachitidwe kawo. Adazipanga. Amazikonda. Ngakhale boma likuyesetsa kuti lisagwedwe, iwo amasunga. Chifukwa chiyani?
M'mayiko onse a Nordic, pamakhala mgwirizano wambiri pazandale kuti pokhapokha zosowa za anthu zitakwaniritsidwa - pomwe atha kudandaula za ntchito zawo, ndalama zawo, nyumba zawo, mayendedwe awo, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ana awo ' maphunziro, ndi makolo awo okalamba - pokhapokha atakhala ndi ufulu kuchita zomwe angafune. Pomwe US ikukonzekera zongopeka kuti, kuyambira pakubadwa, mwana aliyense amakhala ndi mwayi wofanana ku maloto aku America, machitidwe azachitetezo cha anthu ku Nordic amayala maziko achikhalidwe chofanana komanso kudzikonda.
Malingaliro awa siachilendo. Amatchulidwa poyambirira kwa Malamulo athu. Mukudziwa, gawo lonena za "ife Anthu" kupanga "Mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri" wolimbikitsa chitukuko, ndikuteteza Madalitso a Ufulu kwa ife eni ndi M'badwo wathu. " Ngakhale adakonzekeretsa dziko kunkhondo, Purezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt adakumbukiranso mwachidule zomwe zithandizire kukhala mukulankhula kwake ku Union ku 1941. Mwa "zinthu zazing'ono zomwe siziyenera kuiwalika," adatero. zolembedwa "Kufanana kwa mwayi kwa achinyamata ndi ena, ntchito kwa iwo omwe angagwire ntchito, chitetezo kwa iwo amene akuzifuna, kutha kwa mwayi wapadera kwa owerengeka, kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu onse," ndipo o inde, misonkho yapamwamba kulipira zinthuzo komanso mtengo wa zida zodzitchinjiriza.
Podziwa kuti anthu aku America amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro awa, munthu waku Norway lero amadabwa kuti ndi CEO wa bungwe lalikulu ku America kumathandiza pakati pa 300 ndi 400 nthawi zambiri monga antchito wamba. Kapenanso kuti abwanamkubwa a Sam Brownback a ku Kansas ndi Chris Christie aku New Jersey, atayendetsa ngongole za boma lawo podula msonko kwa olemera, tsopano akukonzekera kuphimba kutaya ndi ndalama zomwe zimachotsedwa pantchito za penshoni za ogwira ntchito m'boma. Kwa aku Norway, ntchito ya boma ndiyo kugawa chuma chambiri mdziko moyenerera, osatumiza ikukwera m'mwamba, monga ku America lero, ku gawo limodzi lokha kwambiri.
Pokonzekera, anthu aku Norwegi amakonda kuchita zinthu pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zonse amaganiza za nthawi yayitali, kulingalira za moyo wabwino kwa ana awo, obwera pambuyo pake. Ichi ndichifukwa chake munthu waku Norway, kapena waku Europe wakumpoto, amadabwa kumva kuti magawo awiri mwa atatu a ophunzira aku koleji aku America amaliza maphunziro awo ofiira, ena chifukwa $ 100,000 kapena kuposa. Kapena ku US, dziko lolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi, mmodzi mwa atatu ana amakhala mu umphawi, chimodzi mwa zisanu achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 34. Kapenanso kuti America ndi waposachedwa nkhondo zopitilira matrilioni adamenyedwa pa kirediti kadi kuti alipiridwe ndi ana athu. Zomwe zimatibwezera ku mawu oti: mwankhanza.
Zomwe zimachitika mwankhanza, kapena mtundu wina wopanda ulemu, zikuwoneka kuti zikubisalira mafunso ena ambiri owonera akunja amafunsa za America ngati: Mungamange bwanji ndende yozunzirako anthu ku Cuba, ndipo bwanji osayitseka? Kapena: Kodi mungayerekeze bwanji kukhala dziko lachikhristu koma mukugwirabe chilango cha imfa? Zotsatirazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala: Mungasankhe bwanji kukhala Purezidenti munthu wonyadira kupha nzika zake ku kuthamanga kwambiri inalembedwa m'mbiri ya Texas? (Anthu aku Europe sadzaiwala George W. Bush posachedwa.)
Zinthu zina zomwe ndimayenera kuyankhapo ndi monga:
* Chifukwa chiyani inu a America simukuleka kusokoneza ntchito za amayi?
* Bwanji osamvetsetsa za sayansi?
* Kodi mungakhale bwanji osazindikira kwenikweni zakusintha kwanyengo?
* Kodi mungalankhule bwanji za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo pomwe atsogoleri anu amaphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kuti achite nkhondo nthawi iliyonse akafuna?
* Kodi mungapereke bwanji mphamvu zakuwulutsa dziko lapansi kwa munthu m'modzi, wamba?
* Kodi mungataye bwanji Misonkhano Yaku Geneva ndi mfundo zanu zolimbikitsa kuzunzidwa?
* Nchifukwa chiyani inu Amereka mumakonda mfuti kwambiri? Chifukwa chiyani mumaphana chonchi?
Kwa ambiri, funso lovuta komanso lofunikira kwambiri ndi ili: Chifukwa chiyani mumatumiza gulu lanu lankhondo padziko lonse lapansi kuti likadzetse mavuto ambiri kwa ife tonse?
Funso lomalizali likuyandikira kwambiri chifukwa maiko omwe anali odziwika bwino ku United States, kuyambira Australia kupita ku Finland, akuvutika kuti apitirize kuthawa kwawo chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi kulowererapo kwa America. Ku Western Europe konse ndi Scandinavia, maphiko akumanja omwe sanachite bwino kapena sanatengepo mbali m'boma tsopano ikukwera mwachangu pamagetsi otsutsa mfundo zakakhazikika zosamukira kudziko lina. Pokhapo mwezi watha, phwando loterolo pafupifupi kuthana Boma lokhala ndi demokalase ku Sweden, dziko lowolowa manja lomwe limatenga gawo lawo lalikulu lofunafuna chitetezo lomwe likuthawa chifukwa cha " gulu lomenyera nkhondo lomwe dziko lidadziwapo kale. ”
Momwe Tili
Anthu aku Europe amamvetsetsa, monga zikuwonekera kuti aku America samvetsetsa, kulumikizana pakati pa mfundo zakudziko ndi zakunja. Nthawi zambiri amatsata machitidwe osasamala aku America akunja mpaka kukana kwawo kukonza nyumba yake. Awona United States ikumasula chitetezo chake, kulephera kubwezeretsa zomangamanga, kuwononga mphamvu za anthu ogwira ntchito, kuchepetsa masukulu ake, kuyimitsa nyumba yamalamulo, ndikupanga kusiyana kwakukulu kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe pafupifupi zaka zana. Amamvetsetsa chifukwa chake anthu aku America, omwe sanakhalepo ndi chitetezo chamunthu komanso pafupi ndi njira yothandizira, akuyamba kuda nkhawa komanso kuchita mantha. Amvetsetsanso chifukwa chomwe anthu aku America ambiri asiya kudalira boma lomwe lakhala likuwachitiratu zinthu zambiri kwazaka makumi atatu kapena kupitilira, kupatula Obama kusinthika ntchito zachipatala, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zambiri kwa anthu aku Europe.
Chomwe chimasokoneza ambiri a iwo, komabe, ndi momwe anthu wamba aku America adalimbikitsidwa kuti asakonde "boma lalikulu" komabe amathandizira oimira ake atsopano, ogulidwa ndi kulipidwa ndi olemera. Momwe mungafotokozere izi? Ku likulu la dziko la Norway, komwe kuli chifanizo cha Purezidenti Roosevelt yemwe akuyang'ana padoko, oyang'anira aku America ambiri amaganiza kuti mwina ndiye anali Purezidenti womaliza ku US yemwe amamvetsetsa ndikumafotokozera nzika zomwe boma lingachitire onse. Olimbana ndi anthu aku America, atayiwala zonsezi, amalimbana ndi adani osadziwika kutali - kapena mbali yakutali yamatauni awo.
Ndizovuta kudziwa chifukwa chomwe tili momwe timakhalira, ndipo - ndikhulupirireni - ndizovuta kwambiri kufotokozera ena. Wopenga akhoza kukhala mawu amphamvu kwambiri, wokulirapo komanso wosamveka bwino kuti athetse vutoli. Anthu ena omwe amandifunsa amanena kuti US ndi "yopenga," "yobwerera m'mbuyo," "m'mbuyomu," "yopanda pake," "yadyera," "yodzikonda," kapena "yopusa." Ena, mwachifundo, amatanthauza kuti anthu aku America ndi "osadziwa zambiri," "osochera," "osokeretsa," kapena "akugona," ndipo amatha kukhalanso ndi moyo wathanzi. Koma kulikonse komwe ndikupita, mafunso amatsatira, akuwonetsa kuti United States, ngati siopenga kwenikweni, ndiyomwe ili pachiwopsezo kwa iyo komanso kwa ena. Yakwana nthawi yoti tidzuke, America, ndikuyang'ana pozungulira. Pali dziko lina kunja kuno, lakale komanso lochezeka kutsidya kwa nyanja, ndipo ladzaza ndi malingaliro abwino, oyesedwa ndi owona.
Ann Jones, a TomDispatch zonse, ndiye mlembi wa Kabul ku Zima: Moyo Wopanda Mtendere ku Afghanistan, pakati pa mabuku ena, komanso posachedwapa Anali Asirikali: Momwe Ovulala Anabwerera Ku Nkhondo Zaku America - The Untold Story, pulojekiti ya Dispatch Books.
kutsatira TomDispatch pa Twitter ndikutigwirizanitsa Facebook. Onani Dispatch Book yatsopano, ya Rebecca Solnit's Amuna Fotokozani Zinthu Kwa Ine, ndi buku laposachedwa la Tom Engelhardt, Gulu lamagulu: Kuwoneka, Nkhondo Zachibvundi, ndi Global Security State mu Dziko Lokha Lopambana.
Copyright 2015 Ann Jones
