Zionetsero za ophunzira ku Rome pa Dec. 12, 1990, tsiku lokumbukira kuphedwa kwa Piazza Fontana. Chikwangwani chimawerengedwa kuti Gladio = Uchigawenga wothandizidwa ndi boma. Chitsime: Il Post.
Wolemba Cym Gomery, Montreal kwa a World BEYOND War, May 24, 2023
Lofalitsidwa koyamba ndi Mafayilo aku Canada.
Pa April 21, 2023, Khoti la Assize la ku France adalengeza kuti pulofesa waku Palestine-Canada Hassan Diab ndi wolakwa za 1980 rue Copernic mabomba ku Paris, ngakhale umboni kuti sanali ku France nthawi imeneyo, koma Lebanon kulemba mayeso sociology.
Apanso, Pulofesa wofatsa Hassan Diab akuyembekezeka kutumizidwa ku France. Ofalitsa akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi pankhaniyi - atolankhani ambiri odziwika bwino akufuula - Kuchotsa ndi mutu wake! - monga zofalitsa zopita patsogolo mosasunthika bwerezani zowona za nkhaniyi, ngati kuti chowonadi, chobwerezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri mokwanira, chingasonkhezere makhoti mwanjira inayake.
izi sewero lakhala lili munkhani kuyambira 2007, Diab atamva kuti akuimbidwa mlandu wa bomba la Copernic kuchokera kwa mtolankhani wa Le Figaro. Anamangidwa mu November 2008, akukumana ndi Maumboni a Umboni kumapeto kwa 2009 ndipo adadzipereka kuti atulutsidwe mu June 2011, ngakhale "mlandu wofooka." Mavutowo anapitiriza:
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November 14, 2014: Diab anatumizidwa ku France ndi kumangidwa;
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November 12, 2016: Woweruza wa French Investigative apeza "Umboni Wokhazikika" wochirikiza kusalakwa kwa Diab;
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November 15, 2017: Ngakhale kuti Oweruza Ofufuza a ku France analamula kuti Diab amasulidwe maulendo asanu ndi atatu, Khoti Loona za Apilo linathetsa Lamulo Lotulutsidwa (lachisanu ndi chitatu) lomaliza;
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January 12, 2018: Oweruza a French Investigative anachotsa milandu; Diab anatulutsidwa m’ndende ku France;
Tsopano, mu 2023, ozenga milandu aku France adapanga chisankho chodabwitsa kuti ayese Diab kulibe. Chigamulo chodabwitsa chofananacho chadzutsa chidwi cha kubwezeredwa ndikukumbutsa kuti pali mafunso ambiri osayankhidwa. Diab wakhala akulengeza kuti alibe mlandu. Umboni wonse woperekedwa ndi otsutsa aku France watsutsidwa, mobwerezabwereza.
Chifukwa chiyani boma la France likufunitsitsa kuti mlanduwu utsekedwe, komanso wokayikira m'modzi yekha m'ndende? Nanga n’cifukwa ciani sipanakhalepo kufufuza kulikonse kuti apeze amene anaphulitsa mabomba?
Kuwunika kwa milandu ina panthawi ya bomba la rue Copernic kukuwonetsa kuti boma la France ndi ochita zisudzo ena atha kukhala ndi zolinga zakuda zothamangitsa mbuzi.
Kuwombera kwa rue Copernic
Panthaŵi ya kuphulitsa mabomba kwa sunagoge ku rue Copernic (October 3, 1980), manyuzipepala. ananena kuti woyimba foni wosadziwika adadzudzula gulu lodziwika bwino lodana ndi Ayuda, Faisceaux nationalistes Européans. Komabe, FNE (yomwe poyamba inkadziwika kuti FANE) idakana ntchito patatha maola angapo.
Nkhani ya kuphulika kwa mabombayi inakwiyitsa kwambiri ku France, koma ngakhale patapita miyezi ingapo yafufuzidwa, Le Monde adatero kuti panalibe okayikira.
Mabomba a rue Copernic anali mbali ya machitidwe ofananirako panthawiyo ku Ulaya:
Miyezi iwiri yokha m’mbuyomo, pa August 2, 1980, bomba linaphulika musutikesi ku Bologna, Italy, n’kupha anthu 85 ndi kuvulaza oposa 200 [1]. Bomba la asitikali aku US lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito linali lofanana ndi zophulika zomwe apolisi aku Italy adapeza m'modzi mwa malo otayira zida za Gladio pafupi ndi Trieste. Mamembala a Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionary (NAR), gulu lachiwawa la Neo-fascist, analipo pa kuphulika ndipo anali ena mwa ovulala. Mamembala XNUMX a NAR adamangidwa koma pambuyo pake adamasulidwa chifukwa cholowererapo kwa SISMI, bungwe lankhondo la Italy.
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Pa September 26, 1980, bomba linaphulika pa Munich Oktoberfest, kupha anthu 13 ndi kuvulaza ena oposa 200. [2]
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Pa November 9, 1985, kuwombera kunamveka pasitolo yaikulu ya Delhaize ku Belgium, chimodzi mwa zochitika zotsatizana pakati pa 1982 ndi 1985 zomwe zimadziwika kuti Kupha anthu ambiri ku Brabant zomwe zidapha anthu 28. [3]
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Ophawa sanadziwikepo pazigawengazi, ndipo umboni wawonongeka nthawi zina. Kuyang'ana mbiri ya gulu lankhondo la Gladio kumatithandiza kulumikiza madontho.
Momwe asilikali otsalira a Gladio adabwera ku Ulaya
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, chikomyunizimu chinali kutchuka kwambiri ku Western Europe, makamaka ku France ndi ku Italy [4]. Izi zidakweza mbendera zofiira za Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ku US, komanso maboma a Italy ndi France. Prime Minister waku France a Charles De Gaulle ndi chipani chake cha Socialist adagwirizana ndi US kapena pachiwopsezo chotaya thandizo lazachuma la Marshall.
De Gaulle poyamba adalonjeza kuti mamembala a chipani cha chikomyunizimu (PCF) adzachitiridwa chilungamo m'boma lake, koma kulimbikitsa aphungu a PCF pa mfundo "zosintha" monga kuchepetsa bajeti ya asilikali kunayambitsa mikangano pakati pawo ndi a De Gaulle a French Socialists.
Nkhani Yoyamba (1947)
Mu 1946, PCF idadzitamandira mamembala pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi, kuwerenga kwambiri manyuzipepala ake awiri atsiku ndi tsiku, komanso kuwongolera mabungwe a achinyamata ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito. US yolimbana ndi chikomyunizimu komanso ntchito yake yachinsinsi idaganiza zoyambitsa nkhondo yachinsinsi pa PCF, yotchedwa "Plan Bleu." Anakwanitsa kuchotsa PCF ku nduna ya ku France. Komabe, chiwembu chotsutsana ndi chikomyunizimu cha Plan Bleu chinawululidwa ndi Unduna wa Zamkatimu Edouard Depreux kumapeto kwa 1946 ndipo adatsekedwa mu 1947.
Mwatsoka, nkhondo yachinsinsi yolimbana ndi Chikomyunizimu sinathere pamenepo. Prime Minister waku France wa Socialist Paul Ramadier adapanga gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi motsogozedwa ndi Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage (SDCE) [5]. Gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi lidatchedwanso 'Rose des Vents' - kutanthauza chizindikiro cha NATO chokhala ngati nyenyezi - ndikuphunzitsidwa kuchita zigawenga, zigawenga komanso zosonkhanitsa anthu anzeru.
Gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi likuyenda mopusa (zaka za m'ma 1960)
Ndi nkhondo yofuna ufulu wa Algeria kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, boma la France linayamba kukayikira asilikali ake achinsinsi. Ngakhale De Gaulle mwiniwake adathandizira ufulu wa Algeria, mu 1961, asilikali achinsinsi sanatero [6]. Anasiya chinyengo chilichonse chogwirizana ndi boma, kutengera dzina la l'Organisation de l'armée secret (OAS), ndikuyamba kupha akuluakulu aboma ku Algiers, kupha Asilamu mwachisawawa, ndikuwononga mabanki [7].
OAS iyenera kuti idagwiritsa ntchito vuto la ku Algeria ngati "chiphunzitso chodabwitsa" mwayi wochita zachiwawa zomwe sizinali gawo la ntchito yake yoyambirira: kuteteza motsutsana ndi kuwukira kwa Soviet. Mabungwe a demokalase monga nyumba yamalamulo yaku France ndi boma anali atalephera kuwongolera magulu ankhondo achinsinsi.
SDECE ndi SAC adanyozedwa, koma amalephera chilungamo (1981-82)
Mu 1981, SAC, gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pansi pa De Gaulle, linali pachimake pa mphamvu zake, ndi mamembala 10,000 omwe ali ndi apolisi, otengera mwayi, zigawenga, ndi anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro apamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, kupha koopsa kwa wamkulu wa apolisi wa SAC Jacques Massif ndi banja lake lonse mu Julayi 1981, kudalimbikitsa Purezidenti wosankhidwa kumene Francois Mitterand kuti ayambe kufufuza kwanyumba yamalamulo ku SAC [8].
Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya umboni idawulula kuti zochita za SDECE, SAC ndi ma network a OAS ku Africa 'zinali zogwirizana kwambiri' komanso kuti SAC idathandizidwa ndi ndalama za SDECE komanso kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo [9].
Komiti yofufuza za a Mitterand idawona kuti gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi la SAC lalowa m'boma ndipo lidachita ziwawa. Apolisi anzeru, “osonkhezeredwa ndi mantha a Nkhondo Yozizira” anali ataswa lamulo ndipo anali ataunjikana zaupandu.
Boma la Francois Mitterand lidalamula kuti ntchito yachinsinsi ya usilikali ya SDECE ithe, koma izi sizinachitike. SDECE idangosinthidwa kukhala Direction Generale de la Securité Extérieure (DGSE), ndipo Admiral Pierre Lacoste adakhala Director wawo watsopano. Lacoste adapitiliza kuyendetsa gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi la DGSE mogwirizana ndi NATO [10].
Mwina chochita chodziwika kwambiri cha DGSE chinali chotchedwa "Operation Satanique:" Pa July 10, 1985, asilikali achinsinsi anaphulitsa chombo cha Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior chomwe chinachita ziwonetsero mwamtendere potsutsa kuyesa atomiki ku France ku Pacific [11] . Admiral Lacoste anakakamizika kusiya ntchito pambuyo poti chigawengacho chinachokera ku DGSE, Mtumiki wa Chitetezo Charles Hernu ndi Purezidenti Francois Mitterand mwiniwake.
Mu Marichi 1986, ufulu wandale unapambana zisankho zanyumba yamalamulo ku France, ndipo Prime Minister wa Gaulist Jacques Chirac adalumikizana ndi Purezidenti Mitterrand ngati mtsogoleri wadziko.
1990: Zoyipa za Gladio
Pa Ogasiti 3, 1990, nduna yayikulu ya ku Italy Giulio Andreotti adatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi lotchedwa "Gladio" - liwu lachilatini loti "lupanga" - mkati mwa boma. Umboni wake pamaso pa komiti yaying'ono ya Senate yofufuza zauchigawenga ku Italy idadabwitsa nyumba yamalamulo yaku Italy komanso anthu.
Atolankhani a ku France adawulula panthawiyo kuti asitikali achinsinsi a ku France adaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida, kuwongolera zida zophulika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotumizira mauthenga m'malo osiyanasiyana akutali ku France.
Komabe, Chirac mwina analibe chidwi chofuna kuwona mbiri ya gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi la ku France likufufuzidwa, atakhala Purezidenti wa SAC kumbuyo ku 1975 [12]. Panalibe kufufuza kovomerezeka kwa nyumba yamalamulo, ndipo pamene Nduna ya Zachitetezo Jean Pierre Chevenement monyinyirika adatsimikizira atolankhani kuti panali magulu ankhondo achinsinsi, adanenanso kuti zidali zakale. Komabe, nduna yaikulu ya ku Italy, Giulio Andreotti, pambuyo pake inauza atolankhani kuti oimira gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi la ku France anali atachita nawo msonkhano wa Gladio Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) ku Brussels posachedwapa pa October 24, 1990—kuvumbula kochititsa manyazi kwa ndale za ku France.
1990 mpaka 2007-NATO ndi CIA mumayendedwe owononga kuwonongeka
Boma la Italy linatenga zaka khumi, kuyambira 1990 mpaka 2000, kuti amalize kufufuza kwake ndikupereka lipoti lomwe makamaka zidakhudza US ndi CIA pakuphana kosiyanasiyana, kuphulitsa mabomba ndi zochita zina zankhondo.
NATO ndi CIA anakana kuyankhapo pazimenezi, poyamba amakana kuti adachitapo zachinsinsi, kenaka akutsutsa kukana ndikukana ndemanga zina, kutchula "nkhani zachinsinsi". Komabe, mkulu wakale wa CIA William Colby adaphwanya udindo m'makumbukiro ake, kuvomereza kuti kukhazikitsa magulu ankhondo achinsinsi ku Western Europe kunali "pulogalamu yayikulu" ya CIA.
Cholinga ndi chitsanzo
Ngati adalamulidwa kuti angolimbana ndi chikomyunizimu, nchifukwa chiyani asilikali a Gladio omwe adatsalira kumbuyo adzachita ziwonetsero zambiri za anthu osalakwa, monga kuphedwa kwa banki ya Piazza Fontana (Milan), kuphedwa kwa Munich Octoberfest (1980), malo ogulitsa ku Belgium. kuwombera (1985)? Mu kanema "ankhondo achinsinsi a NATO", olowa mkati akuwonetsa kuti ziwopsezozi zidapangidwa kuti apange chilolezo cha anthu kuti awonjezere chitetezo ndikupitiliza nkhondo yozizira. Mwachitsanzo, kuphedwa kwa Brabant, kumagwirizana ndi zionetsero zotsutsana ndi NATO ku Belgium panthawiyo, ndipo Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior inaphulitsidwa ndi mabomba pamene inatsutsa kuyesa kwa atomiki ku France ku Pacific.
Kuphulika kwa bomba ku Copernic sunagoge, ngakhale sikunali kuthetseratu kusagwirizana ndi nkhondo ya nyukiliya, kunali kogwirizana ndi "ndondomeko yolimbana" ya CIA ya nthawi yamtendere.
Omwe adayambitsa ziwawa monga kuphedwa kwa Piazza Fontana ku Milan 1980, bomba la Munich Oktoberfest mu 1980, ndi kuwombera kwa sitolo ya Delhaize ku Belgium ku 1985, sanapezeke. Mabomba a Rue Copernic Synagogue akuwonetsa momwemonso, kusiyana kokha ndikuti boma la France laumirira molimba mtima kuti apeze chigamulo cha mlanduwu.
Kugwirizana kwa mbiri ya boma la France ndi magulu ankhondo achinsinsi a Gladio kungakhale chifukwa chake, ngakhale lero, boma lingakonde kuletsa anthu kuti asachite chidwi ndi zigawenga zomwe sizinathetsedwe ku Europe.
NATO ndi CIA, monga mabungwe achiwawa omwe kukhalapo kwawo kumadalira nkhondo, alibe chidwi chowona dziko lamitundu yambiri momwe magulu osiyanasiyana amakhalira pamodzi. Iwo, pamodzi ndi akuluakulu a boma la France, ali ndi zifukwa zomveka zothamangira mbuzi yowathandiza kukwirira mlandu wa Rue Copernic.
Ndi nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya zotheka kwenikweni, kuthetsa upandu umenewu kungakhale ndi zotsatira ndi zotsatira zapadziko lonse. Pakuti, monga mboni imodzi mu documentary Operation Gladio-NATO Secret Armys anati, “Mukapeza anthu amene anapha, mwina mumapezanso zinthu zina.”
Zothandizira
[1] Gulu Lankhondo la Nato, tsamba 5
[2] Gulu Lankhondo la Nato, tsamba 206
[3] Ibid, tsamba
[4] Ibid, tsamba 85
[5] Gulu Lankhondo Lachinsinsi la NATO, tsamba 90
[6] Ibid, tsamba 94
[7] Ibid, tsamba 96
[8] Ibid, tsamba 100
[9] Ibid, tsamba 100
[10] Ibid, tsamba 101
[11] Ibid, tsamba 101
[12] Ibid, tsamba 101
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