Mtengo Wankhondo: Pambuyo pa 9/11 Kuukira, Nkhondo Zaku US Zasamutsidwa Osachepera Anthu Miliyoni 37 Padziko Lonse Lapansi

AMY GOODMAN: Patha zaka 19 chichitikireni ziwonetsero zogwirizana pa World Trade Center, Pentagon ndi United Airlines Flight 93 zapha anthu pafupifupi 3,000. Pa 8:46 m'mawa nthawi yakum'mawa, ndege yoyamba idagunda nsanja yakumpoto ya World Trade Center kuno ku New York City. Lero, Purezidenti Trump ndi Purezidenti wa Democratic Republic a Joe Biden onse apita ku Flight 93 National Memorial pafupi ndi Shanksville, Pennsylvania, munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Biden adzaperekanso ulemu atapita pamwambo wokumbukira 9/11 ku New York, womwe Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Pence adzapezekanso.

Masiku ano, United States ili ndi mantha amtundu wina, popeza anthu opitilira 191,000 amwalira ndi CovidMliri wa -19, komanso watsopano lipoti ntchito zomwe chiwerengero cha anthu akufa ku US chitha kukwera mpaka anthu 3,000 patsiku pofika Disembala. Panali anthu opitilira 1,200 atsopano ku US m'maola 24 apitawa. Time akukonzekera kulemba 200,000 yomwe ikuyandikira Covid-imfa yokhudzana ndi US ku America ndi chikuto chomwe chimati "An American Failure" ndipo ili ndi malire akuda kwachiwiri kokha m'mbiri yake. Nthawi yoyamba inali pambuyo pa 9/11.

Izi zimabwera ngati zatsopano lipoti apeza kuti nkhondo yomwe ikutchedwa US yapadziko lonse lapansi yolimbana ndi uchigawenga yathetsa anthu osachepera 37 miliyoni m'maiko asanu ndi atatu kuyambira 2001. The Costs of War Project ku Brown University yawonetsanso kuti anthu opitilira 800,000 [akumwalira] pankhondo zotsogozedwa ndi US kuyambira 2001 pamtengo wa $ 6.4 trilioni kwa okhometsa misonkho aku US. Lipoti latsopanoli limatchedwa "Kupanga Othaŵa Kwawo: Kusamutsidwa Komwe Kunayambitsidwa ndi Nkhondo za United States 'Post-9/11."

Pazambiri, taphatikizana ndi wolemba nawo, David Vine, pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku American University. Bukhu lake latsopano lidzatulutsidwa mwezi wamawa, wotchedwa United States of War: Mbiri Yapadziko Lonse Lapansi Losagwirizana ku America, kuyambira Columbus kupita ku Islamic State. Ndiwonso wolemba wa Base Nation: Mmene US Mabungwe Akumidzi Amayiko Amayiko Amawononga America ndi Dziko.

David Vine, takulandirani Demokarase Tsopano! Ndizosangalatsa kuti mwabweranso nafe, ngakhale ili ndi tsiku lomvetsa chisoni kwambiri, patsiku lokumbukira zaka 19 izi za 9/11. Kodi mungalankhule pazomwe zapezedwa mu lipoti lanu?

DAVID Mpesa: Zedi. Zikomo, Amy, chifukwa chokhala ndi ine. Ndizosangalatsa kubwerera.

Zotsatira za lipoti lathu zikufunsa - United States yakhala ikumenya nkhondo mosalekeza, monga wanenera, kwa zaka 19. Tikuwona zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha nkhondoyi. Mtengo wa Ntchito Yankhondo wakhala akuchita izi kwazaka pafupifupi khumi. Tidafuna kuyang'ana makamaka momwe anthu ambiri adasamutsidwa kwawo chifukwa cha nkhondoyi. Kwenikweni, tapeza kuti palibe amene adada nkhawa kuti afufuze kuti ndi anthu angati omwe achoka kwawo chifukwa cha nkhondo zomwe zili, mayiko osachepera 24 omwe United States yatengapo gawo.

Ndipo tapeza kuti, onse, osachepera 37 miliyoni asamukira kwawo pankhondo zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zankhanza zomwe United States idakhazikitsa kapena kutenga nawo gawo kuyambira 2001. Ndizo Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, Syria ndi Philippines. Ndipo ndicho chiyerekezo chokhazikika. Tidapeza kuti okwanira akhoza kukhala mpaka 48 mpaka 59 miliyoni.

Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kuyimitsa manambalawa, chifukwa ife - m'njira zambiri, miyoyo yathu ikumira m'mizere, pafupifupi Covid, pazinthu zambiri zofunika kutsatira mosiyanasiyana, koma kukulunga m'malingaliro mwake - anthu 37 miliyoni okha omwe achoka kwawo ndi ovuta, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti pamafunika khama, zomwe adandichitira.

Mamiliyoni makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi awiri, kunena m'mbiri yakale, ndiwo anthu ambiri omwe athawidwa pankhondo iliyonse kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za 20th, kupatula Nkhondo Yadziko II. Ndipo ngati njira zathu zazikulu zosasamala ndizolondola, kuyerekezera 48 mpaka 59 miliyoni, zikufanana ndi kusamuka komwe kudachitika mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Njira ina yoyesera kukulunga m'malingaliro mwa anthu osachepera 37 miliyoni, 37 miliyoni ndi pafupifupi kukula kwa dziko la California. Tangoganizirani dziko lonse la California likusowa, kuthawa kwawo. Ndipafupifupi kukula kwa Canada yonse, kapena Texas ndi Virginia kuphatikiza.

AMY GOODMAN: Ndipo kwa iwo okwanira omwe ali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi nyumba munthawi ya mliriwu, ndikuganiza kuti anthu amasangalala makamaka - ndikutanthauza, mawu oti "othawa kwawo" amaponyedwa mozungulira, koma tanthauzo la kuthawa kwawo. Kodi mungalankhule za chifukwa chake mayiko asanu ndi atatuwa? Ndipo kodi mungafanane ndi nkhondo zaku US zakunja?

DAVID Mpesa: Zedi. Apanso, tinkafuna kuyang'ana nkhondo zankhanza kwambiri zomwe United States yatenga nawo mbali, nkhondo zomwe United States idayika ndalama kwambiri, ndipo, mwazi, miyoyo ya asitikali aku US, ndipo, mwa kukulitsa, miyoyo yomwe yakhudzidwa, abale am'gulu lankhondo laku US ndi ena. Tidafuna kuyang'ana makamaka za nkhondo zomwe United States idayambitsa, chifukwa chake nkhondo yaku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, Nkhondo yaku Iraq, inde; nkhondo zomwe United States yakula kwambiri, Libya ndi Syria, Libya limodzi ndi - ndi Syria, limodzi ndi aku Europe ndi ena ogwirizana nawo; ndiyeno nkhondo zomwe United States yatenga nawo mbali kwambiri, m'njira kuphatikiza kupereka alangizi akumabwalo ankhondo, kupereka mafuta, mikono ndi ena, ku Yemen, Somalia ndi Philippines.

Pankhondo iliyonseyi, tapeza kuti mamiliyoni ambiri akusamuka kwawo. Ndipo zowonadi, ndikuganiza, mukudziwa, tikuyenera kuzindikira kuti kusamuka, kufunika kothawa kwawo, kuthawa moyo, ndi - m'njira zambiri, palibe njira yowerengera tanthauzo la munthu m'modzi, osakwatiwa Banja, gulu limodzi, koma tidawona kuti ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kusunthika kwathunthu komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi nkhondoyi.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira, sitikunena kuti United States ndiyomwe ili ndi mlandu chifukwa cha kusamuka kumeneku. Mwachiwonekere, pali ochita nawo ena, maboma ena, omenyera nkhondo ena, omwe ali ofunikira pantchito yomwe ali nayo yothana ndi nkhondoyi: Assad ku Syria, magulu ankhondo a Sunni ndi Shia ku Iraq, a Taliban, al-Qaeda, Asilamu State, ena. Othandizira aku US, kuphatikiza Britain, nawonso ali ndiudindo.

Koma United States yatenga mbali yayikulu pomenya nkhondo, poyambitsa nkhondo ndikupitilizabe nkhondo pazaka 19 zapitazi. Ndipo monga mudanenera, izi zalipira okhometsa misonkho aku US, nzika zaku US, nzika zaku US munjira zina, kuphatikiza $ 6.4 trilioni - ndipo ndi trilioni yokhala ndi T, $ 6.4 trilioni - zomwe Costs of War Project akuti United States yawononga kapena wokakamizidwa kale. Ndipo chiwerengerocho, ndichachidziwikire, chikuwonjezeka tsiku.

AMY GOODMAN: Ndipo, David Vine, kuchuluka kwa othawa kwawo aku US akuwalandila kunkhondo izi, zomwe US ​​zikuyambitsa kusamutsidwa kwawo?

DAVID Mpesa: Inde, titha kuyang'ana pamoto ku Lesbos womwe mudanena kale, womwe wathawitsa anthu ena 13,000, msasa wa othawa kwawo ku Lesbos womwe udawonongedweratu. Ndipo ndikhulupilira kuti anthu omwe akuyang'ana pamoto ku California ndi Oregon ndi Washington atha kumvera chisoni othawa kwawo ku Lesbos komanso othawa kwawo ku Greater Middle East, makamaka, komwe moto - makamaka, moto umodzi waukulu wakhala ukuyaka kuyambira Okutobala 2001, pomwe US ​​idakhazikitsa Nkhondo yake ku Afghanistan.

AMY GOODMAN: Ndinkafuna kutembenukira kwa Purezidenti Trump koyambirira sabata ino ndikuuza atolankhani akuluakulu aku Pentagon kuti asamamukonde chifukwa akufuna kutulutsa US kunkhondo zosatha zomwe zimathandizira opanga zida.

PRESIDENT Donal dzina TRUMP: Biden anatumiza ntchito zathu, natsegula malire athu ndikutumiza achinyamata athu kuti akamenye nkhondo zopanda nzeru zopanda malirezi. Ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe asirikali - sindikunena kuti asirikali amakonda ine. Asirikali ali. Anthu apamwamba mu Pentagon mwina sali, chifukwa sakufuna kuchita chilichonse koma kumenya nkhondo kuti makampani onse abwino omwe amapanga bomba ndikupanga ndege ndikupangitsa china chilichonse kukhala chosangalala. Koma tikutuluka pankhondo zosatha.

AMY GOODMAN: Zikumveka ngati, chabwino, ngati a Howard Zinn anali amoyo, akananena chiyani. Koma kudzudzula kwa a Trump pankhani yamagulu ankhondo kumatsutsana ndi mbiri yake yoyang'anira kuwonjezeka kwakale kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nkhondo, mu bajeti yoteteza, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo, kugulitsa zida kutsidya kwa nyanja. Politico posachedwa adatcha a Trump kuti "wamkulu wothandizira pakampani yankhondo." Chaka chatha, a Trump adadutsa Congress kuti agulitse zida za $ 8 biliyoni ku Saudi Arabia ndi United Arab Emirates. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, oyang'anira ake adalamula kuti amasuliridwenso pangano lazankhondo m'nthawi ya Cold War kuti apange njira yoti malonda a drone apite ku maboma omwe kale anali oletsedwa kugula izi. Kodi mungayankhe pazomwe ananena?

DAVID Mpesa: Mwanjira zambiri, zomwe a Trump ananena ndizolemera, titero kunena kwake. Zowonadi, akunena zowona kuti opanga zida apindula kwambiri, mpaka makumi mabiliyoni a madola, kuphatikiza pamakontrakitala ena, makampani omwe amapanga zida zankhondo zomwe tsopano zili ku Middle East. Koma, mukudziwa, a Trump, inde, monga a Politico ananenera, ndiye mtsogoleri wamkulu. Wayang'anira ndikukankhira ndalama zankhondo zomwe zimaposa zomwe zimachitika pa Cold War.

Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kufunsa: Ndi adani ati omwe United States akukumana nawo masiku ano omwe amafunikira bajeti yankhondo yayikuluyi? Kodi United States ikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoposa $ 740 biliyoni pachaka kudziteteza? Kodi tikugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazi m'njira zabwino zodzitetezera? Ndipo zosowa, zazikulu, zazikulu, zosowa, zosowa za anthu, zikunyalanyazidwa chifukwa tikutsanulira makumi mabiliyoni, madola mabiliyoni ambiri munkhondo yankhondo chaka chilichonse?

Ndipo ine ndikuganiza Covid, inde, imaloza ku izi, ikutsindika, kuposa kale. United States sinali yokonzekera mliri. Ndipo izi sizachilendo chifukwa United States yakhala ikutsanulira ndalama munkhondo yankhondoyi kwinaku ikunyalanyaza zosowa za anthu ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi - zosowa zaumoyo, kukonzekera mliri, nyumba zotsika mtengo, chilengedwe. Ndalama izi zomwe takhala tikutsanulira munkhondo, zachidziwikire, zikadakhala kuti zikuthana ndi kutentha kwanyengo komwe munthu amawona, komwe kumathandizira pamoto womwe wina akuwona ku West Coast, pakati pazosowa zina zambiri zomwe dziko likufuna nkhope lero.

AMY GOODMAN: Izi ndichinthu chodabwitsa chomwe mudanenapo, David Vine: Asitikali aku US achita nkhondo, akumenya nawo nkhondo kapena kulowerera mayiko akunja pazaka 11 zokha.

DAVID Mpesa: Ndichoncho. Zaka 19 zapitazi zankhondo, anthu ambiri nthawi zambiri amaziwona ngati zapadera, zodabwitsa kuti anthu omwe akulowa ku koleji lero kapena anthu ambiri omwe akulembetsa usitikali aku US lero sadzawona tsiku la moyo wawo kapena sadzatero - sakumbukira tsiku za moyo wawo pomwe United States sinali pankhondo.

M'malo mwake, izi ndizofala m'mbiri ya US. Ndipo Congressional Research Service imawonetsa izi chaka chilichonse mu lipoti kuti mutha kupeza pa intaneti. Izi sizanga ine ndekha, ngakhale ndili ndi mndandanda wankhondo, ndikukula pamndandanda wa DRM Research Service. Izi ndi nkhondo ndi mitundu ina yankhondo yomwe United States yakhala ikulimbana nayo kuyambira pa ufulu. Ndipo zowonadi, pazaka 95% m'mbiri ya US, zonse kupatula zaka 11 m'mbiri ya US, United States yakhala ikumenya nkhondo kapena nkhondo zina.

Ndipo wina akuyenera kuyang'ana njira yayitali kwambiri iyi, njira yayitali yopitilira nkhondo, yomwe imadziwika kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga yomwe George W. Bush adayambitsa mu 2001, kuti amvetsetse chifukwa chomwe United States yathira zochuluka chonchi ndalama munkhondo izi komanso chifukwa chake zovuta za nkhondoyi zakhala zowopsa kwa anthu omwe akukhudzidwa.

AMY GOODMAN: David Vine, mumanena m'buku lanu lomwe likubwera, United States of War: Mbiri Yapadziko Lonse Lapansi Losagwirizana ku America, kuyambira Columbus kupita ku Islamic State, kuti mabungwe aku US akunja amathandizira kumenya nkhondo m'maiko 24: quote, "Zikwi zankhondo zaku US m'maiko pafupifupi 100 akunja ndi madera - opitilira theka la iwo omwe adamangidwa kuyambira 2001 - zathandiza kuti asitikali ankhondo aku US achitepo kanthu pankhondo ndi m'malo ena omenyera nkhondo m'maiko osachepera 24 kuchokera pamene boma la George W. Bush linayambitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga, ”otchedwa, kutsatira kuukira kwa pa Seputembara 11, 2001.

DAVID Mpesa: Poyeneradi. United States pakadali pano ili ndi magulu ankhondo pafupifupi 800 m'maiko akunja ndi madera 80. Izi ndizoyambira kuposa dziko lililonse m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi. United States, monga mudatchulira, idakhala ndi maziko ochulukirapo. Pakukula kwa nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, panali zoposa 2,000 kumayiko ena.

Ndipo gawo la zomwe buku langa, United States of War, ziwonetsero ndikuti iyi ndi njira yanthawi yayitali. United States yakhala ikumanga magulu ankhondo kunja kwanthawi ya ufulu, poyambirira m'maiko a Amwenye Achimereka, kenako kunja kwa North America, ndipo pomalizira pake kuzungulira dziko lapansi, makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.

Ndipo zomwe ndikuwonetsa ndikuti mabungwe awa sanangothandiza nkhondo, sizinangopangitsa kuti nkhondo zitheke, koma apangitsanso nkhondo. Zapangitsa kuti nkhondo ikhale chisankho chosavuta kwambiri kwa osankha zochita, atsogoleri, andale, atsogoleri amakampani ndi ena.

Ndipo tikuyenera kuthana ndi zida zankhondo zomwe United States yamanga. Chifukwa chiyani United States ili ndi magulu ankhondo ambiri ku Middle East, pafupifupi mayiko onse kunja kwa Yemen ndi Iran? Izi, ndizachidziwikire, zili m'maiko omwe akutsogozedwa ndi maboma osagwirizana ndi demokalase, osafalitsa demokalase - kutali ndi izo - nthawi zambiri, kulepheretsa kufalikira kwa demokalase, ndikupangitsa kuti nkhondoyi zitheke, - - ndikuganiza ndikofunikira kutsindikanso - kupitilira kusamutsa anthu mamiliyoni 37, osachepera, ndipo mwina mpaka anthu miliyoni 59, nkhondoyi zapha miyoyo ya anthu, monga ndalama za War Project zasonyezera, kuzungulira anthu 800,000. Ndipo izi zili mu nkhondo zisanu zokha - Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya ndi Yemen - United States yatenga - nkhondo yaku US yatenga miyoyo ya anthu pafupifupi 800,000.

Koma palinso imfa zosawonekera, kufa komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga kwanuko, ntchito zaumoyo, zipatala, magwero a chakudya. Ndipo imfa zonsezo zitha kupitilira anthu mamiliyoni atatu. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri ku United States, inenso, kuphatikiza ine, sanadziwe kuwonongeka konse komwe kunachitika chifukwa cha nkhondoyi. Sitinayambe ngakhale kukulunga malingaliro athu pazomwe zingatanthauze kukhala ndi chiwonongeko chotere m'miyoyo yathu.

AMY GOODMAN: Ndipo muli, mwachitsanzo, zomwe asirikali amakhudzidwa nazo, monga zomwe zidachitika ku Philippines, komwe mtsogoleri wankhanza, Purezidenti Duterte, adangokhululukira msirikali waku US yemwe adapezeka wolakwa pakupha mayi wina wopanda mkazi.

DAVID Mpesa: Inde, iyi ndi mtengo wina wankhondo. Tiyenera kuyang'ana mtengo wankhondo potengera - mitengo yaumunthu potengera imfa zakumenya, kuvulala kunkhondo izi, "nkhondo zowopsa," makumi makumi mamiliyoni, koma tifunikanso kuyang'ana zaimfa ndi kuvulala komwe kumachitika tsiku ndi tsiku mozungulira magulu ankhondo aku US padziko lonse lapansi. Malo amenewa ali - kuphatikiza pakuthandizira nkhondo zomwe United States yakhala ikumenya, ali ndi zovulaza zomwe zimakhudza anthu amderalo, kuphatikiza ku Philippines komanso, monga ndidanenera, m'maiko ndi madera a 80 padziko lonse lapansi, kuwononga madera awo, madera awo, m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

AMY GOODMAN: David Vine, ndikufuna ndikuthokozeni kwambiri chifukwa chokhala nafe, pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku American University, wolemba nawo watsopanoyo lipoti pa Costs of War Project yomwe inali ndi mutu wakuti "Kupanga Othaŵa Kwawo: Kusamutsidwa Komwe Kunayambitsidwa ndi Nkhondo za United States 'Post-9/11." Bukhu lanu latsopano, likutuluka, United States of War.