Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, April 25, 2022
"Mbalame Si Zenizeni" - chiphunzitso chakuti mbalame zonse ndi drones - ndi nthano yomwe imapangidwira kuseka, yomwe imati ndi anthu ochepa omwe amasokonezeka m'maganizo amakhulupirira. “Costa Rica Si Yeniyeni” sinalankhulidwe nkomwe, komabe ambiri amachitidwa mozama kwambiri. Ndikutanthauza, aliyense adzavomereza kuti Costa Rica akukhala pamenepo pamapu, ndipo zenizeni, pakati pa Nicaragua ndi Panama, Pacific ndi Caribbean. Komabe, kufunikira kwa dziko kukhala ndi asitikali okulirapo (omwe amatchulidwa ngakhale ndi omenyera mtendere omwe sanaperekedwe kandalama kuti agwire ntchito ngati "chitetezo") nthawi zambiri amabwera chifukwa cha chinthu chodabwitsa chomwe chimatchedwa "umunthu" ngakhale Costa Rica - potengera izi. lilipo ndipo lili ndi anthu - linathetsa asilikali ake zaka 74 zapitazo, ndipo mayiko ena onse padziko lapansi popanda kupatulapo amathera pafupi ndi $ 0 ya Costa Rica pa asilikali ake okha kusiyana ndi zomwe United States imagwiritsa ntchito pa usilikali wothandizidwa ndi 4% ya anthu omwe amatsimikizira kuti "chikhalidwe chaumunthu" ndi.
Kuthekera kuti Costa Rica idachita chinthu chofunikira komanso chopindulitsa kwambiri pakuthetsa usilikali wake nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa ndi kunyalanyaza, koma nthawi zina popereka zifukwa zake - ponena kuti Costa Rica mobisa ili ndi gulu lankhondo, kapena kunena kuti asitikali aku US amateteza. Costa Rica, kapena kunena kuti chitsanzo cha Costa Rica ndi chosiyana komanso chopanda ntchito kudziko lina lililonse. Tonse tikanapindula powerenga buku la Judith Eve Lipton ndi David P. Barash, Mphamvu Kupyolera mu Mtendere: Momwe Kuchotsa Usilikali Kudabweretsera Mtendere ndi Chimwemwe ku Costa Rica, ndi Zomwe Dziko Lonse Lapansi Lingaphunzire kuchokera ku Fuko Laling'ono Lotentha.. Apa tikuphunzira kuti tisanyalanyaze zomwe Costa Rica akutanthauza, ndipo timaphunzira kuti Costa Rica ilibe asilikali mobisa, komanso kuti asilikali a United States sagwira ntchito iliyonse ku Costa Rica, komanso kuti zifukwa zambiri zomwe zinathandizira ku Costa Rica. Kuthetsa kwa Rica asitikali ake, komanso zabwino zambiri zomwe zakhalapo, mwina zitha kubwerezedwa kwina kulikonse, ngakhale palibe mayiko awiri omwe ali ofanana, zochitika za anthu ndizovuta kwambiri, komanso mayiko omwe achita zomwe Costa Rica yachita. wamaliza kupanga seti ya data 1.
Dziko la Costa Rica likukhala m'dera losauka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo liri losauka, koma zikafika pakukhala ndi moyo wabwino, chisangalalo, chiyembekezo cha moyo, thanzi, maphunziro, sichimayikidwa paliponse pafupi ndi chilichonse. oyandikana nawo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pamwamba pa mayiko olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ticos, monga momwe anthu a ku Costa Rica amatchulidwira, amachita zosiyana pang'ono, makamaka, kunyadira kuthetsa kwawo usilikali, miyambo yawo yademokalase ndi mapulogalamu a chikhalidwe cha anthu, pa maphunziro awo apamwamba ndi thanzi lawo, mwina. chachikulu kwambiri-peresenti-ya-dziko-pa-padziko lonse chitetezo cha madera akutchire m'mapaki ndi malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi mu 99% yawo yopangidwanso ndi magetsi. Mu 2012 dziko la Costa Rica linaletsa kusaka kulikonse kosangalatsa. Mu 2017, woimira UN ku Costa Rica adatsogolera khonsolo yomwe idakambirana za Pangano la Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Pamene ndinalemba buku la Kuchiritsa Kuwonetsera Kwambiri, izi sizinali zomwe ndinkaganiza. Ndinkalemba za dziko limene limatsogolera kuwononga chilengedwe, kutsekera m’ndende, kumenya nkhondo, ndiponso kunyozetsa mayiko ena. Palibe amene amanditsutsa chifukwa chonyadira kuchita zinthu zabwino.
Zachidziwikire kuti Costa Rica ngati utopia wangwiro ndi wabodza. Sichinthu choterocho, ngakhale pafupi. M'malo mwake ngati mukukhala ku United States ndikupewa madera ankhanza ndi zida zankhondo ndi zida zankhondo ndi malingaliro a zomwe boma limachita padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ngati kuwomberana kwakukulu kukuphonyani, mwina mukuwona ngati mwamtendere, okhulupirira, ndi malo opanda chiwawa kuposa Costa Rica. Tsoka ilo, Costa Rica ilibe chiwawa chochepa pakati pa anthu kapena kuba kapena kuba magalimoto. Paradaiso wamtendere ameneyu ndi wodzazidwa ndi mawaya amingamo ndi ma alarm. Global Peace Index tithe Costa Rica 39th ndi United States 122nd, osati 1st ndi 163rd, poyang'ana chitetezo chapakhomo, osati zankhondo chabe. Costa Rica imakhalanso ndi vuto la kuipitsidwa, kuwonongeka kwa boma, ziphuphu, kuchedwa kosatha - kuphatikizapo chithandizo chamankhwala, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kugulitsa anthu, ziwawa zamagulu, komanso chikhalidwe chachiwiri cha anthu othawa kwawo "osaloledwa" makamaka ochokera ku Nicaragua.
Koma anthu aku Costa Rica satumiza mwana wawo aliyense kuti akaphe ndi kufa kapena abwerere atawonongeka kunkhondo. Saopa kubwebweta chilichonse pankhondo zawo zomwe kulibeko. Saopa kuukiridwa ndi adani awo ankhondo pofuna kuwalanda zida zawo zomwe palibe. Amakhala osakwiya pang'ono ndi kupanda chilungamo kwadongosolo kapena kusalingana kwachuma kwakukulu kapena kutsekeredwa m'ndende. Ngakhale ma indices apadziko lonse lapansi amayika Costa Rica ngati mwachilungamo komanso mosafanana, chikhalidwe chake chikuwoneka kuti chikukondabe kufanana komanso manyazi pakudya modziwika.
Dziko la Costa Rica linali ndi mwayi waukulu wosowa golide kapena siliva kapena mafuta kapena madoko othandiza, malo abwino kwambiri olimapo akapolo kapenanso malo abwino oti mungasewereko misewu yochokera kunyanja kupita kunyanja. Lakumana ndi nkhondo zochepa kwambiri, koma kuukira kwankhondo kokwanira kuti awone gulu lankhondo ngati chiwopsezo.
Mu 1824, Costa Rica inathetsa ukapolo - m'malo mwamanyazi kuchokera kumalingaliro a US chifukwa idatero popanda nkhondo yonyadira. Mu 1825, Purezidenti wa Costa Rica adatsutsa kuti zigawenga zomwe zidalipo sizifunikira asilikali. Mu 1831 dziko la Costa Rica linaganiza zopereka madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja kwa anthu osauka ndiponso kukakamiza nzika kulima mbewu zimene zimafunika ku Ulaya, monga khofi, shuga, ndi koko. Izi zinathandiza kukhazikitsa mwambo wa minda yaing'ono ya mabanja.
Mu 1838 Costa Rica anapatukana ndi Nicaragua. Anthu a mayiko awiriwa ndi osadziwika bwino mwachibadwa. Komabe imodzi yakhala ndi nkhondo zopanda nkhondo, ndipo ina ili ndi nkhondo zosatha mpaka lero. Kusiyana kwake ndi chikhalidwe, ndipo kusanachitike kuthetsedwa kwa asitikali aku Costa Rica mu 1948. Dziko la Costa Rica silinakhalepo chifukwa cha nkhondo yaulemerero yomwe idakondweretsedwa kosatha, koma posayina mapepala ena.
Dziko la Costa Rica linathetsa chilango cha imfa mu 1877. Mu 1880, boma la Costa Rica linkadzitama kuti linali ndi asilikali 358 okha amene anali kugwira ntchito mwakhama. Mu 1890, lipoti la Nduna ya Nkhondo ya ku Costa Rica linapeza kuti a Ticos analibe chidwi kwenikweni ndi ndipo makamaka sankadziwa kuti ali ndi asilikali, ndipo podziwa izi adawona kuti "ndi kunyansidwa."
(Psst: Ena aife timaganiza momwemonso ku United States koma mungangoyerekeza kunena mokweza? - Ssshh!)
Mu 1948, Purezidenti wa Costa Rica adathetsa usilikali - wokondwerera pa Disembala 1 ngati Tsiku Lothetsa Nkhondo - pambuyo poti Unduna wa Zachitetezo (ndi nkhani yake yamtsogolo) adatsutsa kuti achite izi kuti atsimikizire kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro apamwamba.
Mkati mwa mlungu umodzi ndi theka, dziko la Costa Rica linali litaukiridwa ndi Nicaragua. Costa Rica idapempha bungwe la United States States lomwe lidakakamiza adaniwo kuti abwerere. Malinga ndi kanemayo Boma Lamtendere, Costa Rica anayambitsanso gulu lankhondo losakhalitsa. Zomwezo zinachitikanso mu 1955, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zofanana. Makamaka, boma la US likuwoneka kuti likuganiza kuti likuwoneka loyipa kwambiri kutsatira kulanda kwawo ku Guatemala chifukwa cholephera kutsutsa kuwukiridwa kwa dziko lokhalo lopanda zida komanso la demokalase ku Central America.
Zachidziwikire, dziko la United States silikanathandizira kulanda ku Guatemala ngati Guatemala inalibe asilikali.
Costa Rica idapulumuka pa Cold War ya US-Soviet ndi Ronald Reagan zaka posunga ndale komanso kuletsa "chikominisi" ngakhale akukhazikitsa mfundo zotsalira. Kusalowerera ndale kunapangitsa kuti ikane kuthandizira Iran-Contra ndikukambirana zamtendere ku Nicaragua, zomwe zidakhumudwitsa boma la US.
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, kusachita zachiwawa kudabweza kuchuluka kwa magetsi. Ndikuganiza kuti uku ndiye kutchulidwa kokhako kwa activism Mphamvu Mwa Mtendere, zomwe zimasiya owerenga akudzifunsa za chikhalidwe chopanda chikaiko chomwe chinalipo kale ndi pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyo, ndi ntchito yomwe ingakhale inagwira ndipo ikugwirabe ntchito popanga ndi kusunga dziko lopanda asilikali. Pali chikoka chimodzi chinanso chomwe chakhudzidwa: Mu 2003, boma la Costa Rica lidayesa kulowa nawo mu US "Coalition of the Willing" ku US kuti aukire Iraq, koma wophunzira wazamalamulo adasumira ndikuletsa zomwezo ngati zosemphana ndi malamulo.
Chifukwa chiyani chitsanzo cha Costa Rica sichikufalikira? Mayankho odziwikiratu ndi phindu la nkhondo ndi chikhalidwe cha nkhondo, umbuli wa njira zina, ndi mchitidwe woipa wa ziwopsezo za nkhondo ndi mantha. Koma mwina chikufalikira. Woyandikana naye wakumwera kwa Panama, pomwe chidole cha US, sikuti alibe gulu lankhondo lake koma mopanda chiwawa adakakamiza US kuti ipereke ngalandeyo ndikuchotsa asitikali ake.
Pang'onopang'ono . . . koma kulibwino tiyambe kupondapo mwachangu!
Mphamvu Mwa Mtendere ndi buku lachidziwitso, lolongosoledwa bwino, komanso lolembedwa bwino. Ngakhale ikulephera kutsutsana ndi kuthetsa nkhondo kulikonse, ikulephera kukambirana za njira ina yodzitetezera popanda zida, ndipo imanenanso kuti United States "ili ndi zosowa zenizeni za asilikali," komabe ndikuziwonjezera pamndandanda wotsatira chifukwa cha zomwe zimatiuza za Costa Rica ngati kuwala kotsogolera dziko lomwe lili mumdima wamalingaliro ankhondo.
NKHONDO YOMAGWIRIZO WA NKHONDO:
Ethics, Security, and The War-Machine: The True Cost of the Military ndi Ned Dobos, 2020.
Kuzindikira Ntchito Zankhondo Wolemba Christian Sorensen, 2020.
Sipadzakhalanso Nkhondo lolemba ndi Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Mphamvu Kupyolera mu Mtendere: Momwe Kuchotsa Usilikali Kudabweretsera Mtendere ndi Chimwemwe ku Costa Rica, ndi Zomwe Dziko Lonse Lapansi Lingaphunzire kuchokera ku Fuko Laling'ono Lotentha, ndi Judith Eve Lipton ndi David P. Barash, 2019.
Kuteteza Anthu lolemba Jørgen Johansen ndi Brian Martin, 2019.
Kuphatikizidwa Kuphatikizidwa: Bukhu Lachiwiri: America Amakonda Nthawi ndi Mumia Abu Jamal ndi Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Okonza Mtendere: Oopsya a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki Ayankhula ndi Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Kulepheretsa Nkhondo ndi Kulimbikitsa Mtendere: Chitsogozo cha Ophunzira Zaumoyo lolembedwa ndi William Wiist ndi Shelley White, 2017.
Ndondomeko Yamalonda Yamtendere: Kumanga Dziko Lopanda Nkhondo ndi Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Nkhondo Sitili Yokha ndi David Swanson, 2016.
A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017 .
Mlandu Wopambana Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo: Nchiyani America Anasowa M'kalasi Yakale ya US ndi zomwe Ife (Zonse) Tingachite Tsopano ndi Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Nkhondo: A Crimea Against Humanity ndi Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Kuchita Chikatolika ndi Kuthetsa Nkhondo ndi David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Nkhondo ndi Kuphulika: Kufufuza Kwambiri Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Kusintha: Chiyambi Cha Nkhondo, Kutha kwa Nkhondo ndi Judith Hand, 2013.
Nkhondo Sipadzakhalanso: Mlandu Wothetseratu ndi David Swanson, 2013.
Mapeto a Nkhondo ndi John Horgan, 2012.
Kusandulika ku Mtendere ndi Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Kuchokera ku Nkhondo kupita ku Mtendere: Zotsogoleredwa Kwa Zaka Zaka Zitapitazo ndi Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Nkhondo Ndi Bodza ndi David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo: Ubwino Wathu wa Mtendere ndi Douglas Fry, 2009.
Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo ndi Winslow Myers, 2009.
Kukhetsedwa Mwazi Kwambiri: Malangizo 101 Achiwawa, Zowopsa, Ndi Nkhondo Lolemba ndi Mary-Wynne Ashford ndi Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Dziko Lapansi: Zida Zankhondo Posachedwa lolemba Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
Anyamata Adzakhala Anyamata: Kuswa Mgwirizano Pakati Pa Umuna Ndi Chiwawa cholembedwa ndi Myriam Miedzian, 1991.
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