(Ili ndi gawo 27 la World Beyond War pepala woyera A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo. Pitirizani ku yapitayi | zotsatirazi gawo.)
Dziko lapansi likulowa zida zankhondo, zonse kuchokera ku zida zankhondo zopita ku nkhondo zankhondo ndi zida zamphamvu. Kuphana kwa zida kumapangitsa kuti chiwawa chiwonjezeke mu nkhondo komanso kuopsa kwa umbanda ndi uchigawenga. Zimathandiza maboma omwe achita ziwawa zambiri zaumunthu, amapanga chisokonezo cha mayiko, ndikupitiriza kukhulupirira kuti mtendere ukhoza kupindula ndi mfuti.
Kuchita Zogulitsa Zida
Olemba zida zankhondo ali ndi malonda apamwamba a boma ndipo amathandizidwa ndi iwo komanso amagulitsidwa pamsika. A US ndi ena adagulitsa mabiliyoni mu zida za ku Middle East zosasangalatsa komanso zachiwawa. Nthawi zina mikono imagulitsidwa kumbali zonse ziwiri mukumenyana, monga momwe zinaliri ku Iraq ndi Iran ndi nkhondo yomwe inapha pakati pa 600,000 ndi 1,250,000 malinga ndi ziwerengero za ophunzira.note29 Nthawi zina amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi wogulitsa kapena wogwirizana nawo, monga momwe zida zankhondo za America zoperekedwa kwa Mujahedeen zomwe zinagonjetsedwa ndi al Qaeda, komanso zida zomwe US adagulitsa kapena kupereka ku Iraq zomwe zinatha manja a ISIS panthawi ya nkhondo ya 2014 ya Iraq.
Ndalama zamayiko onse mu zida zakupha ndizokulu, zoposa $ 70 biliyoni pachaka. Akuluakulu ogulitsa zida kudziko lapansi ndiwo mphamvu zomwe zinagonjetsedwa pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse; kuti: US, Russia, Germany, France, ndi United Kingdom.
UN adalandira Mgwirizano wa Zamalonda wa Arms (ATT) pa April 2, 2013. Sichichotsa malonda apadziko lonse. Panganoli ndi "chida chokhazikitsira malamulo ovomerezeka a mayiko onse okhudzana ndi kuitanitsa, kutumiza ndi kutumiza zida zankhondo." Zinakonzedwa kuti zigwire ntchito mu December 2014. Mwachidule, akunena kuti ogulitsawo adzadziyang'anira okha kuti asagulitse zida za "zigawenga kapena mayiko achiwawa." US aonetsetsa kuti anali ndi veto pamutuwu pofuna kuti mgwirizanowu ulamulire zolingalirazo. A US adanena kuti mgwirizanowu umachoka pampando waukulu kuti mgwirizanowo usasokoneze "mphamvu zathu zogulitsa, kutumizira, kapena kutumiza zida zothandizira chitetezo chathu cha dziko komanso zofuna zadziko lina" [ndi] "malonda apadziko lonse ndi ntchito yovomerezeka ya malonda "[ndi]" popanda kugulitsa zamalonda zogulitsa zida siziyenera kuletsedwa mopitirira malire. "Komanso," Palibe chofunikira kuti lipoti lolemba ndi kutulukira zida kapena mabomba (ndipo] sipadzakhala lamulo la mayiko ena thupi kukakamiza ATT. "
Njira yowonjezera chitetezo imakhala ndi zida zazikulu zowonongeka kuti mitundu yonse ikhale yotetezeka ku chisokonezo. UN ikulongosola za zida zankhondo ndi zodzaza "... monga kuthetseratu kwa WMD zonse, kuphatikizapo" kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa zida ndi zida zowonongeka, mothandizidwa ndi chitetezo chosasokonekera cha maphwando ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa bata pamunsi gulu la asilikali, kuganizira kufunika kwa mayiko onse kutetezera chitetezo chawo "(UN General Assembly, Final Document of the First Special Session on Disarmament, para. 22.) Tsatanetsatane yowonjezera zida zikuoneka kuti ili ndi mabowo akuluakulu okwanira kuyendetsa sitima kudutsa. Chigwirizano choopsa kwambiri ndi nthawi yochepetsera amafunika, komanso njira yogwirira ntchito.
Panganoli likuwoneka kuti silikuchitanso zomwe zimafuna kuti mayiko omwe amagwirizana nawo akhazikitse bungwe kuti liziyang'anira zida zogulitsa kunja ndi kutumizidwa kunja ndikudziwone ngati akuganiza kuti zida zawo zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa chifukwa chochita zachiwawa kapena kuchitira nkhanza ziweto zawo komanso kupereka malipoti pachaka pamalonda awo. Sichikuwoneka kuti ikugwira ntchitoyo chifukwa ikusiya kuyendetsa malonda kwa omwe akufuna kutumiza ndi kutumiza. Kuletsedwa kwakukulu ndi kolimbikitsidwa kwa kutumizira zida ndikofunikira. Malonda a zida ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku International Criminal Court mndandandanda wa "milandu yaumunthu" ndipo akulimbikitsidwa ponena za opanga zida ndi ochita malonda ndi Security Council pamsonkhano wawo wolimbana ndi kuphwanya "mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse" mu nkhani ya mayiko odzilamulira monga ogulitsa malonda.note30
Zida Zowonongeka M'kati
Mayiko angapo akukonzekera mapulani komanso ma hardware a nkhondo m'kati mwa malo kuphatikizapo malo ndi malo oti apange zida zowononga ma satellites, ndi malo omwe amatha kupangira zida zankhondo (kuphatikizapo zida za laser) kuti awononge malo okhala padziko lapansi. Kuopsa koika zida kunja kwapadera ndizoonekeratu, makamaka ngati zida za nyukiliya kapena zida zamakono zamakono. Maiko a 130 tsopano ali ndi mapulogalamu a malo ndipo pali satellites opanga 3000 mu danga. Zowopsazi ndizophwanya misonkhano yamakono yomwe ikupezekapo ndi kuyamba kuyambanso nkhondo. Ngati nkhondo yeniyeni yotereyi iyenera kuchitika zotsatira zake zingakhale zoopsa kwa anthu okhala padziko lapansi komanso kuika ngozi za Kessler Syndrome, chochitika chomwe chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zili pansi pamtunda wa dziko lapansi chimakhala chokwanira kwambiri kuti chiwonongeko cha ena chiyamba kuyambitsa kusokoneza kumene kumapangitsa malo okwanira malo kuti athe kufufuza malo kapena ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito satellites sikungatheke kwa zaka zambiri, mwina mibadwo.
Pokhulupirira kuti idatsogolera zida zamtunduwu za R&D, "Secretary Secretary wa United States Air Force for Space, Keith R. Hall, adati, 'Ponena za kulamulira malo, tili nawo, timawakonda ndipo tikupita kuti azisunga. '”
The 1967 Chigwirizano cha Zaka inatsimikizidwanso mu 1999 ndi mayiko a 138 omwe ali ndi US ndi Israel okha omwe amasiya. Imaletsa ma WMD mu malo ndi kumanga mabungwe apachilumba pamwezi koma amasiya zida za zida zowonjezera, laser ndi zida zapamwamba zazitsulo. Komiti ya United Nations yothetsa zida zakhala zikuvuta kwa zaka zambiri kuti agwirizane pa mgwirizano wotsutsa zida izi koma wakhala akuletsedwa ndi United States nthawi zonse. Ndondomeko yosavomerezeka, yosavomerezeka, yodzifunira inakonzedwa koma "US akulimbikitsana ndi dongosolo lachitatu la Makhalidwe a Makhalidwe omwe, pochita lonjezo lodzipereka kuti 'asamachite kanthu kalikonse kamene kamabweretsa, mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji, kuonongeka, kapena kuwonongeka, kwa zinthu zapakati, 'akuyenerera kuti lamuloli likhale ndi chilankhulo "pokhapokha ngati kutero kuli koyenera". "Kulungamitsidwa" kumachokera pa ufulu wodzitetezera umene wapangidwa mu Mgwirizano wa UN. Chiyeneretso chotero chimapangitsa ngakhale mgwirizano wodzifunira wopanda pake. Chigwirizano champhamvu kwambiri choletsera zida zonse kunja kwa malo ndi gawo lofunikira la Alternative Security System.note31
(Pitirizani ku yapitayi | zotsatirazi gawo.)
Tikufuna kumva kuchokera kwa inu! (Chonde lankhulani ndemanga pansipa)
Izi zawatsogolera bwanji inu kuganiza mosiyana za njira zina zankhondo?
Kodi mungawonjezere, kapena kusintha, kapena kukayikira za izi?
Kodi mungatani kuti muthandize anthu ambiri kumvetsetsa za njirazi?
Kodi mungachite bwanji kuti izi zitheke ku nkhondo?
Chonde mugawane nkhaniyi!
Zolemba zofanana
Onani zina zotsatizana nazo “Chitetezo Chankhondo
Onani Mndandanda wa Zamkatimu A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo
zolemba:
29. Kuti mudziwe zambiri ndi deta onani webusaitiyi ya Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, yomwe inalandira mphoto ya mtendere wa 2013 Nobel chifukwa choyesetsa kwambiri kuthetsa zida za mankhwala. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
30. Ziwerengero zimachokera ku 600,000 (Battle Deaths Dataset) ku 1,250,000 (Correlates of War Project). Kuyenera kudziŵika, kuti kuyeza zoopsa za nkhondo ndi nkhani yotsutsana. Chofunika kwambiri, imfa yosadziwika bwino-imfa ndizosawerengeka molondola. Zowonongeka mwachindunji zingathe kutsatizana ndi zotsatirazi: chiwonongeko cha zowonongeka; nthaka; ntchito ya uranium yatha; othawa kwawo ndi anthu omwe achoka kwawo; kusowa zakudya m'thupi; matenda; chosayeruzika; kupha boma; anthu ogwiriridwa ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanza za kugonana; kupanda chilungamo kwa anthu. Werengani zambiri pa: Zofunika zaumunthu za nkhondo - zenizeni ndi njira zowonongeka zazowonongeka (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
31. Mutu 7 wa Malamulo a Roma a International Criminal Court amadziwitsa milandu yaumunthu. (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
