Mgwirizano, Malamulo, ndi Malamulo Oletsa Nkhondo

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, January 10, 2022

Simungaganize kuti chifukwa chovomereza nkhondo mwakachetechete ngati bizinesi yovomerezeka komanso nkhani zonse zokhuza njira zomwe zimayenera kusunga nkhondo mwalamulo kudzera mukusintha nkhanza zina, koma pali mgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe umapangitsa kuti nkhondo komanso kuwopseza nkhondo kukhale koletsedwa. , malamulo a mayiko omwe amapanga nkhondo ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimathandizira nkhondo kukhala zosaloleka, ndi malamulo oletsa kupha anthu popanda kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoponya kapena kukula kwakupha.

Zachidziwikire, zomwe zimaonedwa ngati zovomerezeka sizomwe zidalembedwa, komanso zomwe zimawonedwa ngati zovomerezeka, zomwe sizimayimbidwa mlandu ngati mlandu. Koma ndiye mfundo yeniyeni yodziwira ndikudziwikitsa kwambiri za nkhondo yosaloledwa: kupititsa patsogolo zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo ngati mlandu womwe, malinga ndi malamulo olembedwa, uli. Kuona chinthu ngati mlandu kumatanthauza zambiri osati kungochiimba mlandu. Pakhoza kukhala mabungwe abwinoko nthawi zina kuposa makhoti amilandu kuti akwaniritse chiyanjanitso kapena kubwezera, koma njira zoterezi sizimathandizidwa ndi kusunga kunamizira kuti nkhondo ndi yovomerezeka, kuvomereza nkhondo.

MAPANGANO

Popeza 1899, maphwando onse ku Msonkhano wa Pacific Settlement of International Disputes atsimikiza kuti “avomera kugwiritsa ntchito zoyesayesa zawo zonse kuti atsimikizire kuthetsa kusamvana kwapadziko lonse mwabata.” Kuphwanya panganoli kunali Lamulo I mu 1945 Nuremberg Chitsutso a Nazi. Maphwando kumsonkhano waukulu kuphatikiza mayiko okwanira kuti athetse nkhondo ngati atatsatiridwa.

Popeza 1907, maphwando onse ku Msonkhano wa Hague wa 1907 akakamizika "kugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe angathe kuti athetse kusamvana kwa mayiko," kupempha mayiko ena kuti akhale mkhalapakati, kuvomereza zopempha zoyimira pakati pa mayiko ena, kupanga ngati pakufunika "International Commission of Inquiry, kuti athandizire kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi mwa kufotokoza zoona zake mwa kufufuza mopanda tsankho komanso motsatira chikumbumtima” ndiponso kukachita apilo ku khoti lachikhalire la ku Hague kuti ligamule nkhaniyo. Kuphwanya panganoli kunali Charge II mu 1945 Nuremberg Chitsutso a Nazi. Maphwando kumsonkhano waukulu kuphatikiza mayiko okwanira kuti athetse nkhondo ngati atatsatiridwa.

Popeza 1928, maphwando onse ku Kellogg-Briand Pact (KBP) akhala akufunidwa mwalamulo kuti "atsutsane ndi nkhondo kuti athetse mikangano yapadziko lonse, ndikukana, monga chida cha ndondomeko ya dziko mu ubale wawo wina ndi mzake," ndi "kuvomereza kuti kuthetsa kapena kuthetsa mikangano yonse. kapena mikangano yamtundu uliwonse kapena yochokera kulikonse, yomwe ingabuke pakati pawo, sizidzafunidwa konse kupatula mwa njira yamtendere. Kuphwanya panganoli kunali Charge XIII mu 1945 Nuremberg Chitsutso a Nazi. Mlandu womwewo sunapatsidwe mlandu kwa opambanawo. Mlanduwo unayambitsa upandu umene sunalembedwe kale uwu: “ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSA MTENDERE: ndiko, kukonzekera, kukonzekera, kuyambitsa kapena kumenya nkhondo yachiwembu, kapena nkhondo yophwanya mapangano a mayiko, mapangano kapena zitsimikizo, kapena kutenga nawo mbali mu dongosolo limodzi kapena chiwembu cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa chilichonse chomwe tafotokozazi.” Kupanga kumeneku kunalimbikitsa wamba kusamvana a Kellogg-Briand Pact ngati kuletsa nkhondo yaukali koma osati yodzitchinjiriza. Komabe, mgwirizano wa Kellogg-Briand unaletsa momveka bwino osati nkhondo yaukali komanso nkhondo yotetezera - mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhondo zonse. Maphwando a Pact kuphatikiza mayiko okwanira kuti athetse nkhondo moyenera potsatira.

Popeza 1945, maphwando onse ku UN Charter akakamizidwa “kuthetsa mikangano yawo yapadziko lonse mwamtendere m’njira yakuti mtendere ndi chisungiko chapadziko lonse, ndi chilungamo, zisakhale pachiwopsezo,” ndi “kupeŵa maubale awo amitundu yonse kuti asaopseze kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu motsutsana ndi umphumphu wa chigawocho kapena ufulu wandale wa dziko lililonse, "ngakhale pali ming'alu yowonjezeredwa pankhondo zololedwa ndi UN ndi nkhondo za "kudzitchinjiriza," (koma osati kuwopseza nkhondo) - zipsinjo zomwe sizikugwira ntchito pankhondo zaposachedwa, koma zimalepheretsa kukhalapo kwa nkhondo. zimene zimapanga m’maganizo ambiri lingaliro losamvekera bwino lakuti nkhondo nzololedwa. Kufunika kwa mtendere ndi kuletsa nkhondo kwafotokozedwa m'zaka zambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana a UN, monga 2625 ndi 3314. The maphwando ku Charter akanathetsa nkhondo potsatira zomwezo.

Popeza 1949, maphwando onse kuti NATO, avomereza kubwerezanso kuletsa kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopezeka mu Charter ya UN, ngakhale akuvomereza kukonzekera nkhondo ndi kulowa nawo pankhondo zodzitchinjiriza zomenyedwa ndi mamembala ena a NATO. Zida zambiri zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo, komanso gawo lalikulu lankhondo zake, zimachitika ndi Mamembala a NATO.

Popeza 1949, maphwando ku Msonkhano Wachinayi wa Geneva aletsedwa kuchita ziwawa zilizonse kwa anthu omwe samenya nawo nkhondo, komanso oletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito [c] zilango zongoganiza komanso momwemonso zowopseza kapena zauchigawenga, pomwe ambiri mwa omwe adaphedwa pankhondo adawaletsa. anali osamenya nkhondo. Onse oyambitsa nkhondo ali adagwirizana ndi Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva.

Popeza 1952, US, Australia, ndi New Zealand akhala akuchita nawo Pangano la ANZUS, pomwe "Maphwando akupanga, monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu Charter of United Nations, kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse yomwe angatenge nawo gawo mwamtendere. m’njira yakuti mtendere wapadziko lonse ndi chisungiko ndi chilungamo zisakhale pachiwopsezo ndi kupeŵa maunansi awo amitundu yonse kuopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mwanjira iriyonse yosagwirizana ndi zolinga za United Nations.”

Popeza 1970, ndi Mgwirizano pa Kupanda Kuphatikiza kwa Zida za Nyukiliya yafuna kuti maphwando ake "ayambe kukambirana mwachikhulupiriro pa njira zoyenera zothanirana ndi kutha kwa mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya koyambirira komanso kuwononga zida za nyukiliya, komanso mgwirizano pazambiri ndi kuchotsera zida zonse [!!] pansi pa ulamuliro wokhwima komanso wogwira mtima padziko lonse lapansi. " Maphwando a mgwirizano muphatikizepo akuluakulu 5 (koma osati 4 otsatira) omwe ali ndi zida zanyukiliya.

Popeza 1976, ndi Pangano la Padziko Lonse pa Ufulu Wachikhalidwe ndi Ndale (ICCPR) ndi Pangano la Padziko Lonse la Ufulu wa Zachuma, Zachikhalidwe, ndi Chikhalidwe amangiriza zipani zawo ku mawu otsegulira a Gawo XNUMX la mapangano onse awiri awa: "Anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira." Mawu oti "zonse" angawoneke ngati akuphatikiza osati Kosovo ndi madera akale a Yugoslavia, South Sudan, Balkan, Czechia ndi Slovakia, komanso Crimea, Okinawa, Scotland, Diego Garcia, Nagorno Karabagh, Western Sahara, Palestine, Southern Ossetia. , Abkhazia, Kurdistan, etc. Maphwando a Pangano kuphatikiza ambiri a dziko.

ICCPR yomweyo ikufuna kuti "zabodza zilizonse zankhondo ziletsedwe ndi lamulo." (Komabe ndende sizikuchotsedwa kuti apereke malo kwa akuluakulu a zoulutsira nkhani. Ndipotu, ofotokozera amatsekera m'ndende chifukwa choululira mabodza ankhondo.)

Popeza 1976 (kapena nthawi yolowa nawo gulu lililonse) the Pangano la Amity ndi Mgwirizano ku Southeast Asia (kumene China ndi zosiyanasiyana mitundu kunja kwa Southeast Asia, monga United States, Russia, ndi Iran, ali chipani) adafuna kuti:

"Mu ubale wawo wina ndi mzake, Maphwando Akuluakulu Ogwirizana Adzatsogoleredwa ndi mfundo zotsatirazi:
a. Kulemekeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, kudziyimira pawokha, kufanana, kukhulupirika kwamadera ndi kudziwika kwa mayiko amitundu yonse;
b. Ufulu wa Boma lililonse lotsogola dziko lonse popanda kusokonezedwa ndi anthu akunja, kuphwanya malamulo kapena kuumirizidwa;
c. Kusalowerera nkhani zamkati za wina ndi mzake;
d. Kuthetsa mikangano kapena mikangano mwamtendere;
e. Kukana kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu;
f. Mgwirizano wothandiza pakati pawo. . . .
"Chipani Chilichonse Chochita Mgwirizano Wapamwamba sichidzatenga nawo gawo mwanjira iliyonse kapena mwanjira iliyonse yomwe ingawononge bata landale ndi zachuma, ulamuliro, kapena umphumphu wa gawo lina la High Contracting Party. . . .

"Maphwando Apamwamba Opanga Mapangano adzakhala ndi kutsimikiza mtima ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino kuti aletse mikangano kubuka. Ngati mikangano pa zinthu zomwe zikuwakhudza ikabuka, makamaka mikangano yomwe ingasokoneze mtendere ndi mgwirizano wachigawo, iwowo azipewa kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndipo nthawi zonse azithetsa mikangano yotere pakati pawo pokambirana mwaubwenzi. . . .

"Kuti athetse mikangano pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachigawo, Maphwando Aakulu Akuluakulu adzapanga, monga bungwe lopitirira, Bungwe Lalikulu lokhala ndi Woyimilira pa mlingo wa unduna kuchokera ku High Contracting Parties kuti azindikire kukhalapo kwa mikangano kapena zochitika zomwe zingasokoneze dera. mtendere ndi mgwirizano. . . .

"Ngati palibe yankho lomwe lingapezeke mwa kukambirana mwachindunji, Bungwe Lalikulu lidzayang'anira mkanganowo kapena momwe zinthu zilili ndipo idzalimbikitsa anthu omwe akukangana njira zoyenera zothetserana monga maofesi abwino, mkhalapakati, kufufuza kapena kuyanjanitsa. Khonsolo Yapamwamba ingathe kupereka maudindo ake abwino, kapena pa mgwirizano wa magulu omwe akukangana, adzipange kukhala komiti ya mkhalapakati, kufufuza kapena kuyanjanitsa. Zikawoneka kuti ndizofunikira, Bungwe Lalikulu lidzapereka njira zoyenera zopewera kuwonongeka kwa mkangano kapena mkhalidwewo. . . .”

Popeza 2014, ndi Mgwirizano Wogulitsa Zida yafuna kuti magulu ake "asalole kutengerapo zida zamtundu uliwonse zomwe zili pansi pa Ndime 2 (1) kapena zinthu zomwe zili pansi pa Ndime 3 kapena Gawo 4, ngati ali ndi chidziwitso panthawi yololeza kuti zida kapena zinthuzo zigwiritsidwe ntchito. kupha anthu, milandu yolimbana ndi anthu, kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva ya 1949, kuukira kwa anthu wamba kapena anthu wamba omwe amatetezedwa, kapena milandu ina yankhondo monga momwe zafotokozedwera ndi mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali chipani. ” Oposa theka la mayiko padziko lapansi ali Maphwando.

Kuyambira mchaka cha 2014, mayiko opitilira 30 a Community of Latin America ndi Caribbean States (CELAC) akhala akutsatira izi. Chilengezo cha Malo a Mtendere:

“1. Latin America ndi Caribbean monga Malo a Mtendere wozikidwa pa kulemekeza mfundo ndi malamulo a Malamulo a Padziko Lonse, kuphatikizapo zida zapadziko lonse zomwe Mayiko Amembala ali nawo, Mfundo ndi Zolinga za Charter ya United Nations;

“2. Kudzipereka kwathu kosatha kuthetsa mikangano mwamtendere ndi cholinga chochotsa ziwopsezo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mdera lathu;

"3. Kudzipereka kwa Mayiko a m'derali ndi udindo wawo wokhwima kuti asalowerere, mwachindunji kapena mwachisawawa, muzochitika zapakati pa dziko lina lililonse ndikusunga mfundo za ufulu wadziko, ufulu wofanana ndi kudzilamulira kwa anthu;

"4. Kudzipereka kwa anthu aku Latin America ndi Caribbean kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi ubale wabwino pakati pawo ndi mayiko ena mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwa ndale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe chawo kapena chitukuko; kulekererana, ndi kukhalirana mwamtendere wina ndi mnzake, monga anansi abwino;

“5. Kudzipereka kwa Mayiko a Latin America ndi Caribbean kulemekeza kotheratu ufulu wosalandirika wa Boma lirilonse losankha dongosolo lake la ndale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe, monga mikhalidwe yofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti mayiko akukhala mwamtendere;

"6. Kukwezeleza m'chigawo cha chikhalidwe cha mtendere chozikidwa, mwa zina, pa mfundo za United Nations Declaration on a Culture of Peace;

"7. Kudzipereka kwa Mayiko m'derali kuti adzitsogolera okha ndi Chidziwitso ichi mumayendedwe awo a Mayiko;

"8. Kudzipereka kwa Mayiko a m'derali kuti apitirize kulimbikitsa zida za nyukiliya monga cholinga choyambirira ndikuthandizira kuthetsa zida zonse, kulimbikitsa kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro pakati pa mayiko. "

Popeza 2017, kumene uli ndi ulamuliro, ndi Milandu ya International Criminal Court (ICC) wakhala ndi mphamvu yotsutsa mlandu wa nkhanza, mbadwa ya kusintha kwa Nuremberg kwa KBP. Oposa theka la mayiko padziko lapansi ali Maphwando.

Popeza 2021, maphwando ku Pangano loletsa zida za nyukiliya agwirizana kuti

"Chipani chilichonse cha State Party sichichita chilichonse kuti:

(a) Kupanga, kuyesa, kupanga, kupanga, kupeza, kukhala kapena kusunga zida za nyukiliya kapena zida zina zophulika;

"(b) Kusamutsa kwa aliyense wolandira zida zilizonse za nyukiliya kapena zida zophulika za nyukiliya kapena kuwongolera zida zotere kapena zida zophulika mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina;

“(c) Kulandila kusamutsidwa kapena kuwongolera zida za nyukiliya kapena zida zina zophulika za nyukiliya mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina;

(d) Kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kuwopseza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kapena zida zina zophulika;

(e) Kuthandiza, kulimbikitsa kapena kulimbikitsa, mwanjira ina iliyonse, aliyense kuchita nawo ntchito iliyonse yoletsedwa ku Gulu la Boma pansi pa Panganoli;

“(f) Kufunafuna kapena kulandira thandizo lililonse, mwanjira ina iliyonse, kuchokera kwa aliyense kuti achite chilichonse choletsedwa ku Chipani cha Boma pansi pa Panganoli;

"(g) Lolani kuyimitsa, kukhazikitsa kapena kuyika zida zilizonse za nyukiliya kapena zida zophulika za nyukiliya m'gawo lake kapena pamalo aliwonse omwe akuwayang'anira."

Zipani za Panganoli zikuwonjezedwa mofulumira.

MALAMULO

Malamulo ambiri adziko omwe alipo atha kuwerengedwa mokwanira pa https://constituteproject.org

Ambiri a iwo amanena mosapita m’mbali kuchirikiza kwawo mapangano amene maiko ali mbali zake. Ambiri amathandizira mwatsatanetsatane Charter ya UN, ngakhale akutsutsana nayo. Malamulo angapo a ku Ulaya amachepetsa mphamvu za dziko momveka bwino potsatira malamulo a mayiko. Ambiri amatengapo mbali zina za mtendere ndi nkhondo.

Lamulo la dziko la Costa Rica sililetsa nkhondo, koma limaletsa kusunga usilikali woyimilira: "Asitikali ngati bungwe lokhazikika lathetsedwa." Mabungwe aku US ndi ena amalembedwa ngati, kapena akugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti, gulu lankhondo lidzakhazikitsidwa kwakanthawi pakangochitika nkhondo, monga za Costa Rica koma popanda kuthetseratu gulu lankhondo lomwe layimilira. Kawirikawiri, malamulowa amachepetsa nthawi (mpaka chaka chimodzi kapena zaka ziwiri) zomwe asilikali angapereke ndalama. Nthawi zambiri, mabomawa angopanga chizoloŵezi chothandizira asilikali awo mwatsopano chaka chilichonse.

Lamulo la dziko la Philippines likugwirizana ndi Pangano la Kellogg-Briand pokana "nkhondo ngati chida cha mfundo za dziko."

Chilankhulo chomwecho chimapezeka mu Constitution ya Japan. Mawu oyamba amati, “Ife, anthu a ku Japan, pogwiritsa ntchito nthumwi zathu zosankhidwa moyenerera mu National Diet, tinatsimikiza kuti tidzadzipezera tokha ndi mbadwa zathu zipatso za mgwirizano wamtendere ndi mayiko onse ndi madalitso a ufulu m’dziko lonseli, ndi tinatsimikiza kuti sitidzachezeredwanso ndi zoopsa za nkhondo kudzera mu zochita za boma.” Ndipo Mutu 9 umaŵerenga kuti: “Pofuna moona mtima mtendere wapadziko lonse wozikidwa pa chilungamo ndi dongosolo, anthu a ku Japan amakana kosatha nkhondo monga ufulu wodzilamulira wa dziko ndi chiwopsezo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu monga njira yothetsera mikangano ya mayiko. Pofuna kukwaniritsa cholinga cha ndime yapitayi, asilikali a pamtunda, nyanja, ndi ndege, komanso mphamvu zina zankhondo, sizidzasungidwa. Ufulu wankhondo wa boma sudzazindikirika. "

Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, kazembe wa dziko la Japan kwanthaŵi yaitali ndiponso wolimbikitsa mtendere ndiponso nduna yaikulu yatsopano Kijuro Shidehara anapempha General Douglas MacArthur wa ku United States kuti aletse nkhondo m’lamulo latsopano la Japan. Mu 1950, boma la United States linapempha Japan kuti iphwanye Gawo 9 ndi kulowa nawo nkhondo yatsopano yolimbana ndi North Korea. Japan anakana. Pempho lomwelo ndi kukana linabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza pa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Japan idalola, komabe, kulola US kugwiritsa ntchito maziko ku Japan, ngakhale kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu aku Japan. Kukokoloka kwa Article 9 kunali kutayamba. Japan idakana kulowa nawo ku Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Gulf, koma idapereka chithandizo, zombo zonyamula mafuta, kunkhondo ya Afghanistan (yomwe nduna yayikulu yaku Japan idanena poyera kuti inali nkhani yokhazikitsa anthu aku Japan kuti apange nkhondo yamtsogolo). Japan anakonza zombo za US ndi ndege ku Japan panthawi ya nkhondo ya 2003 ku Iraq, ngakhale kuti chifukwa chiyani sitima kapena ndege yomwe ikanatha kuchoka ku Iraq kupita ku Japan ndi kubwereranso kunkafunika kukonzanso sikunafotokozedwe. Posachedwapa, Prime Minister waku Japan Shinzo Abe adatsogolera "kutanthauziranso" kwa Article 9 kutanthawuza zosiyana ndi zomwe ikunena. Ngakhale kumasuliridwanso koteroko, pali kusuntha ku Japan kuti asinthe mawu a Constitution kuti alole nkhondo.

Malamulo a Germany ndi Italy ndi a nthawi yofanana ndi ya Japan pambuyo pa WWII. Germany imaphatikizapo izi:

"(1) Zochita zomwe zimakonda kusokoneza kapena kuchitidwa ndi cholinga chosokoneza ubale wamtendere pakati pa mayiko, makamaka kukonzekera nkhondo yoopsa, sizikhala zotsutsana ndi malamulo. Adzapatsidwa chilango.

"(2) Zida zopangira nkhondo zitha kupangidwa, kunyamulidwa kapena kugulitsidwa ndi chilolezo cha Boma la Federal. Zambiri zidzayendetsedwa ndi lamulo la federal. "

Ndipo, kuwonjezera:

"(1) Bungwe la Federation likhoza, mwalamulo, kusamutsa mphamvu zodziimira ku mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi.

“(2 ) Pofuna kuteteza mtendere, Bungwe la Federation likhoza kulowa m’ndondomeko yotetezana ; pochita zimenezo chidzavomereza kupereŵera kwa maulamuliro ake amene adzadzetsa ndi kusungitsa bata lamtendere ndi lokhalitsa mu Ulaya ndi pakati pa mayiko a dziko lapansi .

"(3) Kuti athetse mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi, Federation idzalumikizana ndi njira zonse, zomveka, zovomerezeka zotsutsana ndi mayiko."

Kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima kuli mu Constitution ya Germany:

“Palibe munthu amene adzakakamizidwe kutsutsana ndi chikumbumtima chake kuti agwire ntchito ya usilikali yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Zambiri zidzayendetsedwa ndi lamulo la federal. "

Lamulo la dziko la Italy limaphatikizapo chilankhulo chodziwika bwino: "Italy imakana nkhondo ngati chida chomenyera ufulu wa anthu ena komanso njira yothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi. Italy imavomereza, pamikhalidwe yofanana ndi mayiko ena, ku malire a ulamuliro womwe ungakhale wofunikira ku dongosolo ladziko lonse lapansi loonetsetsa kuti pakhale mtendere ndi chilungamo pakati pa Mitundu. Italy imalimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akupititsa patsogolo izi. ”

Izi zikuwoneka zamphamvu kwambiri, koma zikuyenera kukhala zopanda tanthauzo, chifukwa malamulo omwewo amati, "Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu zolengeza za nkhondo ndikupereka mphamvu zofunikira m'boma. . . . Mtsogoleli wadziko ndiye mkulu wa asilikali, adzatsogolela Bungwe la Supreme Council of Defense lokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo, ndipo adzalengeza za nkhondo monga momwe nyumba yamalamulo yagwilizana. . . . Makhoti ankhondo pa nthawi ya nkhondo ali ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo. M’nthaŵi zamtendere iwo ali ndi ulamuliro pa milandu yankhondo yochitidwa ndi mamembala ankhondo okha.” Tonsefe timawadziwa bwino andale amene “amakana” kapena “kutsutsa” mopanda tanthauzo zomwe amalimbikira kuvomereza ndi kuthandizira. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko akhoza kuchita zomwezo.

Chilankhulo m'malamulo onse aku Italy ndi Germany pakupereka mphamvu ku United Nations (yosatchulidwa dzina) ndizochititsa manyazi m'makutu a US, koma osati apadera. Chilankhulo chofananacho chimapezeka m'malamulo a Denmark, Norway, France, ndi malamulo ena angapo aku Europe.

Kuchoka ku Ulaya kupita ku Turkmenistan, tinapeza lamulo lokhazikitsa mtendere mwamtendere: “Turkmenistan, pokhala nzika ya dziko lonse lapansi, idzatsatira mfundo zake zakunja ku mfundo zakusaloŵerera m’ndale, kusaloŵerera m’zochitika za m’mayiko ena. maiko, amapewa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi kutenga nawo mbali m’magulu ankhondo ndi migwirizano, amalimbikitsa maubale amtendere, aubwenzi ndi opindulitsa mogwirizana ndi maiko a m’derali ndi maiko onse a padziko lapansi.”

Tikupita ku America, tikupeza ku Ecuador lamulo lokhazikitsidwa mwamtendere ndi Ecuador komanso kuletsa usilikali ndi wina aliyense ku Ecuador: "Ecuador ndi gawo lamtendere. Kukhazikitsa malo ankhondo akunja kapena malo ogwirira ntchito zankhondo sikuloledwa. Ndizoletsedwa kusamutsa magulu ankhondo a dziko kupita ku magulu ankhondo akunja kapena achitetezo. . . . Imalimbikitsa mtendere ndi kuchotsa zida zapadziko lonse; imaletsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zida zowononga anthu ambiri ndi kuikidwa kwa maziko kapena malo ankhondo kaamba ka zifuno zankhondo ndi maiko ena kumadera a ena.”

Malamulo ena omwe amaletsa magulu ankhondo akunja, pamodzi ndi a Ecuador, akuphatikizapo Angola, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Lithuania, Malta, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Ukraine, ndi Venezuela.

Mabungwe angapo padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti “kusalowerera ndale” kusonyeza kudzipereka kuti apewe nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Belarus, gawo lina lamalamulo lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chosinthidwa kuti likhale ndi zida zanyukiliya zaku Russia limati, "Republic of Belarus ikufuna kupanga gawo lake kukhala lopanda zida zanyukiliya, komanso kuti boma lisamalowerere m'malo."

Ku Cambodia, malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo amati, “Ufumu wa ku Cambodia utengera [ndondomeko] yosalowerera ndale komanso kusagwirizana. Ufumu wa Cambodia ukutsatira ndondomeko yokhalira limodzi mwamtendere ndi anansi ake komanso mayiko ena padziko lonse lapansi. . . . Ufumu wa Cambodia sudzalowa nawo mumgwirizano uliwonse wankhondo kapena pangano lankhondo lomwe siligwirizana ndi mfundo zake zosalowerera ndale. . . . Mgwirizano uliwonse ndi mgwirizano wosagwirizana ndi ufulu wodzilamulira, ulamuliro, umphumphu wa madera, kusalowerera ndale ndi mgwirizano wa dziko la Ufumu wa Cambodia, udzathetsedwa. . . . Ufumu wa Cambodia udzakhala dziko lodziimira palokha, lodziyimira pawokha, lamtendere, losalowerera ndale komanso losagwirizana. ”

Malta: "Malta ndi dziko losalowerera ndale lomwe likufunafuna mtendere, chitetezo ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chikhalidwe pakati pa mayiko onse potsatira mfundo yosagwirizana ndi kukana kutenga nawo mbali mumgwirizano uliwonse wankhondo."

Moldova: “Republic of Moldova ikulengeza kusaloŵerera kwake m’zandale kosatha.”

Switzerland: Dziko la Switzerland "likuchitapo kanthu kuti liteteze chitetezo chakunja, kudziyimira pawokha komanso kusalowerera ndale kwa Switzerland."

Turkmenistan: “Bungwe la United Nations kudzera mu Zigamulo za Msonkhano Waukulu wakuti 'Kusaloŵerera M'ndale Kosatha kwa Turkmenistan' za December 12 1995 ndi 3 June 2015: Likuzindikira ndi kuchirikiza zomwe zalengeza kuti dziko la Turkmenistan sililowerera ndale mpaka kalekale; Ikupempha mayiko omwe ali m'bungwe la United Nations kuti azilemekeza ndi kuthandizira dziko la Turkmenistan komanso kuti azilemekeza ufulu wake wodzilamulira, ulamuliro wake komanso kukhulupirika kwawo. . . . Kusalowerera ndale kwa Turkmenistan, kudzakhala maziko a mfundo zadziko ndi zakunja. . . .”

Mayiko ena, monga Ireland, ali ndi miyambo yodzinenera kuti ndi yosalowerera ndale, komanso amachita kampeni yolimbikitsa kusalowerera ndale pamalamulo.

Mabungwe angapo a mayiko amati amalola nkhondo, ngakhale akudzinenera kuti amathandizira mapangano ovomerezedwa ndi maboma awo, koma amafuna kuti nkhondo iliyonse ikhale chifukwa cha "zachiwawa" kapena "zachiwawa zenizeni kapena zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuchitika." Nthaŵi zina, malamulowa amalola “nkhondo yodzitetezera,” kapena amaletsa “nkhondo zolusa” kapena “nkhondo zogonjetsa” zokha. Izi zikuphatikiza malamulo a Algeria, Bahrain, Brazil, France, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Qatar, ndi UAE.

Malamulo omwe amaletsa nkhondo yankhanza ndi maulamuliro atsamunda koma amalimbikitsa dziko lawo kuti lithandizire nkhondo za "kumasulidwa kwa dziko" akuphatikizapo aku Bangladesh ndi Cuba.

Malamulo ena amafuna kuti nkhondo ikhale yoyankha "zaukali" kapena "zachiwawa zenizeni kapena zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuchitika" kapena "udindo wamba wachitetezo" (monga udindo wa mamembala a NATO kuti alowe nawo nkhondo ndi mamembala ena a NATO). Malamulowa akuphatikizapo a ku Albania, China, Czechia, Poland, ndi Uzbekistan.

Malamulo a dziko la Haiti amafuna kuti pakhale nkhondo yomwe “zoyesayesa zonse zakuyanjanitsa zalephereka.”

Mabungwe ena amayiko omwe alibe asitikali oima kapena ayi, komanso palibe nkhondo zaposachedwa, satchulapo za nkhondo kapena mtendere: Iceland, Monaco, Nauru. Malamulo a ku Andorra amangotchula za chikhumbo cha mtendere, osati mosiyana ndi zomwe zingapezeke m'malamulo a ena olimbikitsa kutentha.

Ngakhale kuti maboma ambiri padziko lapansi ali mbali za mgwirizano woletsa zida za nyukiliya, ena amaletsanso zida za nyukiliya m'malamulo awo: Belarus, Bolivia, Cambodia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Iraq, Lithuania, Nicaragua, Palau, Paraguay, Philippines, ndi Venezuela. Malamulo a dziko la Mozambique amathandizira kuti pakhale malo opanda zida zanyukiliya.

Chile ili mkati molembanso malamulo ake, ndipo aku Chile ena ali kufunafuna kukhala ndi lamulo loletsa nkhondo.

Malamulo ambiri amaphatikizapo maumboni osadziwika bwino okhudza mtendere, koma kuvomereza nkhondo momveka bwino. Ena, monga a ku Ukraine, amaletsa ngakhale zipani zandale zomwe zimalimbikitsa nkhondo (chiletso chomwe mwachiwonekere sichikugwiridwa).

M'malamulo aku Bangladesh, titha kuwerenga zonsezi:

“Boma lidzakhazikitsa ubale wake wapadziko lonse pa mfundo zolemekeza ulamuliro wa dziko ndi kufanana, kusalowerera nkhani za m’mayiko ena, kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse mwamtendere, komanso kulemekeza malamulo a mayiko ndi mfundo zopezeka mu Tchata cha United Nations. , ndipo pamaziko a mfundozo - a. yesetsani kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa ubale wapadziko lonse ndi kuchotseratu zida zonse.”

Ndipo izi: "Nkhondo sidzalengezedwa ndipo Republic silidzachita nawo nkhondo iliyonse kupatula chilolezo cha Nyumba yamalamulo."

Mabungwe ambiri amanena kuti amalola nkhondo ngakhale popanda malire omwe tawatchula pamwambapa (kuti ndi chitetezo kapena zotsatira za mgwirizano wa mgwirizano [ngakhale kuphwanya mgwirizano]). Aliyense wa iwo amatchula ofesi kapena bungwe lomwe liyenera kuyambitsa nkhondoyo. Ena potero amapangitsa nkhondo kukhala zovuta kuyambitsa kuposa ena. Palibe chomwe chimafuna voti yapagulu. Australia idaletsa kutumiza membala aliyense wankhondo kutsidya lina "pokhapokha atavomera kutero." Monga momwe ndikudziwira, palibe ngakhale mayiko omwe akulira mokweza kuti akumenyera demokalase samachita zimenezo tsopano. Mayiko ena omwe amalola ngakhale nkhondo zaukali, amaletsa chilolezo chawo kunkhondo zodzitchinjiriza ngati chipani china (monga pulezidenti osati nyumba yamalamulo) chikuyambitsa nkhondoyo. Malamulo oletsa nkhondo ndi a mayiko awa: Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, DRC, Congo. , Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia , Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malawi, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzan ia, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

MALAMULO

Monga momwe mapangano ambiri amafunira, mayiko aphatikiza mapangano ambiri omwe ali nawo m'malamulo adziko. Koma pali malamulo ena osagwirizana ndi mapangano omwe angakhale okhudzana ndi nkhondo, makamaka malamulo oletsa kupha munthu.

Pulofesa wina wa zamalamulo anauza bungwe la Congress ku United States kuti kuphulitsa munthu ndi mizinga m’dziko lachilendo ndi mlandu wakupha munthu pokhapokha ngati kunali nkhondo, ndiye kuti kunali kovomerezeka. Palibe amene anafunsa chomwe chikanapangitsa kuti nkhondoyi ikhale yovomerezeka. Pulofesayo adavomereza kuti sakudziwa ngati izi zinali zakupha kapena zovomerezeka, chifukwa yankho la funso lakuti ngati iwo anali mbali ya nkhondo linali lobisika muchinsinsi cha Pulezidenti Barack Obama. Palibe amene adafunsa kuti chifukwa chiyani china chake kukhala mbali yankhondo kapena ayi chinali chofunikira ngati palibe amene akuwona zomwe zikuchitikazo angadziwe ngati zinali nkhondo kapena ayi. Koma tiyeni tiyerekeze, chifukwa cha mkangano, kuti wina watanthauzira kuti nkhondo ndi chiyani ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zoonekeratu komanso zosatsutsika zomwe zikuchitika komanso zomwe sizili mbali ya nkhondo. Kodi si funso loti chifukwa chiyani kupha sikuyenera kukhala mlandu wakupha? Pali mgwirizano wamba kuti kuzunza kumapitirizabe kukhala mlandu wozunza pamene kuli mbali ya nkhondo, ndi kuti mbali zina zosawerengeka za nkhondo zimakhalabe ndi mbiri yawo yaupandu. Misonkhano ya ku Geneva imapanga milandu yambirimbiri chifukwa cha zochitika zachizolowezi pankhondo. Mitundu yonse ya nkhanza za anthu, katundu, ndi chilengedwe nthawi zina zimakhala zolakwa ngakhale zitaganiziridwa kuti ndi mbali zankhondo. Zochita zina zomwe zimaloledwa kunja kwa nkhondo, monga kugwiritsa ntchito utsi wokhetsa misozi, zimakhala zolakwa chifukwa chokhala mbali zankhondo. Nkhondo sizipereka chilolezo chochitira umbanda. N’chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kuvomereza kuti kupha munthu n’kosiyana? Malamulo oletsa kuphana m’mayiko padziko lonse sapereka mpata wosiyana ndi nkhondo. Ozunzidwa ku Pakistan akufuna kuyimba mlandu anthu ophedwa ndi ndege za US ngati kupha. Palibe mtsutso wabwino wamalamulo womwe waperekedwa chifukwa chake sayenera kutero.

Malamulo angaperekenso njira zina m’malo mwa nkhondo. Dziko la Lithuania lakhazikitsa dongosolo loti anthu ambiri azilimbana ndi ntchito zakunja. Limenelo ndi lingaliro lomwe lingathe kupangidwa ndi kufalikira.

Zosintha zachikalatachi zidzapangidwa pa https://worldbeyondwar.org/constitutions

Chonde tumizani malingaliro aliwonse pano ngati ndemanga.

Zikomo chifukwa cha ndemanga zothandiza kwa Kathy Kelly, Jeff Cohen, Yurii Sheliazhenko, Joseph Essertier, . . . nanunso?