Ndi David Swanson
Columbus sanali munthu woipa kwenikweni. Anali wakupha, wachifwamba, kapolo, ndi wozunza, amene milandu yake inachititsa kuti mwina pakhale mipandu yochuluka kwambiri yaupandu ndi ngozi zoopsa kwambiri zimene zinalembedwapo. Koma Columbus anali chotulukapo cha nthawi yake, nthawi yomwe siinathe kwenikweni. Ngati Columbus amalankhula Chingerezi chamasiku ano akanati "akungotsatira malamulo." Malamulo amenewo, ochokera ku “chiphunzitso cha kutulukira zinthu” cha Akatolika, amafanana ndi mbiri ya Azungu mpaka “udindo woteteza” wamakono, wolamulidwa ndi ansembe aakulu a United Nations.
Kuzindikira kumene Columbus akuchokera kungapezeke mu mndandanda wa, (a) ng'ombe za upapa. Malamulo amenewa amamveketsa bwino kuti tchalitchi ndi eni ake a dziko lapansi, kupereka maudindo kwa Akristu, chiyembekeza kulanda chuma, chiyembekeza kutembenuza anthu omwe si Akristu, ndiponso chimaona kuti anthu amene si Akhristu alibe ufulu uliwonse woyenera kulemekezedwa, kuphatikizapo anthu amene si Akhristu amene adzakhalepo. kukumana m'mayiko osadziwika kotheratu kwa tchalitchi. Amwenye Achimereka anaweruzidwa kwenikweni tchalitchi (ndi mafumu ake ndi akapitawo) asanadziŵe kuti alipo.
Dum Diveras Bull ya 1452 inapatsa Mfumu ya Portugal chilolezo choukira Asilamu kumpoto kwa Africa ndipo ikuyamba ndi kulengeza kuti ndi odzaza ndi "mkwiyo wa adani a dzina la Khristu, nthawi zonse amakhala aukali ponyoza chikhulupiriro cha orthodox," ndi akuyembekeza kuti “adzatsekeredwa ndi okhulupirika a Kristu ndi kugonjera ku chipembedzo Chachikristu.” Kuukira Kumpoto kwa Afirika kunali “chodzitetezera” ngakhale panthaŵiyo, monga momwe mfumuyo “inadzatetezera chikhulupiriro chenicheni ndi dzanja lamphamvu kumenyana ndi adani ake. Timayang'ananso mwachidwi kulimbikira kuteteza ndi kukula kwa Chipembedzochi. "
Papa akuwonjezera kuti anthu ena omwe sanatchulidwe mayina akhoza kuukiridwanso: "[I] ndikupatsani inu mphamvu zonse ndi zaulere, kudzera mu ulamuliro wa Atumwi ndi lamulo ili, kuwukira, kugonjetsa, kumenyana, kugonjetsa Saracens ndi achikunja, ndi osakhulupirira ena ndi ena. adani a Khristu, . . . ndi kutsogolera anthu awo muukapolo wamuyaya.”
Mu 2011, Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ku United States inapereka ku Congress kuti iteteze kumpoto kwa Africa ponena kuti nkhondo ya Libyan inathandiza kuti dziko la United States likhale lokhazikika komanso kuti bungwe la United Nations likhale lodalirika. Koma kodi Libya ndi United States zili m'dera lomwelo? Ndi dera lanji limenelo? dziko lapansi? Ndipo kodi kusintha sikutsutsana ndi kukhazikika? Ndipo kodi bungwe la United Nations limadalitsidwa pamene nkhondo zikumenyedwa m’dzina lake?
Romanus Pontifex Bull ya 1455 inali, ngati inalipo, yodzaza ndi ng'ombe, monga momwe idakhazikitsira malo omwe sanadziwikebe koma oyenera kuweruzidwa ndi kutsutsidwa. Cholinga cha tchalitchicho chinali “kuchititsa kuti dzina laulemerero koposa la Mlengi wonenedwa lifalitsidwe, kutamandidwa, ndi kulemekezedwa padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale m’malo akutali kwambiri ndi osadziŵika, ndiponso kubweretsa m’chifuwa cha chikhulupiriro chake adani achinyengo. iye ndi Mtanda wopatsa moyo umene tinawomboledwa nawo, ndiwo a Saracens ndi osakhulupirira ena onse.” Zingakhale bwanji kuti munthu wosadziwika akhale mdani? Zosavuta! Anthu osadziwika ndi tchalitchi, mwa tanthauzo, anali anthu osaudziwa. Chotero iwo anali adani achinyengo a Mtanda wopatsa moyo.
Pamene Columbus adayenda panyanja, adadziwiratu kuti sakanatha kuwonetsa anthu oyenerera ulemu uliwonse. The Inter Caetera Bull ya 1493 imatiuza kuti Columbus “anapeza zisumbu zina zakutali kwambiri ndipo ngakhale zisumbu zazikulu zimene kufikira lerolino zinali zisanadziŵedwe ndi ena; m’menemo mukhalamo mitundu yambiri ya anthu yakukhala mwamtendere, ndipo, monga adanenedwa, akuyenda maliseche, osadya nyama.” Anthu ochuluka kwambiri amenewo anali asanapeze malo amene iwo anali kukhala, chifukwa iwo sanali kuŵerengera monga aliyense wokhoza kupeza chirichonse cha Chikristu. “Mukufunanso,” analemba motero papa, “monga uliri ntchito yanu, kutsogolera anthu okhala m’zisumbu ndi m’maiko amenewo kulandira chipembedzo Chachikristu.”
Kapena ayi.
Kapenanso chiyani? Requerimiento ya mu 1514 yomwe ogonjetsa adawerengera anthu omwe "apeza" inawauza kuti "alandire Tchalitchi ndi Gulu Lapamwamba la dziko lonse lapansi ndi kuzindikira Papa Wamkulu, wotchedwa Papa, ndi kuti m'dzina lake, mumavomereza Mfumu ndi Mfumukazi. , monga ambuye ndi maulamuliro apamwamba a zilumbazi ndi Mainlands chifukwa cha zopereka zomwe zanenedwazo. Koma ngati simuchita izi, kapena kuchedwa kuchedwa, tikukuchenjezani kuti, ndi chithandizo cha Mulungu, tidzalowa m'dziko lanu ndi mphamvu, ndipo tidzapanga nkhondo kulikonse ndi njira iliyonse yomwe tingathe. wokhoza, ndipo tidzakuikani ku goli ndi ulamuliro wa Mpingo ndi Ukulu Wake. Tikutenga iwe ndi akazi ako ndi ana ako ndi kuwasandutsa akapolo, ndipo motero tidzawagulitsa, ndipo tidzakuika iwe ndi iwo monga lamulo la Ulemerero Wawo. Ndipo tidzatenga chuma chanu ndi kukuchitirani zoipa zonse ndi zoipa zomwe tingathe, monga momwe amachitira akapolo amene samvera Mbuye wawo kapena amene safuna kumulandira, kapena amene amatsutsa ndi kumunyoza. Ife tikulonjeza kuti imfa ndi zoipa zimene mudzalandira ndi zimenezo zidzakhala zanu, osati za Akuluakulu Awo, kapena athu, kapena njonda amene adza nafe.”
Koma apo ayi ndizosangalatsa kukuwonani, malo okongola omwe muli nawo kuno, ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti sitidzakusokonezani kwambiri!
Anthu onse ayenera kuchita kuti adzipulumutse okha ndiko kugwada, kumvera, ndi kulola chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe chowazungulira. Ngati iwo sangachite izo, bwanji, ndiye nkhondo pa iwo ndi vuto lawo lomwe. Osati athu. Tidamasulidwa kale, tili ndi Chilolezo Chogwiritsa Ntchito Gulu Lankhondo, tikunyamula zigamulo za UN.
Mu 1823 Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall anatchula "chiphunzitso cha kutulukira" kulungamitsa kuba malo kwa Amwenye Achimereka pamlanduwo. Johnson motsutsana ndi M'Intosh zomwe zakhala zikuwonedwa ngati maziko alamulo la umwini ndi malo ku United States. Marshall adagamula khoti limodzi, mosagwirizana, kuti Amwenye Achimereka sakanatha kukhala kapena kugulitsa malo, pokhapokha atagulitsa ku boma la federal lomwe lidatenga udindo wogonjetsa ku Britain. Mbadwa sizikanakhala ndi ulamuliro.
"The Responsibility to Protect (R2P kapena RtoP) ndi chizoloŵezi chofuna kuti ulamuliro siufulu kwathunthu," malinga ndi Wikipedia, yomwe ili yovomerezeka monga gwero lililonse, popeza R2P si lamulo nkomwe, kuposa ng'ombe. Ikupitiriza kuti: “. . . ndipo akuti amataya mbali zaulamuliro wawo akalephera kuteteza anthu awo ku zigawenga zazikulu komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu (zomwe ndi kupha anthu, milandu yolimbana ndi anthu, ziwawa zankhondo, ndi kuyeretsa mafuko). . . . [T] mayiko apadziko lonse lapansi ali ndi udindo wolowererapo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zokakamiza monga zilango zachuma. Kulowererapo kwankhondo kumawonedwa ngati njira yomaliza.
Ngati timvetsetsa kuti “ulamuliro” kutanthauza ufulu wosaukiridwa ndi alendo, mpingo waukulu wa ku East River suuzindikira pakati pa anthu achikunja. Saudi Arabia ikhoza kupha anthu ambiri osalakwa, koma mpingo umasankha kupereka chisomo ndi zida zotumizira. Momwemonso ku Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, ndi zina zotero. Mpingo, motsogozedwa ndi Kadinala Obama, suzindikira ulamuliro koma umapereka chifundo. Mu Iraq, Libya, Iran, Syria, Palestine, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Ukraine, Honduras, ndi maiko ena amavuto a Saracens ndi osakhulupirira, amadzibweretsera kugwiriridwa kolungama ndi kudzifunkha. Sikulakwa kwa magulu ankhondo kuchita ntchito yawo kuukira ndi kuunikira.
Kalelo m’zaka za m’ma 1980 ndinkakhala ku Italy ndipo kunali filimu yoseketsa yotchedwa Non resta che piangere (Palibe chotsalira kuchita koma kulira) yonena za ma buffoon angapo amene anatengedwa mwamatsenga kubwerera ku 1492. Nthawi yomweyo anaganiza zoyesa kuyimitsa Columbus kupulumutsa Amwenye Achimereka (ndi kupewa chikhalidwe cha US). Monga ndikukumbukira, iwo anali ochedwa kwambiri ndipo analephera kuletsa kuchoka kwa Columbus. Panalibe chochita koma kulira. Atha, komabe, adagwirapo ntchito yosintha anthu omwe angalandire Columbus ndi malingaliro onse a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, mwina adabwerera kuzaka za m'ma 1980 ndikugwira ntchito yophunzitsa yomweyi.
Sitinachedwe kuti tisiye kukondwerera Tsiku la Columbus ndi tchuthi china chilichonse chankhondo, ndipo m'malo mwake tiyang'anenso kuphatikiza pakati pa maufulu aumunthu omwe timawakonda, ufulu wosaphulitsidwa kapena kugonjetsedwa.
