ndi Pankaj Mishra, November 12, 2017
kuchokera The Guardian
'Ttsiku lina ku Western Front, "katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha ku Germany, dzina lake Max Weber, analemba mu September 1917 kuti," pamakhala phokoso lodziwika bwino la anthu a ku Africa ndi a Asiatic komanso gulu lonse la achifwamba ndi azimayi. "Weber anali kunena za mamiliyoni a Indian, African, Arab , Asilikali achi China ndi Vietnamese ndi antchito, amene anali kumenyana ndi mabungwe a Britain ndi a ku Ulaya ku Ulaya, komanso m'mabwalo ambiri a nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse.
Polimbana ndi kusowa kwa mphamvu, olamulira a ku Britain adatumizira asilikali a ku India okwana 1.4. France analembetsa asilikali pafupifupi 500,000 kumadera ake ku Africa ndi Indochina. Pafupifupi a 400,000 a ku America adatengedwanso ku mabungwe a US. Nkhondo yoyamba ya nkhondo yapadziko lonse ndi asilikali osadziwika.
Ho Chi Minh, yemwe adagonjetsa nkhondo zambiri ku Ulaya, adatsutsa zomwe adaziona kuti ndizogawenga za anthu a pansi pake. Nkhondo Yoyamba isanayambe, Ho analemba, iwo amawonedwa ngati "kanthu kokha kodetsa zonyansa ... zabwino zokha kuposa kukoka ziphuphu". Koma pamene makina ophera ku Ulaya ankafunikira "chakudya chaumunthu", adatumizidwa kukagwira ntchito. Ena otsutsa, monga Mohandas Gandhi ndi WEB Du Bois, akuthandiza mwamphamvu nkhondo zawo zapadera zoyera, poyembekezera kupeza ulemu kwa anzawo pamapeto pake. Koma iwo sanazindikire zomwe Weber adalengeza: Aurose aja adafika mofulumira kuopa ndi kudana kwambiri ndi nkhani zawo zosakhala zoyera - "anthu awo atsopano omwe adagwidwa", monga Kipling adatchulidwa kuti ndi Asilamu ndi AAfrika mu ndakatulo yake 1899 Mzungu wa Mzungu.
Nkhanizi zotsatizanazi zikukhala m'magawo ambiri otchuka m'nkhondo. Amakhalanso osasamala kwambiri ndi miyambo yopatulika ya Tsiku la Chikumbutso. Mwambowu ukuyenda kupita ku Cenotaph ku Whitehall ndi olemekezeka onse a ku Britain, mphindi ziwiri zotsalira zomwe zathyoledwa ndi Last Post, kuyika mapepala a poppy ndi kuimba nyimbo ya fuko - zonsezi zimagwirizana ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse monga zochitika zodabwitsa za ku Ulaya kudzivulaza. Kwa zaka zapitazi, nkhondoyi idakumbukiridwa ngati kuphulika kwakukulu kwa chitukuko chamakono chakumadzulo, chiwonongeko chosadziŵika chomwe miphamvu ya ku Ulaya yakula bwino kwambiri inalowetsedweramo pambuyo pa "mtendere wautali" wa zaka za 19th - tsoka limene mavuto omwe sanathetsepo anadzetsa mkangano wina woopsa pakati pa demokarasi ya ufulu waulamuliro ndi ulamuliro woweruza, omwe poyamba anagonjetsa, kubwezeretsa ku Ulaya kuyenerana kwake.
Ali ndi oposa 8 miliyoni akufa komanso oposa 21 milioni, nkhondoyi inali yoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya ku Ulaya mpaka chiwonongeko chachiwiri pa dziko lapansi chinatha mu 1945. Zikumbutso za nkhondo m'midzi yakutali kwambiri ku Ulaya, komanso manda a Verdun, Marne, Passchendaele, ndi Somme enshrine ndikumvetsa kwakukulu kofera. M'mabuku ambiri ndi mafilimu, zaka zisanayambe nkhondo zikuwoneka ngati zaka zachuma ndi kukhutira ku Ulaya, ndi chilimwe cha 1913 chokhala ngati chilimwe chotsiriza cha golidi.
Koma lero, monga tsankho ndi kupha anthu Bwererani pakati pa ndale za kumadzulo, ndi nthawi kukumbukira kuti maziko a nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse anali zaka makumi asanu ndi makumi awiri za umphawi wadzikoli omwe zotsatira zake zidakalipobe. Ndi chinthu chomwe sichikumbukiridwa kwambiri, ngati ayi, pa Tsiku la Chikumbutso.
Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, maulamuliro onse akumadzulo adagwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa mafuko omwe amamanga kuzungulira ntchito yogawidwa. Mu 1917, pulezidenti wa ku United States, Woodrow Wilson, adalongosola cholinga chake, "kuti mpikisano woyera ukhale wolimba kwambiri motsatira chikasu" ndikusunga "chitukuko choyera ndi ulamuliro wake wa dziko lapansi". Malingaliro a Eugenicist a kusankhana mafuko anali paliponse m'kati mwake, ndipo nkhaŵa inafotokozedwa mu mapepala onga Daily Mail, omwe amadera nkhaŵa za akazi oyera atakumana ndi "amwenye omwe ali oipitsitsa kuposa amwano pamene zilakolako zawo zimadzutsidwa" kumadzulo. Malamulo odana ndi misampha analipo m'mayiko ambiri a ku United States. M'zaka zomwe zatsogolera ku 1914, zoletsera kugonana pakati pa amayi a ku Ulaya ndi amuna akuda (ngakhale kuti sizinali pakati pa amuna a ku Ulaya ndi azimayi a ku Africa) zinkalamulidwa m'madera onse a ku Africa ku Africa. Kukhalapo kwa "Zidetsedwa Zonyansa" ku Ulaya pambuyo pa 1914 zikuwoneka kuti zikuphwanya lamulo lolimba.
Mwezi wa May 1915, vuto linalake pamene Daily Mail inasindikiza chithunzi cha namwino wa ku Britain ataimirira kumbuyo kwa msilikali waku India wakuvulazidwa. Akuluakulu a asilikali adayesa kuchotsa anamwino oyera kuchipatala chochiritsa Amwenye, ndipo anachotsa malo osungiramo chipatala opanda mzawo wamwamuna woyera. Kudandaula pamene dziko la France linatumiza asilikali kuchokera ku Africa (ambiri a iwo a ku Maghreb) atagonjetsa nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Germany anali ovuta kwambiri komanso ofala kwambiri. Dziko la Germany linalimbikitsanso asilikali a ku Africa zikwi zambiri ndikuyesa kumadera akum'maŵa kwa Africa, koma silinaligwiritse ntchito ku Ulaya, kapena lidachita zomwe msilikali wachilendo wachilendo (ndi bwanamkubwa wakale wa Samoa), Wilhelm Solf, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yamanyazi ".
"Zopseza izi ndizoopsa kwambiri," lipoti lovomerezeka la msonkhano wa dziko la Germany unachenjezedwa ku 1920, ku "akazi achi German". Kulemba Pamin Kampf mu 1920s, adolf Hitler adzalongosola asilikali achi Africa ku Germany monga chiwembu chachiyuda chofuna kupukuta oyera "kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chawo ndi ndale". A chipani cha Nazi, omwe anauziridwa ndi chikhalidwe cha America ku America, kodi mu 1937 mungakakamize ana mazana ambiri kubereka ndi asilikali a ku Africa? Kuopa ndi kudana ndi "niggers" (monga Weber anawatcha) ku Germany sikunangokhala ku Germany, kapena ufulu wa ndale. Papa anatsutsa motsutsana ndi kupezeka kwawo, ndipo nyuzipepala ya Daily Herald, nyuzipepala ya British Socialist, ku 1920 idatchedwa "Black Scourge in Europe".
Uwu unali mtundu wadziko lonse wotsalira, womangidwa motsatira lingaliro lodzipatula loyera ndi loponyedwa ndi imperialism, sayansi-sayansi ndi lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha Darwinism. Panthawi yathu ino, kuwonongeka kwa nthawi zonse kwa maudindo omwe tinalandira nawo kwasokoneza maonekedwe ndi mabungwe a kumadzulo - ndipo zakhala zikuwonetsa tsankho pakati pa ndale, kupatsa mphamvu atsogoleri achipembedzomu mtima wa kumadzulo kwamakono.
Lerolino, ngati achikulire oyera amawopsya kumanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, zimakhala zofunikira kufunsa, monga Du Bois adachita mu 1910: "Kodi chiyero chomwe munthu angafune kuti chikhale chotani?" Pamene tikukumbukira nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pambuyo pa ntchito yolamulira dziko lonse lapansi - kumadzulo zomwe zinagawidwa ndi otsutsa onse a nkhondo. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, inafotokozera nthawi yomwe zigawenga zachiwawa za imperialism ku Asia ndi Africa zinabwerera kwawo, zikuphulika kuti zikhale zoopsa zowonongeka ku Ulaya. Ndipo zikuwoneka mwamantha kwambiri pa Tsiku la Chikumbutso ichi: mwayi wa mayhem waukulu kumadzulo lero ndi wamkulu kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse mu mtendere wake wautali kuyambira 1945.
WAkatswiri a mbiri yakale akukambirana za chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yaikuru, nthawi zambiri amaganizira za mgwirizano wolimba, ndondomeko za nkhondo, mikangano ya msilikali, magulu a nkhondo ndi nkhondo ya Germany. Nkhondo, imatiuza mobwerezabwereza, inali vuto lapachiyambi la zaka za 20th - tchimo loyambirira la ku Ulaya, lomwe linathandiza ngakhale kuphulika kwakukulu kwa chipwirikiti monga nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndi kupha anthu. Mabuku ochuluka pa nkhondo, zenizeni zokhudzana ndi mabuku ndi maphunziro a maphunziro, makamaka amakhala kumadzulo komanso kuwonetseratu ku Britain, France, ndi Germany - komanso makamaka pamagulu akuluakulu a mafumu amenewa m'malo mwake kuposa awo peripheries. Nkhani iyi ya orthodox, yomwe imasindikizidwa ndi Russia Revolution ndi Zilengezo za Balfour mu 1917, nkhondo imayamba ndi "mfuti ya August" ku 1914, ndipo makamu okondwerera dziko lonse la ku Ulaya akutumiza asilikali kupita ku mliri wamagazi mumtsinje. Mtendere umadza ndi Armistice ya 11 November 1918, kokha kuti awonongeke ndi Pangano la Versailles mu 1919, yomwe imayambitsa maziko a nkhondo yapadziko lonse.
M'malo amodzi okha koma ovomerezeka kwambiri m'mbiri ya Ulaya - yotchuka kuchokera ku nkhondo yozizira - nkhondo za padziko lonse, pamodzi ndi fascism ndi communism, ndizo zowopsya zokhazokha mu ulamuliro wa demokarase ndi ufulu. Komabe, m'njira zambiri, zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pa 1945 - pamene Ulaya, atachotsedwa m'madera ake, adachokera ku mabwinja a nkhondo ziwiri zowonongeka - zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zopanda pake. Pakati pazowonongeka kwakukulu ndi akatswiri omwe amatsutsana ndi magulu ankhondo kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, makhalidwe abwino a demokalase - koposa zonse, kulemekeza ufulu wina aliyense - zimawoneka bwino. Ntchito zogwirizanitsa ntchito, komanso boma labwino, zinali zoonekeratu. Koma ngakhale zaka makumi izi sizikhala zolimba, ngakhale kugwa kwa maboma a chikomyunizimu mu 1989, anali chifukwa choganiza kuti ufulu wa anthu ndi demokarasi zinakhazikitsidwa mu nthaka ya Ulaya.
M'malo mokumbukira nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse mwa njira yomwe imanyalanyaza tsankho lathu lamasiku ano, tiyenera kukumbukira zomwe Hannah Arendt adanena ku Origins of Totalitarianism - imodzi mwa ziwerengero zoyambirira za kumadzulo kwa dziko la Ulaya ndi zochitika zakuda za nkhondo zapakati pazaka za 20th zazaka za m'ma 2000, tsankho komanso chiwawa. Arendt akuwona kuti anali Aurose omwe poyamba anabwezeretsa "umunthu kukhala mafuko abwino ndi akapolo" pakugonjetsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zambiri za Asia, Africa ndi America. Izi zowonongeka za mafuko zinakhazikitsidwa chifukwa lonjezo la kulingana ndi ufulu kunyumba likufunikira kukula kwina kudziko kuti likhale lochepa. Timakonda kuiwala kuti mipanda, malonjezo ake a nthaka, chakudya ndi zipangizo, zinkawonekera kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 monga zofunikira kuti dziko lipite patsogolo komanso kuti likhale bwino. Kusankhana mitundu kunali_ndiko_kuposa tsankho loipa, chinachake chimene chiyenera kuthetsedwa kupyolera mwalamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zinaphatikizapo kuyesayesa kwenikweni kuthetsa, kupyolera mu kulekerera ndi kuwonongeka, mavuto a kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yandale, ndikulimbikitsa anthu osayenerera, m'madera omwe adayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi ndi zachuma.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 20th, kutchuka kwa chikhalidwe cha Darwin kunapanga chigwirizano chakuti mitundu iyenera kuwonanso mofanana ndi zamoyo, zomwe zinayambitsa kuwonongeka kapena kuwonongeka ngati alephera kutulutsa matupi achilendo ndikupeza "malo okhala" kwa anthu awo. Zolemba za sayansi ndi sayansi za kusiyana kwa chilengedwe pakati pa mafuko zinachititsa dziko lomwe mafuko onse anali akulimbana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana a chuma ndi mphamvu. Whiteness inadzakhala "chipembedzo chatsopano", monga Du Bois adawona, kupereka chitetezo pakati potsutsana ndi kayendetsedwe ka zachuma ndi zamakono, ndi lonjezo la mphamvu ndi ulamuliro pa chiwerengero cha anthu.
Kubwezeretsedwa kwa maganizo awa opambana lero kumadzulo - kuphatikizapo kufalikira kwakukulu kwa anthu onse monga mwachikhalidwe chosagwirizana ndi anthu oyera a kumadzulo - akuyenera kuwonetsa kuti nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse siinali yopasuka kwambiri ndi mbiri ya Ulaya. M'malo mwake, monga Liang Qichao, wanzeru kwambiri ku China, adali atakakamiza ku 1918, "njira yothetsera mgwirizano womwe umagwirizanitsa zakale ndi zamtsogolo".
Tsiku la Chikumbutso, komanso maulendo aatali a chilimwe cha 1913, amatsutsa zowona zomwe zisanayambe nkhondo komanso momwe zidapitilira zaka za 21st. Ntchito yathu yovuta pazaka zapakati pa nkhondo ndiyo kuzindikira njira zomwe zidapititsira patsogolo pathu, ndi momwe zingapangire tsogolo lamtsogolo: momwe chiwonetsero chochepa cha ulamuliro wa chitukuko choyera, ndi chitsimikizo cha anthu omwe kale anali otupa, chatulutsa zina malingaliro akale kwambiri ndi makhalidwe kumadzulo.
Nzaka zana zoyambirira nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha, zochitika ndi zochitika za anthu omwe si a ku Ulaya ndi owonetsa akhalabe osadziwika. Nkhani zambiri zokhudzana ndi nkhondo zikulimbitsa monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri ku Ulaya: chimodzi chimene mtendere wa continent ukuwonongedwa ndi zaka zinayi za kuphedwa, ndipo mwambo wautali wa kumadzulo wamatsenga ukupotozedwa.
Osadziwika kwenikweni za momwe nkhondo inathandizira nkhondo zandale kudutsa Asia ndi Africa; momwe Aarabu ndi Azerbaijan omwe amatsutsa zipolowe za chikomyunizimu, a Indian ndi Vietnamese adapeza mwayi watsopano; kapena momwe, powononga ulamuliro wakale ku Ulaya, nkhondoyo inachititsa dziko la Japan kukhala mphamvu yoopsa ya mtsogoleri ku Asia.
Nkhani yaikulu yokhudza nkhondo yomwe ikuyang'anizana ndi ndondomeko zandale za kunja kwa Ulaya zikhoza kufotokozera kuti masiku ano anthu amitundu yambiri ya ku Asia ndi Afirika akulamulira dzikoli, makamaka mchitidwe wa ulamuliro wa China, umene umadziwika kuti ndi anthu omwe amachititsa manyazi ku China zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Zikondwerero zatsopano apanga malo aakulu kwa asilikali omwe sanali a ku Ulaya ndi nkhondo za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse: anthu oposa mamiliyoni anayi osakhala achizungu adasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu a ku Ulaya ndi a America, ndipo kumenyana kunkachitika kumadera akutali kwambiri ku Ulaya - kuchokera ku Siberia ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia mpaka ku Middle East , kum'mwera kwa Sahara Africa, komanso zisumbu za South Pacific. Ku Mesopotamia, asilikali achimwenye anapanga ambiri a Allied ankhondo panthawi yonse ya nkhondo. Ku Britain kulibe ntchito ya Mesopotamiya kapena kupambana kwake ku Palestina kudzachitika popanda thandizo lachimwenye. Asilikali a Sikh anathandiza anthu a ku Japan kuti athamangitse Ajeremani ku Qingdao ku China.
Akatswiri ayamba kuganizira kwambiri anthu ogwira ntchito ogwirizana a 140,000 Chinese ndi Vietnamese omwe amalembedwa ndi maboma a Britain ndi a France kuti azikhalabe ndi zida zankhondo, makamaka kukumba zitsulo. Tidziwa zambiri za momwe dziko la Europe linakhalira limodzi ndi kayendedwe kambirimbiri ka anticolonial; mtsogoleri wina wa ku East Asia ku Paris pa nthawi ina anaphatikizapo Zhou Enlai, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa dziko la China, komanso Ho Chi Minh. Kuzunzidwa mwankhanza, mwa tsankho ndi ntchito ya ukapolo, kunali tsoka la ambiri a Asiya ndi Afirika ku Ulaya. Deng Xiaoping, yemwe anafika ku France nkhondo itangotha nkhondo, adakumbukira "manyazi" operekedwa kwa Achiyankhuni anzawo ndi "agalu othamanga".
Koma kuti tidziwitse kuti tsopano kumakhala koyera kwambiri kumadzulo, tikusowa mbiri yakale - yomwe imasonyeza momwe kuwala kunakhalira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19th chititsimikiziro cha umunthu ndi ulemu, komanso maziko a asilikali ndi diplomatic mgwirizano.
Mbiri yotereyi iwonetsetsa kuti mtundu wa mafuko onse m'zaka zapitazo 1914 inali imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe kuti anthu "osakhazikika" awonongeke, awopsyezedwe, aponyedwe m'ndende, asasokonezedwe kapena apangidwe mwatsopano. Kuwonjezera apo, dongosolo lozikikali silinali kanthu kena kwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, popanda kugwirizana kwa njira yowopsya yomwe inamenyedwera kapena nkhanza zomwe zinapangitsa zoopsa za Holocaust. M'malo mwake, zopanda chilungamo, zosayeruzika komanso nthawi zambiri zowononga zachiwawa zamakono zamakono zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pazomwe zimayambitsa.
M'mbiri yatsopanoyi, mtendere wamtendere wa Ulaya ukuwonetsedwa ngati nthawi ya nkhondo zopanda malire ku Asia, Africa ndi America. Mipingo imeneyi imakhala ngati njira yopanda chilungamo ya nkhondo ya ku Ulaya ya 20th-century - kuthetsa mafuko, kukakamizidwa anthu, kunyalanyaza miyoyo ya anthu - inali yoyamba. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale a ku Germany (colonialism) akuyesa kufufuza kuphedwa kwa Holocaust kwa a German-genocides omwe ankagwira ntchito m'madera awo a ku Africa mu 1900s, pomwe mfundo zina zofunika, monga Lebensraum, adalimbikitsidwanso. Koma n'zosavuta kunena, makamaka kuchokera ku lingaliro la Anglo-American, kuti Germany inachokera ku zitukuko zatsopano kuti zikhazikitse chikhalidwe chatsopano cha nkhanza, kulimbitsa mphamvu dziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zazing'ono. Pakuti kunali kuzunzika kwakukulu muzochita zachifumu komanso zozizwitsa za mitundu ya Ulaya ndi America.
Zoonadi, maganizo a magulu a kumadzulo afika pamlingo waukulu kwambiri pa "mdima" - zomwe Du Bois adayankha payekha ponena za chikhalidwe chofunika kwambiri, chomwe sichimadziwika kuti ndi "mwini wake wa dziko lapansi kwamuyaya" . Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Germany lakumadzulo kwa kumadzulo kwa Africa, lomwe linayesetsedwera kuthetsa vutoli, linathandizidwa ndi a British, ndipo maboma onse akumadzulo amatsuka ndikugawa nawo vwende la China kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th. Vuto lililonse limene linagwirizanitsa pakati pa magawo a ku Asia ndi Africa linasokonezedwa mwamtendere, ngati anthu a ku Asia ndi a ku Africa amawononga.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa m'mayiko ena, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu ambiri amawona kuti ndizofunika kwambiri zogonjetsera mavuto a m'banja. Cecil Rhodes awonetseni nkhaniyi momveka bwino mu 1895 atakumana ndi amuna opanda ukali ku East End London. Utsogoleri wa umphawi, adati, unali "njira yothetsera vutoli," pofuna kuti apulumutse anthu a 40 miliyoni ku United Kingdom chifukwa cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni yamagazi, ife olamulira a boma tikuyenera kupeza malo atsopano kuti tipeze anthu ochulukirapo, kuti tipereke misika yatsopano za katundu zomwe zinapangidwa mu mafakitale ndi migodi ". Mu lingaliro la Rhodes, "ngati mukufuna kupeŵa nkhondo yapachiŵeniweni, muyenera kukhala a imperialism".
Kuphulika kwa Rhodes ku minda ya golidi ku Africa kunathandizira kuyambitsa yachiwiri Nkhondo ya nkhanza, panthawi imene a British, akazi a Afrikaner omwe ankagwira nawo ntchito, anabweretsa mawu akuti "msasa wachisawawa" kuti azikhala osiyana. Pofika kumapeto kwa nkhondo ku 1902, idakhala "mbiri yakale", JA Hobson analemba kuti "maboma amagwiritsa ntchito zilakolako zadziko, nkhondo zakunja ndi kukongola kwa kupanga ufumu kuti azitengera maganizo ambiri ndikusokoneza mkwiyo motsutsana ndi nkhanza zapakhomo ".
Chifukwa cha imperialism kutsegula "chiwonetsero chodzikuza ndi kunyalanyaza maganizo," olamulira m'madera kulikonse anayesera "kulamulira dziko", monga Arendt analemba. Ntchitoyi "yopanga dzikoli chifukwa chofunkha maiko akunja ndi kuwonongeka kosatha kwa anthu achilendo" inadutsa mwachangu kudzera mu makina osindikizidwa omwe anali atangoyamba kumene. The Daily Mail, kuyambira pachiyambi mu 1896, anadzikuza zonyansa zonyansa pokhala oyera, Britain ndi wapamwamba achimwenye - monga momwe zikuchitira lero.
ANkhondo itatha, dziko la Germany linachotsedwa mzindawo ndipo linatsutsidwa ndi maulamuliro opambana, osasamala, ozunza anthu ake ku Africa. Koma ziweruzo zoterezi, zikupangidwabe lero kuti zidziwike kuti "maboma" a British ndi American amatsutsana ndi Mabaibulo, Chifalansa, Chiholanzi ndi Chigerike, akuyesera kuthetsa mphamvu zowonongeka pakati pa amitundu. Phokoso, wolemba nkhani wa mtima wa Darkness (1899) wa Joseph Conrad, akuwonekera momveka bwino ponena za iwo: "Anthu onse a ku Ulaya adathandizira kupanga Kurtz," akutero. Ndipo kwa njira zatsopano zowonongeka kwa ma brutes, iye akhoza kuwonjezera.
Mu 1920, chaka chotsutsa ku Germany chifukwa cha milandu yomwe inachitira Afirika, a British adakonza mabomba a ndege monga chizoloŵezi chokhazikika cha dziko la Iraqi - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabomba a zaka makumi khumi ndi makumi asanu ndi amodzi akuyese kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Asia. "A Arab ndi Kurd tsopano akudziwa kuti mabomba enieni amatanthawuza chiyani," lipoti la 1924 loyang'anira bungwe la Royal Air Force linanena. "Tsopano iwo akudziwa kuti mkati mwa 45 maminiti aakulu mudzi wonse ... akhoza kuwonongedwa kwathunthu ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu ake akuphedwa kapena akuvulala." Arthur "Mphungu" Harris, amene mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse anawombera moto wa Hamburg ndi Dresden, ndipo amene akuchita upainiya ku Iraq anathandiza German theorising mu 1930s za der totale krieg (nkhondo yonse).
Kaŵirikaŵiri amalingalira kuti Azungu analibe chidwi kapena analibe malingaliro onena za chuma chawo chakum'mawa, ndipo ndi ochepa chabe omwe ankakhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira monga Rhodes, Kipling ndi Ambuye Curzon anali kuwaganizira mokwanira za iwo. Izi zimapangitsa kusankhana mitundu zikuwoneka ngati vuto laling'ono lomwe linawonjezeredwa ndi kufika kwa anthu a ku Asia ndi a ku Africa omwe amalowa pambuyo pa 1945 Europe. Koma zowawa za jingoism zomwe Ulaya adazichita mwazi mu 1914 zimayankhula za chikhalidwe chokhwima cha ulamuliro wachifumu, chilankhulo cha mtundu wapamwamba, chomwe chinabwera kudzalimbikitsa chidziwitso cha dziko ndi cha munthu aliyense.
Italy kwenikweni inalumikizana ndi Britain ndi France ku mbali ya Allied ku 1915 mu ufumu wotchuka wa ufumu-mania (ndipo mwamsanga inalowa mu fascisism pambuyo poti zikhumbo zake zolamuliridwa ndi msilikali sizinachitike). Olemba a ku Italy ndi alankhuli, komanso apolisi ndi amalonda, adalakalaka ulamuliro wa mfumu ndi ulemerero kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Italy idathamanga kwambiri ku Africa, koma idakaliyendetsedwa ndi Ethiopia ku 19. (Mussolini adzabwezera ku 1896 mwa kupha anthu a ku Ethiopia ndi mpweya wa poizoni.) Mu 1935, iwo anapeza mwayi woletsa Libya ku ufumu wa Ottoman. Potsata zovuta zakale, kuzunzika kwake kudziko, komwe kunawunikira ndi Britain ndi France, kunali koopsa komanso kofuula kunyumba. Nkhani za nkhanza za ku Italy, zomwe zinaphatikizapo kuphulika kwa mabomba koyamba kuchokera ku mlengalenga m'mbiri yakale, radicalized Muslim ambiri ku Asia ndi Africa. Koma malingaliro a anthu ku Italy anakhalabe osasunthika kumbuyo kwa mfuti ya mfumu.
Chidziŵitso cha Germany, chomwe chimadziwika kuti chimachititsa kuti Ulaya aphedwe pakati pa 1914 ndi 1918, sichinthu chodabwitsa pamene tiganizira kuti kuchokera ku 1880s, a Germany ambiri m'maboma, bizinesi ndi maphunziro, ndi magulu amphamvu monga Pan-German League (Max Weber) anali membala wa membala), adalimbikitsa olamulira awo kuti akwaniritse ulamuliro wa Britain ndi France. Komanso, nkhondo zonse za ku Germany kuyambira 1871 mpaka 1914 zinachitika kunja kwa Ulaya. Izi zinaphatikizapo maulendo a zilango m'madera a ku Africa ndi mtsogoleri wina wa 1900 ku China, komwe Germany anagwirizana ndi maiko ena asanu ndi awiri a ku Ulaya pakubwezera chilango kwa achinyamata a ku China amene adapandukira ulamuliro wa kumadzulo kwa Middle East.
Atawatumizira asilikali a ku Germany kupita ku Asia, Kaiser adalengeza ntchito yawo monga kubwezera mtundu: "Musapereke chikhululukiro ndipo musatenge akaidi," adalimbikitsa asilikaliwo kuti atsimikizire kuti "palibe China adzayesa kuyang'ana ku German" . Kuphwanyidwa kwa "Mliri Wofiira" (mawu omwe analembedwa mu 1890s) anali ochepa kwambiri pofika nthawi imene Ajeremani anafika. Komabe, pakati pa October 1900 ndi masika a 1901 a Germany anapha anthu ambiri m'madera a China omwe adadziwika kuti anali achiwawa.
Mmodzi mwa anthu odzipereka ku chilangochi anali Lt Gen Lothar von Trotha, yemwe adadziwika ku Africa popha anthu achimwenye ndi midzi yotentha. Iye adatinso kuti "chigawenga", akuwonjezera kuti "kungathandize" kuti agonjetse amwenyewo. Ku China, adafunkha Ming manda ndi kupha anthu pang'ono, koma ntchito yake yeniyeni idakalipo, ku Germany South-West Africa (ku Namibia komweko) kumene kulimbana kwa chikoloni kunayambira mu January 1904. Mu October chaka chomwecho, Von Trotha adalamula kuti anthu a ku Herero, kuphatikizapo amayi ndi ana omwe adagonjetsedwa kale, akuyenera kuwomberedwa ndikuponyedwa ku chipululu cha Omaheke. khalani omasuka kuti mufe chifukwa chodziwonetsera. Akuti 60,000-70,000 Pano anthu, mwa chiwerengero cha pafupifupi 80,000, adaphedwa, ndipo ena ambiri adafa m'chipululu chifukwa cha njala. Kupandukira kwachiwiri kwa ulamuliro wa Germany kumwera kwa kumadzulo kwa Africa ndi anthu a Nama kunachititsa kuti aphedwe, ndi 1908, pafupifupi theka la anthu.
Zochitika zoterezi zinakhala zachizoloŵezi m'zaka zapitazi za mtendere wa ku Ulaya. Atathamanga ku Free Free State monga chikhazikitso chake cha 1885 mpaka 1908, Mfumu Leopold II ya ku Belgium inachepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu a m'dera lawo ndi theka, kutumiza anthu mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu a ku Africa kuti afe. Kugonjetsa kwa America ku Philippines pakati pa 1898 ndi 1902, kumene Kipling anadzipereka Mzungu wa Mnyamata, anatenga miyoyo ya anthu oposa 200,000. Chiwerengero cha imfa chimawoneka ngati chodabwitsa kwambiri pamene wina akuwona kuti 26 a akuluakulu a 30 US ku Philippines adamenyana nawo nkhondo zowonongeka kwa Amwenye Achimwenye kunyumba. Mmodzi wa iwo, Brigadier General Jacob H Smith, adanena mosapita m'mbali kuti asilikaliwo "Sindifuna akaidi. Ndikukhumba iwe kuti uphe ndi kuwotcha. Mukamapha komanso kuwotcha kwambiri, zidzandikondweretsa ". Pamsankhulidwe wa Senate ku mazunzo ku Philippines, General Arthur MacArthur (bambo wa Douglas) adatchula za "anthu a Aryan okongola" omwe anali nawo ndi "umodzi wa mpikisano" womwe adawumirizidwa kuti azitsatira.
Tmbiri yakale yamakono ikuwonetsa kuti adani omwe ali amphamvu kwambiri sakhala akukayikira kubwereka malingaliro achipongwe kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake. Kutenga chitsanzo chimodzi chokha, nkhanza za amwenye a ku America ndi azungu ndi Amwenye Achimereka anadabwitsa kwambiri mbadwo wakale wa amatsenga achi German, zaka makumi angapo Hitler asanambenso kuyamikira ndondomeko yosagwirizana ya mafuko a dziko la United States ofunikira komanso othawa kwawo. A chipani cha Nazi anafuna kudzoza kuchokera ku malamulo a Jim Crow ku US kumwera, zomwe zimapangitsa Charlottesville, Virginia, malo oyenera aposachedwa chifukwa cha mabanki a swastika ndi nyimbo za "magazi ndi nthaka".
Malingana ndi mbiriyi yomwe yagawana nkhanza za mafuko, zikuwoneka kuti n'zosamveka kuti tipitirize kusonyeza nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ngati nkhondo pakati pa demokarasi ndi maulamuliro, monga masoka ndi masoka osayembekezereka. Aurobindo Ghose, yemwe anali wolemba za ku India, anali mmodzi mwa akatswiri ambiri a anticolonial amene ananeneratu kuti, ngakhale nkhondo isanayambe, "Ulaya", "woopsa, woopsa," anali kale "chilango cha imfa", kuyembekezera "kuwonongedwa" monga Liang Qichao akanatha onani, mu 1918, kuti nkhondo idzakhala mlatho womwe ukugwirizanitsa nkhanza za m'mbuyomu ku Ulaya kwa tsogolo la fratricide yopanda chifundo.
Kufufuza kochenjera kumeneku sikunali nzeru za ku Oriental kapena ku Africa. Anthu amitundu yochepa amangozindikira, ngakhale Arendt asanatulutsidwe The Origins of Totalitarianism ku 1951, kuti mtendere mumzinda wa kumadzulo udadalira kwambiri kuchotsa nkhondo kumadera.
Chidziwitso cha imfa ya misala ndi chiwonongeko, chomwe chinazunzidwa ndi anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya kokha pambuyo pa 1914, kanali koyamba kudziwika ku Asia ndi Africa, kumene malo ndi chuma anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika, chuma ndi chikhalidwe chachinyengo mwadongosolo, ndipo anthu onse athandizidwa ndi kuthandizidwa- kukhala ndi maofesi ndi makanema. Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya unali parasitic kwa nthawi yayitali pa matendawa.
Pamapeto pake, Asia ndi Africa sizingakhalebe malo otetezeka ku nkhondo za ku Ulaya zowonjezereka kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th ndi 20th. Anthu ambiri ku Ulaya adayamba kuvutika ndi nkhanza zomwe zakhala zikuchitidwa kale ku Asiya ndi ku Africa. Monga Arendt adachenjeza, chiwawa chomwe chimaperekedwa chifukwa cha mphamvu "chimasanduka chiwonongeko chomwe sichidzasiya mpaka palibe chotsutsana".
IPanthawi yathu, palibe chabwino chomwe chikuwonetsera chiwonongeko ichi cha nkhanza zosayeruzika, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu onse ndi chachinsinsi chiwonongeke, kusiyana ndi nkhondo yolimbana kwambiri ndi mantha. Amagonjetsa mdani waumunthu amene ayenera "kusuta" kunyumba ndi kunja - ndipo waloleza kugwiritsa ntchito kuzunzika ndi kupha anthu, ngakhale kumadzulo.
Koma, monga Arendt ananeneratu, zolepheretsa zake zangopangitsa kuti anthu azidalira kwambiri zachiwawa, kuwonjezeka kwa nkhondo zosayesedwa ndi nkhondo zatsopano, kusokoneza ufulu waufulu panyumba - komanso maganizo oopsa a ulamuliro, omwe akuwonetseratu kuopseza kwa Donald Trump kuchotsa katundu wa nyukiliya ndi Iran ndi unleash ku North Korea "Moto ndi ukali monga dziko silinayambe lawonapo".
Nthaŵi zonse zinali zonyenga kuganiza kuti "zitukuko" anthu amatha kukhala osapulumuka, kunyumba, kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe ndi lamulo pa nkhondo zawo ndi otsutsa kunja. Koma chinyengo chimenechi, chomwe chimatchuka kwambiri ndi odzipangira okha otetezera kumadzulo kwadziko, tsopano chaphwanyika, ndi chisokonezo chokwera pamwamba ku Ulaya ndi US, nthawi zambiri amawombera woyera supremacist mu White House, ndani akuonetsetsa kuti palibe chotsalira.
A white nationalists akhala akutsutsa mfundo zakale za ufulu wadziko lonse lapansi, chinenero choyang'ana chakumadzulo kwa ndale ndi zofalitsa nkhani kwa zaka zambiri. M'malo motsimikiza kuti dzikoli likhale lotetezeka ku demokalase, iwo amalankhula mosagwirizana za chikhalidwe cha mtundu woyera wolimbana ndi chiopsezo chomwe chimachitika ndi alendo akunja, kaya ndi nzika, alendo, obwera kwawo, othaŵa kwawo kapena ogawenga.
Koma dongosolo la padziko lonse limene kwa zaka mazana ambiri lapatsidwa mphamvu, chidziwitso, chitetezo ndi udindo kwa opindula awo tsopano zayamba kutha. Ngakhale nkhondo ngakhale China, kapena kuyeretsedwa kwa mafuko kumadzulo, idzabwezeretsanso dziko lapansi kukhala loyera kwa nthawi za nthawi. Kubwezeretsanso mphamvu za ufumu wa mfumu ndi ulemerero wawonetsa kuti ndizochitika zowonongeka kwambiri - ku Middle East ndi madera ena a Asia ndi Africa pamene akubweretsa uchigawenga m'misewu ya Ulaya ndi America - osatchula Britain kutumiza Brexit.
Palibe kuwuka kwaumphawi kumene kumapita kunja kwa dziko kumatha kusokoneza zovuta za kalasi ndi maphunziro, kapena kusokoneza anthu, kunyumba. Chifukwa chake, vuto lachitukuko limakhala losawonongeka; Mitundu yowonongeka kwambiri ikuoneka kuti ikuwoneka pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe Rhodes ankawopa; ndipo, monga Brexit ndi Trump amasonyezera, mphamvu yodzivulaza yakula moipa.
Ichi ndi chifukwa chake chiyero, choyambirira chinasandulika chipembedzo panthawi yosautsika zachuma ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chinayambitsa chiwawa cha 1914, ndi chipembedzo choopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi lerolino. Ulamuliro wapachibale wakhala ukuwonetsedwa m'mbiri mwa kuwonetsa ukapolo, ukapolo, tsankho, maghettoisation, malamulo oyendetsa malire ndi kuikidwa m'ndende. Iko tsopano yatha gawo lake lotsiriza ndi lovuta kwambiri ndi Trump mu mphamvu.
Sitingathe kuchotsa "mwayi wovuta" James Baldwin yemwe adafotokoza kuti: "Ogonjetsa mbiri yakale," akuyesetsa kuti agwire zomwe adaba kuchokera kwa anthu ogwidwa ukapolo, ndipo sangathe kuyang'ana pagalasi, adzathetsa chisokonezo padziko lonse lapansi chimene, ngati sichibweretsa moyo padziko lino lapansi, chidzabweretsa nkhondo yapadziko lapansi monga dziko silinayambe lawonapo ". Sane akuganiza kuti angafune, ngakhale pang'ono, kufufuza mbiriyakale - ndi kupitirizabe kukakamiza - zachikhalidwe zamtundu wankhanza: kulingalira kuti Germany wokha pakati pa maulamuliro akumadzulo ayesa.
Zowopsya kuti tisagwirizane ndi mbiri yathu yeniyeni sizinayambe zakhala zomveka monga pa Tsiku la Chikumbutso. Ngati tipitirizabe kutetezera, olemba mbiri zaka zana kuchokera tsopano angadabwe kuti n'chifukwa chiyani kumadzulo kwagona, mwamtendere wamtendere, kumakhala mavuto aakulu komabe.
