Wolemba David Vine, Patterson Deppen, ndi Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, September 20, 2021
Chidule cha akuluakulu
Ngakhale kuti magulu ankhondo ndi asitikali aku US achoka ku Afghanistan, United States ikupitilizabe kusunga mabwalo azankhondo pafupifupi 750 akunja m'maiko akunja ndi madera (madera ena). Izi ndizokwera mtengo m'njira zingapo: zachuma, zandale, zachikhalidwe, komanso zachilengedwe. Mabungwe aku US kumayiko akunja nthawi zambiri amabweretsa mavuto azandale, amathandizira maulamuliro osagwirizana ndi demokalase, ndipo amakhala ngati chida cholembera magulu ankhondo omwe amatsutsana ndi kupezeka kwa US ndi maboma kukhalapo kwawo kumalimbikitsa. Nthawi zina, mabungwe akunja akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zapangitsa kuti United States izitha kuyambitsa ndikumenya nkhondo zowopsa, kuphatikiza za ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, ndi Libya. Ponseponse pazandale komanso m'gulu lankhondo laku US pali kuzindikira kuti mabwalo ambiri akunja amayenera kuti adatsekedwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, koma kulowererapo kwaukadaulo komanso malingaliro olakwika andale awapangitsa kukhala otseguka.
Pakati pa "Global Posture Review" yopitilira muyeso, oyang'anira a Biden ali ndi mwayi wotseka mabungwe mazana ambiri osafunikira akunja ndikukhazikitsa chitetezo chamayiko ndi mayiko pantchitoyi.
Pentagon, kuyambira Chaka Chachuma 2018, yalephera kufalitsa mndandanda wawo wapachaka wa mabungwe aku US akunja. Monga momwe tikudziwira, chidule ichi chikuwonetsa kuwerengera kwathunthu kwamagulu aku US ndi magulu ankhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Mndandanda ndi mapu omwe ali mu lipotili akuwonetsa zovuta zambiri zomwe zimakhudzana ndi malo akunja, ndikupereka chida chomwe chingathandize opanga mapulani kukonzekera kutsekedwa mwachangu.
Zachidziwikire pazomwe zili kunja kwa asitikali aku US
• Pali malo okwana pafupifupi 750 aku US kumayiko ena m'maiko akunja ndi madera akutali.
• United States ili ndi malo opitilira katatu maulendo akunja (750) kuposa akazembe aku US, kazembe, ndi mishoni padziko lonse lapansi (276).
• Ngakhale kuli maofesi ochulukirapo pafupifupi theka pofika kumapeto kwa Cold War, malo aku US afalikira kumayiko ndi madera ochulukirapo (kuyambira 40 mpaka 80) nthawi yomweyo, okhala ndi malo ambiri ku Middle East, East Asia , mbali zina za ku Ulaya, ndi ku Africa.
• United States ili ndi malo osachepera katatu kuposa mayiko ena akunja.
• Malo aku US akunja amawononga okhometsa misonkho pafupifupi $ 55 biliyoni pachaka.
• Ntchito yomanga zida zankhondo kunja kwawononga okhometsa misonkho osachepera $ 70 biliyoni kuyambira 2000, ndipo zitha kukhala zoposa $ 100 biliyoni.
• Maziko akunja athandiza United States kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi zina zankhondo kumayiko osachepera 25 kuyambira 2001.
• Kukhazikitsa kwa US kumapezeka m'maiko osachepera a 38 komanso zigawo zomwe sizili za demokalase.
Vuto la magulu ankhondo aku US akunja
M’kati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II ndiponso m’masiku oyambirira a Nkhondo Yozizira, dziko la United States linamanga malo ankhondo omwe anali asanakhalepo ndi kale lonse m’maiko akunja. Zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pa kutha kwa Cold War, pali malo oyambira 119 ku Germany ndi ena 119 ku Japan, malinga ndi Pentagon. Ku South Korea kuli 73. Maziko ena a US ali padziko lapansi kuchokera ku Aruba kupita ku Australia, Kenya kupita ku Qatar, Romania mpaka Singapore, ndi kupitirira.
Tikuyerekeza kuti United States pakadali pano ili ndi masamba pafupifupi 750 m'maiko 80 akunja ndi madera (madera). Chiyerekezo ichi chimachokera pazomwe tikukhulupirira kuti ndi mndandanda wazambiri zankhondo zaku US zakunja zomwe zilipo (onani Zakumapeto). Pakati pazaka zachuma 1976 ndi 2018, Pentagon idasindikiza mndandanda wapachaka wazoyeserera zomwe zinali zodziwika chifukwa cha zolakwitsa zake komanso zomwe adachita; kuyambira 2018, Pentagon yalephera kutulutsa mndandanda. Tidapanga mindandanda yathu kuzungulira lipoti la 2018, David Vine's 2021 mndandanda wopezeka pagulu wakunja, ndi nkhani zodalirika ndi malipoti ena. 1
Ponseponse pazandale komanso m'gulu lankhondo laku US pali kuzindikira kuti madera ambiri aku US akunja akuyenera kuti adatseka zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. "Ndikuganiza kuti tili ndi zomangamanga zambiri kutsidya kwa nyanja," wamkulu wa asitikali aku US, Joint Chief of Staff Chairman a Mark Milley, adavomereza poyankhula pagulu mu Disembala 2020. "Kodi zonsezi [maziko] ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti kuteteza dziko la United States? ” Milley adayitanitsa "kuyang'anitsitsa," poyang'ana kunja, powona kuti ambiri "adachokera komwe Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idatha." 2
Kuyika zida zankhondo za 750 zaku US kumayiko ena, pali malo pafupifupi atatu ochulukirapo kuposa omwe ali ndi akazembe a US, akazembe, ndi mishoni padziko lonse lapansi - 276.3 magulu ankhondo akuphatikizidwa. Dziko la United Kingdom likuti lili ndi malo okwana 145 akunja.4 Asilikali ena onse padziko lapansi ataphatikizana akhoza kulamulira ena 50–75, kuphatikizapo mabwalo akunja awiri kapena atatu aku Russia ndi asanu aku China (kuphatikizanso maziko ku Tibet).
Mtengo wakumanga, kugwirira ntchito, ndikusunga malo ankhondo aku US akunja akuyerekeza $ 55 biliyoni chaka chilichonse (chaka chachuma 2021) .6 Kuyika asitikali ndi anthu wamba kumabwalo akunja ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa kuwasunga m'nyumba: $ 10,000- $ 40,000 zochulukirapo munthu pachaka. 7 Kuphatikiza mtengo wa ogwira ntchito omwe akukhala kunja kumayendetsa mtengo wokwanira kutsidya kwa mayiko pafupifupi $ 80 biliyoni kapena kupitilira. 8 Izi ndizowerengera zokhazikika, chifukwa chovuta kupeza ndalama zobisika.
Pankhani ya ndalama zomanga zankhondo zokha - ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa kuti amange ndi kukulitsa maziko kutsidya kwa nyanja - boma la US lidawononga pakati pa $ 70 biliyoni ndi $ 182 biliyoni pakati pa zaka zandalama 2000 ndi 2021. Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizambiri chifukwa Congress idagawa $ 132 biliyoni mzaka izi zankhondo. ntchito yomanga “m’malo osadziwika” padziko lonse, kuwonjezera pa ndalama zokwana madola 34 biliyoni zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa dziko. Mchitidwe wa bajetiwu umalepheretsa kuwunika kuchuluka kwa ndalamazi zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndikukulitsa maziko akunja. Kuyerekeza kosamalitsa kwa 15 peresenti kungapereke ndalama zina zokwana madola 20 biliyoni, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa “malo osadziwika” angakhale kutsidya kwa nyanja. $16 mabiliyoni enanso adawonekera mu bajeti zankhondo "zadzidzidzi".9
Kupitilira ndalama zawo zandalama, komanso mosagwirizana, mabungwe akunja amasokoneza chitetezo m'njira zingapo. Kukhalapo kwa mabungwe a US kunja kwa nyanja nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mikangano pakati pa mayiko, kumayambitsa kudana ndi United States, ndipo kumakhala ngati chida cholembera magulu ankhondo monga al Qaeda.10
Mabungwe akunja athandizanso kuti United States ichite nawo nkhondo zambiri zosankhika, kuyambira nkhondo zaku Vietnam ndi Southeast Asia mpaka zaka 20 za "nkhondo yamuyaya" kuyambira pomwe 2001 idawukira Afghanistan. Kuyambira 1980, mabungwe aku US ku Middle East agwiritsidwa ntchito osachepera 25 kuyambitsa nkhondo kapena zankhondo zina m'maiko osachepera 15 kudera lokhalo. Kuyambira 2001, asitikali aku US akhala akumenya nawo nkhondo m'maiko osachepera 25 padziko lonse lapansi
Pomwe ena anena kuyambira pa Cold War kuti mabungwe akunja amathandizira kufalitsa demokalase, zotsutsana nthawi zambiri zimawoneka choncho. Kukhazikitsa kwa US kumapezeka m'maiko osachepera 19 opondereza, mayiko asanu ndi atatu olamulira mwankhanza, ndi madera 11 (onani Zakumapeto). Nthawi izi, mabungwe aku US amapereka thandizo la facto kuulamuliro wopanda demokalase komanso wankhanza monga omwe amalamulira ku Turkey, Niger, Honduras, ndi Persian Gulf. Momwemonso, zigawo zomwe zidatsalira ku US - madera aku US ku Puerto Rico, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, ndi US Islands Islands - athandiza kupititsa patsogolo ubale wawo wachikoloni ndi United States onse ndi nzika zachiwiri zakukhala nzika zaku US. 12
Monga momwe gawo la "Zowonongera Zachilengedwe" lomwe lili mu Table 1 ya Zakumapeto zikuwonetsera, malo ambiri oyambira kunja ali ndi mbiri yovulaza madera akumaloko kudzera pakudontha kwa poizoni, ngozi, kutaya zinyalala zowopsa, zomangamanga, komanso maphunziro okhudzana ndi zinthu zoopsa. M'malo awa akunja, Pentagon nthawi zambiri satsatira miyezo ya chilengedwe ya US ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito pansi pa Status of Forces Agreements zomwe zimalola asitikali kuzemberanso malamulo achilengedwe adziko.13
Popeza kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kotereku komanso chifukwa chankhondo yakunja yolanda dziko lachifumu, sizodabwitsa kuti mabungwe akunja amabweretsa zotsutsa kulikonse komwe angapezeke (onani gulu la "Protest" pagome 1). Ngozi zoopsa komanso milandu yochitidwa ndi asitikali aku US kumaofesi akunja, kuphatikiza kugwiririra ndi kupha, nthawi zambiri popanda kuweruza kwanuko kapena kuyankha mlandu, zimapangitsanso ziwonetsero zomveka ndikuwononga mbiri ya United States.
Kulemba maziko
Pentagon yakhala ikulephera kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira ku Congress ndi anthu kuti awunikire magulu akunja ndi magulu ankhondo - gawo lalikulu la mfundo zakunja kwa US. Njira zoyang'anira pakadali pano ndizosakwanira kuti a Congress ndi anthu azitha kuyang'anira magulu ankhondo ndi zomwe akuchita kunja. Mwachitsanzo, asitikali anayi atamwalira pankhondo ku Niger ku 2017, mamembala ambiri a Congress adadzidzimuka atazindikira kuti mdzikolo munali asitikali pafupifupi 1,000 Mabwalo akumayiko akunja ndi ovuta kutseka kamodzi, makamaka chifukwa cha inertia yantchito. 14 Kusakhazikika kwa akuluakulu ankhondo zikuwoneka kuti ngati malo akunja kuliko, ziyenera kukhala zopindulitsa. Congress nthawi zambiri imakakamiza asitikali kuti asanthule kapena kuwonetsa zabwino zachitetezo cha mayiko akunja.
Kuyambira mu 1976, Congress idayamba kufunsa Pentagon kuti ipange zowerengera zapachaka za "malo ake ankhondo, makhazikitsidwe, ndi malo," kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwawo ndi kukula kwake. 16 Mpaka Chaka Chachuma 2018, Pentagon idatulutsa ndikusindikiza lipoti la pachaka mu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a US.17 Ngakhale pamene idatulutsa lipotili, Pentagon inapereka deta yosakwanira kapena yolakwika, kulephera kulemba zolemba zambiri zodziwika bwino.18 Mwachitsanzo, Pentagon yakhala ikunena kuti ili ndi maziko amodzi ku Africa - ku Djibouti. . Koma kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti tsopano pali makhazikitsidwe 40 amitundu yosiyanasiyana pa kontinenti; msilikali m'modzi adavomereza kukhazikitsa 46 mu 2017.19
N'kutheka kuti Pentagon sidziwa nambala yeniyeni ya makina kunja. Mwachidziwikire, kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri ku US Army ku US adadalira mndandanda wa a David Vine a 2015, m'malo mwa mndandanda wa Pentagon.
Mwachidulewa ndi gawo limodzi lofuna kukulitsa kuwonekera poyera ndikuthandizira kuyang'anira bwino ntchito za Pentagon ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyesetsa kuthana ndi kuwononga ndalama zankhondo ndikuwononga zakunja kwa mabungwe aku US akunja. Kuchuluka kwa maziko ndi chinsinsi komanso kusowa kowonekera kwa maukonde kumapangitsa mndandanda wathunthu kukhala wosatheka; Kulephera kwaposachedwa kwa Pentagon kutulutsa Report Structure Report kumapangitsa mndandanda wolondola kukhala wovuta kwambiri kuposa zaka zam'mbuyomu. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, njira zathu zimadalira Lipoti la Kapangidwe ka 2018 Base ndi magwero odalirika oyambira ndi sekondale; izi zidalembedwa mu David Vine mu 2021 seti ya data pa “Mabungwe Asitikali aku US Kunja, 1776-2021.”
"Basi" ndi chiyani?
Gawo loyamba popanga mndandanda wa maziko akunja ndikutanthauzira zomwe zimatchedwa "base". Matanthauzo amakhala andale ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi ndale. Nthawi zambiri Pentagon ndi boma la US, komanso mayiko omwe akukhala nawo, amafuna kuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa US ngati "osati maziko aku US" kuti asaganize kuti United States ikuphwanya ulamuliro wa dziko (lomwe liri) . Kuti tipewe mikangano iyi momwe tingathere, timagwiritsa ntchito Pentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) ndi mawu ake "malo oyambira" monga poyambira mindandanda yathu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kumatanthauza kuti nthawi zina kukhazikitsa komwe kumatchulidwa kuti maziko amodzi, monga Aviano Air Base ku Italy, kumakhala ndimalo angapo - mwa Aviano, osachepera asanu ndi atatu. Kuwerengera malo oyambira aliwonse ndikomveka chifukwa masamba omwe ali ndi dzina lomwelo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, malo asanu ndi atatu a Aviano ali m'madera osiyanasiyana a tauni ya Aviano. Nthawi zambiri, tsamba lililonse loyambira limawonetsa ndalama za okhometsa msonkho. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake mayina kapena malo ena amomwe amapezeka kangapo pamndandanda wokhudzana ndi Zakumapeto.
Mipata imakhala yokula kuyambira kukula kwamizinda yokhala ndi asitikali masauzande ambiri komanso abale awo kupita kumayendedwe ang'onoang'ono a radar ndi oyang'anira, mabwalo a ndege a drone, ngakhale manda ochepa ankhondo. BSR ya Pentagon ikuti ili ndi "malo akulu" 30 okha kunja. Ena atha kunena kuti kuchuluka kwathu kwa masamba 750 kumayiko akunja ndikokokomeza kukula kwa zida zakunja kwa US. Komabe, kusindikiza kwabwino kwa BSR kukuwonetsa kuti Pentagon imatanthauzira kuti "yaying'ono" kukhala ndi mtengo wokwana $ 1.015 biliyoni.21 Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikizidwa kwa malo ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kumabwezeretsa makhazikitsidwe omwe sanaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wathu chifukwa chachinsinsi chozungulira maziko ambiri kunja. Chifukwa chake, timafotokozera kwathunthu "pafupifupi 750" ngati kuyerekezera kwabwino kwambiri.
Timaphatikizapo mabungwe m'madera aku US (madera) powerengera kumayiko akunja chifukwa malowa alibe demokalase yathunthu ku United States. Pentagon imanenanso kuti malowa ndi "akunja." (Washington, DC ilibe ufulu wathunthu wademokalase, koma popeza ndi likulu la dzikolo, timalingalira za Washington zapakhomo.)
Chidziwitso: Mapu awa a 2020 akuwonetsa pafupifupi maziko 800 aku US padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwaposachedwa, kuphatikiza ku Afghanistan, tawerengeranso ndikuwongolera kuyerekeza kwathu mpaka 750 mwachidule ichi.
Kutseka maziko
Kutseka mabwalo akunja ndikosavuta pandale poyerekeza ndikutseka makhazikitsidwe apakhomo. Mosiyana ndi Njira Yogwirizira Yoyambira ndi Kutseka kwa malo ku United States, Congress sikuyenera kutenga nawo mbali potseka kunja. Atsogoleri a George HW Bush, a Bill Clinton, ndi a George W. Bush adatseka mazana osafunikira ku Europe ndi Asia mzaka za m'ma 1990 ndi 2000. Oyang'anira a Trump adatseka malo ena ku Afghanistan, Iraq, ndi Syria. Purezidenti Biden wayamba bwino pochotsa asitikali aku US m'malo okhala ku Afghanistan. Zomwe tinaganiza m'mbuyomu, posachedwa mu 2020, zinali zakuti United States idagwira mabwalo 800 kunja (onani Mapu 1). Chifukwa cha kutseka kwaposachedwa, tawunikiranso ndikukonzanso mpaka 750.
Purezidenti Biden alengeza za "Global Posture Review" yomwe ikupitilira ndipo adatsimikiza kuti kutumizidwa kwa asitikali aku US padziko lonse lapansi "kukugwirizana bwino ndi mfundo zathu zakunja komanso zofunikira zachitetezo cha dziko."22 Chifukwa chake, oyang'anira Biden ali ndi mbiri yakale Mwayi wotseka mabungwe mazana ambiri osafunikira akunja ndikuthandizira chitetezo chamayiko ndi mayiko panthawiyi. Mosiyana ndi zomwe Purezidenti wakale wa Donald Trump adachotsa mwachangu magulu ankhondo ndi asitikali ku Syria komanso kuyesa kwake kulanga Germany pochotsa zoyikapo, Purezidenti Biden atha kutseka maziko mosamala komanso mosamala, kutsimikizira ogwirizana nawo uku akusunga ndalama zambiri za okhometsa msonkho.
Pazifukwa zokhazokha, mamembala a Congress akuyenera kuthandizira kutseka kwa maiko akunja kuti abweretse anthu zikwizikwi ndi abale - ndi zolipira - kumaboma awo. Zili ndi chidziwitso chokwanira chobwezeretsa asitikali ndi mabanja kunyumba. 23
Akuluakulu a Biden akuyenera kutsatira zofuna zawo pazandale kuti atseke maiko akunja ndikutsata njira yochepetsera asitikali aku US kudziko lina, kubweretsa asitikali kunyumba, ndikukhazikitsa mayimidwe ndi mgwirizano wawo mdzikolo.
Zakumapeto
| Gulu 1. Maiko omwe ali ndi Asitikali aku US (chidziwitso chathunthu Pano) | ||||||
| Dzina la Dziko | Chiwerengero cha # cha Masamba Oyambira | Mtundu wa Boma | Ogwira Ntchito Est. | Ndalama Zomanga Zankhondo (FY2000-19) | Chipulotesitanti | Kuwonongeka Kwakukulu Kwachilengedwe |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Colony waku US | 309 | $ Miliyoni 19.5 | Ayi | inde |
| ARUBA | 1 | Dutch colony | 225 | $ Miliyoni 27.124 | inde | Ayi |
| CHILUMBA CHOKWERERA | 1 | Colony waku Britain | 800 | $ Miliyoni 2.2 | Ayi | inde |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Demokalase yathunthu | 1,736 | $ Miliyoni 116 | inde | inde |
| BAHAMAS, NDI | 6 | Demokalase yathunthu | 56 | $ Miliyoni 31.1 | Ayi | inde |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Wowongolera | 4,603 | $ Miliyoni 732.3 | Ayi | inde |
| BELGIUM | 11 | Demokalase yolakwika | 1,869 | $ Miliyoni 430.1 | inde | inde |
| Botswana | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 16 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Demokalase yolakwika | 2,500 | $ Miliyoni 80.2 | Ayi | Ayi |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | Wowongolera | 16 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Wowongolera | 15 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Wowongolera | 10 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| CANADA | 3 | Demokalase yathunthu | 161 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | inde |
| Chad | 1 | Wowongolera | 20 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| CHILE | 1 | Demokalase yathunthu | 35 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| COLOMBIA | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 84 | $ Miliyoni 43 | inde | Ayi |
| COSTA RICA | 1 | Demokalase yathunthu | 16 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| CUBA | 1 | Wowongolera25 | 1,004 | $ Miliyoni 538 | inde | inde |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Demokalase yathunthu26 | 225 | $ Miliyoni 27.1 | Ayi | Ayi |
| CYPRUS | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 10 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Colony waku Britain | 3,000 | $ Miliyoni 210.4 | inde | inde |
| Djibouti | 2 | Wowongolera | 126 | $ Miliyoni 480.5 | Ayi | inde |
| IGUPUTO | 1 | Wowongolera | 259 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa | 70 | $ Miliyoni 22.7 | Ayi | Ayi |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 17 | $ Miliyoni 60.8 | Ayi | Ayi |
| Gabon | 1 | Wowongolera | 10 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| GEORGIA | 1 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa | 29 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| GERMANY | 119 | Demokalase yathunthu | 46,562 | $ Biliyoni 5.8 | inde | inde |
| GHANA | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 19 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| GREECE | 8 | Demokalase yolakwika | 446 | $ Miliyoni 179.1 | inde | inde |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Danish koloni | 147 | $ Miliyoni 168.9 | inde | inde |
| GUAM | 54 | Colony waku US | 11,295 | $ Biliyoni 2 | inde | inde |
| Honduras | 2 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa | 371 | $ Miliyoni 39.1 | inde | inde |
| Hungary | 2 | Demokalase yolakwika | 82 | $ Miliyoni 55.4 | Ayi | Ayi |
| ICELAND | 2 | Demokalase yathunthu | 3 | $ Miliyoni 51.5 | inde | Ayi |
| Iraq | 6 | Wowongolera | 2,500 | $ Miliyoni 895.4 | inde | inde |
| IRELAND | 1 | Demokalase yathunthu | 8 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| ISRAEL | 6 | Demokalase yolakwika | 127 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| ITALY | 44 | Demokalase yolakwika | 14,756 | $ Biliyoni 1.7 | inde | inde |
| JAPAN | 119 | Demokalase yathunthu | 63,690 | $ Biliyoni 2.1 | inde | inde |
| JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Colony waku US | 0 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | inde |
| JORDAN | 2 | Wowongolera | 211 | $ Miliyoni 255 | inde | Ayi |
| KENYA | 3 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa | 59 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| KOREA, REPUBLIC YA | 76 | Demokalase yathunthu | 28,503 | $ Biliyoni 2.3 | inde | inde |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika * | 18 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | inde |
| Kuwait | 10 | Wowongolera | 2,054 | $ Miliyoni 156 | inde | inde |
| LATVIA | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 14 | $ Miliyoni 14.6 | Ayi | Ayi |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Demokalase yathunthu | 21 | $ Miliyoni 67.4 | Ayi | Ayi |
| Mali | 1 | Wowongolera | 20 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| MARSHALL ISLANDS | 12 | Demokalase yonse* | 96 | $ Miliyoni 230.3 | inde | inde |
| NETHERLANDS | 6 | Demokalase yathunthu | 641 | $ Miliyoni 11.4 | inde | inde |
| Niger | 8 | Wowongolera | 21 | $ Miliyoni 50 | inde | Ayi |
| ZILUMBA ZA MARIANA | 5 | Colony waku US | 45 | $ Biliyoni 2.1 | inde | inde |
| NORWAY | 7 | Demokalase yathunthu | 167 | $ Miliyoni 24.1 | inde | Ayi |
| Oman | 6 | Wowongolera | 25 | $ Miliyoni 39.2 | Ayi | inde |
| PALAU, REPUBLIC YA | 3 | Demokalase yonse* | 12 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| PANAMA | 11 | Demokalase yolakwika | 35 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| PERU | 2 | Demokalase yolakwika | 51 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| PHILIPPINES | 8 | Demokalase yolakwika | 155 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| POLAND | 4 | Demokalase yolakwika | 226 | $ Miliyoni 395.4 | Ayi | Ayi |
| Portugal | 21 | Demokalase yolakwika | 256 | $ Miliyoni 87.2 | Ayi | inde |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | Colony waku US | 13,571 | $ Miliyoni 788.8 | inde | inde |
| Qatar | 3 | Wowongolera | 501 | $ Miliyoni 559.5 | Ayi | inde |
| ROMANIA | 6 | Demokalase yolakwika | 165 | $ Miliyoni 363.7 | Ayi | Ayi |
| SAUDI ARABIA | 11 | Wowongolera | 693 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | inde |
| Malawi | 1 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa | 15 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| SINGAPORE | 2 | Demokalase yolakwika | 374 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Demokalase yolakwika | 12 | $ Miliyoni 118.7 | Ayi | Ayi |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa * | 71 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| SPAIN | 4 | Demokalase yathunthu | 3,353 | $ Miliyoni 292.2 | Ayi | inde |
| Suriname | 2 | Demokalase yolakwika | 2 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| SYRIA | 4 | Wowongolera | 900 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | inde | Ayi |
| THAILAND | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 115 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| TUNISIA | 1 | Demokalase yolakwika | 26 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| NKHUKUNDEMBO | 13 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa | 1,758 | $ Miliyoni 63.8 | inde | inde |
| Uganda | 1 | Ulamuliro wosakanizidwa | 14 | OSADZIWITSIDWA | Ayi | Ayi |
| UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | 3 | Wowongolera | 215 | $ Miliyoni 35.4 | Ayi | inde |
| UNITED KINGDOM | 25 | Demokalase yathunthu | 10,770 | $ Biliyoni 1.9 | inde | inde |
| ZINTHU ZAMAYAMwali, US | 6 | Colony waku US | 787 | $ Miliyoni 72.3 | Ayi | inde |
| WAKE CHISWA | 1 | Colony waku US | 5 | $ Miliyoni 70.1 | Ayi | inde |
Ndemanga pa Table 1
Masamba oyambira: Lipoti la Pentagon la 2018 Base Structure Report limatanthauzira "tsamba" lililonse ngati "malo ena aliwonse omwe ali ndi magawo amtundu wina aliyense kapena malo omwe apatsidwa […] omwe, kapena anali ake, adachita lendi, kapena kwina pansi paulamuliro wa DoD Chigawo m'malo mwa United States. ”27
Mtundu wa boma: Mitundu ya maboma a mayiko imatchedwa "demokalase yathunthu," "demokalase yolakwika," "ulamuliro wosakanizidwa," kapena "authoritarian." Izi zidalembedwa kuchokera ku "Demokalase ya Demokalase" ya Economist Intelligence Unit ya 2020 pokhapokha zitanenedwa ndi asterisk (zolembedwa zomwe zitha kupezeka patsamba lonse).
Ndalama Zomanga Zankhondo: Ziwerengerozi ziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati zochepa. Zambiri zimachokera ku zikalata zovomerezeka za Pentagon zomwe zaperekedwa ku Congress kuti zimangidwe zankhondo. Zonsezo sizimaphatikizapo ndalama zowonjezera pankhondo ("ntchito zakunja zakunja") bajeti, bajeti zamagulu, ndi zina za bajeti zomwe, nthawi zina, siziwululidwa ku Congress (mwachitsanzo, pamene asilikali amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa pa cholinga chimodzi pomanga asilikali. ) .28 Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ndalama zomangira zankhondo pachaka kumapita ku "malo osadziwika," zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa kuti boma la US likuyika ndalama zingati kumabwalo ankhondo akunja.
Zomwe ogwira ntchito akuti: Ziwerengerozi zikuphatikiza asitikali ankhondo, oteteza dziko ndi asitikali, ndi anthu wamba a Pentagon. Ziwerengero zimachokera ku Defense Manpower Data Center (zosinthidwa pa Marichi 31, 2021; ndi Juni 30, 2021 ku Australia), pokhapokha zitadziwika ndi asterisk (zomwe zingapezeke patsamba lonse). Owerenga azindikire kuti gulu lankhondo nthawi zambiri limapereka chidziwitso chazovuta za ogwira ntchito kuti asinthe mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa ntchito.
Ziwerengero za nthaka (zopezeka mumndandanda wathunthu): Izi zimachokera ku Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) ndipo adatchulidwa maekala. BSR imapereka ziwerengero zosakwanira ndipo masamba omwe sanaphatikizidwe amalembedwa kuti "sanatchulidwe."
Zionetsero zaposachedwa/zopitilira: Izi zikutanthauza kuchitika kwa zionetsero zazikulu zilizonse, kaya ndi boma, anthu, kapena bungwe. Ziwonetsero zokhazokha zotsutsana ndi magulu ankhondo aku US kapena gulu lankhondo la US nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa kuti "inde." Dziko lililonse lolembedwa kuti "inde" limatsimikiziridwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi malipoti awiri atolankhani kuyambira 2018. Mayiko amenewo omwe palibe zionetsero zaposachedwa kapena zomwe zachitikapo adadziwika kuti "ayi."
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe: Gawoli limatanthauza kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, kuipitsa phokoso, ndi / kapena zomera kapena zoopsa zanyama zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo laku US. Mabwalo ankhondo, kupatula kosowa, akuwononga chilengedwe chifukwa chosungidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowopsa, mankhwala owopsa, zida zowopsa, ndi zinthu zina zowopsa.29 Mabwalo akulu amakhala owononga kwambiri; Chifukwa chake, timaganiza kuti maziko aliwonse akuluakulu awononga chilengedwe. Malo olembedwa kuti "ayi" sizitanthauza kuti maziko sanasokoneze chilengedwe koma m'malo mwake palibe zolembedwa zomwe zingaganizidwe kuti ndizocheperako.
Kuvomereza
Magulu ndi anthu otsatirawa, omwe ali mgulu la Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition, athandizidwa pakupanga malingaliro, kufufuza, ndi kulemba ndi kulemba lipoti ili: Campaign for Peace, Disarmament and Common Security; Codepink; Bungwe la Dziko Lonse Lopindulitsa; Mgwirizano Wachilendo; Institute for Policy Study / mfundo zakunja pakuwunika; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Benjamin; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; A Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Catherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; ndi Lawrence Wilkerson.
Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition (OBRACC) ndi gulu lalikulu la akatswiri pazankhondo, akatswiri, omenyera ufulu wawo, ndi akatswiri ena ankhondo ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana andale omwe amathandizira kutseka mabwalo ankhondo aku US kutsidya lina. Kuti mumve zambiri, onani www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine ndi Pulofesa wa Anthropology ku American University ku Washington, DC. David ndiye wolemba mabuku atatu onena za magulu ankhondo ndi nkhondo, kuphatikiza omwe atulutsidwa kumene a United States of War: Mbiri Yapadziko Lonse Yotsutsana ku America, kuchokera ku Columbus kupita ku Islamic State (University of California Press, 2020), yemwe anali womaliza ya Mphotho ya LA LA Book 2020 ya Mbiri. Mabuku akale a David ndi Base Nation: Momwe Magulu Ankhondo aku US Kunja Akuvutitsa America ndi Dziko Lapansi (Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt, 2015) ndi Island of Shame: Mbiri Yachinsinsi Ya Asitikali aku US pa Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). David ndi membala wa Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition.
Patterson Deppen ndi wofufuza wa World BEYOND War, komwe adalemba mndandandanda wathunthu wathunthu wazankhondo zaku US zakunja. Amagwira ntchito yolemba mkonzi ku E-International Relations pomwe ndiwowongolera nawo zolemba za ophunzira. Zolemba zake zawonekera mu E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, ndi The Progressive. Nkhani yake yaposachedwa kwambiri ku TomDispatch, "America as a Base Nation Revisited," ikuyang'ana kumabwalo ankhondo aku US kutsidya kwa nyanja komanso kukhalapo kwawo kwa mafumu apadziko lonse lapansi lero. Adalandira ambuye ake pakukula ndi chitetezo kuchokera ku Yunivesite ya Bristol. Ndi membala wa Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition.
Leah Bolger adapuma pantchito mu 2000 kuchokera ku US Navy paudindo wa Commander atatha zaka 20 akugwira ntchito mwakhama. Adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti woyamba wa Veterans For Peace (VFP) ku 2012, ndipo mu 2013 adasankhidwa kukapereka Msonkhano wa Mtendere wa Ava Helen ndi Linus Pauling ku Oregon State University. Amagwira ntchito ngati Purezidenti wa World BEYOND War, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lodzipereka kuthetseratu nkhondo. Leah ndi membala wa Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition.
World BEYOND War ndi gulu lopanda chiwawa lapadziko lonse lapansi lothetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere komanso lokhazikika. World BEYOND War anakhazikitsidwa pa January 1st, 2014, pamene oyambitsa nawo David Hartsough ndi David Swanson adayamba kupanga gulu lapadziko lonse kuti athetse kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo, osati "nkhondo yamasiku ano." Ngati nkhondo idzathetsedwa, ndiye kuti iyenera kuchotsedwa pagome ngati njira yabwino. Monga kulibe ukapolo "wabwino" kapena wofunikira, palibenso "nkhondo" yabwino kapena yofunikira. Mabungwe onsewa ndi onyansa komanso osavomerezeka, zivute zitani. Ndiye, ngati sitingathe kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse, tingatani? Kupeza njira yosinthira ku chitetezo cha dziko lonse lapansi chomwe chimathandizidwa ndi malamulo apadziko lonse, zokambirana, mgwirizano, ndi ufulu wa anthu, ndikuteteza zinthuzo ndi zinthu zopanda chiwawa m'malo moopseza chiwawa, ndi mtima wa WBW. Ntchito yathu imaphatikizapo maphunziro omwe amachotsa nthano, monga "Nkhondo ndi yachibadwa" kapena "Tidakhala ndi nkhondo," ndipo amasonyeza anthu osati kuti nkhondo iyenera kuthetsedwa, komanso kuti ikhoza kukhala. Ntchito yathu ikuphatikiza mitundu yonse yopanda chiwawa yomwe imasuntha dziko kuti lithetse nkhondo zonse.
Mawu a M'munsi:
1 Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku United States. "Mbiri Yakapangidwe Koyambira-Chaka Chachuma cha 2018 Pachiyambi: Chidule cha Zambiri Zazinthu Zogulitsa Malo." Ofesi ya Assistant Secretary of Defense for Sustainment, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Robert. "Milley Akulimbikitsa 'Yang'anani' Pamalo Okhazikika Ankhondo Akunja Kwanyanja." Associated Press, Disembala 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 "Kulungamitsidwa Kwa Bajeti Kwaku DRM - Dipatimenti Yaboma, Ntchito Zakunja, Ndi Mapulogalamu Ogwirizana, Chaka Chachuma cha 2022." United States Department of State. 2021. ii.
4 Chinsinsi komanso kuwonekera poyera kozungulira maboma aku US chikuwonetsedwa ndi mabungwe akunja akunja. Malingaliro am'mbuyomu adanenanso kuti asitikali ankhondo apadziko lonse lapansi anali ndi mabwalo akunja a 60-100. Malipoti atsopano akusonyeza kuti United Kingdom ili ndi anthu 145. Onani Miller, Phil. "Zawululidwa: Maukonde ankhondo aku UK omwe ali kutsidya kwa nyanja amakhala ndi malo 145 m'maiko 42." Yolengeza ku UK, Novembala 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Onani, mwachitsanzo, Jacobs, Frank. “Maufumu Asanu Ankhondo Padziko Lonse.” BigThink.com, Julayi 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo "Overseas Cost Report" (mwachitsanzo, US Department of Defense. "Ntchito ndi
Makonzedwe Achidule, Kuyerekeza Ndalama Zakuwonjezeka Kwa Chaka Chachuma cha 2021. ” Motsogozedwa ndi Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), February 2020. 186–189), yomwe idatumizidwa muzolemba zake zapachaka za bajeti, imapereka chidziwitso chochepa chandalama za kukhazikitsa m'maiko ena koma osati onse omwe asitikali amakhala ndi maziko. Zambiri za lipotili nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakwanira ndipo nthawi zambiri sizipezeka m'maiko ambiri. Kwa zaka zopitilira khumi, DoD yakhala ikunena za ndalama zonse pachaka zakukhazikitsa zakunja kwa $ 20 biliyoni. David Vine amapereka chiyerekezo chambiri muBase Nation: Momwe Magulu Ankhondo aku US Kunja Akuvutitsa America ndi Dziko Lapansi. New York. Mabuku a Metropolitan, 2015. 195-214. Vine adagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyi kusinthira kuyerekezera uku kwa chaka chachuma 2019, kupatula ndalama zina kukhala zowonetsetsa kwambiri paziwopsezo zowerengera kawiri. Tinasintha chiŵerengero chimenecho cha $51.5 biliyoni kufika pano pogwiritsa ntchito Calculator ya Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation,https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. Kumayiko akunja kwa US Asitikali Ankhondo: Kuwunika Kwa Mtengo Wocheperako ndi Mapindu a Strategic. Santa Monica. RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
8 Timayerekeza mtengo wa ogwira ntchito pongoganiza, mosamala, munthu aliyense amawononga $115,000 (ena amagwiritsa $125,000) ndi pafupifupi 230,000 asitikali ndi anthu wamba pano ali kutsidya kwa nyanja. Timapeza chiŵerengero cha $115,000 pa munthu aliyense posintha chiŵerengero cha $107,106 kwa ogwira ntchito kunja ndi kunja (Blakeley, Katherine. "Asilikali." Center for Strategic and Budgetary Analysis, August 15, 2017, https://csbaonline.org/ malipoti/asilikali), kupatsidwa $10,000–$40,000 pa munthu aliyense pamtengo wowonjezera wa ogwira ntchito akunja (onani Lostumbo.Overseas Basingof US Military Forces).
Mawerengedwe omanga asitikali a 9 a lipotili adakonzedwa ndi a Jordan Cheney, American University, pogwiritsa ntchito zikalata zapachaka za Pentagon zomwe zimaperekedwa ku Congress pomanga asitikali (mapulogalamu a C-1). Ndalama zonse zomanga kunkhondo zakunja ndizokwera chifukwa cha ndalama zowonjezera zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo ("zochitika zakunja"). Pakati pazaka zachuma 2004 ndi 2011, zokha, zomanga zankhondo ku Afghanistan, Iraq, ndi madera ena ankhondo zidakwana $ 9.4 biliyoni (Belasco, Amy. "Mtengo wa Iraq, Afghanistan, ndi Nkhondo Zina Padziko Lonse Pazigawenga Kuyambira 9/11." Ntchito Yofufuza, Marichi 29, 2011. 33). Pogwiritsa ntchito ndalamazi ngati kalozera ($ 9.4 biliyoni pakugwiritsa ntchito pomanga asirikali pazaka zachuma 2004-2011 adayimira .85% ya ndalama zonse zankhondo zankhondo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi yomweyo), tikuganiza kuti bajeti yomenyera nkhondo pomanga zankhondo pazaka zachuma 2001- 2019 mpaka $ 16 biliyoni kuchokera pa Pentagon $ 1.835 trilioni pakugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo (McGarry, Brendan W. ndi Emily M. Morgenstern. "Overseas Contingency Operations Funding: Mbiri ndi Mkhalidwe." DRM Research Service, Seputembara 6, 2019. 2). Ziwerengero zathu sizikuphatikizira ndalama zowonjezera m'mabuku azigawo ndi zina zomwe nthawi zina, sizimawululidwa ku Congress (mwachitsanzo, pomwe asitikali amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe amalandira chifukwa cha zomangamanga). Onani Mpesa. Mtundu wa Base. Chaputala 13, kuti akambirane ndalama zankhondo yomanga.
10 Vine, David. United States of War: Mbiri Yonse Yapadziko Lonse Kusokonekera kwa America, kuyambira Columbus kupita ku Islamic State. Oakland. Yunivesite ya California Press, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. "Zomwe Zinalimbikitsa Osama bin Laden." US News & World Report, Meyi 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. "Pambuyo pa Iraq." Washington Quarterly, vol. 31, ayi. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Onani Savell, Stephanie, ndi 5W Infographics. "Mapu Awa Akuwonetsa Kumene Padziko Lapansi Asitikali Aku US Akulimbana Ndi Uchigawenga." Smithsonian Magazine, January 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick, ndi Sean D. Naylor. "Zawululidwa: Ntchito 36 Yankhondo Yaku US Yogwira Ntchito ku Africa." Yahoo News, Epulo 17, 2019.https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
12 Onani, mwachitsanzo, Vine.Base Nation. Mutu 4. Anthu aku American Samoa ali ndi unzika wocheperako chifukwa si nzika zaku US mwakubadwira.
13 Mpesa.Base Nation. 138-139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. "Maseneta aku US Amafunafuna Mayankho pa Kukhalapo kwa US ku Niger Pambuyo pa Ambush."Reuters, October 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Mmodzi mwa maphunziro osowa a Congression a mabungwe aku US ndi kupezeka kutsidya kwa nyanja adawonetsa kuti "malo akunja aku America akakhazikitsidwa, zimatengera moyo wake .... Mishoni zoyambilira zimatha kukhala zachikale, koma ntchito zatsopano zimapangidwa, osati ndi cholinga choti malowo apitirire, koma nthawi zambiri kuti akulitse. ” United States Senate. "Mapangano achitetezo ku United States ndi Kudzipereka Kwina Kwina." Zomverera pamaso pa Komiti Yaikulu ya Senate pa Mapangano a Chitetezo ku United States ndi Kudzipereka Kumayiko Ena a Komiti Yowona za Ubale Wakunja. Congress makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu, Vol. 2, 2017. Kafukufuku waposachedwa watsimikizira izi. Mwachitsanzo, Glaser, John. "Kuchoka Kumayiko Akumayiko Ena: Chifukwa Chomwe Ntchito Yotumizira Anthu Kunkhondo Sikoyenera, Yotayika Ntchito, Ndiponso Yoopsa." Kusanthula Ndondomeko 816, CATO Institute, July 18, 2017; Johnson, Chalmers. Zisoni za Ufumu: Militarism, Chinsinsi, ndi Mapeto a Republic. New York. Metropolitan, 2004; Mpesa. Base Nation.
16 Lamulo Lapagulu 94-361, gawo. 302.
17 US Code 10, sec. 2721, "Real Property Records." M'mbuyomu, onani US Code 10, sec. 115 ndi US Code 10, sec. 138 (c). Sizikudziwika ngati Pentagon idasindikiza lipotili chaka chilichonse pakati pa 1976 ndi 2018, koma malipoti amatha kupezeka pa intaneti kuyambira 1999 ndipo akuwoneka kuti adaperekedwa ku Congress nthawi zambiri ngati si nthawi yonseyi.
18 Tsoka, Nick. "Maziko, Maziko, Kulikonse… Kupatula mu Lipoti la Pentagon." TomDispatch.com, Januware 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Mpesa. Mtundu Wadziko. 3-5; David Vine. "Lembani Maziko Asitikali aku US Kunja Kwina, 1776-2021."
19 Kutembenuka, Nick. "Asitikali aku US Anena Kuti Ali Ndi 'Zoyenda Pang'ono' ku Africa. Zikalatazi Zikuwonetsa Zazikulu Kwambiri. ” Kulandila, Disembala 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- ma network-maziko /; Savell, Stephanie, ndi 5W Infographics. "Mapuwa Akuwonetsa Pomwe Padziko Lonse Asitikali aku US Alimbana Ndi Zauchifwamba." Magazini ya Smithsonian, Januware 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Kutembenuka, Nick. "Zoyeserera Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo ku America ku Africa Zolemba Zankhondo Zaku US Zivumbulutsa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Laku America Kudera Lonse Lapansi." TomDispatch.com, Epulo 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, ndi Matthew Povlock. "Kupezeka kwa US ndi Kuchuluka kwa Mikangano." RAND Corporation. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 United States Dipatimenti Yachitetezo. "Mbiri Yakapangidwe Koyambira-Chaka Chachuma cha 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. "Ndemanga za Purezidenti Biden pa Malo a America Padziko Lonse Lapansi." February 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Dipatimenti Yothandizira Zachitetezo." United States Department of Defense. Okutobala 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Ndalama zomangira ku Aruba ndi Curaçao zimaphatikizidwa ndi ndalama za Pentagon. Tidagawa zonse ndipo
anagawa theka kudera lililonse.
25 Timagwiritsa ntchito magulu a Economist Intelligence Unit aku Cuba ngati ovomerezeka, ngakhale malo okhala ku Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, atha kugawidwa ngati koloni yaku United States chifukwa boma la Cuba silingathe kuthamangitsa asitikali aku US malinga ndi mgwirizano mgwirizano ndi akuluakulu aku US Anakhazikitsidwa ku Cuba m'ma 1930. Onani Mpesa. United States of War. 23-24.
26 Ndalama zomangira ku Aruba ndi Curaçao zimaphatikizidwa ndi ndalama za Pentagon. Tidagawa zonse ndipo
anagawa theka kudera lililonse.
27 United States department of Defense.Base StructureReport -Chaka Chachuma 2018. 4.
Onani Mphesa. Mtundu wa Base. Chaputala 28.
Kuti muwone mwachidule, onani Vine. Mtundu wa Base. Chaputala 29.
