Khalidwe Limawonongeka ndi Udindo wa Msilikali

Ndi Ria Verjauw, May 5, 2019

"Mtundu umene ukupitirira chaka ndi chaka kuti ukhale ndi ndalama zochuluka zowonjezera usilikali kusiyana ndi ndondomeko za kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu akuyandikira imfa yauzimu." -Martin Luther King

Chithunzi: US Department of Veterans Affairs

Chilichonse chimalumikizidwa: nkhondo - kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu - kuwononga chilengedwe - kusintha kwa nyengo - kusowa chilungamo kwa anthu ..….

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi mbali ya nkhondo zamakono. Udindo wa asilikali pa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi waukulu. Mafuta ndi ofunikira nkhondo. Msilikali ndi ntchito yochuluka kwambiri ya mafuta padziko lapansi. Nkhani iliyonse ya kusintha kwa nyengo sikuphatikizapo zankhondo si kanthu koma mpweya wotentha.

Ngakhale kuti ambirife timachepetsetsa mpweya wa carbon chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wamba, asilikali amatha kusokonezeka ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Asilikali samanena za kusintha kwa nyengo mpweya ku bungwe lirilonse ladziko kapena la mayiko, chifukwa cha US-kupotoza panthawi ya zokambirana za 1997 za mayiko oyambirira omwe amaletsa kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko, Kyoto Protocol pa Kusintha kwa Chilengedwe.

Chokhumudwitsa kuwona ndikuti palibe chilichonse chomwe chimanenedwa pazowonongera zazikulu zankhondo - ngakhale pamikangano yambiri pazakusintha kwanyengo ndi ziwonetsero, kapenanso pazankhani. Pakati pamisonkhano yachilengedwe pamakhala chete zakusokoneza kwa asitikali.

M'nkhani ino timangowonjezera zotsatira za nkhondo za US. Izi sizikutanthawuza kuti dziko lina likutanthauza kuti olemba zida sizinayang'anire zoopsa zomwe zachitika pa nyengo ndi chilengedwe. US ndi mmodzi mwa osewera ambiri pachitetezo cha padziko lonse ndi zochita za usilikali pa nyengo ndi chilengedwe.

Asitikali aku US amawerengera 25% yamafuta onse aku US omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, omwe ndi 25% yaomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. US Sixth Fleet, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimawononga kwambiri Nyanja ya Mediterranian. US Air Force (USAF) ndiomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta okwera ndege padziko lonse lapansi.

Mu 1945 asilikali ankhondo a ku America anamanga maziko ku dhahran, Saudi Arabia, kuyamba kuyambira ku America kosatha kupeza mafuta atsopano a ku Middle East. Pulezidenti Roosevelt adakambiranapo chiwerengero cha quo pamodzi ndi banja la Saudi: chitetezo cha asilikali pofuna kuwombola mafuta otsika mtengo ku misika ya US ndi usilikali. Eisenhower adakhala ndi chidziwitso chachikulu ponena za chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ya nkhondo yomwe ikukhazikitsidwa ndi nkhondo yomwe imalimbikitsa ndondomeko ya dziko komanso kusowa kwa nzika kuti zikhale ndi chidwi choletsa "magulu ankhondo". Komabe, adapanga chisankho chokhudzana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zinayika US ndi dziko pa njira yomwe tiyenera kuyambiranso.

Kuwonjezereka kofulumira kwa mpweya wotentha womwe umapangitsa kuti nyengo yowonongeka ikuyambike kuzungulira 1950; mu nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse. Izi sizikuchitika mwadzidzidzi. Mafuta anali ofunika mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yoyamba, koma kuyendetsa mwayi wopezera mafuta kunali kofunikira m'Chiwiri. Allies sakanatha kupambana ngati iwo sanathe kuthetsa mwayi wa German ku mafuta ndi kusunga iwo okha. Phunziro la US makamaka makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo linali kuti kupitirizabe kuyanjana ndi mafuta a dziko lapansi kunali kofunikira ngati kukanakhala kopambana. Izi zinapangitsa mafuta kukhala oyambirira pakati pa asilikali, komanso amamanga malo akuluakulu a petroleum / magalimoto ku America. Izi zinali zowonjezereka kwa kayendetsedwe kake kamadalira makina opangira mpweya wochokera ku mpweya wochokera ku gasi ndi zoweta; gwero la kusintha kwa nyengo komwe tikukumana nawo tsopano.

Pofika kumapeto kwa 1970s, nkhondo ya Soviet ku Afghanistan ndi Iran Revolution inachititsa kuti US azipeza mafuta ku Middle East, kutsogolera kwa Purezidenti Carter wa 1980 State of Union Union kutulutsa chiphunzitso. Chiphunzitso cha Carter chimaona kuti chilichonse choopseza ku United States mafuta a ku Middle East chidzatsutsidwa "mwa njira iliyonse yofunikira, kuphatikizapo gulu lankhondo." Carter anaika mano mu chiphunzitso chake pakupanga Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kupambana nkhondo Persian Gulf pamene mukufunikira. Ronald Reagan anakhazikitsa mafuta omwe anapanga bungwe la US Central Command (CENTCOM) raison d'etre chinali kuonetsetsa kupeza mafuta, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya Soviet Union m'chigawochi ndi kulamulira maulamuliro apolisi m'deralo pofuna zofuna za chitetezo cha dziko. Chifukwa chodalira kwambiri mafuta ochokera ku Africa ndi dera la Caspian Sea, dziko la US lidapititsa patsogolo mphamvu zake zankhondo m'madera amenewa.

Bungwe la 1992 Kyoto Lamuloli linatulutsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wochokera ku nkhondo kuchokera ku zowonongeka. Anthu a ku United States anafunsidwa ndipo anapatsidwa mphoto yochokera ku zitsulo za "bunker" (zowonjezera, mafuta olemera a zombo zombo) ndi zowonjezera kutentha kwa mpweya kuchokera ku ntchito za usilikali padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo nkhondo. George W. Bush anachotsa US kuchoka ku Kyoto Protocol monga imodzi mwa zochitika zoyamba za pulezidenti wake, ponena kuti zidzasokoneza chuma cha United States ndi kuwononga kwambiri kutentha kwa mpweya wotentha. Kenaka, White House inayambitsa pulogalamu ya neo-Luddite motsutsana ndi sayansi ya kusintha kwa nyengo.

Kutsekedwa kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kuchokera ku nkhondo kunachotsedwa mu mgwirizano wa 2015 Paris pa nyengo. Boma la Trumps linakana kulemba mgwirizanowo ndipo sikunali kovomerezeka kuti mayiko olemba zizindikiro azitsatira ndikuchepetsa mpweya wawo wa mpweya.

Nyuzipepala ya US Defense Science inati ku 2001 kuti asilikali adzasowa kuti apange zida zowonjezera mafuta kapena njira zabwino zothandizira kuti azidzipereka okha, "akuluakulu a boma akuoneka kuti asankha njira yachitatu: kutenga mwayi wowonjezera mafuta ". Izi zikuwonetsa chowonadi chenicheni chokhudza zankhondo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo: kuti njira yamakono yamakono imatuluka kuchokera ndipo ikutheka kokha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu mafuta osaka.

Chitetezo cha mafuta chimapereka chitetezo cha asilikali ku ziphuphu ku mabomba ndi matanki komanso nkhondo ku madera olemera kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kupeza nthawi yaitali. Pafupifupi zida za nkhondo za US 1000 ku America zimatulukira kumpoto kwa Andes kupita kumpoto kwa Africa kudera la Middle East kupita ku Indonesia, ku Philippines ndi kumpoto kwa Korea, kuthamangitsa zinthu zonse zamtengo wapatali za mafuta - zonse zogwirizana, mwa zina, kuti zitheke kuti zitheke. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, "kutuluka kwa mpweya" kwa mpweya wowonjezera kuchokera ku kupanga zida zankhondo, kuyesa, zipangizo zamakono, magalimoto ndi mapepala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka mafuta ndi nkhondo zowonongeka ndi mafuta ziyeneranso kuphatikizidwa pa chilengedwe chonse chogwiritsira ntchito mafuta.

Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo ya Iraq mu March 2003, ankhondo akuyesa kuti amafunikira ndalama zoposa magaloni a 40 milioni kwa nkhondo zitatu, kupitirira kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabungwe onse a Allied m'zaka zinayi za nkhondo ya padziko lonse 1. Pakati pa Armamentarium Army anali asilikali a 2000 amphamvu a M-1 Abrams omwe anathamangira nkhondo ndi kuwotcha mafuta okwana 250 pa ola limodzi. Dziko la Iraq ndilo lachitatu kwambiri kuposa mafuta ambiri. Mosakayikira kuti nkhondo ya Iraq inali nkhondo pa mafuta.

Nkhondo yapachilendo ku Libya yapatsa US Africa Command (AFRICOM) yatsopano kutambasula ya Chiphunzitso cha Carter - kuwala kwina ndi minofu. Otsutsa ochepa apeza kuti nkhondo ya NATO ku Libya ndizovomerezeka kuti zithandize anthu. Nkhondo ya ku Lybia inaphwanya bungwe la UN Security Council Resolution 1973, malamulo a US ndi a War Powers Act; ndipo imakhala chitsanzo. Nkhondo yapachilendo ku Libya ndi njira ina yotsutsana ndi mabungwe osagwirizana ndi milandu; izo zinasokoneza African Union ndipo zimakhazikitsa njira yowonjezera nkhondo ku Africa pamene zofuna za US zili pangozi.

Tikayerekezera ziwerengero:

1. Zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ndalama zonse za nkhondo ya Iraq (pafupifupi $ 3 trilioni) zikanaphimba "malonda onse padziko lonse mu mphamvu zowonjezereka zowonjezereka "zomwe zikufunika pakati pa tsopano ndi 2030 kuti zisonyeze kusintha kwa kutentha kwa dziko.
2. Pakati pa 2003-2007, nkhondo inapanga osachepera 141 miliyoni tani imodzi ya carbon dioxide yofanana (CO2e), zambiri chaka chilichonse cha nkhondo kuposa 139 za mayiko padziko lapansi kumasulidwa pachaka. Kubwezeretsanso sukulu za Iraq, nyumba, malonda, milatho, misewu ndi zipatala zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi nkhondo, komanso makoma atsopano otetezedwa ndi zowonjezereka zidzasowa mamiliyoni ambiri a simenti, imodzi mwa mafakitale akuluakulu omwe amapanga mpweya woipa.
3. Mu 2006, US anagwiritsa ntchito zambiri pa nkhondo ku Iraq kusiyana ndi dziko lonse lapansi lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu.
4. Pogwiritsa ntchito 2008, kayendetsedwe ka Bush kakugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya 97 pa zankhondo kusiyana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Monga pulezidenti wa pulezidenti, Purezidenti Obama adalonjeza kuti adzagwiritsa ntchito $ 150 biliyoni pa zaka 10 pa magetsi opanga mphamvu ndi zowonongeka - zosakwana dziko la United States likugwiritsa ntchito chaka chimodzi cha nkhondo ya Iraq

Nkhondo sizongowonongeka chabe zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa kusintha kwa nyengo, komabe palokha ndilo chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Asilikali ali ndi zida zambiri za carbon.

Asilikali a ku America amavomereza kuti adutse mbiya za 395,000 (mbiya ya 1 US = 158.97liter) ya mafuta tsiku lililonse. Ichi ndi chifanizo chodabwitsa chimene chimakhala chosafunika kwambiri. Pomwe mafuta onse akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku makontrakitale, zida zankhondo ndi zonse zomwe zili zinsinsi ndi zosavomerezeka zomwe sizikuchokera ku ziwerengero za boma zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala pafupi milioni imodzi. Pofuna kufotokozera ziwerengerozo, asilikali ankhondo a US akugwira nawo ntchito pafupifupi 0.0002% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi, koma ali mbali ya gulu la asilikali lomwe limapanga 5% ya mpweya woipa wa dziko lapansi.

Zambiri mwazimenezi zimachokera ku zida zankhondo zomwe dziko la US limapereka kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Ndalama zowonongeka za nkhondo yokha ndizopambana kwambiri.

Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumene kunayambitsidwa ndi nkhondo sikungokhala kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuwonongeka kwa mabomba a nyukiliya ndi kuyesa kwa nyukiliya, kugwiritsa ntchito Agent Orange, uranium yowonongeka ndi mankhwala ena oopsa, komanso minda yamtunda ndi malamulo osadziwika omwe akuyambanso kumenyana nkhondo itangotha, nkhondoyi yakhala ikuyenera kuti "Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwambiri kwa chilengedwe." Zikudziŵika kuti 20% ya kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi ndi chifukwa cha ntchito zankhondo ndi zofanana.

Chimodzimodzi ndi zovuta zachilengedwezi zomwe zikuwonjezeka ndi kutenthedwa kwa dziko lonse, ndi ntchito yopitirirabe ya tradeoff ku US federal bajeti pakati pa asilikali a chitetezo ndi chitetezo chenicheni cha umunthu ndi chilengedwe. United States imapereka zoposa zoposa 30 peresenti ya mpweya wotentha padziko lonse lapansi, wopangidwa ndi asanu pa zana la anthu padziko lapansi ndi msilikali wa US. Zigawo za US federal budget zomwe zimaphunzitsa maphunziro, mphamvu, chilengedwe, maubwenzi a anthu, nyumba ndi ntchito yatsopano, kuthandizidwa pamodzi, kulandira ndalama zochepa kusiyana ndi bajeti / chitetezo. Wolemba Wa Ntchito Yakale Robert Reich adayitanitsa gulu la asilikali kukhala pulojekiti yothandiza anthu okhometsa msonkho ndipo amalimbikitsa kubwezeretsa ndalama kuntchito ku magetsi, maphunziro ndi zogwirira ntchito - chitetezo chenicheni cha dziko.

Tiyeni titembenuzire mafunde. Mayendedwe amtendere: yambani kuchita kafukufuku kuti muwone mpweya wa asitikali a CO2 ndikuwononga dziko lathu lapansi. Omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe: lankhulani momveka bwino za nkhondo ndi chiwonongeko. Chifukwa chake ndikuyitanitsa mwamphamvu onse Omenyera Nyengo azaka zonse:

'Tetezani nyengoyi pokhala wotsutsa mtendere ndi odana ndi zigawenga'.

Ria Verjauw / ICBUW / Leuvense Vredesbeweging

Sources:

Kufpj-Peacetalk- Chifukwa chiyani kuletsa nkhondo n'kofunika kuti zithetse kusintha kwa nyengo? Elaine Graham-Leigh

Elaine Graham-Leigh, buku: 'Chakudya Chamtundu: Maphunziro, Zakudya ndi Kusintha kwa Chilengedwe'

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/index.html

https://truthout.org/articles/the-military-assault-on-global-climate/

Ian Angus, Kulimbana ndi Nthendayi -Konongeka Kwachidule Press 2016), p.161