Khalidwe Limawonongeka ndi Udindo wa Msilikali

Ndi Ria Verjauw, Meyi 5, 2019

"Dziko lomwe likupitiriza chaka ndi chaka kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pa chitetezo cha asilikali kuposa mapulogalamu olimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu likuyandikira imfa yauzimu." -Martin Luther King

Chithunzi: Dipatimenti ya US ya Asilikali Akale

Chilichonse chikugwirizana: mikangano yokhala ndi zida - kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu - kuipitsa chilengedwe - kusintha kwa nyengo - kusalungama kwa anthu..….

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya nkhondo zamakono. Udindo wa asilikali pakusintha kwa nyengo ndi waukulu kwambiri. Mafuta ndi ofunikira kwambiri pankhondo. Usilikali ndiye ntchito yodzaza mafuta kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhani iliyonse yokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo sikuphatikizapo asilikali ndi mpweya wotentha chabe.

Ngakhale ambiri a ife timachepetsa mpweya woipa chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wosalira zambiri, asilikali sakhudzidwa ndi mavuto okhudza kusintha kwa nyengo. Asilikali sanena za kusintha kwa nyengo. mpweya ku bungwe lililonse la dziko kapena lapadziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mphamvu za US panthawi ya zokambirana za 1997 za mgwirizano woyamba wapadziko lonse wochepetsa mpweya woipa womwe umawononga kutentha kwa dziko, Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change.

Chokhumudwitsa kuona n'chakuti palibe chomwe chatchulidwapo ponena za kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa zinthu ndi asilikali — ngakhale panthawi ya zokambirana zambiri zokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena m'manyuzipepala. Pamisonkhano yokhudza zachilengedwe pamakhala chete ponena za zotsatira za kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu ndi asilikali.

Munkhaniyi tikungofotokoza za momwe nkhondo ya US imakhudzira. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mayiko ena ndi opanga zida alibe udindo waukulu pa kuwonongeka kwakukulu komwe kwachitika pa nyengo ndi chilengedwe chathu. US ndi imodzi mwa mayiko ambiri omwe akuchita nawo chidwi padziko lonse lapansi ndi zochita zankhondo pa nyengo ndi chilengedwe chathu.

Asilikali aku US amapanga 25% ya mafuta onse omwe US ​​​​amagwiritsa ntchito, omwe ndi 25% ya mafuta onse omwe dziko lonse lapansi limagwiritsa ntchito. US Sixth Fleet, ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimadetsa kwambiri Nyanja ya Mediterranean. US Air Force (USAF) ndiye kampani yayikulu kwambiri yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a ndege padziko lonse lapansi.

Mu 1945 asilikali a ku America anamanga malo oyendetsera ndege ku Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, zomwe zinayambitsa kuti anthu aku America azitha kupeza mafuta atsopano aku Middle East. Purezidenti Roosevelt anakambirana za chiwerengero cha quo ndi banja la Saudi: chitetezo cha asilikali posinthana ndi mafuta otsika mtengo a misika ya US ndi asilikali. Eisenhower anali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu cha kukwera kwa makampani okhazikika omwe amachitika nkhondo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse omwe amalamulira mfundo za dziko komanso kufunikira kwa nzika kukhala maso ndi kutenga nawo mbali kuti athetse vuto la "asilikali ndi mafakitale". Komabe, adapanga chisankho chokhudza mfundo zamphamvu, zomwe zidapangitsa US ndi dziko lonse lapansi kukhala panjira yomwe tiyenera kupeza njira yobwererera.

Kukwera mofulumira kwa mpweya woipa womwe umayambitsa vuto la nyengo kunayamba cha m'ma 1950; nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Izi si zachilendo. Mafuta anali ofunikira pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, koma kuwongolera mwayi wopeza mafuta kunali kofunikira kwambiri mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri. Asilikali Ogwirizana sakanapambana akanakhala kuti sanathe kuletsa mwayi wopeza mafuta ku Germany ndikusunga okha. Phunziro kwa US makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo linali lakuti kupitiriza kupeza ndi kulamulira mafuta padziko lonse lapansi kunali kofunikira ngati ikanakhala dziko lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zinapangitsa mafuta kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pankhondo, komanso zinalimbitsa udindo waukulu wa gawo la mafuta/magalimoto ku US. Izi zinali zofunikira pa dongosolo lodalira ukadaulo wotulutsa mpweya woipa wa chilengedwe pakupanga zida zankhondo ndi zapakhomo; gwero la kusintha kwa nyengo komwe tikukumana nako tsopano.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kuukira kwa Soviet ku Afghanistan ndi Iran Revolution kunaopseza mwayi wa US wopeza mafuta ku Middle East, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chiphunzitso cha Purezidenti Carter cha 1980 cholimbikitsa nkhondo chikhalepo. Chiphunzitso cha Carter chimati chiwopsezo chilichonse chokhudza mwayi wa US wopeza mafuta ku Middle East chikanatsutsidwa "mwanjira iliyonse yofunikira, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yankhondo." Carter anaika mano m'chiphunzitso chake mwa kupanga Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, yomwe cholinga chake chinali ntchito zankhondo kudera la Persian Gulf pakafunika kutero. Ronald Reagan anawonjezera mphamvu zankhondo za mafuta poyambitsa US Central Command (CENTCOM), yomwe raison d'etre Cholinga chake chinali kuonetsetsa kuti mafuta akupezeka, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya Soviet Union m'derali komanso kulamulira maboma andale m'derali chifukwa cha chitetezo cha dziko. Popeza kudalira mafuta ochokera ku Africa ndi dera la Caspian Sea kukukulirakulira, dziko la US lawonjezera mphamvu zake zankhondo m'madera amenewo.

Chigwirizano cha Kyoto cha 1992 chinachotsa moonekeratu mpweya woipa wochokera ku nkhondo kuchokera ku zolinga zake zotulutsa mpweya. US idapempha ndipo idapambana kuti isachotsedwe malire a mpweya woipa wochokera ku mafuta "osungiramo mafuta" (mafuta ambiri, mafuta olemera a sitima zapamadzi) ndi mpweya wonse woipa wochokera ku ntchito zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo nkhondo. George W. Bush adachotsa US mu Chigwirizano cha Kyoto ngati chimodzi mwa zochita zoyambirira za utsogoleri wake, ponena kuti chidzalepheretsa chuma cha US ndi njira zowononga kwambiri zotulutsa mpweya woipa wochokera ku kutentha. Kenako, White House idayamba kampeni ya neo-Luddite yotsutsana ndi sayansi ya kusintha kwa nyengo.

Kuchotsedwa kwa mpweya woipa wochokera ku nkhondo kunachotsedwa mu Pangano la Paris la 2015 pa Nyengo. Ulamuliro wa Trump unakana kusaina panganoli ndipo sikofunikira kuti mayiko omwe asainira mgwirizanowu azitsatira ndikuchepetsa mpweya woipa wochokera ku mlengalenga womwe umachokera ku nkhondo.

Pamene bungwe la US Defense Science Board linanena mu 2001 kuti asilikali akufunika kupanga zida zogwiritsira ntchito mafuta moyenera kapena njira zabwino zothandizira kuti athe kukhala ndi zida zokwanira, "akuluakulu ankhondo akuoneka kuti asankha njira yachitatu: kupeza mafuta ambiri". Izi zikusonyeza chowonadi chachikulu chokhudza asilikali ndi kusintha kwa nyengo: kuti njira yamakono yankhondo idachokera ndipo ndi yotheka kokha pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo.

Chitetezo cha mafuta chimaphatikizapo chitetezo cha asilikali ku kuwonongedwa kwa mapaipi ndi matanki komanso nkhondo m'madera okhala ndi mafuta ambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti anthu azitha kulowa m'dzikolo kwa nthawi yayitali. Pafupifupi malo ankhondo 1000 aku US amachokera ku Andes kupita ku North Africa kudutsa Middle East kupita ku Indonesia, Philippines ndi North Korea, zomwe zimawononga mafuta onse akuluakulu - zonse zokhudzana ndi mphamvu zomwe zikubwera chifukwa cha chitetezo cha mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, "kutulutsa mpweya woipa" kuchokera ku kupanga zida zankhondo, mayeso, zomangamanga, magalimoto ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza mafuta ndi nkhondo zoyendetsedwa ndi mafuta ziyeneranso kuphatikizidwa mu zotsatira zonse zachilengedwe zogwiritsa ntchito mafuta.

Poyamba nkhondo ya ku Iraq mu Marichi 2003, asilikali anaganiza kuti angafunike mafuta okwana magaloni 40 miliyoni kuti agwire ntchito ya milungu itatu, kupitirira kuchuluka konse komwe magulu onse ankhondo a Allied anagwiritsa ntchito pazaka zinayi za Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba. Pakati pa zida za asilikali panali matanki 2000 olimba a M-1 Abrams omwe anawotchedwa pankhondoyi ndi kuyatsa mafuta okwana magaloni 250 pa ola limodzi. Iraq ndi dziko lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri losungira mafuta. Mosakayikira nkhondo ya ku Iraq inali nkhondo yolimbana ndi mafuta.

Nkhondo yapamlengalenga ku Libya yapatsa US Africa Command (AFRICOM) yatsopano - yokha inanso kutambasula za Chiphunzitso cha Carter - mfundo zina ndi mphamvu. Olemba ndemanga ochepa atsimikiza kuti nkhondo ya NATO ku Libya ndi njira yovomerezeka yothandiza anthu. Nkhondo ya mlengalenga ku Lybia inaphwanya Chisankho cha UN Security Council 1973, Malamulo a US ndi War Powers Act; ndipo ikukhazikitsa chitsanzo. Nkhondo ya mlengalenga ku Libya ndi njira ina yobwezera ku diplomacy yosakhala yankhondo; inachepetsa mgwirizano wa African Union ndipo ikukhazikitsa njira yoti asilikali ambiri alowererepo ku Africa pamene zofuna za US zili pachiwopsezo.

Ngati tiyerekeza ziwerengero:

1. Ndalama zonse zomwe zikuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhondo ya ku Iraq (zoyerekeza $3 triliyoni) zingapereke "ndalama zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi kupanga magetsi ongowonjezwdwanso” kukufunika kuyambira pano mpaka 2030 kuti kusintha kusintha kwa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kusinthe.
2. Pakati pa 2003-2007, nkhondoyi inapanga matani osachepera 141 miliyoni a carbon dioxide ofanana (CO2e), chaka chilichonse cha nkhondo kuposa mayiko 139 padziko lonse omwe amatulutsidwa chaka chilichonseKumanganso masukulu aku Iraq, nyumba, mabizinesi, milatho, misewu ndi zipatala zomwe zawonongeka ndi nkhondo, komanso makoma atsopano achitetezo ndi zotchinga zidzafunika matani mamiliyoni ambiri a simenti, imodzi mwa magwero akuluakulu a mafakitale otulutsa mpweya wowononga chilengedwe.
3. Mu 2006, dziko la US linagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pa nkhondo ku Iraq kuposa zomwe dziko lonse lapansi linagwiritsa ntchito pa ndalama zongowonjezwdwanso mphamvu.
4. Pofika mu 2008, boma la Bush linagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuwirikiza ka 97 pankhondo kuposa kusintha kwa nyengo. Monga wopikisana nawo paudindo wa pulezidenti, Purezidenti Obama analonjeza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana $150 biliyoni pazaka khumi pa ukadaulo wamagetsi obiriwira ndi zomangamanga - ndalama zochepa kuposa zomwe United States idagwiritsa ntchito chaka chimodzi cha nkhondo ya Iraq.

Nkhondo si kungotaya zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, koma ndi chifukwa chachikulu chowononga chilengedwe. Asitikali ali ndi zizindikiro zambiri za mpweya woipa.

Asilikali aku US avomereza kuti amadutsa migolo 395,000 ya mafuta (mgolo umodzi wa ku US = malita 158.97) tsiku lililonse. Chiwerengerochi ndi chodabwitsa chomwe chingakhale chocheperako. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta konse kuchokera kwa makontrakitala ankhondo, opanga zida ndi maziko onse achinsinsi ndi ntchito zomwe sizinatchulidwe pa ziwerengero zovomerezeka zikaganiziridwa, kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kungakhale pafupi ndi migolo miliyoniKuti timvetse bwino ziwerengerozi, asilikali aku US omwe ali pantchito ndi pafupifupi 0.0002% ya anthu onse padziko lapansi, koma ndi gawo la dongosolo lankhondo lomwe limapanga pafupifupi 5% ya mpweya woipa womwe umawononga dziko lapansi.

Zambiri mwa zinthu zotulutsa mpweyazi zimachokera ku zomangamanga zankhondo zomwe US ​​​​imasunga padziko lonse lapansi. Ndalama zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe chifukwa cha nkhondo yokha ndi zokwera kwambiri.

Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo sikungokhala kusintha kwa nyengo kokha. Zotsatira za kuphulika kwa mabomba a nyukiliya ndi kuyesa kwa nyukiliya, kugwiritsa ntchito Agent Orange, uranium yotha ndi mankhwala ena oopsa, komanso mabomba okwirira ndi malamulo osaphulika omwe akhalapo m'malo omenyera nkhondo nthawi yayitali nkhondo itapitirira, zapangitsa asilikali kukhala ndi mbiri yoyenera ngati "kuukira kwakukulu kwambiri pa chilengedwe." Akuti 20% ya kuwonongeka konse kwa chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi kumachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi zochitika zina zokhudzana nazo.

Chomwe chimachitika ndi mavuto azachilengedwe awa omwe akukula chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko lapansi, ndi kusinthana komwe kukuchitika mu bajeti ya federal ya US pakati pa chitetezo chankhondo ndi chitetezo chenicheni cha anthu ndi chilengedwe. United States imapereka mpweya woposa 30 peresenti wotentha padziko lonse lapansi mumlengalenga, womwe umapangidwa ndi asanu peresenti ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso usilikali wa US. Zidutswa za bajeti ya federal ya US zomwe zimathandizira maphunziro, mphamvu, chilengedwe, ntchito zachitukuko, nyumba ndi kupanga ntchito zatsopano, zikaphatikizidwa, zimalandira ndalama zochepa kuposa bajeti yankhondo/yoteteza. Nduna yakale ya Labor Robert Reich watcha bajeti yankhondo pulogalamu yantchito yothandizidwa ndi okhometsa msonkho ndipo akunena kuti ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito pantchito zamagetsi, maphunziro ndi zomangamanga ziyenera kuyikidwa patsogolo - chitetezo chenicheni cha dziko.

Tiyeni tisinthe zinthu. Magulu a mtendere: yambani kufufuza kuti muwone momwe asilikali amatulutsira mpweya wa CO2 komanso kuipitsa dziko lathu. Omenyera ufulu wa anthu: lankhulani momveka bwino motsutsana ndi nkhondo ndi chiwonongeko. Chifukwa chake ndikupempha mwamphamvu onse omenyera ufulu wa nyengo azaka zonse:

'Tetezani Nyengo mwa kukhala wolimbikitsa mtendere komanso wotsutsa usilikali'.

Ria Verjauw / ICBUW / Leuvense Vredesbeweging

Sources:

ufpj-peacetalk- Chifukwa chiyani kuletsa nkhondo ndikofunikira poletsa kusintha kwa nyengo | Elaine Graham-Leigh

Elaine Graham-Leigh, buku:'Zakudya Zopanda Thanzi: Kalasi, Chakudya ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo'

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/index.html

https://truthout.org/articles/the-military-assault-on-global-climate/

Ian Angus, Kukumana ndi Anthropocene - Monthly Review Press 2016), tsamba 161