Kulimbana Kwachibadwidwe Kulimbana ndi Usilikali: Kuwonetseratu Kulimbana Kwachiwawa kwa Okinawa, Kulimba Mtima ndi Kukhazikika pa Ndondomeko Yachitetezo cha Demokalase.

Wolemba Betty A. Reardon, Institute on Peace Education.

Resilient Resistance

Kumayambiriro kwa mvula ya Okutobala kunali kokhazikika, komwe kunagwa ndi mvula yamkuntho yomwe idadumphira m'chinsalu chobisala nzika za 100 za Okinawan, zomwe zidakhala zotsutsana ndi kumangidwa kwa heliport yankhondo ku Henoko. Ambiri anali atafika pachipata Camp Schwab (imodzi mwa malo 33 aku US ku prefecture) kwa maola ambiri tikuyandikira m'mawa kwambiri. Ndinali m'gulu la gulu laling'ono la Okinawa Women Act Against Military Violence (OWAAM), omwe ndakhala nawo limodzi kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1990s. Motsogozedwa ndi Suzuyo Takazato, woyambitsa OWAAM komanso membala wakale wa Naha City Assembly, likulu la prefectural, azimayiwa akhala m'gulu la omwe akulimbana nawo kwambiri. Nthawi zonse amalumikizana ndi nthumwi ku US kuti adziwitse nzika zaku America ndikupempha mamembala a Congress, mabungwe aboma ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma kuti awathandize kuthetsa nkhondo ku Okinawa.

Nthumwi zathu zinalowa nawo pamsonkhanowo kumvetsera mndandanda wa otsutsa, ena mwa iwo omwe amatenga nawo mbali tsiku ndi tsiku pachionetserochi kwa zaka zoposa khumi za kukana kwapachiweniweni kuti apititse patsogolo nkhondo ya US ku Japan, kukhalapo kosalekeza kosalekeza kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri kuyambira nkhondo yamagazi ya ku Japan. Okinawa yomwe inathetsa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Muzokambirana zazifupi, zina zonena za kuyimitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali kwa asitikali aku US, olankhula angapo adapereka mlandu wotsutsana ndi zomangamanga zomwe zingawonjezere zotsatira zoyipa zamagulu ankhondo omwe amakhudza pafupifupi 20% ya izi, chilumba chachikulu. wa Ufumu wakale wodziyimira pawokha wa Ryukyus. Zisumbu zomwe zinalandidwa ndi Japan mu 1879 tsopano ndi chigawo cha boma la Japan. Ngakhale Okinawa ali ndi bwanamkubwa wosankhidwa payekha, msonkhano wake wa prefectural, ndipo ali ndi nthumwi m'modzi mu National Diet, ikupitiriza kuyang'aniridwa ngati koloni.

Ngakhale okamba onse adagwirizana pakufunika kobwezeretsanso ulamuliro wa malo omwe adagwidwa ndi maziko ku prefecture, adabweretsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndikuyimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu omwe adasonkhanitsidwa pansi pansaluyo omwe anali azaka zonse, ntchito komanso ochokera kumadera ambiri pachilumbachi. . Iwo anali otenga nawo gawo pa kukana kwanthawi yayitali, kosachita zachiwawa kwa nzika zotsutsana ndi kukhalapo kwa asirikali komwe kudadziwonetsa koyamba ngati gulu lalikulu mu 1995 pomwe masauzande ambiri adachita nawo msonkhano wa nzika mumzinda wa Ginowan. Msonkhanowu unali wodzudzula za nkhanza zakugonana zomwe zachitika posachedwa kwambiri ndi asitikali aku US, kugwiriridwa kwa mtsikana wazaka 12 wasukulu ndi asitikali atatu. Idawunikiranso zaupandu wosiyanasiyana komanso zowononga zina zamagulu ndi chilengedwe, kuwononga moyo wawo komanso kuwononga chitetezo cha anthu (kuwerengera pang'ono kwazaka makumi asanu zoyamba zamilandu zomwe zikupitilira mpaka pano zalembedwa. mu"Mndandanda Wazolakwa Zazikulu Zomwe Zachitika ndi Zochitika Zokhudza Asitikali Aku US ku Okinawa,” 1948-1995). Yoshitami Ohshiro, membala wa nthawi yayitali wa City Assembly of Nago, pozindikira zovuta zina zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa njanji ziwiri zomwe zimangidwe posachedwa, adalankhula za kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha wokhudza momwe angawonongere chilengedwe. airbase yokonzekera ikuchitidwa ndi wasayansi wa zachilengedwe ku yunivesite ya Ryukyus, phunziro lomwe silidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kwa kukana kwawoko, komanso kwa omwe aku America ndi mayiko amtendere komanso olimbikitsa zachilengedwe omwe amathandizira kulimbana kwawo.

Fumiko Shimabukuro wazaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi adzipereka kukana wapolisi kumuchotsa mokakamiza kutsogolo kwa chipata cha Camp Schwab m'mawa wa Okutobala 29 ku Henoko, Nago City (Chithunzi: Ryukyu Shimpo)

Monga mmodzi wa ochirikiza oterowo, ndinaitanidwa kulankhula ndi gululo, kufotokoza kupyolera mwa kumasulira kwa Dr. Kozue Akibayashi wa Doshisha Unversity ku Kyoto, kusirira kwanga kaamba ka kulimba mtima kwawo ndi kulimba mtima. Zowonadi, ena otsutsa omwe analipo anali m'gulu la anthu omwe adayika moyo ndi miyendo pachiwopsezo, m'mabwato ang'onoang'ono a rabara omwe adakhomeredwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti atembenuze zomwe zidayambika pakufufuzako kuti adziwe malo enieni omangapo panyanja. Kulimba mtima kwawo kunali kudzayesedwanso pasanathe milungu iwiri kuchokera pa tsiku la ulendo umenewu pamene apolisi akumaloko ndi asilikali a ku Japan anaika mwamphamvu unyolo wawo waumunthu. Unyolo wa anthuwa ukuyesera kuletsa zida zomangira ndi antchito omwe boma la mainland lidatumiza kuti ayambe ntchito yomanga monga adatero Rykyu Shimpo.

M'modzi mwa omwe atsala pang'ono kuthawa kwawo anali mnzake wa octogenarian, Fumiko Shimabukuro, wotsutsa kwambiri, yemwe amakhalapo tsiku lililonse pamalo ochitira ziwonetsero. Iye ndi ine tinakambitsirana mothandizidwa ndi Dr. Akibayashi. Adandiuza kuti kutenga nawo gawo pankhondo iyi yoletsa kumangidwa kwa bwalo la ndege, komanso zaka zonse zotsutsa kukhalapo kwa magulu ankhondo aku US kumachokera ku kudzipereka kofunikira ku chifukwa chachikulu chothetsera nkhondo. Adafotokozanso zowopsa za Nkhondo ya Okinawa yomwe anthu wamba adakumana nayo komanso zomwe adakumana nazo ali wachinyamata, yemwe adagwidwa ndi chipwirikiti ndi zowawa za kuwukira kwa US, zikumbukiro zidakhalabe zamoyo chifukwa cha kupezeka kosalekeza. ankhondo pachilumba chonse cha kwawo. Kulimbana kwake kumatha kokha ndi kuchotsedwa kwa maziko kapena kumapeto kwa moyo wake.

Kuukira kwa Asilikali pa Zachilengedwe

Kuchokera pakukhala pa chipata cha Camp Schwab tinapita ku malo ena otsutsa pamphepete mwa nyanja kumene misewu idzapita ku Oura Bay. Hiroshi Ashitomi, Wapampando wa Msonkhano Wotsutsana ndi Ntchito Yomanga Heliport komanso mtsogoleri wotsogolera msasa wotsutsana ndi malo omangira madzi, adatidziwitsa za zotsatira zomwe zadziwika kale za chilengedwe cha nkhondoyi; pakati pawo ziwopsezo ku zamoyo zakuthengo za m'madzi zomwe zimawonedwa pa khadi lake lazantchito ndi chojambula chaching'ono cha kamba wa m'nyanja ndi dugong (nyama yoyamwitsayi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi manatee, yobadwira ku Caribbean ndi Tampa Bay). Chotsatira chimodzi chowononga kwambiri zachilengedwe chomwe chikuyembekezeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa matanthwe a coral omwe akhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira pomwe adapangidwa ngati chotchinga, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mkuntho waukulu ndi tsunami.

Ashitomi adabweretsanso malipoti okhudza izi paulendo wina wanthawi ndi nthawi ku Congress ya US ndi nthumwi za mamembala otsutsa omwe amakhulupirira kuti ngati zotsatira zenizeni za kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali zankhondo zimadziwika kwa anthu aku America ndi oyimira awo, zinthu zitha kusintha. Chikhulupiriro chomwechi ndi chomwe chinalimbikitsa oyamba a nthumwi zotere zomwe zinakonzedwa ndi Okinawa Women Against Military Violence, mu Peace Caravan kupita ku mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya America ku 1996. Suzuyo Takazato ndi ena mwa nthumwizo anapita ku Teachers College Columbia University - kumene ndinali kupereka mtendere. maphunziro. Anatifotokozera zenizeni za zochitika za Okinawa zokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso nkhanza za kugonana kwa amayi zomwe zakhala zikuchitidwa ndi asilikali a US kuyambira nthawi ya nkhondo ya Okinawa mpaka lero (nthawi ya ziwawa izi zilipo. pa pempho). Izi makamaka mawonekedwe a nkhanza zankhondo kwa amayi nthawi zambiri imamanyalanyazidwa pokambirana za nkhondo ndi mikangano zomwe zimalimbikitsa upandu wa nkhanza kwa amayi (VAW). Mkhalidwe wa Okinawa ukuwonetsa kufunika kwa VAW m'malo okhazikika komanso kukhalapo kwanthawi yayitali kwa asitikali ku chimodzi mwazolinga zazikulu zitatu za UN Security Council Resolution 1325 pa Women Peace and Security, chitetezo cha amayi ku nkhanza zotengera jenda komanso nkhondo. Mfundo zolembedwa m’ndandanda wa nthawi ya OWAAM zikusonyeza kuti chitetezo chimenechi n’chofunika m’mbali zokonzekera nkhondo komanso m’kati mwa nkhondo. Omenyera ufulu wachikazi amawona kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa nkhanza zolimbana ndi chilengedwe ndi nkhanza zotengera jenda zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu kwa OWAAM ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachikazi kwina komwe akuyesetsa kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa zida zankhondo m'magawo awo, kuthana ndi izi ndi mitundu ina yamavuto omwe amafala kwambiri. malo okhala padziko lonse lapansi. 

Kukakamiza Asilikali ku Okinawa Kutsutsana ndi American Democratic Values

Lipotili lalembedwa pofuna kuthandizira kuchepetsa maziko ndi kuchotsa komanso kugwirizana ndi anthu olimba mtima a ku Okinawa polimbana ndi nkhondo zomwe zimachepetsa chitetezo chawo ndikusokoneza moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Zowonadi, tonsefe timakhudzidwa pamlingo wina ndi maukonde apadziko lonse lapansi a mabungwe aku US, ndipo ambiri akumva kuyitanidwa kuti akane, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti aganizire njira zina zachitetezo zopanda chiwawa. Kwa anthu aku America njira yayikulu yolimbana ndi usilikali m'mitundu yonse komanso m'malo ake onse, atha kuyimilira kuthandizira kuyitanidwa kuti anthu a ku Okinawan azindikire ufulu wawo kuti atenge nawo gawo popanga zisankho zomwe zimakhudza moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku. kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe cha zilumba zawo. Titha kuyesetsanso nawo kuti amasulidwe ku ulamulilo wa atsamunda omwe adatumizidwa ndi maboma a Japan ndi United States. Kuti owerenga omwe ali ndi chidwi chotere athe kudziwitsidwa bwino za momwe zinthu zilili maumboni angapo ndi maulalo azinthu zomwe sizikupezeka muzofalitsa zathu zalembedwa pano.

Zomwe zikuchitika ku Okinawa chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa asitikali kwanthawi yayitali makamaka pachilumbachi, sizosiyana. Zofananazi zimapezeka m'madera pafupifupi 1000 padziko lonse lapansi omwe amakhala ndi magulu ankhondo ambirimbiri omwe amasungidwa ndi United States (zambiri pa Wikipedia osati zolondola, koma zikuwonetsa bwino kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zankhondo zaku US padziko lonse lapansi). Tanthauzo la maukonde apadziko lonse lapansi akukhalapo kwanthawi yayitali kwa asitikali aku America kwa ophunzitsa mtendere ndi olimbikitsa mtendere nawonso ndi ochuluka, onse komanso makamaka.

Zotsatira za Maphunziro a Mtendere

Chochitika cha Okinawa chimapereka mwayi wopindulitsa wophunzirira zina mwazinthu zowonekera bwino za zochitika zamagulu am'deralo monga malo oti akhale nzika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Zofananazo zikuchitikanso m'malo ena omwe ali ndi nthawi yayitali yankhondo yaku US. Kuphunzira za gulu la anti-base lapadziko lonse lapansi kutha kuwunikira zotsatira zowononga zachitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi chomwe chilipo pagulu lankhondo ku moyo wa madera omwe akukhala nawo, kusokoneza chitetezo cha anthu amderalo. Kupitilira apo, komanso zofunika kwambiri pazachikhalidwe komanso zamakhalidwe abwino a maphunziro amtendere, zochita za anthu wamba ndi zitsanzo zomveka bwino za kukana kwa madera opanda mphamvu kuvomereza kufooka komwe opanga mfundo zachitetezo amalingalira akapanga zisankho zomwe zimanyalanyaza chifuniro ndi ubwino wa nzika zomwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri. Kudziwa za kulimbana molimba mtima kwa dziko lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko ogwirizana ndi nzika zomwe zili ndi udindo wapachiweniweni, ulemu waumunthu padziko lonse ndi ufulu wa ndale wademokalase kungapereke ophunzira chidziwitso chakuti kukana kumenyana ndi kotheka. Ngakhale sizingakwaniritse zolinga zake nthawi yomweyo, kukana koteroko kumatha, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono, kuchepetsa mikhalidwe ndi njira zina zoipa, mwina kutsegulira njira yopita ku chitetezo chankhondo, kupatsa mphamvu anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Monga momwe zinalili zisankho zaposachedwa ku Okinawa zomwe zidakana maziko ake, zitha kukhala ndi tanthauzo ngati zili zochepa, nthawi zina zandale zosakhalitsa. Zinawonetsa kuti ochepa mwa osankhidwa a ku Okinawa akupitirizabe kukhulupirira kuti ubwino wochepa wa zachuma umaposa zovuta zomwe zilipo komanso zowonjezereka zaumunthu, zachikhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe zopezera maziko. Momwemonso, zikuwonetsa zonena za nzika za ufulu wawo kutenga nawo gawo pakukhazikitsa mfundo zachitetezo zomwe zimawakhudza kwambiri. Pamene mawonetseredwe oterowo akupitirira pakapita nthawi komanso m'madera ena, ngakhale pamene maboma akukumana ndi kusamvera, ndi umboni wa kulimbika komwe kuli chiyembekezo cha kusintha kwabwino m'dongosolo lachitetezo lamakono. Kusamvera koteroko kunaonekera m’ndime ya “The New Security Law.” Njira iyi yokwaniritsa cholinga cha Prime Minister Abe chofuna kubwezeretsanso dzikolo, ndikuchotsa Ndime 9 ya malamulo aku Japan omwe adasiya nkhondo, adabweretsa anthu masauzande ambiri m'misewu, kuwonetsa zotsutsana ndi malamulo ndikuyitanitsa kuti Article 9 isungidwe. Malamulo aku Japan akupitilizabe kuchititsa anthu ambiri okhala ku Japan omwe amakonda mtendere, omwe ambiri akutenga nawo gawo Kampeni Yapadziko Lonse Yankhani 9 Yothetsa Nkhondo.

Kuwona kukana kotereku ndi zotsatira zake kuthanso kukhala njira yopitira ku kafukufuku wozama komanso wozama wamalingaliro ndi kuthekera kwa njira zina, zotetezedwa zopanda usilikali ndi zoyesayesa za nzika kuti zidziwitse anthu ndi omwe amapanga mfundo zachitetezo. Kuphunzira za zomwe zikuchitika ku Okinawa, komanso momwe zinthu zilili m'madera ena omwe akukhala nawo mkati mwa kuunika kozama kwa chitetezo chankhondo chomwe chilipo ndi maziko ofunikira pakuwunika njira zina zomwe zaperekedwa. Kufufuza pazokambirana ndi zochita za gulu lankhondo lapadziko lonse lapansi lodana ndi maziko lingapereke maziko ophunzirira zoyeserera zolimbikitsa nzika, zapadziko lonse, zapadziko lonse lapansi, zapadziko lonse lapansi, zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zachitukuko zomwe zimapitilira ndikukwaniritsa kukana kwa anthu, njira zambiri zopanda chiwawa. pofuna kuchepetsa zigawenga ndi kusintha kotheratu kuchoka ku chitetezo cha boma chankhondo kupita ku chitetezo cha anthu. Njirazi, zozikidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi maphunziro okhudzana ndi mtendere, zimakhala ndi kuthekera kosintha malingaliro ndi njira zoganizira za chitetezo cha dziko. Poganizira njira zingapo zachitetezo zina, kusintha kuchoka pakuyang'ana zachitetezo chaboma kupita kukulimbikitsa moyo wabwino wa anthu amtundu wina, kutsindika njira yokwanira komanso yokwanira yokhudzana ndi chitetezo zitha kuthandiza maphunziro amtendere kuti akonzekeretse nzika kuti ziganizire. ndikuchita ntchito zandale zochotsera zida ndikuchotsa zida zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Kufufuza mu njira zina zotetezera chitetezo ndi chida chophunzirira chothandizira kufotokoza malingaliro onse ndi njira zowonjezereka zachitetezo monga zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi munthu osati maganizo a boma. Kulumikizana kwa magawo atatu ofunikira a maphunziro: chilengedwe, ufulu wa anthu ndi maphunziro amtendere - kulumikizana kwa nthawi yayitali ya kusanthula kwachikazi pamavuto ankhondo ndi ziwawa zankhondo - ndikofunikira masiku ano kufunafuna kumvetsetsa zomwe zingayambitse komanso mayankho ku vuto lanyengo. , kuwonjezeka kwa uchigawenga, njira zochepetsera zida ndi kuchotsa asilikali, kumasula kutsata ufulu wa anthu kuchokera kwa wotsatira wa chitetezo cha dziko, ndi kufulumira kwa kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kwa onse ndi nkhani zilizonse zamtendere ndi chitetezo. Ndithudi, zotsatira za jenda za kukhalapo kwa maziko ankhondo zimapangitsa UN Security Council Resolution 1325 chigawo chofunikira kwambiri cha maphunziro amtendere omwe alunjika ku maphunziro kuti athe kuthandiza maboma awo kuchitapo kanthu pakuchepetsa chitetezo.

GCPE ikukonzekera kufalitsa njira zophunzitsira zophunzirira izi m'makalasi aku yunivesite ndi sekondale. Malingaliro a magawo ophunzirira kuti agwirizane ndi momwe amaphunzitsira aliyense payekhapayekha adzaperekedwa. Ophunzitsa ena amtendere akuyembekeza kulimbikitsa kufunsa kotereku limodzi ndi kufalitsa chidziwitso cha zotsatira za maziko a US ndikudziwitsa anthu za kulimba mtima, kulimba mtima komanso kulimbikitsana ndi zochita za anthu aku Okinawa ndi madera ena omwe amakhala nawo padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhanizi ndizogwirizana ndi maphunziro a mtendere m'mayiko onse, chifukwa onse akukhudzidwa ndi / kapena akukhudzidwa ndi nkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi. Makamaka ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kwa nzika zonse zaku US zomwe m'maina awo magulu ankhondo aku America akhazikitsidwa ndipo akupitiliza kukulitsidwa monga zanenedwa posachedwa. “…. Pentagon yakonza dongosolo latsopano ku White House kuti amange magulu ankhondo ambiri ku Africa, Southwest Asia ndi Middle East "(The New York Times, Disembala 10 - Pentagon Ikufuna Kulumikiza Maziko Akunja mu ISIS-Foiling Network) ngati njira yothanirana ndi kukula kwa otsatira ISIS. Kodi zingatheke kuti gulu lamtendere lipereke malingaliro ndi kuyitanira kwa anthu njira zina zowonjezeretsa zankhondo ngati njira yayikulu yoletsa ndikuthana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa izi ndi ziwopsezo zonse zachitetezo cha dziko ndi padziko lonse lapansi? Wolemba ndi ogwira nawo ntchito mu Global Campaign for Peace Education akufuna kupereka njira zopezera ndikugwiritsa ntchito zina mwazambiri zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zochita za boma pothana ndi vutoli.

Kuti mumve zambiri pazotsatira za Military Bases ku Okinawa onani:

• Lipoti lochokera ku Okinawa: Kukhalapo Kwankhondo Kwanthawi yayitali (Suzuyo Takazato)
• Akazi ku Okinawa - Kupitiliza Kulimbana ndi Chiwawa cha Asilikali aku US (Suzuyo Takazato)
• Okinawa: Zotsatira za Kukhalapo kwa Asitikali aku US Kwanthawi yayitali
• Amayi & Asitikali aku US ku East Asia (Onjezani!)

Ponena za wolemba: Betty A. Reardon ndi mtsogoleri wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi pankhani za maphunziro a mtendere ndi ufulu wa anthu; ntchito yake yochita upainiya yakhazikitsa maziko a kuphatikizika kwatsopano kwa maphunziro a mtendere ndi ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera pamalingaliro a amuna ndi akazi, padziko lonse lapansi.