Kuyamba Kwa Mapeto

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, July 2, 2020

Chiyambi kapena Mapeto zitha kukhala chiyambi cha chimaliziro.

Ngati mukuganiza kuti anthu alipo zaka zana zapitazo kuchokera pagulu lomwe limaphatikizapo magawo a mbiri yakale, mutha kuyembekeza, kuthana ndi kusintha kwakukulu, kuti mabuku azamalemba aku US adzalongosola izi ngati nthawi yamtendere, mwina ndikuti kulephera kwa Trump kuthandiza anthu akuVenezuel ndi gulu lalikulu lothandiza anthu , ndipo ndikuwononga ziganizo zochepa ku ukapolo wa Trump kwa Vladimir Putin.

Padzakhala ofufuza ndi maprofesa, omwe atenga zidziwitso zonse, chikalata chilichonse, matepi a kanema, kuulula kwa imfa, ndi kuwunikira mwachinsinsi. Adzakhala atakhazikitsa kupitirira kukayikira kuti a Donald J. Trump anali wadyera waumbanda yemwe anali wolakwa pa milandu yowonjezereka yaumbanda ndi nkhanza zomwe sizinatumikirepo kutali ndi Putin, yemwe mokwiyitsa anakwiya ndi Putin pomenya, mpikisano wachuma, kugawanika kwa mapangano ndi mapangano, kuthamangitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito, kuphulitsidwa kwa asitikali aku Russia, komanso magulu ankhondo ankhanza komanso kuwonjezereka kwa NATO. Ndipo kudziwa kumeneko sikungakhale kofunika.

Umu ndi momwe mbiri yakale yaku US imagwirira ntchito. Pakalibe mayendedwe otchuka olimba kufafaniza mafano amiyala ndi kupanga manyazi pagulu, maphunziro a mbiriyakale aku US sasiya zonse zomwe angathe ndikupanga mosamala chilichonse chachikulu chomwe sichingapewe. Chitsanzo chapaderadera chomaliza ndi kusanja kwa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Mzinda womalizirawu umapewa makamaka poyang'ana zakale, zomwe sizingapewe, motero amanamiziridwa.

Chifukwa chiyani aphunzitsi a mbiri yakale ku US m'masukulu oyambira aku US lero - mu 2020! - auzeni ana kuti bomba la nyukiliya laponyedwa ku Japan kuti lipulumutse miyoyo - kapena "bomba" (limodzi) kuti asatchule Nagasaki? Izi zitangochitika, boma la US linakhazikitsa komiti yoti ifufuze funso lomwe linamaliza mosiyana, kuvomera kazembe wa US ku Japan panthawiyo, asayansi ambiri omwe anali kumbuyo kwa mabomba omwe amayesa kuletsa ntchito zawo, ndipo ambiri mwa akulu akulu ankhondo aku US panthawiyo, omwe onse amakhulupirira kuti nkhondoyi yatha, Japan ikadadzipereka kale ngati italoledwa kusunga mfumu yake ndipo posachedwa ipereka mosasamala popanda amnduna, ndipo ngakhale popanda Kuukira kwa US ndipo kulibe Soviet. Kuukira kwa Soviet kudakonzedwa bomba lisanachitike, osasankha. US idalibe zolinga zowononga miyezi ingapo, ndipo palibe malingaliro pamlingo woyika miyoyo yawo pachiswe yomwe aphunzitsi angakuuzeni kuti mwapulumutsidwa. Miyoyo, mwa njira, si chuma chapadera cha asitikali aku US. Anthu aku Japan nawonso anali ndi miyoyo.

Ofufuza ndi maprofesa atulutsa umboniwo kwazaka 75. Akudziwa kuti Truman adadziwa kuti nkhondoyi yatha, kuti Japan akufuna kudzipereka, kuti Soviet Union yatsala pang'ono kuukira. Amadziwa kuphulika kwa Nagasaki kusunthidwa kuchokera pa Ogasiti 11^th mpaka August 9^th chifukwa choopa kuti Japan ingagonjere zisanachitike. Adalemba zakusagwirizana konse ndi bomba lomwe lili mkati mwa asitikali aku US ndi boma komanso asayansi, komanso chidwi chakuwayesa mabomu omwe ntchito zambiri ndi zotaya zidalowa, komanso chidwi choopseza dziko komanso makamaka Asovieti, komanso kutseguka kopanda manyazi ndi kopanda manyazi kwa phindu la Japan.

Koma kodi anafunika kulemba zonsezi? Kodi panali ntchito iliyonse yotere? Kodi Truman sanauze anthu atangopalamula mlanduwo kuti zomwe adachita ndizobwezera Japan? Kodi sananene zomwezo mpaka atamwalira? Kodi sanavomereze poyera kuti chidani choipa, chosankhana mitundu ndi achi Japan chomwe chinali ndalama wamba pachikhalidwe? Kodi anthu sanadziwe mwachangu kwambiri kuti zomwe ananena kuti waphulitsa bomba m'malo mwa mzinda zinali zabodza? Kodi anthu sanawerenge nkhani ya John Hersey ya omwe adapulumuka ku Hiroshima ndikuzindikira kuti palibe choipa chilichonse kuposa kuphulitsidwa kwa bomba komwe kuphulika komwe kumatha kupewedwa? Kodi yankho lolondola silinapezeke nthawi yomweyo, m'malo mofufuza zaka zambiri? Koma kodi sizinali zosavomerezeka, zosafunikira, zosagwirizana ndi gululi - monga kunena kuti a Donald Trump odana sagwira ntchito ku Russia?

Koma kodi gulu la ma groupthink lidapangidwa bwanji? Ndani adathandizira anthu kulowa mu nthano zabwino? Pamenepa, wolemba wina dzina lake Greg Mitchell adatibweretsera chisangalalo chachikulu ndi nkhani ya momwe zopangidwa zazikulu za Hollywood zidapangidwira. Chiyambi kapena Mapeto adatulutsidwa ndi MGM mu 1947 ndipo adakwezedwa kwambiri ngati blockbuster wamkulu wotsatira. Zinaphulitsa. Inataya ndalama. Zoyenera kukhala membala wa gulu la US sizowonekeratu kuti sizowonera zolemba zowoneka ngati zabwinobwino komanso zosasangalatsa ndi ochita sewera asayansi ndi ofunda omwe adapanga mtundu watsopano wa kupha anthu ambiri. Chochita choyenera chinali kupewa lingaliro lililonse la nkhaniyi. Koma omwe sanathe kuzipewa anapatsidwa nthano yayikulu. Mutha yang'anani pa intaneti kwaulere, ndipo monga Mark Twain akadanenera, ndizofunika ndalama iliyonse.

Kanemayo amatsegulira zomwe Mitchell adalongosola ngati kupereka mbiri ku UK ndi Canada pantchito yawo yopanga makina okupha - omwe amati ndiwokayikitsa ngati njira zabodza zopezera msika waukulu wa kanema. Koma zikuwoneka kuti zikuimba mlandu kwambiri kuposa kuyimba mbiri. Uku ndikuyesayesa kufalitsa mlanduwo. Kanemayo adalumpha mwachangu kukadzudzula Germany chifukwa chakuwopseza kuti adzasokoneza dziko lapansi ngati United States isanayambike. (Mutha kukhala ndi vuto lero kuti achinyamata akhulupirire kuti Germany idadzipereka Hiroshima asanafike.) Kenako wochita sewero loyipa la Einstein amatsutsa mndandanda wautali wa asayansi padziko lonse lapansi. Kenako munthu wina akuwonetsa kuti anyamata abwino akulephera kunkhondo ndipo akuyenera kuthamangira ndikupanga mabomba atsopano ngati akufuna kupambana.

Mobwerezabwereza timauzidwa kuti mabomba akuluakulu adzabweretsa mtendere ndi kuthetsa nkhondo. Wonyengerera wa FDR amachitanso zomwe Woodrow Wilson akuti, bomba la atomu lingathetse nkhondo zonse (zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zidachitikadi, ngakhale zaka 75 zapitazo). Timauzidwa ndikuwonetsedwa zopanda pake, monga kuti US idaponya timapepala ku Hiroshima kuchenjeza anthu (ndi masiku 10 - "Ndiwo machenjezo a masiku 10 kuposa omwe adatipatsa ku Pearl Harbor," akutero) Anthu aku Japan adaombera ndege ija ikamayandikira. M'malo mwake, US sinataye kapepala kamodzi ku Hiroshima koma - mwanjira yabwino ya SNAFU - idaponya timapepala tambiri ku Nagasaki tsiku lotsatira bomba la Nagasaki. Komanso ngwazi ya kanemayo imamwalira pangozi pomwe ikulimbana ndi bomba kuti ikonzekere kugwiritsidwa ntchito - nsembe yolimba mtima yokomera anthu m'malo mwa omwe achitiridwa nkhondoyi - mamembala ankhondo aku US. Kanemayo akuti anthu anaphulitsa bomba "sangadziwe chomwe chinawakhudza," ngakhale omwe amapanga makaniziwo amadziwa zowawa za omwe amwalira pang'onopang'ono.

Kulumikizana kuchokera kwa opanga makanema kwa mlangizi wawo ndi mkonzi wawo, a General Leslie Groves, anaphatikiza mawu awa: "Zomwe zingapangitse gulu lankhondo kuti lizioneka zopusa lidzachotsedwa." Haa, izi ziyenera kuti zinali zochulukirapo zotsika pansi!

Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe filimuyo imakhala yotopetsa, ndikuganiza, sikuti makanema akhala akuchulukitsa zochita zawo chaka chilichonse kwa zaka 75, kuwonjezera mtundu, ndi kupanga zida zamtundu uliwonse, koma kungoti chifukwa chomwe wina angaganize bomba kuti Kutchulidwa komwe kutchulidwa kokwanira kutalika konse kwa filimuyi ndi gawo lalikulu limasiyidwa. Sitikuwona zomwe zimachita, osati kuchokera pansi, kokha kuchokera kumwamba.

Buku la Mitchell, lotchedwanso Chiyambi kapena Mapeto, zili ngati kuonera soseji zopangidwa, komanso ngati kuwerenga zolemba kuchokera ku komiti yomwe imagwirizanitsa gawo lina la Bayibulo. Ichi ndiye chiyambi cha Global Policeman pakupanga. Ndipo ndi zoyipa. Zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Lingaliro lomwe la filimuyi lidachokera kwa wasayansi yemwe amafuna kuti anthu amvetsetse zoopsa, osati kupatsa chiwonongeko. Wasayansi uyu adalembera a Donna Reed, mkazi wabwino amene akwatiwa ndi Jimmy Stewart mkati Ndi Moyo Wodabwitsa, ndipo adayamba kugudubuzika mpira. Kenako idazungulira bala lakukulira kwa miyezi 15 ndi voila, chotulutsa chamakanema.

Panalibe funso lililonse lonena zoona. Ndi kanema. Mumapanga zinthu. Ndipo mumapanga zonsezi motsatira njira imodzi. Zolemba za kanemayu nthawi zina zinali zopanda pake, monga Nazi zomwe zimapatsa achi Japan bomba la atomiki - ndipo aku Japan amapanga labotale ya asayansi a Nazi, chimodzimodzi mdziko lenileni pano nthawi yomwe asitikali aku US anali kukhazikitsa malo opangira asayansi a Nazi (osanenapo kugwiritsa ntchito asayansi aku Japan). Palibe izi zomwe ndizoseketsa kuposa Mwamuna Wam'mwambamwamba, kutenga chitsanzo chaposachedwa cha zaka 75 za zinthuzi, koma izi zinali zoyambirira, izi zinali seminal. Opanga kanemayo adapereka chiwongolero chomaliza cha asitikali aku US ndi White House, osati kwa asayansi omwe ali ndi nkhawa. Ma biti ambiri abwino anali nawo kwakanthawi, koma adakwaniritsidwa chifukwa chofalitsa.

Ngati ndikulimbikitsidwa kulikonse, zikadakhala zoyipa kwambiri. Paramount anali mu mpikisano wamafilimu a zida za nyukiliya ndi MGM ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito Ayn ​​Rand kuti alembe chikalata chokomera dziko lawo. Chingwe chake chomaliza chinali "Munthu akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe chonse - koma palibe amene angamangirire munthu." Mwamwayi kwa tonsefe, sizinatheke. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale a Hersey Bokosi la Adano kukhala kanema wabwinoko kuposa Chiyambi kapena Mapeto, buku lomwe linagulitsidwa kwambiri pa Hiroshima sanasangalale ndi studio iliyonse ngati nkhani yabwino yopanga makanema. Tsoka ilo, Dr. Strangelove sichinawonekere mpaka chaka cha 1964, pomwe ambiri anali okonzeka kukayikira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa "bomba" koma osagwiritsa ntchito kale, kupangitsa mafunso onse kufunsa za mtsogolo adzafooka. Kugwirizana kumene kwa zida za nyukiliya kumafanana ndi nkhondo zambiri. Anthu aku US akhoza kukayikira nkhondo zonse zamtsogolo, ngakhale nkhondo zomwe zidamveka zaka 75 zapitazi, koma osati Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, akumapereka mafunso onse okhudza nkhondo zamtsogolo. M'malo mwake, kuvota kwaposachedwa kumakhala kofunitsitsa kuthandizira nkhondo yankhondo yamtsogolo ya anthu aku US.

Panthawiyo Chiyambi kapena Mapeto anali kujambulidwa ndi kujambulidwa, boma la US limatenga ndikubisalira zolaula zilizonse zomwe zimapeza zojambula zenizeni kapena zojambulidwa pamalowa. A Henry Stimson anali ndi nthawi yake ya Colin Powell, pomwe anali atakankhidwira kutsogolo kuti alembe mlandu wokhudza kuphulitsa mabomba. Mabomba ochulukirachulukira anali atamangidwa ndikupanga, ndipo anthu onse amathamangitsidwa kunyumba zawo, kuzinamizira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyumba zawo momwe amawonetsera kuti achita nawo chisangalalo.

Mitchell alemba kuti chimodzi mwazomwe Hollywood idazengeleza usitikali ndikuti agwiritse ntchito ndege zake, ndi zina zambiri, pakupanga, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mayina enieni a otchulidwa m'nkhaniyi. Zimandivuta kukhulupirira kuti izi zinali zofunika kwambiri. Ndi bajeti yopanda malire inali kutaya chinthu ichi - kuphatikiza kulipira anthu omwe amawapatsa mphamvu za veto - MGM ikadatha kupanga zopangira zake zosasangalatsa komanso mtambo wake wa bowa. Ndizosangalatsa kulingalira kuti tsiku lina iwo omwe amatsutsa kupha anthu ambiri atha kutenga china chake ngati nyumba yapadera ya US Institute of "Peace" ndikufuna kuti Hollywood ikwaniritse miyezo yamtendere kuti iwonere kumeneko. Koma gulu lamtendere lilibe ndalama, Hollywood ilibe chidwi, ndipo nyumba iliyonse imafanizidwa kwina. Hiroshima akanatha kufananizidwa kwina, ndipo mufilimuyo sanawonetsedwe konse. Vuto lalikulu apa linali malingaliro ndi zizolowezi zakugonjera.

Panali zifukwa zoopera boma. FBI inali kumazonda anthu omwe akukhudzidwa, kuphatikizapo asayansi osafuna kusintha ngati Oppenheimer omwe amapitiliza kuonera filimuyo, ndikudandaula za zovuta zake, koma osalimbika mtima kutsutsa. Red Scare yatsopano inali ikungokankha. Amphamvu anali kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Monga kupanga Chiyambi kapena Mapeto Mphepo yoti imalize, imanganso nthawi yomweyo bomba lomwe linachita. Pambuyo pa zolemba zambiri ndi zolipira zambiri ndikusinthanso ndikugwira ntchito ndi kupsompsona, palibe njira yomwe studioyo singamasulire. Pomwe zimatuluka, omvera anali ochepa komanso kuwunika kunasakanikirana. New York tsiku lililonse PM anapeza filimuyi "yotsitsimula," yomwe ndikuganiza inali yofunikira. Ntchito yakwaniritsidwa.

Mapeto a Mitchell ndiwakuti bomba lomwe linali "loyamba kumenyetsa", ndikuti United States kuthetseratu ndondomeko yake yoyamba. Koma zoona sizinali choncho. Unali mfuti yokha, kumenyedwa koyamba komaliza. Panalibe mabomba ena anyukiliya omwe amabweranso ngati "kumenyedwa kwachiwiri." Tsopano, lero, ngozi ndiyangozi mwanjira yogwiritsa ntchito mwadala, kaya ndiyoyamba, yachiwiri, kapena yachitatu, ndipo pakufunika kulumikizana kwambiri ndi maboma adzikoli omwe akufuna kuthana ndi zida za nyukiliya palimodzi.