Ndi David Swanson
Malingaliro pa Msonkhano wa Demokarasi ku Minneapolis pa Aug. 5, 2017
Mmawa uno tinapereka maulendo ku Kellogg Boulevard ku St. Paul. Tinakumana ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe ankadziwa chifukwa chake amatchedwa. Frank Kellogg anali wankhondo motanthauza kuti woimba msilikali ndi wolimba mtima. Iye anali Mlembi wa Boma yemwe analibe kanthu koma kunyoza mtendere waumtendere, mpaka chiwonetsero cha mtendere chinakhala champhamvu kwambiri, chochuluka kwambiri, chosasunthika. Kenaka Kellogg anasintha malingaliro ake, anathandiza kukhazikitsa Kellogg-Briand Pact, ndipo Scott Shapiro adanena mu bukhu lake labwino lomwe adalengeza, adawonetsa ntchito yoipa ndi yopanda chilungamo kuti adzalandire mphoto ya Nobel, m'malo molola mphotoyo kupita ku Salmon Levinson, Wotsutsa amene anayambitsa ndi kutsogolera gululi kuti asamenye nkhondo.
Panganoli likadali m'mabuku, lamulo lalikulu kwambiri mdzikolo. Imaletsa momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino nkhondo zonse pokhapokha mutasankha kutanthauzira, monganso ena a Asenema omwe adavomereza, ngati kuloleza mwakachetechete popanda kufotokozera "nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza," kapena pokhapokha mutanena kuti idasinthidwa ndikupanga United Nations Mgwirizano womwe udaloleza "nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza" komanso nkhondo yovomerezedwa ndi United Nations (zosemphana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti UN Charter idachita), kapena pokhapokha mutanena (ndipo izi ndizofala kuposa momwe mungaganizire) chifukwa nkhondo ilipo Kuletsa nkhondo ndikosavomerezeka (yesani kuuza wapolisi kuti chifukwa mumathamangitsa lamulo loti anthu azithamanga kwambiri lasinthidwa).
Pali nkhondo zambiri zomwe zikuchitika, osaloledwa ndi UN, ndipo - mwakutanthauzira - gulu limodzi silimenya "modzitchinjiriza." Mabomba aku US m'maiko 8 mzaka 8 zapitazi onse akhala osaloledwa ndi UN Charter. Kuphulika kwa mabomba koyambirira kwa mayiko osauka omwe ali pakati pa dziko lonse lapansi ndikotsutsana ndi tanthauzo la "kudzitchinjiriza" kwa aliyense. Ndipo lingaliro loti UN idaloleza kuukira Afghanistan kapena dziko lina kupatula Iraq, lomwe anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti lakana kuvomereza, ndi nthano chabe zam'mizinda. Chilolezo ku Libya chinali kuteteza kuphedwa komwe sikunawopsezedwe, osati kugwetsa boma. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumapeto kwapangitsa kuti UN ikane Syria. Lingaliro loti Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Yemen, kapena Philippines atha kuloleza asitikali akunja kuti achite nkhondo ndi anthu awo atha kukambirana, koma palibe paliponse pofotokozedwa mu Peace Pact kapena mu UN Charter. Zomwe zimatchedwa "udindo woteteza" ndi lingaliro chabe, kaya mukugwirizana ndi ine kuti ndi lingaliro lachinyengo komanso lachifumu; sayenera kupezeka mu lamulo lililonse. Chifukwa chake, ngati tikungofuna kuloza ku lamulo lomwe nkhondo zamakono zimaphwanya, bwanji osaloza womwe anthu adamva, womwe ndi UN Charter? Nkulekeranji kufumbi pamalamulo omwe amakhala kwinakwake pakati pa oyamba-amakunyalanyazani inu ndi magawo amakusangalatsani?
Poyamba, ndikulemba buku langa Nkhondo Yowonongeka Yadziko kuwunikira nzeru, luso, malingaliro, ndi kutsimikiza kwa mayendedwe omwe adapanga Kellogg-Briand Pact. Chimodzi mwazanzeruzi chili pamalingaliro ofotokozedwa ndi a Levinson ndi anthu ena olakwira kuti nkhondo ZONSE, osati "nkhondo yankhanza", ziyenera kuletsedwa, kusalidwa, ndikuchitidwa mosaganizira. Ophwanya malamulowa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito fanizo la kumenyedwa, kunena kuti sikuti kumangokhala koletsedwa mwalamulo, koma bungwe lonselo lidachotsa, kuphatikiza "kudzitchinjiriza." Izi ndi zomwe amafuna kuti achite kunkhondo. Amafuna nkhondo ndi kukonzekera nkhondo, kuphatikiza zida zankhondo, zitha, ndikusinthidwa ndi malamulo, kupewa mikangano, kuthetsa mikangano, zamakhalidwe, zachuma, komanso kuwalanga aliyense payekhapayekha. Lingaliro loti amakhulupirira kuti kuvomereza mgwirizanowu, paokha, kutha kwa nkhondo zonse ndizowona monga chikhulupiriro cha Columbus padziko lapansi lathyathyathya.
Gulu lankhondo la zigawenga lidali mgwirizano wawukulu wosavomerezeka, koma womwe udakana kunyalanyaza kuletsa nkhondo YONSE (mwina ndi momwe ambiri mwa omenyera ufulu wawo adawonera chilankhulo chomveka bwino cha mgwirizanowu, komanso momwe anthu amaonera izo). Zokambirana zaopanda malamulo nthawi zambiri zinali zamakhalidwe osafanana kwenikweni ndi dziko lamasiku ano lodzaza ndi zotsatsa pomwe omenyera ufulu wawo amangopanga zofuna zawo zokha.
Zonse zomwe mumapanga ndi nzeru kapena kukhalapo kwa nkhondo yotetezeka kuganiza mu 1920s, sitingathe kupulumuka lero. Kutetezedwa kapena kungoganiza za nkhondo kumaloleza ndalama zomwe zimagula zakupha zomwe zimapha poyamba choyamba mwa kusokoneza zida zochokera ku zosowa za anthu ndi zachilengedwe. Zing'onoting'ono zing'onozing'ono za ndalama zamagulu zimatha kuthetsa njala, madzi osayera, matenda osiyanasiyana, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osokoneza bongo. Nkhondo yongopeka chabe iyenera kukhala yongopitirira zaka makumi angapo za kuponderezedwa kumeneku kwa chuma komanso nkhondo zonse zopanda chilungamo zomwe zakhala zikupangika, kuphatikizapo ngozi yowonjezereka ya nyukiliya yopangidwa ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo , osatchula kuwonongeka kumene bungwe limapanga ku chilengedwe, ufulu wa anthu, apolisi apakhomo, boma loimira, ndi zina zotero.
Chifukwa china choyenera kukumbukira Kellogg-Briand ndikumvetsa tanthauzo lake la mbiri yakale. Chigwirizano chisanayambe, nkhondo inali kumveka ngati yololedwa ndi yovomerezeka. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha Pangano, nkhondo nthawi zambiri imakhala yoletsedwa komanso yopanda chilungamo pokhapokha itagonjetsedwa ndi United States. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi mbali ya chifukwa chake ziwerengero zomwe zimati nkhondo yapitirira kwambiri zaka makumi angapo zapitazi zikuoneka kuti ndikulakwitsa. Mbali zina za chifukwa chake zikuphatikizapo zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndizolakwika zowerengeka ndi zochitika zina zowonongeka.
Mosasamala kanthu kuti mukuganiza kuti nkhondo - monga mitundu ina ya nkhanza ikuwonekera - ikuchepa, tifunika kuzindikira vuto linalake ndikupeza zida zopangira kuthana nalo. Ndikulankhula zakuti boma la US lakonda nkhondo. Chiyambireni nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, asitikali aku US apha anthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni, kugwetsa maboma osachepera 36, kulowerera zisankho zosachepera 82 zakunja, kuyesa kupha atsogoleri akunja aku 50, ndikuponya bomba kwa anthu m'maiko opitilira 30. Zowonjezerazi zakupha anthu zalembedwa mu DavidSwanson.org/WarList. M'maprimary a Republican chaka chatha oyang'anira zokambirana adafunsa wopikisana naye ngati angafune kupha mazana ndi masauzande a ana osalakwa. Omaliza ofalitsa nkhani ku US adakwiya ndi chilengezo cha White House kuti kuyambira pano likhala likumenya mbali imodzi yokha yankhondo ku Syria, nkhondo yomwe mtsogoleri wa US "ntchito zapadera" sabata yatha adati ndizosaloledwa kuti US ikhale .
Anthu akafuna kulembetsa kuzunzidwa kapena kumangidwa mosavomerezeka kapena ufulu wachibungwe m'makampani amapempha ma marginalia pamilandu yamilandu, kugwetsa mavoti, ndi zamkhutu zamtundu uliwonse zomwe sizalamulo. Bwanji osakweza lamulo lomwe lili kumbali yamtendere? Ankhondo Omenyera Mtendere kuno ku Twin Cities adatsogolera ntchitoyi, kupeza chithandizo cha Pact mu DRM Record ndi Frank Kellogg Day yomwe yalengezedwa ndi City Council ku 2013.
Nayi lingaliro linanso: bwanji osapangitsa mayiko omwe si achipani padziko lonse kuti asayine pa KBP? Kapena kodi maphwando omwe alipo alipo kuti anenenso kudzipereka kwawo ndikupempha kuti azitsatiridwa?
Kapena bwanji osayambitsa kayendetsedwe kadziko lonse kuti mutenge kapena kusintha bungwe la United Nations ndi International Criminal Court ndi World Court ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka, omwe angafune kuti atsatire malamulo a dziko lonse ndi dziko lonse la United States kuphatikizapo United States komanso? Tili ndi njira zopangira thupi lonse loimira anthu ammudzimo malinga ndi chiwerengero cha anthu. Ife sitimangokwanira ku mayiko ena monga njira zogonjetsera dziko.
Robert Jackson, Woyimira Milandu wamkulu ku US pamilandu ya Nazi pazankhondo komanso milandu ina yofananira yomwe idachitika ku Nuremberg, Germany, pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, idakhazikitsa mfundo padziko lonse lapansi, kuzenga mlandu wake makamaka pa Kellogg-Briand Pact. "Zolakwitsa zomwe timafuna kutsutsa ndikuwalanga," adatero, "zawerengedwa, zoyipa, komanso zowononga, kotero kuti chitukuko sichingalolere kunyalanyazidwa, chifukwa sichingakhalebe chomwe chimachitika." A Jackson adalongosola kuti sichinali chilungamo cha opambana, kuwonetsa kuti United States ikadagonjera mayesero ofanana ngati atakakamizidwa kutero potsatira kudzipereka kwawo mosavomerezeka. "Ngati zochitika zina zoswa mapanganowo ndi milandu, ndi milandu kaya United States izichita kapena Germany izichita," adatero, "ndipo sitinakonzekere kukhazikitsa lamulo lochitira anzawo zomwe sitingachite khalani okonzeka kutipempherera. ”
Monga Outlawrists ndi anzawo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo akufuna kuti zonena za Woodrow Wilson zothana ndi nkhondo zitheke, tiyenera kuyesanso kuchita zomwezi ndi a Jackson.
Pamene Ken Burns ayamba zolemba zankhondo yaku America ku Vietnam poyitcha kuti nkhondo yayamba mwachikhulupiriro tiyenera kuzindikira bodza komanso zosatheka. Sitikuganiza kuti kugwiriridwa kumayambira ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino, ukapolo wayambika ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino, kuzunza ana kumayambira ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino. Ngati wina akuwuzani kuti nkhondo yayambika ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino, yesetsani kuti muwononge TV yanu.
