Chithunzi cha Chipatala cha Kunduz ku Afghanistan kudzera The Intercept.
Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, October 2, 2021
Nkhani yaposachedwa komanso buku laposachedwa zidandibweretsanso mutu womwewu. Nkhaniyi ndi nkhani yopanda chidziwitso kwa a Michael Ratner a Samuel Moyn, omwe amamuimba mlandu Ratner wothandizira nkhondo poyesa kusintha ndikusintha anthu m'malo moimaliza. Chotsutsacho ndi chofooka kwambiri chifukwa Ratner adayesetsa kuletsa nkhondo, kuthetsa nkhondo, NDI kusintha nkhondo. Ratner anali pamwambo uliwonse wankhondo. Ratner anali pagulu lililonse pakufunika kopititsa patsogolo Bush ndi Cheney pazankhondo komanso kuzunza. Sindinamvepo za Samuel Moyn mpaka adalemba izi zomwe zili ndi mbiri yakale. Ndine wokondwa kuti akufuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti atha kukhala mnzake wabwino pankhondoyi.
Koma funso lomwe lidafunsidwa, lomwe lakhalapo kwazaka zambiri, silingathe kuyankhidwa mosavuta ndikungonena kuti Moyn adazindikira zolakwika za Ratner. Nditatsutsa kuzunzidwa kwa nthawi ya Bush-Cheney, osasiya kwakanthawi zionetsero zanga zankhondo, anthu ambiri amandiimba mlandu wothandizira nkhondo, kapena kusandutsa chuma kuti ndimalize nkhondo. Kodi anali olakwika? Kodi Moyn akufuna kudzudzula Ratner chifukwa chotsutsa kuzunzidwa ngakhale akudziwa kuti nayenso amatsutsa nkhondo, chifukwa zabwino zambiri zimatheka ndikuthetsa zonse? Ndipo kodi zingakhale zolondola, mosasamala kanthu za udindo wa Moyn?
Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira pazinthu izi kuyamba ndikuwona komwe vuto lalikulu lili, okonda kutentha, opindulitsa pankhondo, otsogolera nkhondo, komanso anthu ambiri osachita chilichonse chodetsa nkhawa kuti asiye kapena kusintha omwe adaphedwa mwa njira iliyonse. Funso silikupangitsa kuti aphatikize okonzanso nkhondo ndi khamulo. Mafunso ali, m'malo mwake, ngati okonzanso nkhondo amasinthadi nkhondo, kaya kusinthako (ngati kulipo) kuli ndi phindu lalikulu, kaya kuyesayesa kumeneku kumathandiza kuthetsa nkhondo kapena kupititsa patsogolo nkhondo kapena ayi, mwina zabwino zambiri zikadachitidwa poyang'ana kufunikira koti kuthetsa nkhondo zina kapena bungwe lonselo, komanso ngati owonongera nkhondo atha kuchita zabwino zambiri poyesa kusintha okonzanso nkhondo kapena poyesa kulimbikitsa anthu osachita chidwi.
Pomwe ena a ife tayesayesa onse kuti asinthe ndikuthana ndi nkhondo ndikuwona awiriwo ngati othandizana nawo (sikuti nkhondo ndiyochulukirapo, osachepera, yoyenera kutha chifukwa imaphatikizaponso kuzunzidwa?), Komabe pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa okonzanso ndi obwezeretsa. Kugawikana kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana za anthu zokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwakupambana munjira ziwiri, iliyonse yomwe yakhala ikuwonetsa kupambana pang'ono ndipo itha kutsutsidwa pamtunduwu ndi omwe amathandizira winayo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha umunthu ndi malingaliro. Izi ndichifukwa chakutumizidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Ndipo imakwezedwa ndikuchepera kwazinthu, lingaliro la kuchepa kwa chidwi, komanso ulemu womwe mauthenga osavuta ndi ziganizo zimasungidwa.
Kugawikaku kukufanana ndi magawano omwe timawona chaka chilichonse, monga m'masiku aposachedwa, pomwe US Congress ivotera pamalamulo agwiritsidwe ntchito wankhondo. Aliyense amauzana kuti mwamaganizidwe wina atha kulimbikitsa mamembala a Congress kuti avotere posintha zomwe sizikhala ndi mwayi wopita ku Nyumba Yamalamulo (komanso mwayi woti adutse ku Senate ndi White House) komanso kuvota motsutsana ndi ndalama zonse (osakhala ndi mwayi wotseka ndikukhazikitsanso lamulolo, koma sipafunikira Seneti kapena Purezidenti kutero). Komabe, onse omwe ali mkati mwa Beltway, otsatira-a-Congress-Mamembala otsogolera amayika 99.9% ya zoyesayesa zawo pakusintha kwabwino, ndipo ochepa akunja adayika zomwezo poyesa kukakamiza Ayi mavoti pa biluyi. Simudzawona aliyense akuchita zinthu zonse molingana. Ndipo, kachiwiri, magawanowa ali mkati mwa anthu omwe sakuyesa kuti ndalama zowonongera asirikali palibe kuti athe kulingalira za Malipiro Awiri Ogwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri (omwe alidi, ophatikizidwa, ochepa kwambiri kuposa ndalama zomwe amawononga asirikali pachaka kuwononga).
Buku lomwe ladzutsa mutuwu kwa ine ndi latsopano lolembedwa ndi Leonard Rubenstein Mankhwala Oopsa: Kulimbana ndi Kuteteza Thanzi ku Chiwawa cha Nkhondo. Wina angayembekezere pamutu wotere buku lonena za chiwopsezo cha nkhondo palokha, gawo lomwe limayambitsa chifukwa chachikulu chakufa ndi kuvulala, kufalitsa kwakukulu kwa miliri ya matenda, maziko a chiopsezo cha apocalypse ya nyukiliya, zida zopanda nzeru zopanda nzeru ma lab, zovuta zaumoyo za othawa nkhondo, kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe komanso kuwonongeka koopsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo komanso kukonzekera nkhondo. M'malo mwake ndi buku lonena zakufunika kothana ndi nkhondo m'njira yoti madokotala ndi anamwino sadzaukiridwa, zipatala siziphulitsidwa bomba, maambulansi saphulitsidwa. Wolembayo akufuna kuti akatswiri azaumoyo atetezedwe ndikuloledwa kuchitira maphwando onse mosatengera kuti ndi ndani kapena omwe akupereka chithandizo. Tikufuna, Rubenstein akulimbana molondola, kutha kwa katemera wabodza ngati wa CIA ku Pakistan, kutha kutsutsa madotolo omwe amachitira umboni zaumboni wa kuzunzidwa, ndi zina zotero. kuti agwirizane ndi omenyera kuti apitirize kupha ndikuphedwa.
Ndani angakhale wotsutsa zinthu zoterezi? Ndipo komabe. Ndipo komabe: wina sangachitire mwina koma kuzindikira mzere womwe wakonzedwa m'bukuli, monganso ena onga iwo. Wolembayo sanapitilize kunena kuti tiyeneranso kusiya kupatula ndalama kuchokera kuchipatala kupita kuzida, tiyenera kusiya kuwombera mfuti ndi mfuti, kuyimitsa zochitika zankhondo zomwe zimawononga Dziko lapansi ndikutentha nyengo. Amayimira zosowa za ogwira ntchito zaumoyo. Ndipo wina sangachitire mwina koma kuzindikira momwe angatchulire nkhaniyi ndi wolemba wolemba, wopanda chowonadi, wosatsimikizika kuti "kupatsa chidwi chamunthu kuchitira nkhanza, makamaka munkhondo, zachiwawa izi sizidzatha konse, monganso nkhondo yokha ndipo nkhanza zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimatha. ” Chifukwa chake nkhondo ndichinthu chosiyana ndi nkhanza zomwe zimayambitsa, ndipo amati sikuti nthawi zonse "amapita nawo" koma "kawiri kawiri". Koma palibe chifukwa chilichonse chomwe chimaperekedwa kunkhondo sichitha. M'malo mwake, kupusa kwa lingaliro limenelo kumangobweretsedwa ngati kuyerekezera kuti zitsimikizire kuti zowona kuti nkhanza kwa omwe amapereka chithandizo chamankhwala sizimatha (ngakhale zitha kuchepetsedwa ndipo ntchito yochepetsa izi ingakhale yolondola ngakhale zida zomwezo zikadatha kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa nkhondo). Ndipo lingaliro lomwe malingaliro onsewa akhazikika ndilo lingaliro la nkhanza za "anthu," pomwe anthu mwachiwonekere amatanthauza zikhalidwe za anthu zomwe zimachita nawo nkhondo, monga zikhalidwe zambiri za anthu pano komanso m'mbuyomu sizinatero.
Tiyenera kuyimilira apa kuti tidziwe kuti nkhondo itha. Funso ndiloti ngati anthu adzayamba kuchita izi. Ngati nkhondo siyitha anthu asanathe, ndipo zida zanyukiliya zomwe sizikukonzedwa sizikukayikira, palibe kukayika kuti nkhondo idzatithetsa tisanathe.
Tsopano, ine ndikuganiza Mankhwala Oopsa ndi buku labwino kwambiri lomwe limapereka chidziwitso chofunikira padziko lapansi polemba mwanzeru zakuwopsa kosatha pazipatala ndi ma ambulansi munthawi ya nkhondo ndi magulu angapo ankhondo osiyanasiyana kwazaka zambiri. Kulepheretsa kukhulupirira kuti nkotheka kuchepetsa kapena kuthetseratu nkhondo, ili ndi buku lomwe silingathandize koma kupangitsa munthu kufuna zochulukirapo kuposa kale kuti achepetse kapena kuthetsa nkhondo, komanso kukonzanso zomwe zatsala (kutchinga kukhulupirira kuti sizingatheke kusintha kotere).
Bukuli ndi nkhani yomwe sinakondere mokomera dziko lina. Nthawi zambiri kusintha nkhondo kumayenderana ndi kunamizira kuti nkhondo imamenyedwa ndi mayiko ndi magulu ena kupatula boma la US kapena maboma aku Western, pomwe owononga nkhondo nthawi zina amachepetsa gawo lomwe amachitapo pankhondo ndi wina aliyense kupatula boma la US. Komabe, Mankhwala Oopsa imatsamira kudzudzula dziko lonse lapansi ponena kuti boma la US lasinthidwa pang'ono, kuti likaphulitsa chipatala chodzaza ndi odwala ndichinthu chachikulu chifukwa ndichachilendo, pomwe maboma ena amenya zipatala pafupipafupi. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti US ikugulitsa zida zambiri, kuyambitsa nkhondo zambiri, kuponya mabomba ambiri, kutumiza asitikali ambiri, ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa chofuna kusintha nkhondo zivute zitani zambiri za izo.
Nthawi zina, a Rubenstein akuwonetsa zovuta pakusintha nkhondo, nanena kuti mpaka atsogoleri andale ndi asitikali achititse asitikali ankhondo kuzunza omwe avulazidwa, ziwopsezozo zipitilira, ndikumaliza kunena kuti zachiwawa zokhudzana ndi zaumoyo pankhondo sizachilendo chifukwa ndizokhalitsa wabwinobwino. Koma kenako akuti pali nthawi zina pomwe kukakamizidwa pagulu komanso kulimbikitsa miyambo kumalepheretsa anthu kuzunzidwa. (Zachidziwikire, ndipo pali nthawi zambiri pomwe zinthu zomwezi zalepheretsa nkhondo zonse.) Koma ndiye Rubenstein amapita ku Pinkerish pa ife, nanena kuti asitikali aku Western achepetsa kwambiri kuphulitsa kosasankha chifukwa cha "kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba ndi bomba lakumadzulo. amayesedwa kwambiri mwa mazana, osati mwa makumi kapena mwa masauzande. ” Werengani izi kangapo. Si typo. Koma kodi zingatanthauze chiyani? Kodi ndi nkhondo yanji yomwe asitikali akumayiko akumadzulo akhala akuchita yomwe sinakhale ndi makumi kapena masauzande akuvulala wamba kapenanso kufa kwa anthu wamba? Kodi Rubenstein angatanthauze kuchuluka kwa chiwonongeko chifukwa cha bomba limodzi, kapena bomba limodzi? Koma kodi chingakhale chifukwa chanji kutsimikizira izi?
Chinthu chimodzi chomwe ndikuwona chokhudza kusintha kwa nkhondo ndikuti nthawi zina sichimangokhala pachikhulupiriro kuti kuyesa kuthetsa nkhondo kulibe phindu. Zimatengera kuvomereza kochenjera kwamaganizidwe ankhondo. Poyamba sizimawoneka choncho. Rubenstein akufuna kuti madotolo azikhala omasuka kuchitira asitikali ndi anthu wamba mbali zonse, kuti asakakamizike kupereka chithandizo ndi chitonthozo kwa anthu ena osati ena. Izi ndizabwino kwambiri komanso ndizosiyana ndi malingaliro ankhondo. Komabe lingaliro loti tiyenera kukhumudwitsidwa kwambiri chipatala chikaukiridwa kuposa momwe gulu lankhondo lidzaukiridwira likuganiza kuti pali china chovomerezeka kupha anthu okhala ndi zida, osavulala, osakhala nzika, komanso osavomerezeka kupha osapulumuka, ovulala, anthu wamba. Awa ndi malingaliro omwe angawoneke ngati abwinobwino, ngakhale osapeweka, kwa ambiri. Koma wochotsa nkhondo yemwe adzawona nkhondo, osati dziko lina, ngati mdani, adzawopsedwa chimodzimodzi ndikupha asitikali ngati kupha odwala. Mofananamo, wochotsa nkhondo adzawona kuphedwa kwa asirikali mbali zonse zoopsa monga mbali iliyonse imawonera kuphedwa kwa asirikali mbali yake. Vuto ndikupha anthu, osati anthu amtundu wanji. Kulimbikitsa anthu kuti aziganiza mwanjira ina, pazabwino zilizonse zomwe zingachitike, zimapwetekanso kuyimitsa nkhondo - zimakhazikika bwino chifukwa anthu anzeru kwambiri amatha kuganiza kuti nkhondo inayambika mwanjira ina yosadziwika yotchedwa "umunthu."
Buku la Rubenstein likuwonetsa mkangano wofunikira, monga momwe akuwonera, monga pakati pa a Franz Lieber akuwona kuti "zofunikira zankhondo" zikuletsa zoletsa zankhondo pankhondo, ndipo a Henry Dunant akuwona motsutsana. Koma malingaliro a a Charles Liner a a Lieber ndi a Dunant akuti nkhondo iyenera kuthetsedwa saganiziridwa konse. Kusintha kwa malingaliro amenewo kwazaka zambiri kwakhala kulibe kwathunthu.
Kwa ena, kuphatikiza inenso, zifukwa zogwirira ntchito yothetsa nkhondo zakhala zikuphatikizira zabwino zomwe zitha kuchitidwa ndi zomwe zaperekedwa kunkhondo. Kusintha nkhondo, monganso kusintha apolisi opha anzawo komanso atsankho, nthawi zambiri kumatha kuphatikizira ndalama zochulukirapo m'bungweli. Koma miyoyo yomwe ingapulumutsidwenso ndikuwongolera ngakhale kachigawo kakang'ono kogwiritsa ntchito wankhondo pankhondo komanso kuchipatala kumangochepetsa miyoyo yomwe ingapulumutsidwe pakupanga nkhondo 100% kulemekeza opereka chithandizo ndi odwala, kapena miyoyo yomwe ingapulumutsidwe pothetsa nkhondo.
Ndiwo ma tradeoffs a bungwe lowopsya lomwe limapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika koti tione, makamaka, kuthetsa nkhondo, osatinso anthu. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, momwe malamulo amathandizira, kukhudzidwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuyambitsa chidani ndi tsankho, kufalikira kwa ziwawa m'mabungwe apanyumba, komanso ndalama zosaneneka zachuma, komanso chiopsezo cha zida za nyukiliya, zimatipatsa zisankho zothetsa nkhondo (kaya sitikusintha) kapena kudzipha tokha.
Lieber amafuna kusintha mabungwe ambiri abwino kuphatikiza nkhondo, ukapolo, ndi ndende. Ndi ena mwa mabungwewa, timavomereza mfundo yodziwikiratu kuti titha kusankha kuthetsa, ndipo ndi ena sitivomereza. Koma pali chinthu chimodzi chomwe tingachite mosavuta. Titha kukhazikitsa nkhondo ngati gawo limodzi lofuna kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa nkhondo, pang'onopang'ono. Titha kukambirana pazinthu zomwe tikufuna kuti zisasinthidwe ngati zifukwa zakusinthaku komanso kuthetseratu. Mauthenga ovuta chonchi sangathe ngakhale ubongo wamunthu wamba. Chinthu chimodzi chabwino chomwe ingakwaniritse ndikukhazikitsa okonzanso ndi omenyera ufulu pa gulu lomwelo, gulu lomwe limawoneka kuti lili m'mphepete mwazopambana zikadangokhala zokulirapo.
