By Hippolyte Eric Djounguep
December 6, 2020
Kuphulika komanso nkhondo yayitali pakati pa boma la Cameroon ndi anthu olankhula Chingerezi zakhala zikuipiraipira kuyambira Okutobala 1, 1961, tsiku lodziyimira pawokha pakumwera kwa Cameroon (Anglophone Cameroon). Chiwawa, chiwonongeko, kupha anthu komanso kuwopsa tsopano ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu aku Southern Cameroon. Chiwerengero cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya zaka 60 lero ndikuti palibe kulipira.
Palibe thandizo lokwanira lochokera kumayiko akunja, lomwe likuda nkhawa za chiopsezo chazonse chifukwa cha mikangano pakati pa olekanitsa, gulu lankhondo nthawi zonse komanso magwero andale, zachitetezo ndi chitetezo mdziko muno. Mwina pangakhale thandizo lakunja ngati omenyera ufulu ndi omanga mtendere padziko lonse lapansi atadziwa zambiri za mbiri ya nkhondoyi.
Kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa State of Cameroon mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu awiri
The Dziko la Cameroon "lidapangidwa" motsogozedwa ndi achitetezo achi Germany ku 1884, zotsatira za msonkhano waku Berlin wogawa Africa pakati pa omwe kale anali amfumu. Ili ku Central Africa, mkati mwa Gulf of Guinea, Cameroon inali amodzi mwamizinda ikuluikulu kumapeto kwa 19th zaka zana limodzi. Mzinda wa Buea, womwe uli m'munsi mwa phiri la Cameroon, unali likulu la Cameroon kuyambira 1901 mpaka 1909, pomwe kuphulika kwa phiri lamapiri kumakakamiza olamulira atsamunda aku Germany kusamutsira likulu ku Yaoundé, likulu lomwe lilipo.
Germany idakakamizidwa ndi League of Nations kusiya magawo awo akunja kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. Cameroon idayang'aniridwa ndi France kum'mawa kwake ndi England kumadzulo kwake kutsatira kondomu ya Franco-Briteni pakulandidwa kwa dzikolo mu 1916. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse yotsatira ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa United Nations idangosiya dziko la Cameroon louma munthawi yake, kuyang'aniridwa ndipo amayendetsedwa chimodzimodzi komanso mofanana ndi France ndi England.
Pomwe mphepo yodziyimira payokha idayamba ku Africa, dziko lodziyimira palokha la olankhula Chifalansa kum'mawa kwa Cameroon lidabadwa pa Januware 1, 1960, pomwe Anglophone West Cameroon idakhalabe kolamulidwa ndi England. France ndi England adasungabe machitidwe osiyanasiyana: madera akumaloko adapatsidwa mphamvu zodziyimira pawokha m'maiko aku Britain, pomwe mzinda waukulu waku France umayendanso molingana ndi madera ena aku France.
Western Cameroon yoyang'aniridwa ndi Britain inali ndi magawo awiri: Northern Cameroon (dera lakumpoto) ndi Southern Cameroon (dera lakumwera). Bungwe lirilonse linali ndi nthumwi zake zomwe zidakhala ku nyumba yamalamulo ku Lagos ku Nigeria, koloni ina yaku Britain ikugawana malire pafupifupi 1800 km ndi West Cameroon. Nigeria idayamba kudziyimira pawokha pa Okutobala 1, 1960, koma Western Cameroon idakhalabe pansi paulamuliro waku Britain komanso mmanja mwa mayiko awiri odziyimira pawokha: Nigeria ndi Eastern Cameroon. Nigeria idakwanitsa kuyambitsa njira yothetsera ukoloni kudzera m'maimidwe ndi makalata omwe adatumizidwa ndi Secretary General wa United Nations ndi Mfumukazi yaku England, koma West Cameroon idalibe mwayiwu. Akuluakulu aku Britain komanso United Nations anali okonzeka kubweretsa ufulu ku West Cameroon poiphatikiza ku Nigeria kapena ku East Cameroon. UN idapanga zokambirana pa February 11, 1961. Dera lakumpoto (Kumpoto kwa Cameroon) lidavota kuti liphatikize ku Nigeria, pomwe dera lakumwera (Kumwera kwa Cameroon) lidasankha cholumikizira kum'mawa kwa Cameroon. Madzulo alengezedwe a zotsatira za voti yosonkhanitsa idayamba ntchito yayitali, yopanda kumaliza, yopeza mgwirizano wamayiko mu cholowa cham'mbuyomu chatsamunda.
Kuyanjananso kapena mgwirizano wa dupe?
Pakati pa Juni ndi Ogasiti 1961, misonkhano ya Bamenda idakumana ku Foumban ndi Yaoundé kuti agwirizanenso zigawo ziwirizi, kuphatikiza magawo oyang'anira ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndikulemba malamulo. Chikondwerero chodziyimira pawokha komanso kuyanjananso mdzikolo zidachitika pa Okutobala 1, 1961 ku Tiko, mzinda womwe uli Kumwera kwa Cameroon. Izi zapangitsa kuti olamulira akum'mawa kwa Cameroon abwere ndi zida zankhondo, zomwe zikuyenda monse ku Southern Cameroon.
Kukhala mwamtendere koyambirira kudasokonekera chifukwa cha masomphenya osiyana siyana komanso zotsutsana pakati pa atsogoleri amayiko ogwirizana, komanso zokonda zazamtendere za atsogoleri olankhula Chifalansa. Atsogoleri ena olankhula Chingerezi adalimbikitsa kusintha kwamalamulo. Vuto lachidaliro ladzetsa mikangano, njira zopatula, ndikusowa mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
Dzikoli linayesetsa kuthetsa mavuto ake posintha mawonekedwe, ndikukhala United Republic of Cameroon ku 1972, kenako Republic of Cameroon ku 1984, nthawi zonse ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka kwa oyang'anira. Kukhazikika kwa mphamvu kwa munthu m'modzi kunawononga demokalase, popanda kusinthana kwa mphamvu, ndipo zovuta zachuma zomwe zidabweretsa zidapangitsa umphawi wa anthu, ziphuphu, kudziyimira pawokha kwa madera komanso zizolowezi zopatukana pakati pa boma la Cameroon ndi ochepa olankhula Chingerezi.
Kumverera kwakunyalanyaza komwe ma Anglophones adalimbikitsidwenso chifukwa chakuchepa kwa zomangamanga mdera lawo, kuyimilira kotsika kwa nzika zake mu kayendetsedwe kake ndi maudindo apamwamba. Kwa olekanitsa, zomwe zidalumikizidwa m'mbiri yawo sizimaganiziridwa m'mabungwe a Republic komanso m'maboma ang'onoang'ono ku Central Africa. Kupezeka kwamphamvu kwa olankhula Chifalansa omwe samayankhula Chingerezi m'maphunziro a Anglo-Saxon ndi malamulo amathandizira kwambiri kufooketsa komanso kunyoza oyang'anira pakati pa anthu. Munjira yovutayi pomwe malingaliro odzilamulira, ngakhale kudziyimira pawokha, olimbikitsidwa ndi atsogoleri omwazikana muulamuliro, kunja kwa mabungwe ndi mabungwe aboma, amakula kwambiri.
Kuchokera pakukakamira kwamakampani kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni ibuke
Panamangidwa anthu ambiri kutsatira chiwonetsero chamtendere ndi maloya ndi aphunzitsi a Anglo-Saxon pa Novembala 19, 2016 mumzinda wolankhula Chingerezi wa Bamenda. Kuyambira pamenepo, motsogozedwa ndi mabungwe aboma komanso otenga mbali, tawona kulumikizana kwanzeru ndikulimbikitsa kwambiri pazanema zachitetezo cha anthu osamvera m'madera olankhula Chingerezi. Ma media media amalola otsutsa kuti athane ndi kuponderezana ndikusungabe nkhondo ya otsutsawo kupitilira zovuta zomwe boma lakhazikitsa.
Poyitanitsa zokambirana, boma lidapitilizabe kumanga anthu ndikudula intaneti m'malo onse olankhula Chingerezi masiku 94. Izi zidangobweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Polimbana ndi zotchinga m'mizinda yonse yolankhula Chingerezi, boma lidapereka zilolezo kuti alolere kufunsa owerenga milandu achilankhulo olankhula Chingerezi, kufunsira aphunzitsi opitilira zilankhulo zoposa 1500, kukhazikitsa magulu azachipatala ndi uinjiniya ku Anglo- Maunivesite a Saxon, kukhazikitsidwa kwa komiti yoyang'anira zilankhulo ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, kukhazikitsanso intaneti komanso kumasulidwa kwa ziwonetsero zambiri pobwezeretsa kutchinga komwe atsogoleri achitetezo mderali adachita. Koma atsogoleri a ziwonetserozi adalengeza pa Okutobala 1, 2017 ufulu waku Southern Cameroon, womwe udasinthidwa Federal Republic of Ambazonia. Ichi chakhala chimake cha vutoli.
Zinthu zikadali zoyipa, ndikupitilizabe kumangidwa, kuponderezedwa ndi zida komanso kupezeka kwa asitikali ankhondo angapo otchedwa Ambazonia Defense Forces akulimbana ndi gulu lankhondo lanthawi zonse, ndipo zaipiraipira kulumikizidwa kwa uchigawenga komwe kukufalikira kudera la Far North, komanso mavuto atatha zisankho mu 2018.
Pofunafuna yankho losatha lamtendere
Ndikothekanso kuyimitsa magazi ndikuthetsa nkhondoyi. UN Security Council iyenera kulingalira zotumiza gulu lamtendere osagwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kapena owunika mtendere kuti akambirane mwachangu kuimitsa madera olankhula Chingerezi ndikuyamba zokambirana zonse pamaso pa otsogolera komanso owonera padziko lonse lapansi.
Kumasulidwa ndi kumangidwa kwa andende andale kungathandize. Kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu (pambuyo pa zaka 39) ndi zisankho zodalirika zitha kupulumutsa dzikolo kuphulika kwathunthu, komwe kumatha kusokoneza chigawo chonsechi.
Kusankhana mafuko ndi chidani zakonzedwa ku Cameroon kuti ziwononge mwayi wokhala pamodzi. Mtunduwu ndiwofooka kwambiri kuti ungokhala okhazikika pamavuto awa. Mfundo yoyenda yokha ndiyachilengedwe. Thupi lirilonse, chiwalo chilichonse, bungwe lililonse, gulu lililonse lomwe silikusuntha, lomwe silikusintha kumene lidzawonongedwa ndikufa.
Hippolyte Eric Djounguep ndi Peace Research komanso wofufuza zandale m'magazini yaku France Le Point komanso wothandizira BBC ndi Huffington Post. Ndiye wolemba mabuku angapo kuphatikiza Crise Anglophone au Cameroun. Kuteteza kwa Guerre? (2020), Cameroun - Anglicophone crise: Essai d'analyse post coloniale (2019), Géoéconomie d'une Afrique émergente (2016), Perspective des conflits (2014) ndi Médias et Conflits (2012) pakati pa ena. Kuyambira 2012 Wapanga maulendo angapo asayansi pazomwe zachitika pamikangano mdera la Africa Great Lakes, ku Horn of Africa, mdera la Lake Chad komanso ku Ivory Coast.
