September
September 1
September 2
September 3
September 4
September 5
September 6
September 7
September 8
September 9
September 10
September 11
September 12
September 13
September 14
September 15
September 16
September 17
September 18
September 19
September 20
September 21
September 22
September 23
September 24
September 25
September 26
September 27
September 28
September 29
September 30
September 1. Patsiku lino mu 1924 Mpulani wa Dawes unayamba kugwira ntchito, kupulumutsa ndalama ku Germany komwe kunalepheretsa kukula kwa Nazism ngati wayamba mwamsanga ndikupanga zazikulu kapena zopatsa zambiri. Pangano la Versailles lomwe linathetsa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi linkafuna kulanga dziko lonse la Germany, osati okhawo omwe amapanga nkhondo, kutsogolera owonera mwachangu kuneneratu za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Nkhondo yotsatira ija idatha ndikuthandizidwa ku Germany m'malo mokhala ndi chilango chachuma, koma nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse idatsatiridwa ndi kufunsa kuti Germany ipereke pamphuno. Mwa 1923 Germany idalephera kubweza ngongole zankhondo, zomwe zidatsogolera asitikali aku France ndi Belgian kuti alande Ruhr River Valley. Anthuwa ankachita nawo zachiwawa pantchitoyi, kutseka mafakitale. League of Nations idapempha waku America Charles Dawes kuti akhazikitse komiti yothetsera mavutowa. Dongosololi lidatulutsa asitikali ku Ruhr, adachepetsa ngongole, ndipo adabwereka ndalama ku Germany kubanki yaku US. Dawes adapatsidwa 1925 Nobel Peace Prize ndipo adakhala Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti waku US kuyambira 1925-1929. Dongosolo la Achinyamata lidachepetsanso ndalama zomwe Germany idapereka mu 1929, koma sizinachedwe kwambiri kuti zithetse kukwiya koopsa komanso ludzu lobwezera. Mmodzi mwa omwe ankatsutsa Young Plan panali Adolf Hitler. Dawes akufuna, yabwinoko kapena yoyipa, yamanga chuma ku Europe ndi ku United States. Pomaliza, Germany idalipira ngongole yawo yapadziko lonse lapansi mchaka cha 2010. Asitikali masauzande ambiri aku US amakhalabe ku Germany.
September 2. Patsiku lino mu 1945, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse inathera ndi kudzipatulira ku Japan ku Tokyo Bay. Pa Julayi 13th, Japan idatumiza uthengawo ku Soviet Union wonena zakufuna kudzipereka. Pa Julayi 18th, atakumana ndi mtsogoleri wa Soviet Joseph Stalin, Purezidenti wa US Harry Truman adalemba mu zolemba zawo za Stalin kutchula za uthengawo, ndikuwonjezera kuti, "Khulupirirani kuti Japs adzadzaza Russia isanabwere. Ndikutsimikiza kuti adzatero Manhattan akawonekera kwawo. ” Amanena za Manhattan Project yomwe idapanga mabomba anyukiliya. Truman adauzidwa kwa miyezi yambiri kuti Japan ikufuna kudzipereka ngati zingasunge mfumu yake. Mlangizi wa a Truman, a James Byrnes, adamuwuza kuti kuponya bomba la nyukiliya ku Japan kungalole US "kulamula kuti athetse nkhondo." Mlembi wa Navy James Forrestal analemba m'kalembedwe kake kuti Byrnes "anali wofunitsitsa kuthana ndi achijapani asanafike anthu aku Russia." Truman adalamula kuti bomba liphulike pa Ogasiti 6 ndi 9, ndipo anthu aku Russia adaukira Manchuria pa Ogasiti 9th. Asovieti adapambana mphamvu ku Japan, pomwe US idapitilizabe kuphulitsa bomba lopanda zida za nyukiliya. Akatswiri amatchedwa United States Strategic Bombing Survey adamaliza kunena kuti pofika Novembala kapena Disembala, "Japan ikadadzipereka ngakhale bomba la atomiki silikadaponyedwa, ngakhale Russia ikadapanda kulowa kunkhondo, ndipo ngakhale kukadakhala kuti kulibe kukonzekereratu kapena kulingalira. ” General Dwight Eisenhower anali atafotokozanso chimodzimodzi bomba lisanachitike. Japan idasunga wolamulira wake.
September 3. Patsiku lino mu 1783, Peace of Paris inapangidwa monga Britain inavomereza kuti dziko la United States lidzilamulira. Olamulira a maiko omwe anakhala United States adachoka kwa olemera omwe anali olemekezeka a ku Britain kupita kwa olemera omwe anali olemekezeka a ku United States. Anthu ambiri opanduka omwe alimi ndi antchito komanso akapolo sankachepetsanso. Kupititsa patsogolo kwa ufulu kwa anthu kunayamba kuyenda mofulumira, nthawi zina kumatuluka pang'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala patsogolo pa chitukuko chomwecho m'mayiko ngati Canada omwe sanamenyane nkhondo ndi Britain. Mtendere wa Paris unali nkhani yoipa kwa Achimereka Achimereka, monga Britain inalepheretsa kuwonjezeka kwa chigawo cha Kumadzulo, chomwe tsopano chinatsegulidwa mofulumira. Inalinso nkhani yoipa kwa aliyense wogwidwa ukapolo mu mtundu watsopano wa United States. Ukapolo udzathetsedwa mu Ufumu wa Britain kale kwambiri kuposa ku United States, ndipo m'malo ambiri popanda nkhondo ina. Kukoma kwa nkhondo ndi kufalikira kunalidi kowoneka mu mtundu watsopano kumene, mu 1812 Congressional kulankhula za momwe anthu a Canada angalandirire ufulu wa US kuti awomboledwe ku nkhondo ya 1812, yomwe idapangitsa mzinda waukulu wa Washington kuwotchedwa . Anthu a ku Canadi, analibe chidwi chokhala ndi anthu omwe anali a Cuba, kapena a Philippines, a Hawaii, kapena a Guatemalans, kapena a Vietnamese, a Iraq, a Afghans kapena anthu a m'mayiko ambiri zaka zambiri kumene asilikali a US a ku United States atenga mbali yowonjezera ku Britain.
September 4. Pa tsiku lino mu 1953 Garry Davis anayambitsa Boma la Padziko Lonse. Anali nzika yaku US, Broadway star, komanso woponya bomba mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Iye analemba kuti: “Chiyambireni ntchito yanga yoyamba ku Brandenburg, ndinali ndi chikumbumtima chowawitsa. Kodi ndapha amuna, akazi ndi ana angati? ” Mu 1948 Garry Davis adasiya pasipoti yake yaku US kuti akhale nzika yapadziko lonse lapansi. Patatha zaka zisanu adakhazikitsa boma lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lidasainira nzika pafupifupi miliyoni ndikupereka mapasipoti omwe nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi mayiko. "World Passport ndi nthabwala, Davis adati," komanso mapasipoti ena onse. Awo ndi nthabwala pa ife ndipo athu ndi nthabwala pamakina. ” Davis adamanga msasa pamaso pa United Nations ku Paris, adasokoneza misonkhano, adatsogolera misonkhano, ndipo adafalitsa nkhani zambiri. Atakana kulowa ku Germany kapena kubwerera ku France, adamanga msasa kumalire. Davis adatsutsa UN ngati mgwirizano wamayiko omwe apanga nkhondo kuti athetse nkhondo - kutsutsana kopanda chiyembekezo. Zaka zambiri zakhala zikuwoneka ngati zikulimbikitsa mlandu wake. Kodi tifunika kuthana ndi mayiko kuti tithetse nkhondo? Mayiko ambiri samenya nkhondo. Ndi ochepa okha omwe amapanga izi nthawi zambiri. Kodi titha kupanga boma lapadziko lonse lapansi popanda ziphuphu padziko lonse lapansi? Mwina titha kuyamba ndikulimbikitsana kuti tiganizire ngati Davis tikamagwiritsa ntchito mawu ngati "ife." Ngakhale omenyera ufulu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "ife" kutanthauza omwe amapanga nkhondo akamati "Tinaphulitsa bomba mobisa ku Somalia." Bwanji ngati titagwiritsa ntchito "ife" kutanthauza "umunthu" kapena kuposa umunthu?
September 5. Patsikuli ku 1981, Greenham Peace Camp idakhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la Wales "Women for Life on Earth" ku Greenham Common, Berkshire, England. Amayi makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi limodzi omwe adayenda kuchokera ku Cardiff kukatsutsa kuyimitsidwa kwa mivi 96 ya zida za nyukiliya adatumiza kalata kwa woyang'anira wamkulu ku RAF Greenham Common Airbase kenako nadzimangirira kumanda. Anakhazikitsa kampu yamtendere ya amayi kunja kwa tsinde, yomwe nthawi zambiri amalowa motsutsa. Msasawo udakhala zaka 19 mpaka chaka cha 2000, ngakhale kuti zida zankhondo zidachotsedwa ndikubwerera ku United States mu 1991-92. Msasawo sanangothetsa mfuti zokha, komanso unakhudza kumvetsetsa kwa nkhondo yankhondo ndi zida zapadziko lonse lapansi. Mu Disembala 1982, azimayi 30,000 adalumikizana mozungulira. Pa Epulo 1, 1983, otsutsa ena 70,000 adapanga unyolo wamakilomita 23 kuchokera kumsasa kupita ku fakitole, ndipo mu Disembala 1983 azimayi pafupifupi 50,000 adazungulira maziko, kudula mpanda, ndipo nthawi zambiri adamangidwa. Makampu opitilira khumi ndi awiri ofananawo adatengera chitsanzo cha Greenham Peace Camp, ndipo ena ambiri pazaka zapitazi adayang'ana kumbuyo ku chitsanzo ichi. Atolankhani ochokera padziko lonse lapansi kwazaka zambiri adalemba zakamsasawu komanso uthenga womwe umalimbikitsa. Omasukirako amakhala opanda magetsi, matelefoni, kapena madzi apampopi, komanso osalephera kukana zida za nyukiliya. Maulendo anyukiliya adatsekedwa ndipo nkhondo zanyukiliya zidasokonekera. Pangano pakati pa US ndi USSR lomwe lidachotsa miviyo lidagwirizana ndi omwe anali pamisasapo podzinena kuti "amadziwa kuti zida za nyukiliya zikhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa kwa anthu onse."
September 6. Pa tsiku lino mu 1860 Jane Addams anabadwa. Adzalandira Mphotho Yamtendere ya 1931 ya Nobel ngati m'modzi mwa ochepa omwe adapambana mphotho ya Nobel pazaka zambiri omwe adakwaniritsa ziyeneretso zomwe zidafotokozedwa mu chifuniro cha Alfred Nobel. Addams adagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana pakupanga gulu lomwe lingakhale popanda nkhondo. Mu 1898 Addams adalowa nawo Anti-Imperialist League kukatsutsa nkhondo yaku US ku Philippines. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, adatsogolera mayiko ena kuyesetsa kuthetsa ndi kuthetsa. Anayang'anira bungwe la International Congress of Women ku The Hague mu 1915. Ndipo pamene United States idalowa kunkhondo adalankhula poyera zotsutsana ndi nkhondoyi poyimbidwa mlandu wankhanza woukira boma. Anali mtsogoleri woyamba wa Women's International League for Peace and Freedom mu 1919 komanso bungwe lomwe lidakonzedweratu mu 1915. Jane Addams anali m'gululi m'ma 1920 omwe adapanga nkhondo kukhala yosaloledwa kudzera mu Kellogg-Briand Pact. Anathandizira kupeza ACLU ndi NAACP, kuthandizira kupambana azimayi, kuthandizira kuchepetsa ntchito za ana, ndikupanga ntchito yothandiza anthu, yomwe amawona ngati njira yophunzirira kuchokera kwa omwe abwera kudziko lina ndikumanga demokalase, osati kuchita nawo zachifundo. Adapanga Hull House ku Chicago, adayamba kindergarten, achikulire ophunzira, adathandizira kukonza ntchito, ndipo adatsegula malo oyamba osewerera ku Chicago. Jane Addams adalemba mabuku khumi ndi awiri komanso zolemba mazana. Anatsutsana ndi Pangano la Versailles lomwe linathetsa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ndipo ananeneratu kuti zingayambitse nkhondo yobwezera ku Germany.
September 7. Patsiku lino ku 1910, mlandu wa Newfoundland Fisheries unakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lamuyaya la Arbitration. Khotilo, lomwe lili ku La Haye, linathetsa mkangano wautali ndi wowawa pakati pa United States ndi Great Britain. Chitsanzo cha mayiko awiri ogonjetsedwa ndi nkhondo omwe akugonjera ulamuliro wa bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi ndikukhazikitsa mwamtendere mkangano wawo anawonekera kwambiri ngati chitsanzo cholimbikitsa dziko lapansi, ndipo adakalibe mpaka lero, ngakhale patatha zaka zinayi za dziko lapansi Nkhondo I. Patangotha milungu ingapo, anthu amitundu ambiri adatsutsa milandu yoweruza milandu ku Khoti Lamuyaya, kuphatikizapo mkangano pakati pa United States ndi Venezuela. Nkhani yokhazikika ya mlandu wa Newfoundland Fisheries inapatsa United States ndi Britain zina mwa zomwe adafuna. Izi zinapangitsa dziko la Britain kupanga malamulo oyenera ogwira nsomba m'madzi a Newfoundland, koma adapatsa mphamvu kuti adziwe zomwe zinali zomveka kwa ulamuliro wopanda tsankho. Kodi United States ndi Great Britain akanapita kunkhondo ngati kulibe mkangano umenewu? N'zosakayikitsa, osati nthawi yomweyo, ndipo osati pa funso la kusodza. Koma ngati mayiko amodzi kapena onse awiri adafuna nkhondo chifukwa cha zifukwa zina, ufulu wophika nsomba ukhoza kutumikira ngati chilungamitso. Pasanathe zaka zana m'mbuyomo, mu 1812, mikangano ina yomweyi inagwirizana ndi nkhondo ya ku United States ku nkhondo ya 1812. Zaka zoposa 100 pambuyo pake, mu 2015, mikangano yotsutsana ndi malonda ku Eastern Europe inali kutsogolera kuyankhula za nkhondo kuchokera ku maboma a Russia ndi US.
September 8. Pa tsiku lino mu 1920, Mohandas Gandhi adayambitsa ntchito yake yoyamba yopanda mgwirizano. Anatsatira ndondomeko ya ku Ireland yakulamulira kwawo ku 1880s zomwe zinaphatikizapo kubwereka lendi. Anaphunzira chigamulo cha Russian cha 1905. Iye adalimbikitsidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri ndipo adakhazikitsa Passive Resistance Association ku India mu 1906 kuti athetse malamulo atsankho otsutsana ndi Amwenye. Kubwerera kwawo, India ku 1920, ku Britain, lero, Gandhi adalandira chivomerezo ndi Indian National Congress kuti adziwe kuti palibe mgwirizano wosagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Britain. Izi zikutanthawuza kusokoneza sukulu ndi makhoti. Zinkatanthauza kupanga zovala ndi nsalu zakunja. Izi zikutanthauza kusiya ntchito, kukana kuthandizira ntchito, komanso kusamvera anthu. Khama linatenga zaka zambiri ndikupita patsogolo, ndipo Gandhi adayitanidwa pamene anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito nkhanza, komanso pogwiritsa ntchito Gandhi zaka zambiri m'ndende. Gululi linayamba njira zatsopano zoganizira komanso zamoyo. Idachita pulogalamu yolimbikitsa yokhala ndi zokwanira. Pulogalamuyi inalepheretsa kukana ntchito za ku Britain. Anayesetsa kuyanjanitsa Asilamu ndi Ahindu. Kukaniza msonkho wa mchere kunkafanana ndi ulendo wopita ku nyanja komanso kusalidwa mosavomerezeka kwa mchere, komanso kuyesa kulowa ntchito zamchere zomwe zinalipo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo otsutsa olimba mtima kuti ayambe kuwombedwa mwamphamvu. Chifukwa cha kukana kwa anthu a 1930 kunali kulikonse ku India. Ndende inakhala chizindikiro cha ulemu osati manyazi. Anthu a ku India anasintha. Mu 1947 India adagonjetsa ufulu, koma pokhapokha kuwonongeka kwa Hindu India ku Pakistan Pakistan.
September 9. Pa tsiku lino mu 1828 Leo Tolstoy anabadwa. Mabuku ake ndi awa Nkhondo ndi Mtendere ndi Anna Karenina. Tolstoy anawona kutsutsana pakati pa kupha ndi kutsutsa nkhondo. Anakhazikitsa nkhawa yake ponena za chikhristu. M'buku lake Ufumu wa Mulungu Uli M'kati Mwanu, analemba kuti: "Aliyense m'gulu lathu lachikhristu amadziwa, kaya mwa miyambo kapena mwa vumbulutso kapena mwa mawu a chikumbumtima, kuti kupha munthu ndi mlandu woopsa kwambiri womwe munthu angachite, monga momwe Uthenga Wabwino umatiuzira, komanso kuti tchimo lakupha Sizingatheke kwa anthu ena, ndiye kuti, kupha sikungakhale tchimo kwa ena osati tchimo kwa ena. Aliyense amadziwa kuti ngati kupha ndi tchimo, ndimachimo nthawi zonse, aliyense amene waphedwa, monga tchimo la chigololo, kuba, kapena wina aliyense. Nthawi yomweyo kuyambira ali aang'ono amuna amawona kuti kupha sikungololedwa kokha, komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi madalitso a iwo omwe amakonda kuwatenga ngati otsogolera mwauzimu osankhidwa, ndikuwona atsogoleri awo ali ndi chitsimikizo chodekha pokonzekera kupha, onyada kuvala mikono yakupha, ndikufunsa ena mdzina la malamulo adziko, ngakhale a Mulungu, kuti atenge nawo mbali pakupha. Amuna amawona kuti pali zosagwirizana pano, koma osatha kuzisanthula, amaganiza mosaganizira kuti izi zikuwoneka ngati zotsatirapo za umbuli wawo. Kukula kwakukulu komanso kuwonekera kwake kosagwirizana kumatsimikizira izi. ”
September 10. Patsikuli mu 1785 Mfumu ya Prussia Frederick Wamkulu adasaina pangano loyamba ndi ufulu ku United States. Pangano la Amity and Commerce lidalonjeza zamtendere komanso linalongosola momwe mayiko awiriwa amayenera kulumikizirana ngati m'modzi kapena onse ali pankhondo, kapena ngakhale atamenyanirana, kuphatikiza kuchitira bwino akaidi ndi anthu wamba - miyezo yomwe ingaletse nkhondo zambiri zikupangidwa lero. Limati, "Ndipo amayi ndi ana onse, akatswiri onse, alimi adziko lapansi, amisiri, opanga ndi asodzi osavala zida ndikukhala m'matawuni, midzi kapena malo opanda chiyembekezo, & onse ena omwe ntchito yawo ndi yokomera anthu onse & Kupindulitsa anthu, adzaloledwa kupitiliza ntchito zawo, ndipo sadzavutitsidwa mwa iwo, kapena nyumba zawo kapena katundu wawo zidzawotchedwa, kapena kuwonongedwa, kapena minda yawo kuwonongedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la mdani, yemwe ali ndi mphamvu , ndi zochitika zankhondo, atha kugwa; koma ngati china chilichonse chingafunike kutengedwa kwa iwo kuti agwiritse ntchito gulu lankhondo, azilipira omwewo pamtengo wokwanira. ” Panganoli lidalinso mgwirizano woyamba wamgwirizano waulere ku US, ngakhale masamba 1,000 ndi achidule kwambiri kuti angafanane ndi mgwirizano wamalonda wamalonda wamakono. Sizinali zolembedwa ndi kapena za mabungwe. Sizinaphatikizepo chilichonse kuteteza makampani akuluakulu kuzing'ono. Sidakhazikitse makhothi amilandu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zothetsera malamulo adziko lonse. Sizinaphatikizepo zoletsa zoletsa mayiko pakuchita bizinesi.
September 11. Pa tsiku lino ku 1900, Gandhi adayambitsa Satyagraha ku Johannesburg. Komanso tsiku lino mu 1973 United States inathandizira kupondereza komwe kunaphwanya boma la Chile. Ndipo tsiku lino m'magulu a 2001 anaukira ku United States pogwiritsa ntchito ndege zowonongeka. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lotsutsa zachiwawa komanso kukonda dziko lako komanso kubwezera. Patsikuli mu 2015, anthu masauzande ambiri ku Chile adawonetsa pa chikondwerero cha 42th chaukapolo womwe udakhazikitsa wolamulira mwankhanza Augusto Pinochet ndikulanda purezidenti wosankhidwa a Salvador Allende. Khamu la anthulo lidapita kumanda ndikupereka ulemu kwa omwe adazunzidwa ndi Pinochet. A Lorena Pizarro, mtsogoleri wa gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibale, adati "Zaka makumi anayi mtsogolo, tikufunabe chowonadi ndi chilungamo. Sitingapumule mpaka tidziwe zomwe zinachitikira okondedwa athu omwe anamangidwa ndikusowa kuti asadzabwererenso. ” Pinochet adaimbidwa mlandu ku Spain koma adamwalira mu 2006 osaweruzidwa. Purezidenti wa US Richard Nixon, Secretary of State a Henry Kissinger, ndi ena omwe akuchita nawo chiwembu Allende nawonso sanakumanepo ndi mlandu, ngakhale a Kissinger, monga Pinochet, aweruzidwa ku Spain. United States idapereka chitsogozo, zida, zida, komanso ndalama zachiwawa zaku 1973, pomwe Allende adadzipha. Demokalase yaku Chile idawonongedwa, ndipo Pinochet adakhalabe m'mphamvu mpaka 1988. Zokhudza zomwe zidachitika pa Seputembara 11, 1973, zimaperekedwa ndi kanema wa 1982 Akusowa ndikumenyana ndi Jack Lemmon ndi Sissy Spacek. Ikufotokozera nkhani ya mtolankhani wa ku America, Charles Horman, amene adatayika tsiku lomwelo.
September 12. Pa tsiku lino ku 1998, a Cuba asanu adagwidwa. Gerardo Hernández, Antonio Guerrero, Ramón Labañino, Fernando González, ndi René González anali ochokera ku Cuba ndipo anamangidwa ku Miami, Florida, anaimbidwa mlandu, kuzengedwa mlandu, ndi kuimbidwa mlandu ku khoti la ku United States chifukwa chochita chiwembu chouzonda. Adakana kukhala akazitape aboma la Cuba, omwe analidi. Koma palibe amene akutsutsa kuti anali ku Miami kuti alowe, osati boma la US, koma magulu aku Cuba aku Cuba omwe cholinga chawo chinali kuchita ukazitape ndi kupha ku Cuba. Anthu asanuwo adatumizidwa pamalowo pambuyo poti zigawenga zingapo ku Havana zidakonzedwa ndi omwe kale anali a CIA a Luis Posada Carriles, omwe amakhala nthawi imeneyo komanso kwazaka zambiri kubwera ku Miami osakumananso ndi mlandu uliwonse. Boma la Cuba lidapereka masamba a FBI 175 pamutu wa Carriles pakuphulitsa bomba ku 1997 ku Havana, koma a FBI sanachite motsutsana ndi a Carriles. M'malo mwake, idagwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi kuti iwulule za Cuba Zisanu. Atamangidwa adakhala miyezi 17 ali yekhayekha, ndipo maloya awo adawaletsa kupeza umboni woweruza milandu. Magulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu amakayikira chilungamo cha mlandu wa Cuba, ndipo Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo la Eleventh Circuit linasinthanso ziganizozo koma pambuyo pake linawabwezeretsa. Khothi Lalikulu ku US lakana kulingalira za nkhaniyi, ngakhale kuti asanuwo adakhala mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso ngwazi zankhondo ku Cuba. Boma la US lamasula m'modzi mwa asanuwo mu 2011, m'modzi mu 2013, ndipo atatu ena mu 2014 ngati gawo la mwayi wotsegulira ubale watsopano pakati pa Cuba.
September 13. Patsikuli mu 2001, patangotha masiku awiri ndege zigwere ku World Trade Center ndi Pentagon, Purezidenti George W. Bush adalengeza kalata ku Congress kuti "Cholinga chathu choyamba kuyankha mwachangu komanso motsimikiza," ndikupempha $ 20 biliyoni. Phyllis ndi mwana wamwamuna wa Orlando Rodriguezes Greg anali m'modzi mwa omwe anakhudzidwa ndi World Trade Center. Iwo adasindikiza izi: "Mwana wathu wamwamuna Greg ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ambiri omwe adasowa pa World Trade Center. Kuyambira pomwe tidamva nkhaniyi, tagawana nthawi yachisoni, kutonthoza, chiyembekezo, kukhumudwa, kukumbukira zabwino ndi mkazi wake, mabanja awiriwa, anzathu komanso oyandikana nawo, omwe amagawana nawo mwachikondi ku Cantor Fitzgerald / ESpeed, ndi mabanja onse achisoni omwe kukumana tsiku ndi tsiku ku Pierre Hotel. Timawona kupwetekedwa kwathu ndi mkwiyo wathu ukuwonetsedwa pakati pa aliyense amene timakumana naye. Sitingathe kumvetsera nkhani zatsiku ndi tsiku zakusokonekera kumeneku. Koma tidawerenga zokwanira kuti timve kuti boma lathu likupita kukabwezera mwankhanza, ndikuyembekeza kuti ana amuna, ana aakazi, makolo, abwenzi akumayiko akutali, akufa, kuzunzika, komanso kusungabe madandaulo athu. Si njira yoyendamo. Sichidzabwezera imfa ya mwana wathu wamwamuna. Osati m'dzina la mwana wathu wamwamuna. Mwana wathu wamwamuna anamwalira ataphedwa ndi malingaliro opanda umunthu. Zochita zathu siziyenera kuchita chimodzimodzi. Tiyeni tikhale achisoni. Tiyeni tilingalire ndi kupemphera. Tiyeni tiganizire za yankho lolondola lomwe limabweretsa mtendere weniweni ndi chilungamo padziko lathu lapansi. Koma tisalole mtundu kuti tiwonjezere nkhanza za nthawi yathu ino. ”
September 14. Patsikuli mu 2013, United States idavomereza kuthana ndi zida zamankhwala zaku Syria mogwirizana ndi Russia, m'malo mongoponya zida ku Syria. Kukakamizidwa pagulu kudathandizira kuteteza zida zankhondo. Ngakhale ziwopsezozi zidaperekedwa ngati njira yomaliza, atangoletsedwa njira zina zonse zinavomerezedwa poyera. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lomwe lingatsutse zonamizira kuti nkhondo sizingayimitsidwe. Mu 2015, Purezidenti wakale waku Finland komanso wopambana mphotho ya Nobel a Martti Ahtisaari adawulula kuti mu 2012 Russia idapereka lingaliro lokhazikitsa bata pakati pa boma la Syria ndi omutsutsa omwe akadaphatikizira Purezidenti Bashar al-Assad kuti atule pansi udindo. Koma, malinga ndi Ahtisaari, United States inali ndi chidaliro kuti Assad posachedwa agwetsedwa mwankhanza kotero kuti idakana pempholo. Izi zisanachitike ngati kunamizira kuti aponya zida mu 2013. Secretary of State of US a John Kerry atanena pagulu kuti Syria ingapewe nkhondo popereka zida zake zamankhwala ndipo Russia idamuyitanitsa, antchito ake adafotokoza kuti sanatanthauze izi. Pofika tsiku lotsatira, komabe, Congress ikukana nkhondo, Kerry anali kunena kuti amatanthauza zonena zake mozama ndikukhulupirira kuti njirayi inali ndi mwayi wopambana, monganso momwe zinalili. Zachisoni, palibe zoyesayesa zatsopano zopanga mtendere kupatula kuchotsedwa kwa zida zamankhwala, ndipo United States idapitiliza kupita kunkhondo ndi zida, misasa yophunzitsira, ndi ma drones. Zonsezi siziyenera kubisa kuti mtendere ungatheke.
September 15. Patsiku lino mu 2001, Congresswoman Barbara Lee adachita voti yokha yoperekera azidindo a US kuti apambane nkhondo zomwe zingatsimikizire kuti masokawa adzachitika zaka zambiri. Adanenanso, mwa zina, "Ndidzuka lero ndili ndi chisoni chachikulu, chomwe chadzaza ndi chisoni chifukwa cha mabanja komanso okondedwa omwe adaphedwa ndikuvulala sabata ino. Opusa okha komanso osaganizira kwambiri sangamvetse chisoni chomwe chagwera anthu athu ndi mamiliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. . . . Mantha athu akulu tsopano akutivutitsa. Komabe, ndikukhulupirira kuti kumenya nkhondo sikudzateteza zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi United States. Iyi ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri komanso yovuta. Tsopano lingaliro ili lipita, ngakhale tonse tikudziwa kuti Purezidenti atha kumenya nkhondo popanda iwo. Ngakhale voti iyi ingakhale yovuta bwanji, enafe tifunika kulimbikitsa kudziletsa. Dziko lathu lili pachisoni. Ena a ife tiyenera kunena, tiyeni tibwerere kumbuyo kwakanthawi. Tiyeni tingoima kaye, kwa miniti imodzi ndikuganiza zomwe zingachitike lero, kuti izi zisachitike. Tsopano ndamva chisoni chifukwa cha voti iyi. Koma ndidazindikira lero, ndipo ndidakumana ndikutsutsa chigamulochi pamsonkhano wachikumbutso wopweteka kwambiri, koma wokongola kwambiri. Monga m'modzi wa atsogoleri achipembedzo ananena momveka bwino kuti, "Tikamachita zinthu, tisakhale oyipa omwe timanyansidwa nawo."
September 16. Kuyambira tsiku lino ku 1982 gulu lachikhristu la Lebanon lotchedwa Phalangists, linalumikizidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi ankhondo a Israeli, linapha ena a 2,000 kwa othawa kwawo osapulumuka a Palestina mumzinda wa Sabra ndi msasa wapafupi wa Shatila ku Beirut, Lebanon. Asitikali aku Israeli adazungulira malowa, adatumiza gulu lankhondo la Phalangist, adalumikizana nawo ndi walkie-talkie ndikuyang'anira kupha anthu. Bungwe lofufuza ku Israel pambuyo pake lidapeza omwe amati ndi Nduna ya Zachitetezo Ariel Sharon kuti ndiomwe akuyankha. Anakakamizidwa kuti atule pansi udindo, koma sanamuimbire mlandu uliwonse. M'malo mwake, adatsitsimutsa ntchito yake ndikukhala prime minister. Upandu woyamba wofananawo wa Sharon udabwera ali wamkulu mu 1953 ndipo adawononga nyumba zambiri m'mudzi wa Qibya ku Jordan, komwe amathandizira kupha anthu wamba 69. Adatcha mbiri yake Nkhondo. Pamene anamwalira mu 2014 anali ambiri komanso odalirika m'mafilimu monga munthu wamtendere. Ellen Siegel, namwino wachiyuda waku America, anafotokoza za kuphedwa kumene, pomwe adawona bulldozer yaku Israel ikumba manda a anthu ambiri: Ndipo tidaganizadi kuti izi-ndikutanthauza, anali gulu lowombera. Mwadzidzidzi, msirikali waku Israeli akubwera akuthamangira mumsewu ndikuimitsa. Ndikuganiza kuti lingaliro lakuwombera antchito akunja zakunja ndichinthu chomwe sichinasangalatse Aisraeli. Koma chifukwa choti adatha kuwona izi ndikuyimitsa zikuwonetsa kuti panali - panali kulankhulana. ”
September 17. Awa ndi Tsiku la Constitution. Patsiku lino mu 1787 malamulo a US adasankhidwa ndipo anali asanaphwanyidwe. Izi zimabwera. Mphamvu zambiri zoperekedwa ku Congress, kuphatikiza mphamvu yakumenya nkhondo, tsopano zimalandidwa ndi purezidenti. Wolemba wamkulu wa Constitution James Madison adati "palibe gawo lililonse lamalamulo lomwe lingapezeke nzeru, kuposa m'ndime yomwe imafotokoza za nkhondo kapena mtendere ku nyumba yamalamulo, osati kuofesi yayikulu. Kupatula kukana kusakanikirana koteroko ndi mphamvu zosagwirizana, kudalira komanso kuyesedwa kukadakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kwa munthu m'modzi aliyense; osati monga chilengedwe chimatha kupereka monga prodigy wazaka zambiri, koma monga momwe tingayembekezere motsatizana kwa magistracy. Nkhondo ndiye namwino weniweni wa kukulitsa kwakukulu. Mu nkhondo, mphamvu yakuthupi iyenera kupangidwa; ndipo chifuniro chachikulu, chomwe chikuwongolera. Pankhondo, chuma chaboma chikuyenera kutsegulidwa; ndipo ndi dzanja loyang'anira lomwe liyenera kuwapatsa. Pankhondo, maulemu ndi kulandilidwa kwantchito zikuyenera kuchulukitsidwa; ndipo ndi oyang'anira omwe akuyenera kusangalatsidwa nawo. Pamapeto pake, ali m'nkhondo, pomwe maulamuliro akuyenera kusonkhanitsidwa, ndipo ndi omwe akuyenera kuzungulira. Zilakolako zamphamvu kwambiri ndi zofooka zowopsa za bere la munthu; kutchuka, kukhumbira ena, kudziona monga wopanda pake, ulemu wolemekezeka kapena kukonda kutchuka, zonsezi ndi chiwembu chotsutsana ndi kufunitsitsa mtendere. ”
September 18. Patsiku lino mu 1924 Mohandas Gandhi adayambanso kudya tsiku la 21 m'nyumba ya Muslim, chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa Muslim ndi Hindu. Zipolowe zinali kuchitika ku Northwest Frontier Province of India yomwe pambuyo pake idzakhala Pakistan. Ahindu ndi Sikh oposa 150 adaphedwa, ndipo anthu ena onse adathawa kuti apulumutse miyoyo yawo. Gandhi adatenga masiku 21 kusala kudya. Inali imodzi mwamasamba osachepera 17 omwe adachita, kuphatikiza awiri mu 1947 ndi 1948 pazifukwa zomwezi, zosakwaniritsidwa, za umodzi wachisilamu ndi Chihindu. Kusala kudya kwina kwa Gandhi kudakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino, monganso kusala kudya kwina kale komanso kuyambira pano. Gandhi adawaganiziranso ngati maphunziro. "Palibe chinthu champhamvu ngati kusala kudya ndi kupemphera," adatero, "chomwe chingatipatse chilango chofunikira, mzimu wodzimana, kudzichepetsa komanso kulimba mtima kufuna zinthu popanda kupita patsogolo kwenikweni." Gandhi adatinso, "Hartal," kutanthauza kunyanyala ntchito kapena kuimitsa ntchito, "zimabwera mwaufulu komanso mopanda kukakamizidwa ndi njira yamphamvu yosonyezera kusakondedwa ndi anthu ambiri, koma kusala kudya kuli kopitilira apo. Anthu akamasala kudya mwachipembedzo ndikuwonetsa chisoni chawo pamaso pa Mulungu, amalandira yankho linalake. Mitima yovuta kwambiri imachita nayo chidwi. Kusala kudya kumaonedwa ndi zipembedzo zonse ngati chilango chachikulu. Iwo omwe amasala mwa kufuna kwawo amakhala ofatsa ndi oyeretsedwa ndi iyo. Kusala kudya kwenikweni ndi pemphero lamphamvu. Sichinthu chaching'ono kwa anthu lakhs, "kutanthauza mazana masauzande," mwaufulu kuti asadye chakudya ndipo kusala koteroko ndiko kusala kudya kwa Satyagrahi. Imalimbikitsa anthu ndi mayiko. ”
September 19. Pa tsiku lino atsogoleri a 2013 a WOZA, omwe akuimira a Women of Zimbabwe Arise, adagwidwa ku Harare, Zimbabwe, pokondwerera Tsiku la Mtendere la Padziko Lonse. WOZA ndi kayendetsedwe ka anthu ku Zimbabwe komwe kanakhazikitsidwa mu 2003 Jenni Williams kulimbikitsa amayi kuyimilira ufulu wawo ndi kumasuka. Mu 2006, WOZA idaganiza zopanga MOZA kapena Men of Zimbabwe Arise, yomwe yakhala ikukonzekera amuna kuti azigwira ntchito mosagwirizana ndi ufulu wa anthu. Mamembala a WOZA amangidwa nthawi zambiri chifukwa chowonetsa mwamtendere, kuphatikiza ziwonetsero zapachaka za Tsiku la Valentine zomwe zimalimbikitsa mphamvu ya chikondi kuposa kukonda mphamvu. Anthu aku Zimbabwe adatenga nawo mbali pachisankho cha purezidenti ndi nyumba yamalamulo mu Julayi 2013. Amnesty International idawona kuponderezana kwakukulu zisanachitike zisankho. Robert Mugabe, yemwe adapambana zisankho zokayikitsa kuyambira 1980, adasankhidwanso kukhala purezidenti kwa zaka zisanu, ndipo chipani chake chidalamuliranso Nyumba yamalamulo. Mu 2012 ndi 2013, pafupifupi mabungwe onse aboma ku Zimbabwe, kuphatikiza WOZA, adalandidwa maofesi, kapena utsogoleri umangidwa, kapena onse awiri. Kuganiza m'zaka za zana la XNUMX kungalangize WOZA kuchita zachiwawa. Koma kafukufuku apeza kuti, zoyeserera zosagwirizana ndi maboma ankhanza zili ndi mwayi wopitilira kawiri, ndipo kupambana kumeneku kumakhala kwakanthawi. Ngati maboma aku Western angateteze mphuno zawo, osagwiritsa ntchito olimba mtima osachita zachiwawa ngati zida zokhazikitsira purezidenti wokonda Pentagon, ndipo ngati anthu ofunitsitsa padziko lonse lapansi atha kuthandiza WOZA ndi MOZA, Zimbabwe itha kukhala ndi tsogolo labwino.
September 20. Patsikuli mu 1838, bungwe loyamba lopanda zachiwawa padziko lonse, New England Non-Resistance Society, lidakhazikitsidwa ku Boston, Massachusetts. Ntchito yake ikanakhudza Thoreau, Tolstoy, ndi Gandhi. Linapangidwa mwapadera ndi okonda zonyansa omwe anakwiya ndikuchita manyazi kwa American Peace Society yomwe idakana kutsutsa ziwawa zonse. Constitution ndi Declaration of Sentiments ya gulu latsopanoli, lolembedwa makamaka ndi a William Lloyd Garrison, mwa zina, anati: "Sitingavomereze kumvera boma lililonse la anthu… Dziko lathu ndi dziko lapansi, anthu athu ndianthu onse… Tilembetsa umboni wathu, osati kokha motsutsana ndi nkhondo zonse - zankhanza kapena zoteteza, koma kukonzekera nkhondo, kumenya zombo zilizonse zankhondo, zida zilizonse zankhondo; motsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo ndi gulu loyimirira; motsutsana ndi akalonga onse ankhondo ndi asitikali; motsutsana ndi zipilala zonse zokumbukira kupambana kwa mdani wakunja, zikho zonse zopambana pankhondo, zikondwerero zonse zolemekeza zankhondo kapena zankhondo; Kuyan'ana zonse zomwe ziyenela kuchitidwa ndikuteteza dziko mokakamiza, ndi mmanja mwa bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo; kuletsa lamulo lililonse la boma loti nzika zake zizilowa usilikali. Chifukwa chake, tikuwona kuti ndikosaloledwa kunyamula zida zankhondo kapena kugwira ntchito yankhondo ... ”New England Non-Resistance Society inachita khama kuti isinthe, kuphatikiza ukazi ndikuthetsa ukapolo. Mamembala amasokoneza misonkhano yamatchalitchi pofuna kutsutsa kusagwira ntchito zaukapolo. Mamembala komanso atsogoleri awo nthawi zambiri ankakumana ndi ziwawa za anthu okwiya, koma nthawi zonse amakana kubweza zovulalazi. Sosaite idati chifukwa chakusagwirizana kumeneku ndikuti palibe mamembala ake omwe adaphedwa.
September 21. Ili ndilo Tsiku la Mtendere la Padziko Lonse. Komanso patsikuli mu 1943, Nyumba yamalamulo ya US idaponya voti 73 mpaka 1 ya Fulbright Resolution ikuonetsa kudzipereka ku bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa nkhondo. United Nations yoyambira, limodzi ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lapansi omwe adapangidwa kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, ili ndi mbiri yosakanikirana kwambiri pankhani zamtendere. Komanso patsikuli mu 1963 bungwe la War Resists League linapanga chiwonetsero choyamba cha US chotsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam. Gulu lomwe lidakula kuyambira pamenepo lidachita gawo lalikulu pothetsa nkhondoyi komanso kutembenuza anthu aku US kuti asamenye nkhondo mpaka pomwe opanga nkhondo ku Washington adayamba kunena za kukana kwa pagulu nkhondo ngati matenda, Vietnam Syndrome. Komanso patsikuli mu 1976 Orlando Letelier, mdani wamkulu wa wolamulira mwankhanza waku Chile, Aug Augtoto Pinochet, adaphedwa, malinga ndi lamulo la Pinochet, pamodzi ndi womuthandizira waku America, Ronni Moffitt, ndi bomba lagalimoto ku Washington, DC - ntchito ya wakale CIA yogwira. Tsiku la Mtendere wa padziko lonse lapansi lidakondwerera koyamba mu 1982, ndipo limadziwika ndi mayiko ambiri ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi zochitika padziko lonse lapansi pa Seputembala 21, kuphatikizaponso kuyimitsidwa kwa masiku omenyera nkhondo zomwe zimavumbula momwe zingakhalire kukhala kwa chaka chonse kapena kwamuyaya -amapuma pang'ono pankhondo. Patsikuli, United Nations Mtendere wa Bell ndizovuta Likulu la UN in New York City. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lomwe mungagwire ntchito pa mtendere wamuyaya ndi kukumbukira omwe akuvutika nawo nkhondo.
September 22. Pa tsiku lino mu 1961, Peace Corps Act inalembedwa ndi Purezidenti John Kennedy atadutsa ndi Congress tsiku lapitalo. Peace Corps yomwe idapangidwa motere ikufotokozedwa kuti idagwira ntchito "kulimbikitsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi komanso ubale kudzera mu Peace Corps, yomwe ipatsa mayiko ndi madera omwe amuna ndi akazi aku United States oyenerera kukatumikira kunja ndikufunitsitsa kukatumikira, mikhalidwe yovuta ngati kuli kofunikira, kuthandiza anthu akumayiko ndi madera amenewo kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo za anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino. ” Pakati pa 1961 ndi 2015, anthu aku America pafupifupi 220,000 alowa nawo Peace Corps ndipo atumikiranso m'maiko 140. Nthawi zambiri, ogwira ntchito ku Peace Corps amathandizira pazachuma kapena zachilengedwe kapena maphunziro, osati ndi zokambirana zamtendere kapena poteteza anthu. Koma nawonso sali gawo la mapulani ankhondo kapena kugwetsa boma monga momwe zimakhalira ndi CIA, USAID, NED, kapena ogwira ntchito ku US omwe akugwirira ntchito mabungwe ena aboma akunja. Zolimba bwanji, mwaulemu bwanji, komanso mwanzeru momwe antchito odzipereka a Peace Corps amagwirira ntchito zimasiyanasiyana ndi odzipereka. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono amawonetsa nzika zaku US zopanda zida ndipo iwonso amakhala ndi gawo lakunja - chidziwitso chomwe mwina chimapangitsa kupezeka kwa omenyera ufulu ambiri amtendere pakati pa omenyera ufulu. Malingaliro okopa alendo mwamtendere komanso zokambirana za nzika monga njira zochepetsera kuwopsa kwa nkhondo zatengedwa ndimaphunziro amtendere ndi mabungwe ambiri omwe si aboma omwe amathandizira kusinthana kwakunja, mwina kwenikweni kapena kudzera pamakompyuta.
September 23. Patsiku lino ku 1973 a United Farm Workers adalandira malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino kuphatikizapo kudzipereka kuchitetezo. Nthumwi zina 350 zidasonkhana ku Fresno, California, kuti zivomereze Constitution ndikukasankha komiti ndi oyang'anira mgulu lantchito lomwe latsopanoli. Chochitikacho chinali chikondwerero chothana ndi zovuta zambiri, komanso ziwawa zambiri, kuti apange mgwirizanowu wa ogwira ntchito m'mafamu omwe amalandila malipiro ochepa komanso kuwopseza. Adakumana ndi kumangidwa, kumenyedwa, ndi kuphedwa, komanso kusalabadira kwa boma ndi nkhanza, komanso mpikisano kuchokera ku mgwirizano waukulu. Cesar Chavez adayamba kukonzekera zaka khumi zapitazo. Iye anatchukitsa mawu akuti "Inde, titha!" kapena "Si 'se puede!" Anauzira achinyamata kuti akhale okonzekera, ambiri mwa iwo omwe adakali pano. Iwo kapena ophunzira awo adakonza kampeni zambiri zokomera anthu kumapeto kwa zaka za 20th. UFW idakonzanso bwino magwiridwe antchito a anthu ogwira ntchito kumafamu ku California komanso mdziko lonselo, ndipo idapanga njira zingapo zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kuyambira pamenepo, kuphatikiza kunyanyala. Theka la anthu ku United States anasiya kudya mphesa mpaka anthu amene anatola mpesawo aloledwa kupanga mgwirizano. UFW idapanga njira yolondolera kampani kapena wandale kuchokera mbali zingapo nthawi imodzi. Ogwira ntchito pafamuyo amagwiritsa ntchito kusala kudya, zikwangwani za anthu, bwalo lamasewera mumisewu, kutenga nawo mbali pagulu, nyumba zamgwirizano, komanso kufalitsa voti. UFW idalemba olemba anzawo ntchito, adawasankha, kenako ndikukhala m'maofesi awo mpaka atakwaniritsa zomwe adalonjeza - njira yosiyana kwambiri ndikudzipangira wotsatira.
September 24. Patsiku lino ku 1963, Senate ya US inagwirizana ndi Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, yomwe imadziwika kuti Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty chifukwa inaletsa kuphulika kwa nyukiliya pamwamba pa nthaka kapena pansi pa madzi, koma osati pansi. Panganoli limayesetsa kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa zida za nyukiliya m'mlengalenga, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kuyesa zida za nyukiliya, makamaka ndi United States, Soviet Union, ndi China. United States idapangitsa zilumba zingapo kuzilumba za Marshall kukhala zosakhalamo ndipo zidadzetsa khansa yambiri komanso zilema zobadwa pakati pa anthu. Mgwirizanowu udavomerezedwa kumapeto kwa 1963 komanso ndi Soviet Union ndi United Kingdom. Soviet Union idapereka lingaliro loletsa kuyesedwa kuphatikiza zida zanyukiliya komanso zopanda zida zanyukiliya. Inapeza mgwirizano pakati pa awiriwo pankhani yoletsa mayeso okha. US ndi UK adafuna kuyendera pamasamba kuti aletse kuyesa kuyesa mobisa, koma Soviet sanatero. Chifukwa chake, mgwirizanowu udasiya kuyesa mobisa kunja kwa chiletso. M'mwezi wa June Purezidenti John Kennedy, polankhula ku American University, adalengeza kuti United States ithetsa kuyeserera kwanyukiliya m'mlengalenga malinga ndi momwe ena amachitira, pomwe akuchita mgwirizano. "Kutsiriza kwa panganoli, lomwe latsala pang'ono kufika pano," anatero miyezi ya Kennedy isanamalize, "zitha kuwunika kuthamanga kwa zida zankhondo m'malo amodzi owopsa. Ikhoza kulimbikitsa mphamvu za nyukiliya kuti zithe kuthana ndi vuto limodzi lalikulu lomwe anthu akukumana nalo mu 1963, kufalikira kwa zida za nyukiliya. ”
September 25. Pa tsiku lino mu Pulezidenti Wachi US wa United States Dwight Eisenhower ndi mtsogoleri wa Soviet Nikita Khrushchev anakumana. Izi zimawerengedwa ngati kutentha kwapaubwenzi pakati pa Cold War ndikupanga chiyembekezo ndi chisangalalo mtsogolo popanda nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya. Asanayende masiku awiri ndi Eisenhower ku Camp David komanso pafamu ya Eisenhower ku Gettysburg, Khrushchev ndi banja lake adapita ku United States. Anapita ku New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, ndi ku Des Moines. Ku LA, Khrushchev adakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri apolisi atamuwuza kuti sizingakhale bwino kuti apite ku Disneyland. Khrushchev, yemwe adakhala ndi moyo kuyambira 1894 mpaka 1971, adayamba kulamulira Josef Stalin atamwalira mu 1953. Adatsutsa zomwe adazitcha "zopitilira muyeso" za Stalinism ndipo adati akufuna "kukhala mwamtendere" ndi United States. Eisenhower adatinso akufuna zomwezo. Atsogoleri awiriwa adati msonkhano wawo unali wopindulitsa ndipo amakhulupirira kuti "funso loti zida zankhondo ndizofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano." Khrushchev adatsimikizira omwe amagwira nawo ntchito kuti atha kugwira ntchito ndi Eisenhower, ndipo adamuyitanitsa kuti apite ku Soviet Union mu 1960. Koma mu Meyi, Soviet Union idawombera ndege yaukazitape ya U-2, ndipo Eisenhower ananama, osazindikira kuti a Soviet agwira woyendetsa ndege. Cold War inali itayambiranso. Wogwiritsa ntchito ma radar aku US wachinsinsi kwambiri U-2 anali atalephera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi m'mbuyomu ndipo akuti adauza anthu aku Russia zonse zomwe amadziwa, koma adalandiridwanso ndi boma la US. Dzina lake anali Lee Harvey Oswald. Vuto la Misisi ku Cuba linali lisanabwere.
September 26. Uwu ndi tsiku la International International for Total Removal of Nuclear Weapons. Komanso tsiku lino mu 1924 League of Nations inavomereza koyamba Lamulo la Ufulu wa Mwana, kenako linakhazikitsidwa kukhala Mgwirizano wa Ufulu wa Mwana. United States ndi yomwe ikutsutsana kwambiri ndikuchotsa zida za nyukiliya, komanso dziko lokhalo logwirizira Pangano la Ufulu wa Ana, pomwe mayiko 196 ali mgululi. Zachidziwikire, ena maphanganowa amaphwanya, koma United States ili ndi zolinga zomwe zingaphwanye, kuti Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku US ikane kuvomereza. Chifukwa chodziwika cha izi ndikungodandaula za ufulu wa makolo kapena wabanja. Koma ku United States, ana osakwana zaka 18 amatha kuponyedwa mndende moyo wawo wonse osapatsidwa ufulu. Malamulo aku US amalola kuti ana azaka zakubadwa 12 azigwira ntchito yaulimi kwa maola ochuluka m'malo owopsa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mayiko aku US amalola kulangidwa m'masukulu. Asitikali aku US amalanda poyera ana m'mapulogalamu asanachitike usirikali. Purezidenti wa US wapha ana ndi ziwonetsero za drone ndipo adawunika mayina awo pamndandanda wakupha. Malamulo onsewa, ena mwa iwo omwe amathandizidwa ndi mafakitale opindulitsa kwambiri, akhoza kuphwanya Pangano la Ufulu wa Mwana ngati United States kuti ilowe nawo. Ngati ana anali ndi ufulu, akanakhala ndi ufulu wopita kusukulu zabwino, kutetezedwa ku mfuti, komanso kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi komanso wathanzi. Izi ndi zinthu zopenga kuti Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku US ichite.
September 27. Pa tsiku lino mu 1923, mu chigonjetso chopanga mtendere kwa League of Nations, Italy anatuluka kuchokera ku Corfu. Kupambana kunasankhidwa pang'ono. League of Nations, yomwe idakhalapo kuyambira 1920 mpaka 1946, ndipo United States idakana kulowa, inali yachichepere ndipo imayesedwa. Corfu ndi chilumba chachi Greek, ndipo mkangano pamenepo udakula ndikupambana pang'ono. Bungwe la League of Nations lotsogozedwa ndi Italiya wotchedwa Enrico Tellini lidathetsa mkangano wamalire pakati pa Greece ndi Albania m'njira yomwe idalephera kukhutiritsa Agiriki. Tellini, othandizira awiri, ndi womasulira adaphedwa, ndipo Italy idadzudzula Greece. Italy inaphulitsa ndi kuwukira Corfu, ndikupha othawa kwawo khumi ndi awiri panthawiyi. Italy, Greece, Albania, Serbia, ndi Turkey anayamba kukonzekera nkhondo. Greece idachita apilo ku League of Nations, koma Italy idakana kuchita nawo izi ndikuwopseza kuti achoka mu League. France idakonda kutulutsa League, chifukwa France idalanda gawo lina la Germany ndipo sinkafuna kutengera chitsanzo chilichonse. Msonkhano wa League of Ambassadors udalengeza njira zothetsera mkangano womwe udakomera Italy, kuphatikiza kulipira kwakukulu kwa Greece kupita ku Italy. Magulu onsewa adamvera, ndipo Italy idachoka ku Corfu. Popeza nkhondo yayikulu sinayambike, izi zinali zopambana. Pomwe mtundu wankhanza kwambiri udayamba, izi zidalephera. Palibe ogwira nawo ntchito mwamtendere omwe adatumizidwa, sanalandire chilango, osazenga milandu kukhothi, osadzudzulidwa kapena kunyanyala, kapena zokambirana zamipani yambiri. Mayankho ambiri sanalipo, koma padali gawo limodzi.
September 28. Ili ndi tsiku la chikondwerero cha St. Augustine, nthawi yabwino kulingalira zomwe zili zolakwika ndi lingaliro la "nkhondo yolungama." Augustine, wobadwa mchaka cha 354, adayesa kuphatikiza chipembedzo chotsutsana ndi kupha komanso zachiwawa ndi kupha anthu ambiri komanso ziwawa zoopsa, motero adayambitsa gawo lamaphunziro apamwamba, lomwe likugulitsabe mabuku mpaka pano. Nkhondo yolungama ikuyenera kukhala yodzitchinjiriza kapena yopereka zachifundo kapena osabwezera, ndipo kuvutika komwe kumayimitsidwa kapena kubwezeredwa kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa kuzunzika komwe kudzachitike chifukwa cha nkhondoyi. M'malo mwake, nkhondo imabweretsa mavuto ambiri kuposa china chilichonse. Nkhondo yolungama ikuyenera kukhala yodalirika komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wopambana. M'malo mwake, chinthu chokhacho chosavuta kuneneratu ndi kulephera. Iyenera kukhala njira yomaliza pambuyo poti njira zonse zamtendere zalephera. M'malo mwake pamakhala njira zamtendere nthawi zonse zotsutsana ndi mayiko akunja, monga Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, ndi zina zambiri. Pa yomwe amati nkhondo yokha, omenyera nkhondo okha ndi omwe amayenera kuwatsata. Kunena zowona, ambiri omwe amazunzidwa pankhondo kuyambira Nkhondo Yadziko II anali anthu wamba. Kupha anthu wamba kuyenera kukhala "kofanana" ndi kufunika kwa asirikali, koma simachitidwe oyenerera omwe aliyense angathe kutsatira. Mu 2014, gulu lina la Pax Christi linati: “MISONKHANO, KUFUFUZA, UKAPOLO, KUZUNZA, KULANGIZA MITUNDU YA NKHONDO, NKHONDO: Kwa zaka zambiri, atsogoleri a Tchalitchi komanso akatswiri azaumulungu ankalungamitsa zinthu zoipa zonsezi mogwirizana ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu. Ndi m'modzi yekha mwa iwo amene ali ndi udindo wophunzitsa m'matchalitchi masiku ano. ”
September 29. Pa tsiku lino mu 1795, Immanuel Kant anatulutsa Mtendere Wosatha: Chophimba Chafilosofi. Wafilosofi adalemba zinthu zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zidzafunika kuti pakhale mtendere padziko lapansi, kuphatikiza: "Palibe mgwirizano wamtendere womwe ungasungidwe kukhala wosungira nkhondo," ndipo "Palibe mayiko odziyimira pawokha, akulu kapena ang'ono, amene adzabwera motsogozedwa ndi dziko lina monga cholowa, kusinthanitsa, kugula, kapena kupereka, "komanso" Palibe boma lomwe, panthawi yankhondo, lingalole machitidwe amtunduwu omwe angapangitse kudalirana kwamtendere pambuyo pake kukhala kosatheka: awa ndi ntchito yakupha ,..... Ndi mtima wofuna kupandukira boma lomwe likutsutsana. ” Kant idaphatikizaponso kuletsa ngongole zadziko. Zinthu zina zomwe zidalembedwa kuti athetse nkhondo zidangonena kuti, "Sikudzakhalanso nkhondo," monga iyi: "Palibe boma lomwe lidzasokoneze Constitution kapena boma la dziko lina," kapena ili chomwe chimafikitsa pamtima pake: "Asitikali ankhondo omwe adzaimirira athetsedwa." Kant adatsegula zokambirana zofunikira kwambiri koma atha kuchita zoyipa zambiri kuposa zabwino, monga adalengeza kuti chilengedwe cha amuna (chilichonse chomwe chimatanthawuza) ndi nkhondo, kuti mtendere ndi chinthu chodalira mtendere wa ena (chifukwa chake musathetse ankhondo anu mwachangu kwambiri). Anatinso maboma oimira boma abweretsa mtendere, kuphatikiza kwa "achifwamba" omwe sanali aku Europe omwe adawayesa ngati akumenya nkhondo kwamuyaya.
September 30. Patsiku lino ku 1946, mayesero otsogolera a ku Nuremberg a ku United States anapeza a 22 German omwe anali ndi mlandu wa milandu yomwe United States inali nayo ndipo idzapitirizabe kuchita zomwezo. Kuletsedwa kwa nkhondo ku Kellogg-Briand Pact kunasinthidwa kukhala chiletso pankhondo yankhanza, pomwe opambana adaganiza kuti otaika okhawo anali achiwawa. Nkhondo zambiri zankhanza zaku US kuyambira pano sizinawuzidwe mlandu. Pakadali pano, asitikali aku US adalemba ganyu asayansi ndi madotolo akale a Nazi mazana asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, kuphatikiza omwe adagwirizana nawo kwambiri a Adolf Hitler, amuna omwe amapha, ukapolo, komanso kuyesa anthu, kuphatikiza amuna omwe apezeka ndi milandu yankhondo. Anazi ena omwe adayesedwa ku Nuremberg anali akugwirira ntchito US ku Germany kapena ku US asanaweruzidwe. Ena adatetezedwa m'mbuyomu ndi boma la US kwazaka zambiri, popeza amakhala ndikugwira ntchito ku Boston Harbor, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, ndi kwina kulikonse, kapena aboma aku US adapita nawo ku Argentina kuti akawateteze ku mlandu . Azondi akale a Nazi, ambiri a iwo omwe kale anali SS, adalembedwa ntchito ndi US ku Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo kuti akazonde - ndikuzunza - Soviet. Asayansi akale a Nazi a rocket adayamba kupanga chida cha intercontinental ballistic. Akatswiri akale a Nazi omwe adapanga nyumba yogona ya Hitler, adapangira nyumba zaboma zaboma ku US ku Catoctin ndi Blue Ridge Mountains. Anazi akale adapanga mapulogalamu azida zamankhwala ndi zida zaku US, ndipo adayikidwa kuyang'anira bungwe latsopano lotchedwa NASA. Omwe anali abodza akale a Nazi adalemba zolemba zazachinyengo zabodza zabodza ku Soviet Union - chifukwa chomenyera zoipa zonsezi.
Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.
Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.
Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.
Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.
Audio wojambulidwa ndi Tim Pluta.
Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.
Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music Gwiritsani ntchito chilolezo kuchokera “Mapeto a Nkhondo,” lolemba Eric Colville.
Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.
Zojambula za Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.
