August

August 1
August 2
August 3
August 4
August 5
August 6
August 7
August 8
August 9
August 10
August 11
August 12
August 13
August 14
August 15
August 16
August 17
August 18
August 19
August 20
August 21
August 22
August 23
August 24
August 25
August 26
August 27
August 28
August 29
August 30
August 31

August 1. Patsikuli ku 1914, Harry Hodgkin, a British Quaker, ndi Friedrich Siegmund-Schulte, mbusa wachi Lutheran, adachoka pamsonkhano wa mtendere ku Konstanz, Germany. Anasonkhana kumeneko pamodzi ndi Akhristu ena a ku Ulaya a 150 kukonzekera kuchita zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa nkhondo yomwe ikubwera ku Ulaya. Zachisoni, chiyembekezo chija chidasokonezedwa masiku anayi m'mbuyomu ndi omenyera nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi yoti idzakhale Nkhondo Yadziko I. ndi chikondi, ngakhale m'tsogolo muno. ” Kwa amuna awiriwa, lonjezo limeneli limatanthauza zambiri osati kungopeka nawo nkhondo. Zinatanthawuza kukhazikitsanso mtendere pakati pa mayiko awo awiri, mosasamala kanthu za ndondomeko za maboma awo. Chaka chisanathe, amunawa adathandizira kukhazikitsa bungwe lamtendere ku Cambridge, England lotchedwa Fellowship of Reconciliation. Pofika 1919, gulu la Cambridge lidakhala gawo la International Fellowship of Reconciliation (lotchedwa IFOR), ”lomwe pazaka zana zotsatira lidabweretsa nthambi ndi magulu ogwirizana m'maiko opitilira 50 padziko lapansi. Ntchito zamtendere zochitidwa ndi IFOR ndizokhazikitsidwa m'malingaliro akuti kukonda Wina kuli ndi mphamvu yosintha maboma andale, zachikhalidwe, komanso zachuma; mapulojekitiwa adadzipereka kuti athetse kusamvana mwamtendere, kutsatira chilungamo monga maziko oyambira mtendere, ndikuwononga machitidwe olimbikitsa udani. Makampeni apadziko lonse a IFOR amalumikizidwa ndi Secretariat yapadziko lonse ku Netherlands. Bungweli limagwiranso ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana ndikusunga nthumwi ku United Nations.

August 2. Patsikuli mu 1931, kalata yolembedwa ndi Albert Einstein inawerengedwa ku msonkhano womwe unachitikira ku Lyon, ku France ndi Akuluakulu a Nkhondo, omwe ali padziko lonse lapansi omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi padziko lonse popanda nkhondo. Monga katswiri wasayansi wanthawi yake, Einstein adapitiliza ntchito yake yasayansi modzipereka. Komabe, analinso wokonda kuchita zachiwawa, yemwe amayesetsa kukhazikitsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi. M'kalata yake yopita kumsonkhano ku Lyon, Einstein adapempha "asayansi padziko lapansi kuti akane kuchita nawo kafukufuku wopanga zida zatsopano zankhondo." Kwa omenyera ufulu wawo omwe adasonkhana, adalemba mwachindunji: "Anthu akumayiko 56 omwe mukuwayimilira ali ndi kuthekera kwamphamvu kuposa lupanga…. Ndi okhawo omwe atha kubweretsa zida mdziko lapansi. ” Anachenjezanso omwe akukonzekera kupita kumsonkhano wokhudza zida zankhondo ku Geneva mu Okutobala wotsatira kuti "akane kuthandizira pankhondo kapena pokonzekera nkhondo." Kwa Einstein, mawuwa posachedwa atsimikizira kukhala olosera. Msonkhano wokhudza zida zankhondo udafika pachimake- makamaka chifukwa, malinga ndi malingaliro a Einstein, omwe adachita msonkhanowo adalephera kutsatira upangiri wake woti asathetse nkhani zokhudzana ndi kukonzekera nkhondo. "Munthu samapangitsa kuti nkhondo zizichitika popanga malamulo okhudza nkhondo," adatero pamsonkhano wa atolankhani paulendo wocheperako ku msonkhano wa ku Geneva. "Ndikuganiza kuti msonkhanowu ukupita kukakumana molakwika. Chilichonse chomwe chingagwirizane chokhudza mitundu yankhondo yololedwa pankhondo imathyoledwa nkhondo ikangoyamba. Nkhondo siyingakhale yaumunthu. Zitha kuthetsedwa. ”

August 3. Patsikuli mu 1882, United States Congress inadutsa dzikoli lamulo loyendetsa dziko lonse. Lamulo la Immigration Act la 1882 linapanga ndondomeko yaikulu ya dziko la US poyendetsa dziko lawo poyambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya alendo omwe amawoneka kuti "osafuna kulowa." Choyamba, Mlembi wa Chuma cha Padzikoli adalimbikitsana ndi malamulowa, kugonana, kugonana, kapena munthu aliyense amene sangathe kudzisamalira yekha popanda kuimbidwa mlandu wamba. "Amene sankakhoza kusonyeza kuti ndalama zodzipangira okha zimabwereranso ku maiko awo. Lamuloli linapanga zosiyana ndi anthu osadulidwa omwe sali ovomerezeka omwe amatsutsidwa chifukwa cha zolakwa za ndale, ndikuwonetsa chikhulupiliro cha chikhalidwe cha US kuti America ayenera kupereka malo omwe akuzunzidwa. Komabe, kenako kukambitsirana kwa lamulo la Immigration Act kunayamba kuchepa kwambiri. Mu 1891, Congress inakhazikitsa ulamuliro wodalirika wokhudza kudziko lina. Mu 1903, idatha kuthetsa ndondomeko yakuvomereza osauka omwe anabwerera kwawo kunyumba zolakwa za ndale; mmalo mwake, iwo analetsa anthu obwerera kwawo "otsutsana ndi boma lokhazikitsidwa." Kuchokera apo, lamulo lothawira anthu othawa kwawo linawonjezerapo zinthu zambiri zochokera ku dziko, ndipo anapitiriza kupondereza anthu othawa kwawo omwe ankaganiza kuti angakhale otsutsa. Lamulo siliyenera kuti likhale lotolo la "mkazi wamphamvu ali ndi nyali" ku New York Harbor amene akulengeza, "Ndipatseni ine otopa anu, osauka anu / Makumba anu omwe akulakalaka kupuma kwaulere." Komabe, motsutsana ndi "Kumanga Wall "akukankhidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka Trump zaka zoposa 100 chifanizirochi chikuwululidwa, uthenga wake ulibe njira yabwino yowonetsera njira yolumikizanitsa anthu ndi mtendere wa padziko lonse.

August 4. Patsikuli ku 1912, gulu la asilikali a 2,700 US linalowa m'dziko la Nicaragua, likufika pa madoko a Pacific ndi Pacific. Poyang'anizana ndi zipolowe mdziko lomwe limachita zofuna zake komanso zamalonda, US idakhazikitsanso kukhazikitsanso boma ku Nicaragua lomwe lingadalire. Chaka chatha, US idazindikira boma logwirizana ku Nicaragua lotsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti wodziletsa a Jose Estrada. Akuluakuluwo anali ataloleza US kuti ichite mfundo ndi Nicaragua yotchedwa "madola zipolopolo." Chimodzi mwazolinga zake chinali kuwononga mphamvu zachuma ku Europe m'derali, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupikisana ndi malonda aku America. China chinali kutsegula chitseko kwa mabanki aku US kuti abwereke ndalama kuboma la Nicaragua, kuwonetsetsa kuti US ikuyang'anira chuma cha dzikolo. Kusiyana kwandale mumgwirizano wa Estrada posakhalitsa kunayamba. General Luis Mena, yemwe anali Minister of War anali ndi malingaliro okonda dziko lako, adakakamiza Estrada kuti atule pansi udindo, ndikukweza wachiwiri wake, Adolfo Diaz, kuti akhale purezidenti. Pambuyo pake Mena atapandukira boma la Diaz, ndikudzudzula purezidenti "wogulitsa dzikolo kwa osunga ndalama aku New York," Diaz adapempha thandizo kuchokera ku US zomwe zidapangitsa kuti awukire pa Ogasiti 4 ndikupangitsa Mena kuthawa mdzikolo. Diaz atasankhidwanso pachisankho choyang'aniridwa ndi US ku 1913 pomwe omenyera ufulu adakana kutenga nawo mbali, US idasunga zida zazing'ono zam'madzi ku Nicaragua pafupifupi mosalekeza mpaka 1933. anali wofunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti maboma ovomerezeka aku US azilamulira.

August 5. Patsiku lino ku 1963, US, USSR, ndi Great Britain inasaina mgwirizano wotsutsa mayesero a nyukiliya m'mlengalenga. Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy adathamangira kuntchito kuti awononge kuyesa zida za nyukiliya. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsamba ndi mkaka kumpoto kwa United States ndi asayansi mu 1950s zinawatsogolera kutsutsa positi mtundu WWII nyukiliya mtundu ngati poizoni poizoni wa chilengedwe. Bungwe la United Nations Disarmament Commission linayitanitsa kuthetsa mwamsanga kuyesa konse kwa nyukiliya, kuyambitsa kusokoneza kanthaŵi pakati pa US ndi Soviets ku 1958-61. Kennedy anayesera kuletsa kuyesedwa kwapansi pansi pochita msonkhano ndi Soviet Premier Khrushchev ku 1961. Kuopsezedwa kwa kufufuza kuti awonetsetse kulekanitsidwa kunachititsa kuti mantha a uzondi, ndi kuyerekezedwa kwa Soviet kupitirira mpaka Crisis of Missile Crisis inachititsa kuti dziko lifike pamphepete mwa nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Kenako mbali ziwiri zonsezi zinagwirizana ndi kulankhulana kwachindunji, ndipo mzinda wa Moscow-Washington unakhazikitsidwa. Zokambirana zinafooketsa mikangano ndipo zinachititsa kuti Kennedy asakhale ndi vuto linalake ku Khrushchev "osati kumenyana ndi nkhondo, koma kumtunda wamtendere." Nkhani zawo zomwe zinayambanso zinayambitsa zida zochokera ku mayiko ena, ndi Bungwe la Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty lomwe likulola kuyesa pansi pamtunda " popeza palibe zowonongeka zomwe zimagwera kunja kwa malire a dzikoli. "Pambuyo pake bungwe la United Nations linapereka mgwirizano wa Comprehensive Nuclear Test Banner ku 1996 yoletsa zonse, ngakhale pansi poyera, kuyesa kwa nyukiliya. Mitundu makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu imodzi, yopanda zida izi, inavomereza kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya ikanapindula. Purezidenti Bill Clinton adasaina mgwirizanowu. Senate ya ku United States, komabe, mu voti ya 48-51, inasankha kupitiliza mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya.

August 6. Patsikuli mu 1945 wophulitsa bomba waku America a Enola Gay adaponya bomba la atomiki la matani asanu - ofanana ndi matani 15,000 a TNT - mumzinda wa Hiroshima ku Japan. Bomba linawononga makilomita anayi a mzindawo ndikupha anthu a 80,000. Mu masabata otsatirawa, zikwi zambiri zinafa ndi mabala ndi poizoni wa poizoni. Purezidenti Harry Truman, yemwe adakhala ndi udindo pansi pa miyezi inayi m'mbuyomo, adanena kuti adagonjetsa bomba atauzidwa ndi aphungu ake kuti kusiya bomba kumathetsa nkhondo mwamsanga ndipo sikudzatha kuwononga dziko la Japan, zimapangitsa imfa ya asilikali a ku America miliyoni. Mbiri iyi ya mbiri siyang'anitsitsa. Miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomo, General Douglas MacArthur, Mkulu Wapamwamba wa Allied Forces ku Southwest Pacific Area, adatumiza mndandanda wa masamba a 40 kwa Pulezidenti Roosevelt yomwe inalongosola mwachidule zotsatizana zisanu zoperekedwa kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a ku Japan. USA, komabe, idadziwa kuti dziko la Russia linkayenda bwino kwambiri kum'mwera ndipo mwachidziwikire kuti likanakhala ku Japan pofika pa September, ngakhale US asanathe kukwera. Ngati izi zikanadutsa, dziko la Japan lidzipereka ku Russia, osati ku US Izi sizinali zoyenera kwa a US, omwe adayambitsa ndondomeko yotsutsa nkhondo ndi geo-hegemony. Choncho, ngakhale kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kwa atsogoleri a nkhondo ndi ndale komanso ku Japan kufuna kudzipereka, bomba linagwetsedwa. Ambiri adanena kuti ichi ndicho choyamba cha Cold War. Dwight D. Eisenhower adati zaka zambiri, "Japan idagonjetsedwa kale. . . kusiya bomba kunali kosafunika kwenikweni. "

August 7. Izi zikusonyeza kubadwa kwa 1904 kwa Ralph Bunche, katswiri wa sayansi ya ndale ku African African, pulofesa ndi nthumwi yemwe anakhala mtsogoleri wapamwamba ku United States ku United Nations. Ntchito ya Bunche inayamba ndi maphunziro oti apite ku Harvard University, komwe ku 1934 adalandira Ph.D. mu boma ndi maiko akunja. Kulongosola kwake kwa udokotala pa chikomyunizimu ku Africa kunafika patapita zaka ziwiri mu bukhu lake lachikale pa nkhaniyi, Padziko Lonse Padzikoli. Mu 1946, Bunche anasankhidwa ku nthambi yoyang'anira nthambi - kapena Secretariat - ya United Nations, kumene iye anali ndi udindo woyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka maboma omwe kale ankagwiridwa ndi UN ndi kuyang'ana patsogolo kwa boma lawo ndi ufulu wawo. Chochitika chochititsa chidwi cha Bunche, komabe, adatsatidwa kukhala mkulu wa bungwe la UN negotiator mu zokambirana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo yoyamba ya Aarabu ndi Israeli. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ya mgwirizano wosalephereka ndi wovuta, adatha kukwaniritsa zida zankhondo mu June 1949 malinga ndi mgwirizano pakati pa Israeli ndi maiko anayi Achiarabu. Pamsonkhano wapadera umenewu, Bunche anapatsidwa mphoto ya mtendere wa 1950 Nobel, kukhala woyamba wa African American kuti azilemekezedwa kwambiri. M'zaka zotsatira, Bunche adapitirizabe kusewera kwambiri ndikusunga mtendere ndi maudindo pakati pa maiko akutukuka. Pofika kumapeto kwa moyo wake ku 1971, adakhazikitsa cholowa ku UN omwe mwinamwake akufotokozedwa bwino ndi dzina laulemu omwe anzake adampatsa. Chifukwa Bunche anatenga mimba, komanso anagwiritsira ntchito, njira zambiri ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuti adzionetsetse kuti ndi "Bambo wa Kusunga Mtendere."

August 8. Patsikuli mu 1883, Pulezidenti Chester A. Arthur anakumana ndi Chief Washakie wa mtundu wa East Shoshone ndi Chief Black Coal wa Northern Arapaho mtundu wa Wind River Reservation ku Wyoming, ndipo anakhala pulezidenti woyamba wa US kuti aziyendera mwachidwi kusungirako ku America. . Kuyimira kwa Arthur ku Wind River kunali makamaka chifukwa chachikulu cha ulendo wake wautali wopita kumadzulo, womwe unkapita ku Parkstone ya Parkstone ndi kulakalaka kusodza nsomba zake. Dhow-in-Reservation inamulola iye kuti ayesetse kuthekera kwa dongosolo lomwe adalonjeza poyambitsa uthenga wa 1881 pachaka ku Congress pofuna kuthetsa zomwe adazitcha kuti "Mavuto a Indian" a America. Ndondomekoyi, yomwe idatchulidwa mu Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, adaitanitsa "gawo lochulukitsa," kwa Amwenye monga momwe adafunira, "malo okwanira a ulimi, omwe adayenera kuwatetezera ndi chilolezo, ndipo ... anapangidwira kwa makumi awiri kapena makumi awiri zaka zosangalatsa. "N'zosadabwitsa kuti atsogoleri a mafuko onsewa anakana mwakonzedwe kachitidwe kawo, chifukwa chikanatha kukhala ndi eni eni eni eni eni ake komanso njira ya moyo wawo wokhawokha. Komabe, kulephera kwa pulezidenti ku Wind River kumawoneka kuti amapereka phunziro lofunika kwa zaka zam'mbuyo zamakampani. Kuti pakhale mtendere wamuyaya, mayiko amphamvu ayenera kulemekeza ufulu wa mayiko omwe akutukuka ndi akutukuka kuti apange chuma chawo ndi chikhalidwe chawo, ndipo akhale okonzeka kugwira nawo ntchito kuti athandize zosowa za anthu awo. Mbiri yakale yasonyezeratu kuti njira zowakakamiza zimangobweretsa mkwiyo, blowback, komanso nthawi zambiri nkhondo.

August 9. Patsikuli ku 1945, bomba la US B-29 linaponya bomba la nyukiliya ku Nagasaki, ku Japan, kupha amuna, akazi, ndi ana a 39,000 tsiku limene mabomba anapha ndi 80,000 pafupifupi kumapeto kwa chaka. Kuphulika kwa bomba ku Nagasaki kunachitika patangodutsa masiku atatu chichitikireni zida zanyukiliya munkhondo, kuphulitsa bomba kwa Hiroshima komwe kumapeto kwa chaka kumapha anthu pafupifupi 150,000. Masabata angapo m'mbuyomu, Japan idatumiza uthengawo ku Soviet Union wonena zakufuna kudzipereka kuti athetse nkhondoyi. United States idaswa ma code aku Japan ndikuwerenga uthengawo. Purezidenti Harry Truman analemba muzolemba zake "telegalamu yochokera kwa Jap Emperor wopempha mtendere." Japan idakana kungodzipereka mosavomerezeka ndikupereka mfumu yawo, koma United States idalimbikira malamulowo mpaka bomba litagwa. Komanso pa Ogasiti 9th Soviet adalowa pankhondo yolimbana ndi Japan ku Manchuria. United States Strategic Bombing Survey idatsimikiza kuti, "... zisanafike pa 31 Disembala, 1945, ndipo mwina pasanafike 1 Novembala, 1945, Japan ikadapereka ngakhale mabomba a atomiki sanaponyedwe, ngakhale Russia ikadapanda kulowa nkhondo, ngakhale atakhala kuti sanakonzekere kulanda kapena kulingalira. ” Wotsutsa yemwe adafotokozanso izi kwa Secretary of War bomba lisanachitike bomba anali General Dwight Eisenhower. Wapampando wa Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy adagwirizana nazo, nati, "Kugwiritsa ntchito chida chankhanza ichi ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki sikunatithandizire pankhondo yathu yolimbana ndi Japan."

August 10. Patsikuli mu 1964, Pulezidenti wa US, Lyndon Johnson, adasindikiza lamulo la Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, lomwe linatsegula njira yopita nawo ku United States. Pasanafike pakati pausiku pa August 4, purezidenti adasintha pulogalamu ya TV nthawi zonse kuti alengeze kuti ngalawa ziwiri za ku America zawotchedwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf Tonkin pamphepete mwa kumpoto kwa Vietnam. Poyankha, adalamula kuti anthu asamangidwe ndi "malo okhala kumpoto kwa Vietnam omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zonyansa" - pakati pawo ndi malo osungira mafuta, mgodi wa malasha, ndi gawo lalikulu la nyanja ya North Vietnam. Patatha masiku atatu, Congress inapereka chisankho chomwe chinapatsa pulezidenti "zoyenera kuchita kuti ateteze zida zilizonse zotsutsana ndi mphamvu za US komanso kuti asapitirizebe kuzunza." Chisankho chimenecho, cholembedwa ndi purezidenti pa August 10, 1964, zidzatsogoleredwa ndi mapeto a nkhondo ku 1975 ku imfa ya chiwawa ya a 3.8 miliyoni a Vietnam kuphatikizapo mazana ambirimbiri a Laotiya ndi Cambodians ndi a 58,000 mamembala a asilikali a US. Zidzakhalanso zowonjezera kuti "Nkhondo ndi Bodza" - mbukuli pamayambiriro a 200 ndi zolemba zokhudzana ndi Gulf Tonkin zomwe zinatulutsidwa zaka zoposa 40 pambuyo pake. Wolemba mbiri wina wa National Security Agency, Robert Hanyok, anapeza kuti maiko a US ndi pempho la Congressional lidaperekedwa chifukwa cha zizindikiro zopanda nzeru zomwe zinadziwika ndi Pulezidenti komanso Mlembi wa wotchedwa Robert McNamara monga "umboni wofunikira. "Za chiwembu chimene sichinachitikepo.

August 11.  Patsikuli mu 1965, zipolowe zinabuka ku Watts m'chigawo cha Los Angles pambuyo pa kuthawa komwe msilikali wamkulu wa California Highway Patrol adagwira pa galimoto ndikuyesera kumanga dalaivala wake wakuda ndi woopsa atatha kulephera kuyesedwa. Mphindi zochepa, mboni zoyamba za magalimoto zinayanjanitsidwa ndi gulu la anthu osonkhana pamodzi ndi apolisi obwereza, zomwe zinayambitsa kupasuka kwakukulu. Mipikisano yonse itangoyamba kumene, masiku asanu ndi limodzi anatha, kuphatikizapo anthu a 34,000, ndipo zinachititsa kuti 4,000 amangidwa ndi 34. Poyankha, apolisi a Los Angeles anagwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongedwa ndi Chief, William Parker, yemwe anayerekezera ziwawazo ndi boma la Viet Cong ku Vietnam. Parker nayenso anaitanitsa za alonda a dziko la 2,300 ndipo anayambitsa ndondomeko yowakakamiza ndi kumangidwa. Pobwezera chilango, anthu okonda zipolowe anaponya njerwa kwa alonda ndi apolisi, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito ena kuti aswe magalimoto awo. Ngakhale kuti kuwukitsidwa kwakukulu kwakukuluza ndikumayambiriro kwa August 15, kunapambana kukumbutsa dziko la choonadi chofunikira. Pamene anthu ammudzi ang'onoang'ono omwe ali m'dera lolemera kwambiri amaweruzidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo wathanzi, sukulu zopanda phindu, osakhala ndi mwayi wopita patsogolo, komanso kuyanjana ndi apolisi nthawi zonse, mwina akhoza kupandukira pokhapokha atapsa mtima. Mtsogoleri wa ufulu wa anthu Bayard Rustin anafotokozera momwe njirayi ikanalepheretsedwera ku Watts: "... Achinyamata opanda ntchito, opanda chiyembekezo-samadzimva kukhala gulu la America .... [Tili] ... kuti tipeze ntchito, nyumba yabwino, maphunziro, maphunziro, kotero amatha kumverera mbali ya mapangidwe. Anthu omwe akumva kuti ali mbali ya chiwonetsero salimbana nawo. "

August 12. Patsikuli mu 1995, pakati pa 3,500 ndi 6,000 oyang'anira ku Philadelphia anachita nawo miyambo yayikulu kwambiri yotsutsa chilango cha imfa mu mbiri ya US. Otsutsawo ankafuna kuti apewe mayesero atsopano kwa Mumia Abu-Jamal, wolemba nkhani wa African-American komanso wolemba nkhani amene adaweruzidwa ku 1982 kuphedwa kwa 1981 kwa apolisi wa Philadelphia ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti apite ku Pennsylvania ku Greene State Correctional Institution. Abu-Jamal adakhalapo pamwambowo wakupha, pamene adawombera ndi mchimwene wake mumsewu wokhazikika pamsewu ndipo apolisi adamukantha mbaleyo pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa panthawiyi. Komabe, ambiri m'madera a ku Africa-America adakayikira kuti Abu-Jamal adachitadi kupha kapena kuti chilungamo chidzamuthandiza. Umboni wonyamulira umboni unaperekedwa pa mlandu wake, ndipo kudali kokayikitsa kuti zonse zomwe amakhulupirira ndi kuweruza zidaipitsidwa ndi tsankho. Pogwiritsa ntchito 1982, Abu-Jamal anali wodziwika bwino ku Philadelphia monga woimira chipani cha Black Panther Party komanso wotsutsana ndi apolisi a Philadelphia. Ali m'ndende, adakhala wothandizira wailesi ku National Public Radio, akutsutsa mkhalidwe wamantha ku ndende za US komanso kundende komanso kuphedwa kwa anthu akuda a ku America. Olemekezeka a Abu-Jamal adalimbikitsa mgwirizano wa "Free Mumia" umene unabereka zipatso. Chigamulo chake cha imfa chinagwetsedwa mu 2011 ndipo adasamutsidwa kundende ku Frackville State Correctional Institution. Ndipo pamene woweruza adabwezeretsanso ufulu wake woweruza milandu mu December 2018, adapatsidwa zomwe alangizi adazitcha "mwayi wapadera umene tili nawo chifukwa cha ufulu wa Mumia kwa zaka zambiri."

August 13. Patsikuli mu 1964, chilango cha imfa chinapangidwa kwa nthawi yotsiriza ku Great Britain, pamene amuna awiri opanda ntchito, Gwynne Evans, 24, ndi Peter Allen, 21, adapachikidwa m'ndende zosiyana za kupha a 53 a zaka- Dalaivala wakale wotsuka zovala kunyumba kwake ku Cumbria. Amunawo adakonza zoti amubwezere, yemwe adamudziwa, koma adamupha. Kwa olakwira, nthawi ya ntchitoyi inakhala yosasamala kwambiri. Miyezi iwiri yokha atatha kuphedwa, Bungwe Labwino la Britain linayamba kulamulira ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ndipo linagwirizanitsa zomwe zinasintha lamulo la 1965. Lamulo latsopanoli linayimitsa chilango chachikulu ku Great Britain kwa zaka zisanu, ndikulowetsa chilango choyenera cha kuikidwa m'ndende. Pamene Lamuloli linadzavota, linalandira chithandizo cholimba mu Commons ndi Nyumba ya Ambuye. Mndandanda womwewo wa chithandizo unasonyezedwa mu 1969, pamene mavoti adatengedwa kuti apange Chigwirizano chosatha. Mu 1973, kumpoto kwa Ireland kunathetsanso chilango cha imfa chifukwa cha kupha munthu, ndipo potsirizira pake adatha ntchito yake ku United Kingdom. Povomereza 50^th Chikumbutso cha Mchitidwe Wopha Anthu pa 2015, mkulu wa nkhani za Amnesty International, Audrey Gaughran, adanena kuti anthu a ku UK akhoza kunyada kukhala m'dziko lomwe lakhala likutha zaka zambiri. Poyankha moona mtima za zotsatira za chilango chachikulu, makamaka kusayenerera kwake, m'malo moitanitsa kuti kubwezeretsedwa kwake kukhala "kukonzekera mwamsanga, makamaka kuzungulira nthawi zosankhidwa," UK adathandiza kulimbikitsa kupitirirabe kwa chiwerengero cha kuphedwa padziko lonse lapansi.

August 14. Patsikuli mu 1947, pafupi ndi 11: 00 pm, Amwenye ambirimbiri anasonkhana pafupi ndi nyumba za boma ku Delhi kuti amve adiresi ndi Jawaharlal Nehru, amene adzakhala mtsogoleri wawo woyamba. "Zaka zapitazo tidachita zoyesa ndi tsogolo," adatero Nehru. "Pakangopita nthawi pakati pausiku, pomwe dziko lapansi likugona, India idzauka ndi kukhala ndi moyo komanso kukhala omasuka." Nthawi itakwana, posonyeza kuti India amasulidwa kuulamuliro waku Britain, zikwizikwi zomwe zidasonkhana zidachita chikondwerero chokomera Tsiku Loyamba la Ufulu, lomwe tsopano limachitika pa Ogasiti 15. Komabe, osakhalapo pamwambowu, anali munthu yemwe wokamba nkhani wina, waku Britain A Lord Mountbatten, adatamanda ngati "womanga ufulu waku India mwa nkhanza." Izi zinali, a Mohandas Gandhi, omwe, kuyambira 1919, adatsogolera gulu lodziyimira pawokha lodziyimira pawokha ku India lomwe lidamasula mwamphamvu ulamuliro waku Britain. Mountbatten adasankhidwa kukhala wolowa m'malo ku India ndikuimbidwa mlandu wokhazikitsa ufulu wawo. Atalephera kukambirana za mgwirizano wogawana mphamvu pakati pa atsogoleri achihindu ndi achisilamu, komabe, adatsimikiza kuti yankho lokhalo ndilogawa gawo laling'ono la India kuti likhale ndi India India ndi Asilamu aku Pakistan - omalizawa adakhala olamulira dzulo lake. Ndi gawoli lomwe lidapangitsa Gandhi kuphonya chochitika ku Delhi. M'malingaliro ake, ngakhale kuti gawo la subcontinent likhoza kukhala mtengo wodziyimira pawokha ku India, linalinso lingaliro la kusagwirizana kwachipembedzo komanso kuwononga chifukwa chamtendere. Pomwe Amwenye ena adakondwerera kukwaniritsa cholinga chomwe adafunafuna kwa nthawi yayitali, Gandhi adasala kudya ndikuyembekeza kukopa anthu ambiri kuti athetse nkhanza pakati pa Ahindu ndi Asilamu.

August 15. Patsikuli mu 1973, malinga ndi lamulo la Congressional, dziko la United States linasiya kugwetsa mabomba ku Cambodia, kuthetsa nkhondo yake ku Vietnam ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia komwe kunapha ndi kupha anthu ambiri, makamaka osauka. Pogwiritsa ntchito 1973, nkhondoyo inayambitsa kutsutsa kwakukulu ku US Congress. Mgwirizano wa mtendere wa ku Paris womwe unalembedwa mu Januwale udapempha kuti pakhale kutha ku South Vietnam ndi kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali ndi alangizi onse a US m'masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Congress ikuda nkhaŵa kuti izi sizilepheretsa Purezidenti Nixon kubwezeretsa asilikali a US kuti pakhale nkhondo yatsopano pakati pa North ndi South Vietnam. Alangizi a Clifford Case ndi Frank Church adayambitsa chikalata chakumapeto kwa January 1973 omwe analetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamtsogolo za US ku Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia. Ndalamayi inavomerezedwa ndi Senate pa June 14, koma adakhumudwa pamene Pulezidenti Nixon adatsutsa lamulo lomwe likanatha kupitiriza kuponya mabomba ku Khmer Rouge ku Cambodia. Ndalama yokonzedweratu ya Mlandu wa Tchalitchi idaperekedwa ku lamulo, yolembedwa ndi pulezidenti pa July 1. Izi zinapangitsa mabomba ku Cambodia kuti apitirize mpaka August 15, koma analetsa kugwiritsa ntchito konse magulu a US ku Southeast Asia pambuyo pa tsikulo pasanavomerezedwe ndi Congress. Pambuyo pake, zinavumbulutsidwa kuti Nixon adalonjeza pulezidenti wa South Vietnam, Nguyen Van Thieu, kuti dziko la United States lidzayambanso kuponya mabomba ku North ndi South Vietnam ngati kuli koyenera kukhazikitsa mtendere. Mchitidwe wa Congression ungathe kulepheretsa kuvutika kwazunza ndi imfa kwa anthu a ku Vietnam kusiyana ndi nkhondo ya US yomwe sichidziŵika.

August 16. Patsikuli ku 1980, ogwira ntchito ogwirizanitsa ogwira ntchito m'magombe a Gdansk ku Poland adagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wina wogwira ntchito ku Poland kuti achite zomwe zingathandize kwambiri kuti ulamuliro wa Soviet ku Central ndi Eastern Europe uwonongedwe. Ntchito yothandiziridwayo idalimbikitsidwa ndi lingaliro lodziyimira pawokha la oyang'anira sitima zapamadzi kuti achotse ntchito mayi kuntchito miyezi ingapo asanapume pantchito. Kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku Poland, lingaliro ili lidalimbikitsa chidwi chatsopano, ndikuwukweza kuchokera pakukhazikitsidwa koyendetsedwa ndi boma pankhani zazing'ono za mkate ndi batala kupita pagulu lodziyimira palokha pofunafuna ufulu wa anthu wambiri. Tsiku lotsatira ku Gdansk, ma komiti ogwirizana onyanyala adapereka zopempha 21, kuphatikiza kukhazikitsidwa kwalamulo kwa mabungwe azachuma odziyimira pawokha komanso ufulu wakunyanyala, zomwe boma la chikominisi lidavomereza. Pa Ogasiti 31, gulu la Gdansk lidavomerezedwanso, pambuyo pake mabungwe awiri ogwira ntchito adalumikizidwa motsogozedwa ndi Lech Walesa kukhala bungwe limodzi ladziko lotchedwa Solidarity. Munthawi yama 1980s, Solidarity adagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsutsana ndi boma kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa ogwira ntchito komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Poyankha, boma linayesa kuwononga mgwirizanowu, poyamba pokakamiza malamulo ankhondo kenako kupondereza andale. Pambuyo pake, komabe, zokambirana zatsopano pakati pa boma ndi otsutsa a mgwirizanowu zidapangitsa zisankho zopanda ufulu mu 1989. Boma logwirizana lotsogozedwa ndi Solidarity lidakhazikitsidwa, ndipo, mu Disembala 1990, Lech Walesa adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti wa Poland pachisankho chaulere. Izi zinakhazikitsa bata lamtendere motsutsana ndi chikominisi ku Central ndi Eastern Europe, ndipo, pofika Khrisimasi, 1991, Soviet Union iyonso inali itapita ndipo madera ake onse akale adakhalanso mayiko odziyimira pawokha.

August 17. Patsikuli mu 1862, Amwenye a ku Dakota omwe anali osataya mtima adasokoneza mtsinje woyera wa Minnesota, kuyambira ku nkhondo ya Dakota.. Amwenye a ku Dakota a ku Dakota anali ndi magulu anayi a mafuko omwe ankakhala m'madera akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Minnesota Territory, komwe adasamutsidwa ndi mgwirizano ku 1851. Poyankha anthu ambiri olowa m'derali akupita patsogolo, boma la United States linapambana pa Dakotas kuti likhale ndi maekala okwana 24 milioni m'mayiko awo omwe ali ndi minda ya kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Minnesota chifukwa cha ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni atatu mu ndalama komanso chaka chilichonse. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1850s, komabe, malipiro a annuities adakhala osakhulupirika kwambiri, omwe amachititsa ochita malonda kukana ngongole kwa Dakotas kuti azigula zinthu zofunika. M'chilimwe cha 1862, pamene tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo tinawononga kwambiri chimanga cha Dakotas, mabanja ambiri anali ndi njala. Chenjezo la mtsogoleri wa ku Minnesota kuti "Mtundu wofesa kubala udzakolola kukolola kwa magazi" posachedwa udzakhala ulosi. Pa August 17th, kuyesedwa kwa ankhondo anayi a ku Dakota kukaba mazira ena ku banja loyera kumakhala wachiwawa ndipo kunayambitsa kufa kwa mamembala asanu a m'banja. Podziwa kuti chochitikacho chidzapangitsa nkhondo ndi maiko a US osapeŵeka, atsogoleri a ku Dakota adagwira ntchitoyi ndikuukira mabungwe a boma ndi malo atsopano a New Ulm. Kuukira kumeneku kunaphedwa ndi anthu a 500 woyera ndipo anachititsa kuti asilikali a US athandizidwe. Pa miyezi inayi yotsatira, ena a 2,000 Dakotas adayendetsedwa ndipo ankhondo a 300 anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Nkhondoyo inatha mwamsanga pa December 26, 1862, pamene 38 Dakota amuna adapachikidwa pamtanda waukulu kwambiri kuphedwa m'mbiri ya US.

August 18. Pa tsikuli mu 1941, pafupifupi miyezi 4 isanafike ku Japan Pearl Harbor, Winston Churchill anakumana ndi nduna yake ku 10 Downing Street. Mawu oyamba a mtsogoleri wa dzikoli akuwonetseratu kuti Purezidenti Roosevelt anali wokonzeka kuchita zinthu zotsutsana ndi dziko la Japan zomwe zingapangitse US kuti ikhale nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse yomwe anthu ambiri a ku America ankafuna kupewa. Mmawu a Churchill, Pulezidenti adamuuza kuti "zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti akakamize zochitikazo." Churchill anali atakayikira kuti dziko la Japan lidzaukira dziko la United States. Usilikali wa US ku Ulaya unali wofunika kwambiri kuti ugonjetse chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazi, koma sizingatheke kuti a Congressional avomereze chifukwa chipani cha Nazi chinapereka nkhondo ku US. Koma, ku Germany kunkhondo ya asilikali a ku America kudzathandiza kuti Roosevelt adziwe nkhondo ku Japan ndipo, kutambasula, gulu lake la Axis, Germany. Potsutsana ndi mapeto amenewa, Roosevelt adapereka chigamulo cha ulamuliro mu June chuma chokongola cha Japan, ndipo onse a US ndi Britain adagula mafuta ndi chitsulo ku Japan. Izi zinali zomveka bwino zomwe akuluakulu a ku United States ankadziwa kuti zidzakakamiza asilikali a ku Japan kuti ayankhe. Kwa Wachiwiri wa Nkhondo Henry Stimson, funsolo linali "momwe tiyenera kuwapangitsira iwo kuti atha kuwombera mfuti yoyamba popanda kulola ngozi yambiri kwa ife eni." Yankholo linali lachinyengo, koma losavuta. Popeza kuti ziphuphu zowonongeka zatsimikizira kuti ndege ya ku Japan inkafika pa Pearl Harbor kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa December, asilikali a Navy angasunge ndegeyo m'malo mwake ndipo oyendetsa sitimayo ali mumdima. Idafika pa December 7, ndipo tsiku lotsatira Congress inavomereza nkhondo.

August 19. Patsikuli mu 1953, US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) inakhazikitsanso nthumwi yotchedwa coup de etat yomwe inagonjetsa boma la Iran. Mbewu za mpikisano zakhazikitsidwa mu 1951, pamene Pulezidenti Muhammad Mossadegh adawonetsa mafakitale a Iran, ndipo akulamulidwa ndi Anglo-Iran Oil Company. Mossadegh ankakhulupirira kuti anthu a ku Iran anali ndi ufulu wopindula ndi malo odyetserako mafuta. Komabe, dziko la Britain linatsimikiza mtima kulandira ndalama zopindulitsa za mayiko akunja. Kuyambira mu 1953, CIA inagwira ntchito ndi British Intelligence kuti iwononge boma la Mossadegh pogwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu, zolaula, ndi zipolowe. Poyankha, nduna yayikulu idapempha otsatira ake kuti azipita kumsewu potsutsa, pofuna kuti Shah achoke m'dzikoli. Nzeru za ku Britain zitachoka ku chipolowechi, CIA inagwira ntchito yokha ndi asilikali a Shah ndi asilikali a Irani kuti akonzekere motsutsana ndi Mossadegh. Anthu ena a 300 anafa pamoto m'misewu ya Tehran, ndipo pulezidenti anagonjetsedwa ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka zitatu. Shah adabwerera mwamsanga kuti atenge mphamvu, atayina magawo makumi anai a magawo makumi anayi a madera olima a Iran ku makampani a US. Analipira madola ndi madola a US, ndipo anakhalabe ndi ulamuliro woweruza kwa zaka zopitirira makumi awiri. Mu 1979, komabe Shah anakakamizidwa kukhala ndi mphamvu ndipo adalowetsedwa ndi republic ya Islam. Pambuyo pake chaka chomwecho, amatsenga okwiya adagonjetsa ambassade ya ku Tehran ndipo anagwira ntchito ku America mpaka January 1981.Izi ndizo zowonjezereka pazinthu zambiri zotsatizana zomwe zikutsutsana ndi boma la Iran loyamba la demokarasi lomwe lidzasokoneza Middle East ndikukhalapo mpaka kalekale zotsatira.

August 20. Usiku wa tsiku lino ku 1968, 200,000 Warsaw Pact asilikali ndi 5,000 akasinja anaukira Czechoslovakia kupasula nthawi yochepa ufulu ufulu m'dziko la chikominisi wotchedwa "Prague Spring." Wotsogozedwa ndi wokonzanso Alexander Dubcek, ndiye mwezi wake wachisanu ndi chitatu ngati Secretary Woyamba wa Central Committee ya chipani cha chikominisi, gulu lankhondo lankhondo lidayambitsa zisankho za demokalase, kuthetseratu, ufulu wolankhula ndi chipembedzo, komanso kutha kwa zoletsa paulendo. Kuthandizira pagulu zomwe Dubcek adatcha "socialism wokhala ndi nkhope ya munthu" zidakhazikitsidwa kwambiri kotero kuti Soviet Union ndi ma satelayiti ake adaziwona ngati chiwopsezo kuulamuliro wawo ku Eastern Europe. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, asitikali a Warsaw Pact adapemphedwa kuti alande Czechoslovakia ndikubweretsa chidendene. Mosayembekezereka, asitikaliwo adakumana paliponse chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza mwadzidzidzi komwe kudawalepheretsa kulamulira. Pofika Epulo 1969, komabe, kukakamizidwa kosalekeza kwa Soviet kudakwanitsa kukakamiza a Dubcek kulamulira. Zosintha zake zidasinthidwa mwachangu ndipo Czechoslovakia idakhalanso mamembala amgwirizano wa Warsaw Pact. Komabe, Prague Spring pamapeto pake idachita gawo lolimbikitsa pakubwezeretsa demokalase ku Czechoslovakia. Mu ziwonetsero zadzidzidzi mumsewu kuyambira pa Ogasiti 21, 1988, wamkulu 20^th tsiku lachiwopsezo cha Soviet, oyendetsa zida ankaimba dzina la Dubcek ndipo anaitanitsa ufulu. Chaka chotsatira, wolemba mabuku wa ku Czech dzina lake Vaclav Havel anatsogolera gulu lopanda chilungamo lotchedwa "The Velvet Revolution" lomwe potsirizira pake linakakamiza kutha kwa ulamuliro wa Soviet m'dzikoli. Pa November 28, 1989, chipani cha communist cha Czechoslovakia chinalengeza kuti chidzachotsa mphamvu ndi kuthetsa boma la chipani chimodzi.

August 21. Patsikuli ku 1983, a ku Philippines omwe sanamvere ufulu wa nkhondo Benigno (Ninoy) Aquino anaphedwa ndi mfuti kumutu ku Manila International Airport atachoka ndege yomwe idamubweretsa kunyumba kuchokera zaka zitatu kuchokera ku ukapolo ku United States. Ndi 1972, Aquino, Senema Wachibwibwi ndi Bungwe la Liberal komanso Wotsutsa wotsutsa ulamuliro wa Purezidenti Ferdinand Marcos, adali atchuka kwambiri ndipo anali okonda kugonjetsa Marcos mu chisankho cha Presidential 1973. Koma Marcos adalengeza lamulo la msilikali mu September 1972, zomwe sizinangotsutsa ufulu wa malamulo koma zinapangitsa Aquino kukhala wamndende wandale. Pamene Aquino anadwala matenda a mtima m'ndende ku 1980, adaloledwa kupita ku United States kukachita opaleshoni. Koma atatha kukhala ku US, adawona kufunika kwa 1983 kubwerera ku Philippines ndikukakamiza Pulezidenti Marcos kuti abwezeretse demokalase kudzera mu mtendere. Ndege ya ndegeyi inathetsa ntchitoyi, koma, pamene Aquino analibe, chuma chambiri ku Philippines chinali chitayambitsa mikangano yandale. Poyamba 1986, Marcos anakakamizidwa kuti azitcha chisankho cha chisankho cha pulezidenti pomwe adatsutsana ndi mkazi wa Aquino, Corazon. Mtunduwu unadalira kwambiri "Cory," koma kuchuluka kwachinyengo ndi chinyengo kunapangitsa kuti chisankho chisokonezeke. Pokhala opanda chochita china, mamiliyoni awiri a ku Philippines, akuimba "Cory, Cory, Cory," adayambitsa kusintha kwao kopanda magazi mumzinda wa Manila. Pa February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino inakhazikitsidwa Purezidenti ndipo idabwezeretsa demokalase ku Philippines. Komabe, anthu a ku Philippines amapondereza chaka chilichonse munthu amene amapereka chisokonezo kuti asinthe. Kwa ambiri, Ninoy Aquino adakali "Purezidenti wamkulu omwe sitinakhale nawo."

August 22. Patsikuli mu 1934, Marine Corps wamkulu wotchuka wotchedwa General General Smedley Butler analimbikitsidwa ndi wogulitsa wogulitsa wogulitsa ndalama ku Wall Street kuti azitsogolera coup d'état yolimbana ndi Purezidenti Roosevelt ndi boma la US. Ndondomekoyi yakhazikitsidwa ndi Wall Street ndalama zomwe zinkakhumudwitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti wokhudzana ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Gold Gold, zomwe iwo amakhulupirira kuti zidzasokoneza chuma ndi ntchito zamalonda ndikupangitsa kuti dziko liwonongeke. Pofuna kuti awononge masokawa, mlembi wa Wall Street anauza Butler kuti okonza chiwembu adasonkhanitsa asilikali a 500,000 a nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse yomwe ingagonjetse mphamvu za asilikali za nthawi yamtendere komanso zithetsa boma lachisokonezo lomwe lingakhale lothandizira bizinesi. Butler, iwo adakhulupirira kuti anali woyenera kutsogolera mpikisano, chifukwa adalimbikitsidwa ndi ankhondo kuti adzigwirizane ndi gulu la asilikali a Bonus kuti apeze ndalama zambiri zomwe boma linalonjeza. Okonza, komabe, sanadziwe chofunikira chimodzi. Ngakhale kuti Butler anali wotsogoleredwa molimba mtima m'ndende, adayamba kudana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kwa asilikali monga kampani yamagulu. Pogwiritsa ntchito 1933, adayamba kutsutsa anthu onse mabanki ndi maboma. Komabe, adakalibe wokhala wokhazikika. Mwezi wa November 20, 1934, Butler adalengeza bungwe lopempha bungweli ku Komiti ya Un-American Activities Committee, yomwe inalembera umboni wokhudzana ndi chigamulo, koma sanabweretse mlandu uliwonse. Kwa iye mwini, Smedley Butler anapitiriza kufalitsa Nkhondo ndi Raketi, yomwe idalimbikitsa kusintha kwa asitikali aku US kukhala gulu lodzitchinjiriza.

August 23. Patsikuli mu 1989, anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri amagwirizana ndi manja pa mndandanda wa makilomita 400 kudera la Baltic ku Estonia, Latvia, ndi Lithuania. Pachithunzi chosonyeza kuti "Baltic Way" sichidziwika bwino, iwo anali kutsutsa ulamuliro wolamulira wa mayiko awo ndi Soviet Union. Chiwonetsero cha misalachi chinayikidwa pa chikondwerero cha makumi asanu cha Hitler-Stalin chosagwirizana ndi August 23, 1939, breeched ndi Germany ku 1941. Koma mgwirizano womwewu unalinso ndi malamulo obisika omwe akunena momwe mayiko awiriwa adzagawidwira mafuko a ku Eastern Europe kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo. Zinali pansi pa zizindikiro izi kuti Soviet Union inayamba kulamulira Baltic ku 1940, kuumiriza anthu awo a Kumadzulo kuti azikhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa chipani cha Chikomyunizimu. Komabe, mpaka 1989, Soviets adanena kuti Pangano la Hitler-Stalin linalibe zizindikiro zamseri, ndipo kuti Baltic inanena kuti idagwirizana nawo ku Soviet Union. Muwonetsero wa Baltic Way, ophunzira adafuna kuti Soviet Union ivomereze poyera malingaliro awo ndi kulola kuti mabungwe a Baltic atsitsirenso ufulu wawo wa mbiri yakale. Chodabwitsa, chiwonetsero chachikulu, chimene chinafika pamapeto kwa zaka zitatu za zionetsero, chinakakamiza Soviet Union kuti potsiriza avomereze malamulowo ndi kuwadziwitsa kuti alibenso. Pamodzi, zaka zitatu za zionetsero zosagwirizana ndi ziwonetsero zimasonyeza momwe nkhondo yotetezera ingakhalire yamphamvu, ngati ikukwaniritsa cholinga chimodzi mu ubale ndi ubale. Ntchitoyi inali chitsanzo chabwino kwa mayiko ena a Kum'mawa kwa Ulaya kufunafuna ufulu wawo, ndipo anatsimikizira kuti ntchitoyi ikugwirizananso ku Germany. Baltic idabwezeretsanso ufulu wawo pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu December 1991.

August 24. Patsikuli mu 1967, Abbie Hoffman & Jerry Rubin adaponya ndalama zokwana madola 300 kuchokera pa khonde pansi pa New York Stock Exchange kuti asokoneze bizinesi mwachizolowezi. Abbie Hoffman, katswiri wa zamaganizo wokonda masewero, adasamukira ku New York ku 1960s monga otsutsa ndi otsutsa omwe anali odana ndi nkhondo anali masitepe ndi maulendo ku Central Park. Hoffman anali atagwirizanitsidwa ndi gulu lomenyera nkhondo lomwe linagwirizanitsidwa ku zisudzo, ku Diggers, ku San Francisco. Kupyolera mu zochitika kumeneko, adaphunzira kufunika kwa machitidwe pakuwonetsa zowonongeka, pamene maumboni ndi maulendo anali akufala kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina sankayitanidwa ndi ailesi. Hoffman anakumana ndi wolemba milandu Jerry Rubin yemwe anatsutsa kudana kwake ndi chikhalidwe chachikunja monga chiyambi cha nkhondo ndi kusalingana ku United States. Pamodzi ndi wogwirizira ufulu wa chiwerewere Jim Fouratt, Hoffman ndi Rubin adapanga chiwonetsero ku New York Stock Exchange akuitana Marty Jezer, mkonzi wa magazini ya War Resisters League yofalitsa WIN, Wolemba nkhondo wa ku Korean Keith Keith Lampe, ndi Stewart Albert, wolemba nkhondo pa mtendere. ena khumi ndi awiri, ndi olemba nkhani. Gululo linapempha kukayendera nyumba ya NYSE kumene Hoffman adagawana ndalama zolipirira ndalama imodzi imodzi asanayambe kutsogoleredwa ku chipinda chachiwiri kumene iwo anayima akuyang'ana pansi pa ogulitsa Wall Street. Ndalamazo zinakankhidwira pamtunda, ndikugwa pansi pansi. Mabwana amaleka kuyendetsa malonda awo pamene adathamangira kukweza ngongole zambiri momwe zingathere, zomwe zimayambitsa zotsalira za malonda. Patapita nthawi Hoffman anafotokoza kuti: "Kuwononga ndalama kwa oyendetsa Wall Street kunali kanema wa TV omwe amayendetsa anthu osintha ndalama kuchokera m'kachisimo."

August 25. Patsikuli ku 1990, bungwe la UN Security Council linapatsa anthu ufulu padziko lonse kuti athetse kusemphana ndi chilango cha malonda ku Iraq. United States inaganizira kuti ntchitoyi ndipambana. Zinagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti zitsimikizire Soviet Union, China, ndi kugwedeza mayiko a Third World kuti zofunikira mwamsanga zinali zofunikira kuti awononge kuphwanya malamulo okhudzana ndi zachuma omwe anaperekedwa ku Iraq pambuyo pa nkhondo yake ya August 2 ku Kuwait. Komabe, zilangozo sizinakakamize kuchoka kwa asilikali a Iraq. M'malo mwake adachotsedwa usilikali kumapeto kwa February 1991 mu Gulf War yoyendetsedwa ndi America. Komabe, ngakhale kubwezeretsa ufulu wa Kuwaiti ufulu, zilangozo zinasungidwa m'malo mwake, zomwe zidawoneka kuti ndizofunika kuti zisawononge zida za Iraq ndi zolinga zina. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti ma US ndi UK awonetsa momveka bwino kuti amaletsa kusintha kulikonse kumene kulipo Saddam Hussein atakhala pulezidenti wa Iraq. Izi zinalibe umboni wosatsutsika kuti zilangozo sizinakakamize Saddam koma zidakhumudwitsa nzika za Iraq. Zinthu izi zidapambana mpaka March 2003, pamene US ndi UK adagonjetsanso Iraq ndipo adalanda boma la Saddam. Posakhalitsa, dziko la US linayitanitsa ndikukweza kulandira zilango za UN, ndikulimbitsa zonse za Iraq ndi malonda. Komabe, zaka khumi ndi zitatu za chilangocho, zinapangitsa kuti anthu azivutika kwambiri. Chotsatira chimenecho chakhala chikutsutsa kukayikira pakati pa mayiko onse a padziko lonse za kupambana kwa chilango chachuma pokwaniritsa zolinga za malamulo ndi malamulo awo pansi pa malamulo apadziko lonse okhudza ubwino ndi ufulu waumunthu.

August 26. Patsikuli mu 1920, Bungwe la boma la United States, Bainbridge Colby, adatsimikizira kuti 19^th Kusintha kwa kukhazikitsidwa mulamulo la US, kupereka amayi a US ufulu woyenela chisankho. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku ku ufulu wa boma wa US kunali kutha kwa kayendetsedwe ka akazi, komwe kankafika pakati pa 19^th zaka zana. Pogwiritsira ntchito machenjerero monga maulendo, maulendo osalimba, ndi njala, amayi ankatsata njira zosiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana kudera lonse kuti apambane ufulu wovota-nthawi zambiri poyang'anizana ndi otsutsa omwe ankamangidwa, kumangidwa, ndipo nthawi zina amawazunza. Pogwiritsa ntchito 1919, olemba mayina awo adagonjetsa ufulu wonse wovota mu mayiko khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu, kumadzulo, ndipo adapeza zochepa pazinthu zina. Pa nthawiyi, mabungwe akuluakulu okhudzidwa anali ogwirizana kuti zikhulupiliro zonse zovotera m'mayiko onse zikanatheka kupyolera mwa kusintha kwa malamulo. Icho chinakhala cholinga chothandiza Purezidenti Wilson atanena kuti akuthandizira kusintha kwa 1918. Anauza a Senate kuti: "Ndikuwona kuti kuwonjezera kwa kuvomereza kwa amayi kukhala kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale kutsutsidwa kwa nkhondo yaikulu yaumunthu yomwe tikugwira nawo ntchitoyi." Ntchito yowonetsera chisinthiko inalephera ku Senate ndi mavoti awiri okha . Koma pa May 21, 1920, idadutsa kwambiri ndi Nyumba ya Oimirira, ndipo patapita milungu iwiri ndi Senate ndi zofunikira ziwiri-thirds ambiri. Chisinthikocho chinavomerezedwa pa August 18, 1920, pamene Tennessee inakhala 36^th a 48 akuti avomereza izo, motero kupeza mgwirizano wofunikira wa magawo atatu a anayi a maiko.

August 27. Ili ndilo tsiku, mu 1928, pomwe Kellogg-Briand Chigwirizano chotsutsa nkhondo inatsimikiziridwa ku Paris ndi mayiko akuluakulu padziko lapansi. Wotchedwa dzina la omwe adalemba, Secretary of State of US a Frank Kellogg ndi Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku France Aristide Briand, Panganoli lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu Julayi 1929. Lidasiya nkhondo ngati chida chothandizira mfundo zadziko ndikuti mikangano yonse yapadziko lonse lapansi iyenera kuthetsedwa ndi pacific zikutanthauza. Nkhondo iliyonse kuyambira 1928 yaphwanya panganoli, lomwe lidaletsa nkhondo zina ndipo lidakhala maziko oyimbira milandu yoyamba kumenya nkhondo kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, kuyambira pomwe mayiko olemera okhala ndi zida sanapite kunkhondo ndi aliyense zina - posankha kumenya nkhondo ndikuthandizira nkhondo pakati pa mayiko osauka. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, kulanda madera kunatha kwambiri. Chaka 1928 chidakhala mzere wogawaniza kuti ndi maufumu ati omwe anali ovomerezeka ndi omwe sanatero. Makoloni amafuna ufulu wawo, ndipo mayiko ang'onoang'ono adayamba kupangidwa ndi ambiri. Mgwirizano wa United Nations udapotoza lamulo la Peace Pact lokhazikitsa nkhondo ndikuletsa nkhondo zomwe siziteteza kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi United Nations. Nkhondo zomwe siziloledwa ngakhale pansi pa UN Charter, koma zomwe ambiri akuti kapena amaganiza kuti zinali zovomerezeka, zidaphatikizapo nkhondo ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Libya, Yemen, ndi Syria. Pafupifupi zaka 90 kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kellogg-Briand Pact, Khothi Lalikulu Lapadziko Lonse lidatsata mfundo zokomera mlandu wankhondo, koma omwe amapanga nkhondo pafupipafupi kwambiri, United States, adati ali ndi ufulu wogwira ntchito kunja kwa lamulo .

August 28. Patsikuli mu 1963, American Rights Rights adalimbikitsa Martin Luther King Jr. adalengeza telefoni kuti "Ndili ndi Loto" kulankhula pamaso pa anthu ambiri a 250,000 pa March ku Washington. Mawuwo adagwiritsa ntchito mphatso za King pamalingaliro andakatulo, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti atenge ufulu wofanana kwa anthu aku Africa America popempha mzimu wogwirizanitsa womwe umagawanitsa anthu. Kutsatira mawu oyamba, King adagwiritsa ntchito fanizo pofotokoza kuti ochita zionetsero abwera ku likulu kudzagula "chiphaso" chomwe chimatsimikizira moyo, ufulu, komanso kufunafuna chisangalalo kwa Amereka aliyense, koma anali atabwereranso kwa anthu amtundu onena kuti “ndalama zosakwanira” Pafupifupi theka lakulankhula, King adachoka m'malemba ake omwe adakonzekera kuti akumbukire zomwe adayesedwa kale "Ndili ndi maloto". Limodzi mwa maloto awa tsopano lakhazikika pakudziwika kwadziko: "kuti ana anga anayi ang'ono tsiku lina adzakhala m'dziko lomwe sadzaweruzidwa ndi mtundu wa khungu lawo koma ndi zomwe ali." Mawuwo adamaliza pomaliza mawu omveka bwino omaliza, potengera nyimbo yomwe "Lolani ufulu kukhala": "Tikazilola kuchokera kumidzi iliyonse komanso mudzi uliwonse…," adatero King, "tidzatha kufulumizitsa tsikulo pamene ana onse a Mulungu… adzatha kugwirana chanza nkumayimba mawu achizungu akale: 'Ndamasulidwa tsopano! Timaliza pamapeto pake! Tikuthokoza Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse, tsopano tili omasuka! '”Mu 2016, Time Magazini inazindikira kuti mawuwa ndi limodzi mwa khumi mwachindunji m'mbiri.

August 29. Patsiku limeneli chaka chilichonse, bungwe la United Nations International Against Nuclear Tests likupezeka. Mabungwe amtendere padziko lonse amagwiritsa ntchito tsikuli pophunzitsa anthu za kufunikira kuthetsa mayesero a zida za nyukiliya padziko lonse, omwe amachititsa anthu, chilengedwe ndi dziko lapansi kuopsa koopsa. Choyamba chinachitika mu 2010, International Day against Nuclear Tests inauziridwa ndi kutseka kwa August 29, 1991 ya mayesero a nyukiliya ku Kazakhstan, komwe kunali gawo la Soviet Union. Zida zambiri za nyukiliya zakhala zitachotsedwa kumeneko kwa zaka makumi anai, pamwamba ndi pansi, ndipo zinawononga kwambiri nthawi ya anthu oyandikana nawo. Malinga ndi 2016, mafunde omwe ali m'nthaka ndi madzi pafupi ndi tawuni ya Semey (omwe kale anali Semipalatinsk), 100 mailosi kummawa kwa malowa, anali akadali oposa khumi. Ana amapitirira kubadwa ali ndi ziphuphu, ndipo, kwa theka la chiwerengero cha anthu, chiyembekezo cha moyo chinakhalabe pansi pa zaka 60. Kuwonjezera pa machenjezo ake okhudza kuyeza kwa zida za nyukiliya, International Day Against Nuclear Tests ikukumbutsa dziko kuti mgwirizano womwe kale UN adautenga kuti athetse mayesowa sunayambe kugwira ntchito. Mgwirizanowu wa 1996 Wowononga Nyukiliya Wambiri (CTBT) ukanatha kuyesa kuyesa konse kwa nyukiliya kapena kupasuka mu malo alionse. Koma ikhoza kutero pokhapokha ngati onse a 44 akunena kuti adayambitsa zokambirana kuti apange mgwirizano, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zamagetsi kapena zofufuzira zamakono panthawiyo, avomereza. Patapita zaka makumi awiri, asanu ndi atatu, kuphatikizapo United States, adakalibe.

August 30. Patsikuli mu 1963, mgwirizanowu wa "Hot Line" unakhazikitsidwa pakati pa White House ndi Kremlin yomwe inakakamiza kwambiri kufulumizitsa kukambirana pakati pa atsogoleri a mafuko awiri pakakhala vuto. Kupanga kumeneku kudalimbikitsidwa ndi Cuban Missile Crisis ya Okutobala 1962, pomwe kutumiza kwa matelefoni kunatenga maola kuti afikire tsidya linalo, kukulitsa zokambirana zomwe zinali kale pakati pamaulamuliro ankhondo okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya. Ndi ukadaulo watsopano wa Hot Line, mameseji amafoni omwe amayimbidwa mu makina amtundu amatha kufikira tsidya lina m'mphindi zochepa. Mwamwayi, panalibe chifukwa choti Hot Line idayambika mpaka 1967, pomwe Purezidenti Lyndon Johnson adazigwiritsa ntchito kudziwitsa Prime Minister wa Soviet panthawiyo a Alexei Kosygin za malingaliro amalingaliro omwe akufuna kulowerera pankhondo yamasiku asanu ndi limodzi aku Arab ndi Israeli. Pofika 1963, Purezidenti Kennedy ndi Prime Minister wa Soviet Nikita Khrushchev anali atakhazikitsa ubale wopindulitsa potengera kumvana ndi kudalirana. Zinali makamaka chifukwa cha kusinthana kosasunthika kwa zaka ziwiri zamakalata onse komanso amunthu. Nthambi imodzi yayikulu yamakalata inali kunyengerera komwe kunathetsa Cuban Missile Crisis. Zinaperekanso chilimbikitso pamgwirizano wochepa woyesa kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya wa Ogasiti 5, 1963, komanso kuyankhula kwa Purezidenti waku America University miyezi iwiri m'mbuyomu pamgwirizano pakati pa US-Soviet. Kumeneko, Kennedy adayitanitsa "osati mtendere wokha m'nthawi yathu ino koma mtendere wanthawi zonse." M'kalata yolemekeza Kennedy atamwalira, Khrushchev adamuwonetsa kuti ndi "munthu wanzeru kwambiri yemwe adayesetsa kuwunika momwe zinthu ziliri mdziko lapansi komanso kufunafuna njira zothetsera mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi mwa kukambirana."

August 31. Patsikuli mu 1945, anthu pafupifupi 2,000 ku Westminster Central Hall ku London adayankha mutu wakuti "World Unity kapena World Destruction" pokambirana za kufalikira kwa zida za nyukiliya. Ku Westminster, kuzungulira dziko lapansi, mabomba a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki masabata angapo asanayambe atachititsa anthu zikwizikwi kuti alowe nawo m'gulu lachipembedzo chotchuka kuti apulumutse anthu ku chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya. Poyambirira, mantha a chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya padziko lonse adagwirizana ndi lingaliro la boma ladziko. Bertrand Russell, yemwe anali mmodzi mwa anthu ena, anakopa anthu ambiri kuti azipita nawo pamisonkhano. Russell sanangotenga mawu akuti "Dziko limodzi kapena ayi" koma ndi Gandhi ndi Einstein. Ngakhale London Times anafotokoza kuti "ziyenera kukhala zosatheka kuti nkhondo isayambe, kapena ngati anthu awonongeka." Komabe, pakapita miyezi ndi zaka, oyankhula ku mipikisano ya ku Britain yotsutsa nkhondo, akupitiriza kutsutsa mabomba a ku Japan, adayamba kukhazikitsanso zida za nyukiliya kulamulira ndi kusokoneza zida. Ndi a 1950s, "Dziko Limodzi" silinali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe kotsutsana ndi mabomba, koma makamaka chokhumba cha pacifists ndi ochirikiza boma la dziko. Komabe, potsindika kuopsa kwa chiwonongeko cha zida za nyukiliya, mtendere ndi zigawenga ku Britain ndi kumadzulo konse kumathandizira kusintha kwa malingaliro ambiri pofuna kulandira malire pa ulamuliro wa dziko. Poyang'anizana ndi ngozi zosayembekezereka zankhondo ya nyukiliya, anthu adatsimikiza mtima kulandira malingaliro atsopano pa maiko akunja. Tikuthokoza katswiri wa mbiri yakale Lawrence S. Wittner, omwe analemba mabuku ochulukirapo pa zotsutsana ndi nyukiliya anapereka umboni wa nkhaniyi.

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.

Pitani kumawu omvera.

Pitani pa lembalo.

Pitani pazithunzi.

Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.

Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.

Audio wojambulidwa ndi Tim Pluta.

Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music Gwiritsani ntchito chilolezo kuchokera “Mapeto a Nkhondo,” lolemba Eric Colville.

Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.

Zojambula za Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.