July

July 1
July 2
July 3
July 4
July 5
July 6
July 7
July 8
July 9
July 10
July 11
July 12
July 13
July 14
July 15
July 16
July 17
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 21
July 22
July 23
July 24
July 25
July 26
July 27
July 28
July 29
July 30
July 31

Julayi 1. Patsikuli mu 1656, Quakers oyambirira anafika ku America, atabwera ku zomwe zikanakhala Boston. Coloni ya Puritan ku Boston inakhazikitsidwa bwino ndi 1650s ndi malamulo okhwima ozikidwa pa chipembedzo chake. Pamene Quakers anafika kuchokera ku England ku 1656, adalandiridwa ndi milandu yokhudzana ndi ufiti, kumangidwa, kuikidwa m'ndende, ndi kufunika kuti achoke ku Boston pamtsinje wotsatira. Lamulo lolemetsa ndalama zowonongeka m'zombo akuluakulu abweretsa Quaker ku Boston posakhalitsa anadutsa ndi Puritans. A Quaker omwe anaima pamtendere pochita zionetsero akupitirizabe kuzunzidwa, kumenyedwa, ndipo anayi anaphedwa asanaweruzidwe ndi Prince Charles Wachiwiri kuti aleke kupha anthu ku New World. Pamene anthu osiyana-siyana adayamba kufika ku Boston Harbor, a Quaker adalandira chivomerezo chokwanira kuti adziwe malo awo ku Pennsylvania. Mantha a Puritans, kapena kuti kupha anthu, adagonjetsedwa ku America ndi maziko oyambirira a ufulu ndi chilungamo kwa onse. Monga America inakula, momwemonso mitundu yake. Kuvomerezeka kwa ena kunali chizoloŵezi chochulukitsidwa kwambiri ndi a Quakers, omwe amasonyezanso ena zizolowezi za kulemekeza Amwenye Achimereka, ukapolo wotsutsa, kukana nkhondo, ndi kufunafuna mtendere. Anthu a Quaker a ku Pennsylvania adasonyezeratu kuti madera ena amakhalidwe abwino, azachuma, ndi chikhalidwe chawo amapeza mtendere m'malo molimbana ndi nkhondo. O Quakers anaphunzitsa Amwenye ena za kufunika kochotsa ukapolo ndi mitundu yonse ya chiwawa. Zambiri zabwino zopitilira m'mbiri ya US zimayamba ndi Quakers molimbika kulimbikitsa malingaliro awo monga ang'onoang'ono osagwirizana ndi ziphunzitso pafupifupi zovomerezeka.

Julayi 2. Patsiku lino mu 1964, Pulezidenti wa US, Lyndon B. Johnson, adasaina lamulo la Civil Rights Act la 1964 kuti likhale lamulo. Anthu osapulumutsidwa adakhala anthu a US omwe ali ndi ufulu wovota mu 1865. Komabe, ufulu wawo unapitilizidwa kudutsa ku South. Malamulo operekedwa ndi munthu aliyense akuthandizira kusankhana, ndipo zochita zopweteka ndi magulu oyera omwe akuphatikizapo Ku Klux Klan anaopseza ufulu umene adalonjezedwa kuti anali akapolo. Mu 1957, Dipatimenti Yoona za Chilungamo ku United States inakhazikitsa Komiti Yoona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe kuti ifufuze milandu iyi, yomwe idakhumudwitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma mpaka Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy atasunthidwa ndi bungwe la Civil Rights kuti liwonetsere ndalama mu June 1963 kuti: "Mtundu uwu unali Yakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ochokera m'mitundu yambiri komanso m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Iwo unakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo yakuti anthu onse analengedwa ofanana, ndi kuti ufulu wa munthu aliyense umachepetsedwa pamene ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ukuopsezedwa. "Kupha kwa Kennedy patapita miyezi isanu inachoka Pulezidenti Johnson kuti adutsatire. M'kalata yake ya Union, Johnson anachonderera kuti: "Mulole gawo ili la Congress lidziwike ngati gawoli lomwe linapanga zambiri pa ufulu wa anthu kuposa magawo zana omaliza omwe adagwirizanitsidwa." Pamene lamuloli linkafika ku Senate, zifukwa zowopsya kuchokera ku South zinakumana ndi filimu ya 75-day. Lamulo la Civil Rights Act la 1964 linadutsa voti ya magawo awiri pa atatu. Lamuloli limaletsa tsankho pakati pa anthu onse, ndipo amaletsa kusankhana ndi abwana ndi mgwirizano wa antchito. Inakhazikitsanso Komiti Yofanana ya Ntchito Yopereka Ntchito Yopereka Chithandizo Chalamulo kwa anthu omwe akuyesera kupeza zofunika pamoyo wawo.

Julayi 3. Pa tsiku ili mu 1932, Mndandanda Wobiriwira, ndewu yotsutsa nkhondo kuwonetsa zaumunthu ndi ziphuphu za nkhondo, zinapangidwira kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Paris pa mpikisano wochezera. Wolemba dansa, mphunzitsi, ndi choreographer Kurt Jooss (1901-1979), ojambulawo amawonetseratu "kuvina kwa imfa" komwe kumajambula mitengo ya ku Germany. Masewera asanu ndi atatu aliwonse amatsanzira njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu amamvera ndi kuyitanira ku nkhondo. Chifanizo cha Imfa chimanyengerera anthu andale, asilikali, mbendera, msungwana, mtsikana, mayi, othawa kwawo, ndi ogulitsa mafakitale, omwe onse amawabweretsa mu kuvina kwaumunthu ndi momwe amachitira moyo wawo. Chiwerengero cha mkazi yekha chimapereka umboni wotsutsa. Amasanduka wopandukira komanso akupha msilikali akubwerera kuchokera kutsogolo. Chifukwa cha zolakwa izi, Imfa imamukoka kuti aphedwe ndi gulu lankhondo. Komabe, asanatuluke koyamba, mkaziyo amayang'ana ku imfa ndi kukondweretsa. Imfa nayonso imamupatsa iye kuvomereza kwa kuvomereza, ndiye amayang'ana mmwamba mwa omvetsera. Muyeso la 2017 Mndandanda Wobiriwira, mkonzi wokhazikika payekha Jennifer Zahrt akulemba kuti wolemba wina pazochitika zomwe adafikapo anati, "Imfa inatiyang'ana ife tonse ngati kuti tiwafunse ngati tikumvetsa." Zahrt anayankha, "Inde," ngati kuvomereza kuti kuyitana kwa imfa kumakhala nthawi zonse njira ina imatsimikiziridwa. Izi ziyenera kuwonedwa, komabe, mbiriyakale yamakono imapereka zochitika zambiri momwe gawo laling'ono la anthu opatsidwa, lokonzedwa monga gulu losagwirizana ndi kukana, latha kuthetsa kuyitana kwa imfa kwa aliyense.

Julayi 4. Patsikuli chaka chilichonse, pamene dziko la United States likukondwerera ufulu wawo wochokera ku England ku 1776, gulu lina losavomerezeka mwachiwawa lomwe lili ku Yorkshire, England limadzitcha "Kudziimira ku America Tsiku." Amadziwika kuti Menwith Hill Accountability Campaign (MHAC), cholinga chachikulu cha gulu kuyambira mu 1992 kuti afufuze ndi kuunikira nkhani ya ulamuliro wa Britain pokhudzana ndi maziko a asilikali a US akugwira ntchito ku United Kingdom. Cholinga chachikulu cha MHAC ndi Menwith Hill US maziko ku North Yorkshire, omwe anakhazikitsidwa ku 1951. Kuthamanga ndi US National Security Agency (NSA), Menwith Hill ndi malo akuluakulu ku United States kunja kwa US kuti awononge ndikudziwitsidwa. Mwa kufunsa mafunso mu Parliament ndi kuyesa malamulo a British pamilandu ya milandu, MHAC inatha kudziwa kuti mgwirizano wa 1957 pakati pa US ndi UK okhudza NSA Menwith Hill wadutsa popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi apolisi. MHAC inafotokozanso kuti ntchito zomwe zimagwiridwa ndizimene zikugwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse la US, mayiko a US otchedwa Missile Defense, ndi momwe ntchito ya kusonkhanitsa uthenga wa NSA inakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ufulu wa anthu komanso machitidwe owonetsa zamagetsi omwe sanalandirepo kanthu pa gulu kapena pulezidenti. Cholinga chachikulu cha MHAC ndicho kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa mabungwe onse a ku United States ndi asilikali oyang'anira ku United States. Bungwe limalumikizana ndi, ndikuthandizira, magulu ena olimbikitsa padziko lonse omwe amagawana zolinga zofananira m'mayiko awo. Ngati zoyesayesazo zikupambana, zikhoza kuchitapo kanthu kuti ziwonongeke padziko lonse lapansi. Ma US tsopano akugwira ntchito zazikulu zankhondo za 800 m'mayiko oposa 80 m'mayiko ena.

July 5. Patsikuli ku 1811, Venezuela ndilo dziko loyamba la ku America ku America kuti lidziwonetsere ufulu wawo. Nkhondo Yodziyimira pawokha adamenyera kuyambira Epulo 1810. First Republic of Venezuela inali ndi boma loyima palokha komanso malamulo, koma idatha chaka chimodzi chokha. Anthu aku Venezuela adakana kulamulidwa ndi azungu oyera a Caracas ndipo anakhalabe okhulupirika ku korona. Ngwazi yotchuka, Simón Bolívar Palacios, adabadwira ku Venezuela wabanja lotchuka ndipo zida zankhondo zaku Spain zidapitilirabe. Adatamandidwa El Libertador ngati Second Republic of Venezuela adalengezedwa ndipo Bolivar adapatsidwa mphamvu zankhanza. Ananyalanyazanso zikhumbo za anthu osakhala azungu aku Venezuela. Zidatenga chaka chimodzi chokha, kuyambira 1813-1814. Caracas adakhalabe m'manja mwa Spain, koma mu 1819, Bolivar adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Third Republic of Venezuela. Mu 1821 Caracas adamasulidwa ndipo Gran Colombia idapangidwa, tsopano ndi Venezuela ndi Colombia. Bolivar adachoka, koma adapitiliza kumenya nkhondo ku kontrakitala ndipo adawona maloto ake ogwirizana aku Spain America akubala zipatso ku Confederation of Andes kuphatikiza zomwe tsopano ndi Ecuador, Bolivia, ndi Peru. Apanso, boma latsopanoli lidakhala lovuta kuwongolera ndipo silinathe. Anthu aku Venezuela adanyansidwa ndi likulu la Bogota ku Colombia, ndipo adakana Gran Colombia. Bolivar adakonzekera kupita ku ukapolo ku Europe, koma adamwalira ali ndi zaka 47 za chifuwa chachikulu mu Disembala 1830, asanapite ku Europe. Akumwalira, womasula wokhumudwa wakumpoto kwa South America adati "Onse omwe adagwira nawo ntchito yolimbanawo alima kunyanja." Momwemo ndiye zopanda pake pankhondo.

Julayi 6. Patsikuli mu 1942, Anne Frank wazaka khumi ndi zitatu, makolo ake ndi mlongo wake adasamukira kumalo opanda kanthu ku ofesi ya ofesi ku Amsterdam, Holland kumene bambo ake a Anne Otto anali ndi bizinesi yamabanja. Pamenepo mabanja achiyuda-aku Germany omwe adathawira ku Holland kutsatira kuwuka kwa Hitler mu 1933 - adabisala kwa a Nazi omwe tsopano adalanda dzikolo. Pakubisala kwawo, Anne adalemba zolemba za zomwe zachitika kubanja zomwe zingamupangitse kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Banjali litadziwika ndikumangidwa patatha zaka ziwiri, Anne ndi amayi ake ndi mlongo wake adasamutsidwira kundende yozunzirako anthu yaku Germany, komwe onse atatu adagonjetsedwa ndi matenda a typhus. Zonsezi ndizodziwika bwino. Ndi anthu ochepa aku America, komabe, amadziwa nkhani yonseyi. Zolemba zomwe zidafotokozedwa mu 2007 zikuwonetsa kuti zoyeserera za Otto Frank zopitilira miyezi isanu ndi inayi mu 1941 kuti ateteze ma visa omwe angapangitse kuti banja lake lipite ku US zidasokonekera chifukwa chakuwunika kopitilira muyeso ku US. Purezidenti Roosevelt atachenjeza kuti othawa kwawo achiyuda omwe ali kale ku US atha kukhala "akazitape mokakamizidwa," lamulo loyang'anira linaperekedwa lomwe linaletsa US kuvomereza othawa kwawo achiyuda ndi abale awo ku Europe, potengera lingaliro loti mwina a Nazi atha kusunga achibale akugwidwa kuti akakamize othawa kwawo kuti akhale akazitape a Hitler. Yankho lidayimira kupusa komanso tsoka lomwe lingachitike chifukwa cha mantha omwe achititsidwa pankhondo yachitetezo cha dziko patsogolo kuposa nkhawa zaumunthu. Sizinangonena kuti Anne Frank wokakamizidwa atha kukakamizidwa kuti akhale kazitape wa Nazi. Zitha kukhala kuti zithandizanso pakufa kosapeweka kwa Ayuda ambiri aku Europe.

Julayi 7. Patsikuli mu 2005, zida zoopsa zodzipha zowononga zinachitika ku London. Amuna atatu adataya mabomba okhaokha koma panthawi imodzimodziyo m'mabotolo awo ku London Underground ndipo wina wachinayi anachitanso zomwezo pa basi. Kuphatikizapo magulu anayi, anthu makumi asanu ndi awiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana anafa, ndipo mazana asanu ndi awiri anavulala. Kafukufuku apeza kuti 95% ya zigawenga za kudzipha chifukwa cha chikhumbo chofuna kuti wogwira usilikali amalize ntchito. Kuukira kumeneku sikunali kwa lamulo limenelo. Cholinga chawo chinali kutha ntchito ya Iraq. Chaka chatha, pa March 11, 2004, Al Qaeda mabomba adapha anthu a 191 ku Madrid, Spain, isanafike chisankho chomwe chipani china chinayambitsa nkhondo ya Spain ku Iraq. Anthu a ku Spain adasankha anthu a Socialists kukhala amphamvu, ndipo adachotsa asilikali onse a ku Spain ku May. Panalibe mabomba ku Spain. Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa 2005 ku London, boma la Britain linapitirizabe kugwira ntchito zoopsa za Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Kuukira kwa zigawenga ku London kunatsatira 2007, 2013, 2016, ndi 2017. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, m'mbiri ya dziko, zigaŵenga zonse zodzipha zokhudzana ndi zigawenga zalembedwa kuti zakhala zikukwiyidwa ndi mphatso za chakudya, mankhwala, sukulu, kapena mphamvu zoyera. Kuchepetsa zidziwitso za kudzipha kungathandizidwe pochepetsa kuvutika kwa anthu, kuphana, ndi kupanda chilungamo, komanso poyankha zopempha zosagwirizana ndi ziwawa, zomwe zimayambitsa zachiwawa koma nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa. Kuwulula milandu imeneyi ngati milandu, m'malo mochita zinthu zankhondo kungathetse mavuto.

Julayi 8. Patsikuli mu 2014, mu nkhondo ya masabata asanu ndi awiri yomwe idadziwika kuti nkhondo ya 2014 Gaza, Israeli adayambitsa mphepo zisanu ndi ziwiri ndipo adanyoza Gaza. Cholinga cha opaleshoniyi chinali kuimitsa rocket moto kuchokera ku Gaza ku Israeli, yomwe inakula pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa June ndi achinyamata a Israeli atatu ndi azimayi awiri a Hamas ku West Bank adayambitsa chisokonezo cha Israeli. Hamas anafuna kuti apange mayiko osiyanasiyana ku Israeli kuti atuluke ku Gaza. Nkhondo itatha, komabe nkhondo, kuvulala, ndi kusowa pokhala zinali zogwirizana ndi anthu a Gazan omwe anali pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu a 2000 Gazan omwe adafa, poyerekeza ndi Israeli asanu okha - kuti gawo lapadera la Tribunal Tribunal ya ku Russia ku Palestina Adafufuzidwa kuti afufuze za kuphedwa kwa Israeli. Pulezidenti analibe vuto lalikulu kuti aganizire kuti mayendedwe a Israeli, kuphatikizapo malingaliro ake osadziwika, anali opandukira anthu, popeza adapereka chilango kwa anthu onse osauka. Iwo adakana kuti Israeli akunena kuti ntchito zake zikhoza kukhala zodzitchinjiriza pazitsulo za rocket zochokera ku Gaza, popeza zigawengazo zidakhala zoletsedwa ndi anthu omwe anazunzidwa polamulidwa ndi Israeli. Komabe, aphungu adakana kutchula zochitika za Israeli "chiwawa," popeza kuti lamuloli lidafunikiranso umboni wakuti "cholinga chowononga." Inde, kwa zikwi zikwi za akufa, ovulala, ndi opanda pokhala a Gazans, izi zakhala zopanda phindu . Kwa iwo, ndi kwa dziko lonse lapansi, yankho lokhalo lokha ku mavuto a nkhondo ndilo kuthetsa kwathunthu.

Julayi 9. Patsiku lino ku 1955, Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell ndi asayansi ena asanu ndi awiri adachenjeza kuti chisankho chiyenera kupangidwa pakati pa nkhondo ndi kupulumuka kwaumunthu. Asayansi odziwika padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza a Max Born waku Germany, komanso wachikomyunizimu waku France a Frederic Joliot-Curie, adalumikizana ndi Albert Einstein ndi Bertrand Russell poyesa kuthetseratu nkhondo. Manifesto, chikalata chomaliza chomwe Einstein adasaina asanamwalire, idati: "Poganizira kuti m'tsogolo muno nkhondo yankhondo yapadziko lonse idzagwiritsidwabe ntchito, ndikuti zida zotere zikuwopseza kukhalapobe kwa anthu, tikupempha maboma a dziko kuti lizindikire, ndikuvomereza pagulu, kuti cholinga chawo sichingalimbikitsidwe ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse, ndipo timawalimbikitsa, chifukwa chake, kuti apeze njira zamtendere zothetsera mavuto onse pakati pawo. ” Mlembi wakale wa chitetezo ku United States a Robert McNamara adanenanso za mantha ake kuti ngozi ya zida za nyukiliya siyingapeweke pokhapokha zida zanyukiliya zitawonongedwa, ponena kuti: “Mutu wankhondo wapakati ku US uli ndi mphamvu zowononga nthawi 20 za bomba la Hiroshima. Mwa mitu yankhondo 8,000 yogwira kapena yogwira ku US, 2,000 ili tcheru pazomenyera tsitsi… A US sanavomerezepo mfundo yoti 'musagwiritse ntchito koyamba,' osati pazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri monga mlembi kapena kuyambira pamenepo. Takhala okonzeka ndikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya - mwa chisankho cha munthu m'modzi, purezidenti… Purezidenti ali wokonzeka kupanga chisankho mkati mwa mphindi 20 chomwe chitha kuyambitsa chimodzi mwazida zowononga kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulengeza nkhondo kumafuna kuti Congress ichite, koma kuyambitsa kuphulika kwa zida za nyukiliya kumafuna kukambirana kwa mphindi 20 ndi purezidenti ndi aphungu ake. ”

Julayi 10. Patsikuli mu 1985, boma la France linaponya bomba lamtundu wa Greenpeace pamphepete mwa nyanja yotchedwa Rainbow Warrior, yomwe idakwera pawindo ku Auckland, mzinda waukulu ku North Zealand ku North Island. Pofuna chidwi chake poteteza chilengedwe, Greenpeace anali akugwiritsa ntchito sitimayo kuti ayambe kukonza zina mwazidziwitso zomwe sizinasokoneze nkhondo ku France. New Zealand idalimbikitsa zotsutsa, ndikuwonetseratu udindo wake monga mtsogoleri mu kayendedwe ka nyukiliya yapadziko lonse. Komabe, dziko la France, linayesa kuyesa kwa nyukiliya kuti likhale chitetezo, komanso kuti mantha omwe amachititsa kuti padziko lonse ayambe kuponderezedwa. A French ankadabwa kwambiri ndi Greenpeace kukonzekera sitimayo kuchokera ku Auckland wharf ndi siteji ina yowonongeka ku Mororoa Atoll ku South Pacific. Monga mbendera, Msilikali wa Rainbow angapangitse flostla yazitsulo zing'onozing'ono zowonongeka zomwe zitha kukhala zovuta kuti zisawonongeke. Sitimayo inali yaikulu yokwanira kunyamula zinthu zokwanira ndi zipangizo zoyankhulirana kuti zikhale zotsatilapo zotsatila ndi kuyendayenda kwa wailesi ndi dziko lakunja ndi malipoti ndi zithunzi ku mabungwe apadziko lonse. Pofuna kupewa zonsezi, mawotchi a French Secret Service adatumizidwa kukazama ngalawa ndikulepheretsa kusuntha. Izi zinapangitsa kuti dziko la New Zealand ndi France liwonongeke kwambiri ndipo linathandiza kwambiri kuti dziko la New Zealand liziyenda bwino. Chifukwa dziko la Britain ndi United States silinathe kutsutsa chigawenga ichi, chinalimbikitsanso ku New Zealand kuti pakhale ndondomeko yowonjezereka yachilendo.

July 11. Patsikuli chaka chilichonse, Tsiku loyendetsera dziko lonse la United Nations, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 1989, likuyang'ana pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu monga kulera za mabanja, kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachilengedwe, maphunziro, kulemera kwachuma, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Kuphatikiza pa nkhawa izi, akatswiri owerengera anthu azindikiranso kuti kuchuluka kwakachulukirachulukira m'maiko osauka kumapanikizika ndi zinthu zomwe zingathenso zomwe zingayambitse kusakhazikika kwa anthu, mikangano yapachiweniweni, ndi nkhondo. Izi ndi zoona makamaka chifukwa kuwonjezeka mwachangu kwa anthu kumabweretsa anthu ambiri osakwanitsa zaka makumi atatu. Anthu oterewa akatsogozedwa ndi boma lofooka kapena lodziyimira pawokha, ndikulephera pazinthu zofunikira komanso maphunziro oyambira, thanzi, komanso mwayi wopeza ntchito kwa achinyamata, zimakhala malo oyambitsa mikangano yapachiweniweni. Banki Yadziko Lonse yatchula Angola, Sudan, Haiti, Somalia, ndi Myanmar ngati zitsanzo zoopsa za "mayiko omwe amalandira ndalama zochepa." Mwa onsewa, bata limasokonezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amapereka misonkho ndi zinthu zina. Akagonjetsedwa ndi nkhondo zapachiweniweni, mayiko oterewa zimawavuta kuyambiranso ntchito zachuma - ngakhale atakhala olemera ndi zachilengedwe. Akatswiri ambiri akuchenjeza kuti mayiko omwe akuchulukirachulukira ndipo alibe chuma chokwanira chopezera anthu awo zomwe zingayambitse zipolowe kwanuko. Inde omwe akutchedwa mayiko otukuka omwe amatumiza zida, nkhondo, magulu opha anthu, kulanda boma, komanso kulowererapo, m'malo mothandiza anthu komanso zachilengedwe, zimathandizanso zachiwawa m'malo osauka komanso okhala ndi anthu ambiri padziko lapansi, ena mwa iwo sanachulukenso, osauka kwambiri , kuposa Japan kapena Germany.

Julayi 12. Tsiku lino mu 1817 Henry David Thoreau anabadwa. Ngakhale kuti mwinamwake amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha filosofi-yake yomwe, monga momwe Walden, adawona mawonedwe a chilengedwe monga ziwonetsero za malamulo auzimu-Thoreau anali wosatsutsika omwe ankakhulupirira kuti khalidwe labwino silinachokere ku kumvera kwa ulamuliro koma kuchokera pa chikumbumtima. Maganizo awa akufotokozedwa m'nkhani yake yaitali Kusamvera Kwachikhalidwe, omwe adalimbikitsidwa ndi ufulu wovomerezeka wa boma, amalimbikitsa Martin Luther King ndi Mahatma Gandhi. Nkhani zomwe Thoreau ankafuna kwambiri zinali ukapolo komanso nkhondo ya ku Mexican. Kukana kwake kulipira misonkho kuti amuthandize nkhondo ku Mexico kunamuthandiza kumangidwa, komanso kutsutsa ukapolo wa zolemba monga "Ukapolo ku Massachusetts" ndi "A Plea kwa Captain John Brown." Chigamulochi cha Brown pambuyo poyesa kumanga akapolo pogwiritsa ntchito zida ku Harper's Ferry arsenal. Kuukira kumeneku kunachititsa imfa ya US Marine pamodzi ndi anthu khumi ndi atatuwo. Brown anaimbidwa mlandu wopha munthu, kuchitira chiwembu, ndi kukakamiza anthu kupanduka, ndipo pomalizira pake anapachikidwa. Koma Thoreau anapitiriza kulimbikitsa Brown, pozindikira kuti zolinga zake zinali zaumunthu ndipo anabadwa ndi kutsatira chikumbumtima ndi ufulu wa US Constitutional Rights. Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe yomwe inatsatira pambuyo pake idachititsa kuti anthu ena a 700,000 afa. Thoreau anamwalira pamene nkhondo inayamba mu 1861. Komabe, ambiri omwe adathandizira mgwirizano wa mgwirizanowu, asilikali ndi anthu, adatsitsimutsidwa ndi maganizo a Thoreau kuti kuthetsa ukapolo kunali kofunikira kwa mtundu womwe umati uzindikira umunthu, makhalidwe, ufulu, ndi chikumbumtima.

Julayi 13. Patsikuli mu 1863, pakati pa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, nkhondo yoyamba ya nkhondo ya anthu a ku US inachititsa kuti masiku asanu ndi awiri atsutsane mu mzinda wa New York, omwe amachititsa kuti anthu awonongeke kwambiri komanso awonongeke mbiri yaku US. Kupanduka kumeneku sikunayambe kutsutsana ndi makhalidwe abwino pa nkhondo. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala kusuntha kwa pamba kuchokera ku South komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zana la 40 ya katundu yense wotumizidwa kuchokera ku doko la mzinda. Nkhawa zomwe zinatulutsidwa ndi ntchito yotayika zinayambitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti wa Emancipation Proclamation mu September 1862. Malangizo a Lincoln adabweretsa mantha pakati pa abambo oyera omwe zikwi zambiri za kumasula anthu akuda ochokera Kumwera zikhoza kuwatengera m'malo ogulitsa ntchito kale. Chifukwa cha mantha ameneŵa, azungu ambiri anayamba kuchititsa anthu a ku Africa-America kukhala ndi udindo wolimbana ndi nkhondo komanso tsogolo lawo losadziwika bwino la zachuma. Kupita kwa lamulo la asilikali lolembetsa usilikali kumayambiriro kwa 1863 lomwe linapatsa olemera kuti alowe m'malo mwawo kapena kugula njira yawo, adathamangitsa amuna ambiri oyera kuti apite ku chipwirikiti. Anakakamizidwa kuika moyo wawo pangozi chifukwa cha mgwirizano womwe iwo amamva kuti wawapereka, iwo adasonkhana ndi zikwi pa July 13th kuti azichitira nkhanza anthu okhalamo, nyumba, ndi malonda. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa akufika ku 1,200. Ngakhale kuti zipolopolozo zinathera pa July 16 pofika asilikali a boma, nkhondo inakhalanso ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Komabe, angelo abwino amathandizanso. Mtsogoleri wa ku America wa ku New York yemwe amatha kuthetsa maboma anabwerera pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku dormancy kuti apititse patsogolo kufanana pakati pa mdima mumzindawu ndikusintha mtundu wake kuti ukhale wabwino.

July 14. Patsikuli ku 1789, anthu a ku Paris adadumpha ndi kuwononga Bastille, linga lachifumu ndi ndende yomwe idadza kuimira nkhanza za mafumu a French Bourbon. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi njala komanso analipira misonkho yolemera yomwe atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi olemekezeka anali nawo, amphawi ndi ogwira ntchito kumzinda akuyenda ku Bastille ankafuna kuti adzalanda mfuti yankhondo yomwe inali yosungidwa kumeneko kuti apereke asilikali omwe mfumuyo inaganiza kuti ayime pafupi ndi Paris. Pamene panachitika nkhondo yosayembekezereka, asilikaliwo anamasula akaidiwo ndipo anamanga bwanamkubwa wa kundendeyo. Zomwezo zimachita chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha French Revolution, zaka khumi za chisokonezo cha ndale zomwe zinayambitsa nkhondo ndipo zinakhazikitsa Ulamuliro Woopsya kwa otsutsana nawo omwe anthu makumi ambiri kuphatikizapo mfumu ndi mfumukazi adaphedwa. Chifukwa cha zotsatira zake, tingatsutsane kuti chochitika chofunika kwambiri pa chiyambi cha Revolution chinayamba pa August 4, 1789. Pa tsiku lomwelo, msonkhano watsopano wa dziko la National Constituent unakumananso ndikusintha zinthu zomwe zinathetsa chikhalidwe cha mbiri yakale ku France, ndi malamulo ake akale, misonkho, komanso mwayi wopatsa atsogoleri ndi atsogoleri. Ambiri mwa anthu a ku France adalandira kusintha, powona kuti ndi mayankho a zifukwa zawo zovuta kwambiri. Komabe, Revolution yokha ikanadzatambasula kwa zaka khumi, kufikira Napoleon atagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zandale mu November 1799. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusintha kwa August 4 kokha kumaonetsa chidwi chochititsa chidwi cha amitundu olemekezeka kuti apange mtendere ndi chitukuko cha mtunduwo patsogolo pa zofuna zaumwini komanso kuti dzikoli likhale loyenera.

Julayi 15. Patsikuli ku 1834, Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo ku Spain, lodziwika bwino ngati Khoti Loyera la Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo, linatsirizika motsimikizika pa ulamuliro waing'ono wa Mfumukazi Isabel II. Ofesiyi idakhazikitsidwa pansi paulamuliro wapapa mu 1478 ndi mafumu a Katolika ku Spain, King Ferdinand II waku Aragon ndi Mfumukazi Isabella I waku Castile. Cholinga chake choyambirira chinali kuthandiza kuphatikiza ufumu watsopano waku Spain pothetsa ampatuko achiyuda kapena Asilamu otembenukira ku Katolika. Njira zankhanza komanso zochititsa manyazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokwaniritsa mathedwe onsewa ndikuwopseza kopanda kutsatira zipembedzo. Pazaka 350 za Khothi Lalikulu la Kufufuza, Ayuda pafupifupi 150,000, Asilamu, Apulotesitanti ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika omwe sanamvere malamulo aweruzidwa. Mwa iwo, 3,000 mpaka 5,000 adaphedwa, makamaka ndikuwotcha pamtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, Ayuda pafupifupi 160,000 omwe adakana ubatizo wachikhristu adathamangitsidwa ku Spain. Khoti Lalikulu laku Spain liziwakumbukira nthawi zonse ngati chimodzi mwazomvetsa chisoni kwambiri m'mbiri, komabe kuthekera kokulira kwa mphamvu zopondereza kumakhazikika kwambiri m'badwo uliwonse. Zizindikiro zake ndizofanana nthawi zonse: kuwongolera kowonjezereka kwa unyinji wachuma ndi phindu la olamulira apamwamba; chuma chocheperachepera ndi ufulu kwa anthu; ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira, zachiwerewere kapena zankhanza kuti zinthu zizikhala choncho. Zizindikiro zotere zikapezeka mdziko lamakono, zimatha kukumana bwino ndi andale otsutsana omwe amasinthira nzika zambiri. Anthu enieniwo akhoza kudaliridwa bwino kuti ateteze zolinga zaumunthu zomwe zimawakakamiza iwo omwe amawalamulira kuti asafunefune kutsogola, koma zabwino zawo.

Julayi 16. Patsikuli mu 1945 a US anayesera kuyesa mabomba a atomiki oyambirira padziko lapansi at mabomba a Alamogordo amakhala ku New Mexico. Bomba limeneli linapangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe zimatchedwa Manhattan Project, ntchito yofufuza ndi chitukuko yomwe inayambira mwakhama kumayambiriro kwa 1942, pamene mantha adayamba kuti Ajeremani akupanga bomba lawo la atomiki. Pulojekiti ya ku United States inatsimikiziridwa ndi malo a Los Alamos, New Mexico, kumene kuli mavuto oti akwaniritse masoka oopsa omwe amachititsa kuti kuphulika kwa nyukiliya kuchitike. Pamene bomba linayesedwa mu chipululu cha New Mexico, linapukuta nsanja yomwe linakhalapo, linatulutsa kuwala kwa 40,000 mlengalenga, ndipo linapangitsa mphamvu zowononga 15,000 ku matani a TNT a 20,000. Pasanathe mwezi umodzi, pa August 9, 1945, bomba la mapangidwe omwewo, lotchedwa Fat Boy, linagwetsedwa ku Nagasaki, Japan, kupha anthu pafupifupi 60,000 kwa 80,000 anthu. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, mtundu wa nkhondo wa nyukiliya unapangidwa pakati pa US ndi Soviet Union yomwe pamapeto pake, yomwe inagwirizanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wazitsulo. Ena adachotsedwe ndi maboma a US kufunafuna njira zamagulu zogwirira ntchito za mphamvu padziko lonse. Anthu ochepa chabe angatsutsane kuti kugwiritsira ntchito zida zankhondo zankhanza zowopsa kwambiri kungapangitse anthu ndi mitundu ina, ndipo ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa zida pakati pa maboma awiri a nyukiliya. Okonza mgwirizano watsopano wotsutsa zida zonse za nyukiliya anapatsidwa Nobel Peace Prize ku 2017.

July 17. Patsikuli mu 1998, mgwirizano womwe unavomerezedwa pamsonkhano wa dipatimenti ku Roma, wotchedwa Rome Statute, unakhazikitsa International Criminal Court. Cholinga cha Khoti ndicho kukhala njira yomaliza yopitilira atsogoleri a usilikali ndi ndale kudziko lililonse losavomerezeka pa milandu yowononga milandu, milandu ya nkhondo, kapena milandu yaumunthu. Lamulo la Rome lokhazikitsa Khoti linayamba kugwira ntchito pa July 1, 2002, atayimilidwa kapena kulembedwa ndi mayiko oposa 150-ngakhale kuti si a US, Russia, kapena China. Chifukwa chake, boma la United States lakhala likutsutsa khoti lapadziko lonse lomwe lingathe kutsogolera atsogoleri ake a usilikali ndi ndale kuti awonetsere chilungamo cha dziko lonse. Boma la Clinton linagwira nawo ntchito pokambirana mgwirizano womwe unakhazikitsa Khoti, koma adafuna kuyang'ana milandu ya Security Council yoyamba milandu imene idawathandiza US kuvomereza kuzunzidwa komwe kumatsutsa. Pamene Khoti linayandikira kukhazikitsidwa mu 2001, bungwe la Bush linatsutsana nalo, kukambirana mgwirizanowu ndi mayiko ena pofuna kutsimikizira kuti anthu a ku United States sadzatetezedwa. Zaka zingapo chigamulochi chikugwiridwa, bungwe la Trump mwinamwake linawulula momveka bwino chifukwa chake boma la United States likutsutsana nalo. Mu September 2018, bungwe linalamula kuti kutsekedwa kwa ofesi ya Pulezidenti ya ku Palestine ku Washington ndi kuopseza chigamulo ku Khothi ngati ziyenera kufufuza za milandu yokhudza nkhondo ndi US, Israel, kapena mabungwe ake onse. Kodi izi sizikutanthauza kuti dziko la United States likutsutsana ndi bungwe la International Criminal Court lomwe silingagwirizane ndi kuteteza mfundo za ulamuliro wa dziko kusiyana ndi kuteteza ufulu wosagwira ntchito kuti uchite bwino?

Julayi 18. Izi zikusonyeza kuchitika kwa pachaka kwa Tsiku la Mayiko a Nelson Mandela. Potsatizana ndi tsiku la kubadwa kwa Mandela, ndipo adayamikika ndi zopereka zake zambiri pa chikhalidwe cha mtendere ndi ufulu, tsikuli linalengezedwa ndi UN mu November 2009 ndipo poyamba adaona pa July 18, 2010. Monga woweruza milandu wa ufulu waumunthu, mkaidi wa chikumbumtima, ndi pulezidenti woyamba wa chisankho cha ku South Africa, Nelson Mandela adapereka moyo wake ku zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zofunikira pakulimbikitsa demokarasi ndi chikhalidwe cha mtendere. Amaphatikizapo, pakati pa ena, ufulu waumwini, kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha anthu, chiyanjanitso, mgwirizano wamitundu, ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Ponena za Mtendere, Mandela adalankhula kuyankhula kwa January 2004 ku New Delhi, India: "Chipembedzo, mtundu, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe ndizo zinthu zomwe zimapindulitsa chitukuko chaumunthu, kuwonjezera chuma cha zosiyana zathu. Chifukwa chiyani akuyenera kuloledwa kukhala chifukwa cha magawano ndi chiwawa? "Ntchito ya Mandela yolimbana ndi mtendere inali yochepa kwambiri ndi zoyesayesa zothetsa usilikali padziko lonse; Cholinga chake, chomwe mosakayikira chimachirikiza mapeto ake, chinali kubweretsa magulu osiyana palimodzi pamidzi ndi m'dzikolo mwa njira yatsopano yogawana nawo. A UN akulimbikitsa anthu omwe akufuna kulemekeza Mandela tsiku lake kuti apereke maminiti a 67 nthawi yawo-mphindi imodzi pa zaka zake zonse za 67 za ntchito za anthu - kupanga chizindikiro chochepa cha mgwirizano ndi umunthu. Zina mwazomwe mungachite kuti muchite izi ndizomwe mungachite: Thandizani munthu kupeza ntchito. Yendani galu wosungulumwa ku malo osungira nyama. Pezani bwenzi lanu kuchokera ku chikhalidwe china.

Julayi 19. Patsikuli mu 1881, Sitting Bull, mtsogoleri wa mafuko a Indian Sioux a America Great Plains, adapereka pamodzi ndi otsatira ake ku US Army atabwerera ku Dakota Territory patapita zaka zinayi ku ukapolo ku Canada. Sitting Bull adatsogolera anthu ake kuwoloka malire kupita ku Canada mu Meyi 1877, atatenga nawo gawo chaka chatha pa Nkhondo ya Little Big Horn. Imeneyo inali yomaliza pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Ya Sioux mzaka za m'ma 1870, pomwe amwenye aku Chigwa adalimbana kuti ateteze cholowa chawo ngati osaka njati zodziyimira palokha zomwe a White Man adalowa. Sioux anali atapambana ku Little Big Horn, ngakhale kupha wamkulu wodziwika wa US Seventh Cavalry, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer. Kupambana kwawo, komabe, kunalimbikitsa asitikali aku US kuti achepetse poyesayesa kukakamiza Amwenye aku Chigwa kuti asasungidwe. Pachifukwa ichi Sitting Bull adatsogolera otsatira ake kupita ku chitetezo cha Canada. Pambuyo pazaka zinayi, komabe kufafaniza njati zachigwa, chifukwa mwanjira ina chifukwa chakusaka mwamphamvu zamalonda, zidapangitsa kuti akapolowo afike panjala. Atakakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu aku US komanso aku Canada, ambiri aiwo adapita kumwera kukasunga. Pambuyo pake, a Sitting Bull adabwerera ku United States ndi otsatira 187 okha, ambiri okalamba kapena odwala. Pambuyo pokhala m'ndende zaka ziwiri, mfumu yomwe kale inali yonyadirayo idasankhidwa kuti isungidwe ku Standing Rock masiku ano ku South Dakota. Mu 1890, adawombeledwa ndikuphedwa pomenyedwa ndi nthumwi zaku US komanso aku India omwe amawopa kuti athandizira gulu lomwe likukula la Ghost Dance lomwe cholinga chake ndikubwezeretsanso moyo wa Sioux.

Julayi 20. Patsikuli mu 1874, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer anatsogolera gulu la asilikali oposa 1,000 ndi mahatchi ndi ng'ombe za US Seventh Cavalry m'mapiri a Black Hills omwe kale anali osadziwika bwino a South Dakota masiku ano. Pangano la Fort Laramie la 1868 linali litapatula malo osungitsa malo ku Black Hills m'chigawo cha Dakota kwa mafuko achi Sioux Indian aku Northern Great Plains omwe adagwirizana zokhala kumeneko, ndikuletsa azungu kulowa. Cholinga cha oyendetsa ndege a Custer chinali kukonzanso malo omwe angakhale malo omenyera nkhondo ku Black Hills kapena pafupi ndi Black Hills omwe amatha kulamulira mafuko a Sioux omwe sanalembetse Pangano la Laramie. Zowonadi zake, ulendowu udafunanso kupeza nkhokwe zosungitsa mchere, matabwa, ndi golide zomwe atsogoleri aku US anali ofunitsitsa kuzipeza ponyalanyaza panganolo. Izi zidachitika, ulendowu udapeza golide, womwe udakoka zikwizikwi za ogwira ntchito mgodi mosaloledwa kupita ku Black Hills. US idasiya Pangano la Laramie mu February 1876, komanso Juni 25^th Nkhondo ya Little Bighorn yomwe ili kum'mwera kwa dziko la Montana inachititsa kuti Sioux apambane. Koma mu September, asilikali a US, pogwiritsa ntchito machenjerero omwe analetsa Sioux kubwerera ku Black Hills, anagonjetsa iwo pankhondo ya Slim Buttes. Sioux imatchedwa nkhondo imeneyi "Nkhondo Yomwe Tidayika Mapiri A Black." Koma a US, iwowo, atha kugonjetsedwa kwambiri. Pofuna kuchotsa dziko la Sioux pakati pa chikhalidwe chawo, ilo linalimbikitsa ndondomeko yachilendo popanda malire aumunthu pa zolinga zake za ulamuliro wachuma ndi usilikali.

Julayi 21. Patsikuli mu 1972, George Carlin yemwe adakalipira mpikisano wopambana mphoto, adamangidwa chifukwa cha mlandu wonyansa komanso wonyansa pambuyo pochita "Mawu Asanu ndi Awiri Omwe Simungagwiritse Ntchito pa TV" pachikondwerero cha Summerfest ku Milwaukee. Carlin adayamba ntchito yake yoyimilira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 ngati nthabwala zoyera zodziwika bwino zanzeru zake komanso kukumbukira zomwe adaleredwa ku Ireland ku New York. Koma pofika 1970, anali atadzikongoletsanso ndi ndevu, tsitsi lalitali, ndi jinzi, ndipo anali ndi chizoloŵezi choseketsa chimene, malinga ndi kunena kwa wotsutsa wina, chinali “chodzaza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.” Kusinthaku kudawabwezera pomwepo eni eni malo ogulitsira usiku, kotero Carlin adayamba kuwonekera kunyumba za khofi, malo azisangalalo, ndi makoleji, komwe omvera achichepere, ovuta adalandira chithunzi chake chatsopanocho ndi zinthu zopanda ulemu. Kenako kunabwera Summerfest 1972, pomwe Carlin adamva kuti "Mawu Asanu ndi awiri" oletsedwa sanalandiridwenso papulatifomu kunyanja ya Milwaukee kuposa TV. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, mawu omwewo, omwe anali ndi oyambitsa spfccmt, adalandiridwa ngati gawo lachilengedwe lazoyeserera. Kodi kusintha kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwachikhalidwe chaku America? Kapena chinali chigonjetso cha mawu osamasuka omwe adathandizira achichepere kuwona pazachinyengo zofanizira komanso kuwonongedwa kwa moyo wachinsinsi waku America komanso pagulu? Woseketsa Lewis Black nthawi ina adawonetsa chifukwa chake mkwiyo wake wamanyazi womwe udawoneka ngati wosasangalatsa. Sizinapweteke, adatinso, kuti boma la US ndi atsogoleri ake amamupatsa mayendedwe azinthu zatsopano kuchokera ku.

Julayi 22. Patsikuli mu 1756, gulu lachipembedzo lotchedwa Religion Society of Friends ku colonial Pennsylvania, omwe amadziwika kuti Quakers, adakhazikitsa "Friendly Association for Regaining and Preserving Peace ndi Amwenye ndi Maiko a Pacific." Pulogalamuyi yakhazikitsidwa ku 1681, pamene mtsogoleri wa ku England dzina lake William Penn, yemwe anali woyambirira ku Quaker komanso woyambitsa chipatala cha Pennsylvania, anasaina mgwirizano wamtendere ndi Tammany, mtsogoleri wa dziko la Delaware Nation. Msonkhano waukulu umene Friendly Association ankafuna unali wolimbikitsidwa ndi zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo cha Quakers zomwe Mulungu angathe kuziwona popanda kupembedzera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso kuti amayi ali ofanana mofanana ndi amuna. Zomwezo zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chaku America, zomwe zimapangitsa Amwenye kukhala ovuta kulandira a Quaker monga amishonale. Kwa a Quakers, Associationyo inali chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri kwa Amwenye onse awiri ndi anthu ena a ku Europe momwe machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ayenera kukhalira. Choncho, mosiyana, mosiyana ndi zina zopereka zachifundo ku Ulaya, bungwe kwenikweni linagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake pa umoyo wa Indian, sanatsutse zipembedzo za ku India, ndipo analandira Amwenye ku nyumba ya misonkhano ya Quaker kulambirira. Mu 1795, a Quakers adasankha komiti kuti adziwe Amwenye ku zomwe ankaganiza kuti ndizofunikira zogwirizana ndi chitukuko, monga zinyama. Anaperekanso uphungu wamakhalidwe abwino, polimbikitsa Seneca kuti akhale oganiza bwino, oyera, osunga nthawi, komanso ogwira ntchito mwakhama. Iwo sanachite khama, komabe, kutembenuza Amwenye onse ku chikhulupiriro chawo. Mpaka lero, bungwe lodziwika bwino la Friendly Association likudziwitsiranso kuti njira yeniyeni yopangira dziko labwino ndi kudzera mu mtendere, ulemu, ndi chiyanjano pakati pa amitundu.

Julayi 23. Patsikuli ku 2002, nduna yaikulu ya Britain ku Britain Tony Blair anakumana ndi akuluakulu a boma la UK, Defense, ndi intelligence ku 10 Downing Street, omwe amakhala ndi boma ku London, kuti akambirane za nkhondo yomwe ikutsogolera ku Iraq. Mphindi ya msonkhano umenewu inalembedwa m'nyuzipepala yotchedwa Downing Street "Memo," yomwe inalembedwa popanda chilolezo cha boma The Sunday Times [London] mu May 2005. Kuwonetsanso kuti Nkhondo Ndi Bodza, Memo ikuwulula mosapita m'mbali kuti US Bush Administration anali ataganiza zopita ku nkhondo ndi Iraq asanayambe kupempha thandizo la UN kuti achite zimenezo, komanso kuti a British adagwirizana kale kuti atenge nawo mbali pankhondo monga ochita nawo nkhondo. Chigwirizanochi chidafikiridwa ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a ku Britain adziwa kuti mlandu wa Iraq ndi wochepa kwambiri. Boma la Bush linayambitsa chigamulo chotsutsana ndi boma la Saddam ponena kuti kulimbikitsidwa kwa zigawenga komanso zida zowonongeka. Koma pochita izi, akuluakulu a boma la Britain adanena kuti bungweli linapanga nzeru zake ndi mfundo zake kuti zigwirizane ndi ndondomeko yake, osati lamulo lomwe lingagwirizane ndi nzeru zake ndi mfundo zake. Memo ya Downing Street sanafike poyambirira kuti athetse nkhondo ya Iraq, koma izi zidawathandiza kuti nkhondo zam'tsogolo za US zikhale zovuta kwambiri ngati makampani a US achita zonse zomwe angathe kuti awonetsere anthu. M'malo mwake, ofalitsa adayesetsa kuthetsa umboni wa Memo wonyenga pamene unasindikizidwa patatha zaka zitatu.

Julayi 24. Tsiku limeneli mu 1893 limasonyeza kubadwa ku Negley, Ohio, mwa Amayi Hennacy yemwe amalephera kwambiri mtendere wa ku America. Atabadwa kwa makolo a Quaker, Hennacy anali ndi mtundu wapadera wokhala ndi mtendere. Iye sanaphatikize ena kuti awononge mwachindunji dongosolo lovuta la nkhondo ya ku America yomwe imathandizira nkhondo. M'malo mwake, mu zomwe amachitcha kuti "One-Man Revolution," adapempha chikumbumtima cha anthu wamba pochita zionetsero za nkhondo, ziwonongeko za boma, ndi mitundu ina ya nkhanza nthawi zambiri poika chilango kapena kumadya nthawi yayitali. Podzitcha kuti anarchist wachikristu, Hennacy anakana kulembetsa usilikali m'zaka za nkhondo zapadziko lonse, kutumikira zaka ziwiri m'ndende chifukwa chokana kukakhala m'ndende yekha. Anakananso kulipira msonkho, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pothandizira asilikali. M'mbiri yake Bukhu la Amoni, Hennacy akuchonderera anthu a ku America kuti asafune kulembetsa kalatayi, kugula nkhondo, kupanga zida zankhondo, kapena kulipira msonkho wa nkhondo. Iye sanayembekezere njira zandale kapena zachitukuko zomwe zingabweretse kusintha. Koma zikuoneka kuti amakhulupirira kuti iye mwini, pamodzi ndi anthu ena ochepa omwe amakhala mwamtendere, anzeru, komanso olimba mtima, angakhale ndi chikhalidwe chabwino cha nthano zawo pazomwe amatsutsa pazochitika zawo. Mlingo udzathetsedwe ndi njira zamtendere. Hennacy anamwalira ku 1970, pamene nkhondo ya ku Vietnam inali itatha. Koma ayenera kuti anali kuyembekezera tsiku limene chisonyezo cha mtendere cha m'nthaŵiyi sichinali chokhalitsa koma chenicheni: "Tiyerekeze kuti apereka nkhondo ndipo palibe amene anabwera."

Julayi 25. Patsikuli mu 1947, US Congress inapereka National Security Act, yomwe inakhazikitsa maziko ambiri okhudza malamulo a kunja kwa dziko la Cold War ndi kupitirira. Lamuloli linali ndi zigawo zitatu: linagwirizanitsa Dipatimenti ya Navy ndi Dipatimenti Yachiwawa pansi pa Dipatimenti Yotetezera yatsopano; inakhazikitsa National Security Council, yomwe inalembedwa kukonzekera malipoti ochepa kwa Purezidenti kuchokera ku chidziwitso chowonjezereka cha chidziwitso cha diplomatic ndi nzeru; ndipo idakhazikitsa Central Intelligence Agency, yomwe inalembedwa osati pokhapokha atasonkhanitsa nzeru kuchokera ku nthambi zosiyanasiyana za usilikali ndi Dipatimenti ya Boma, komanso pochita ntchito zamayiko akunja. Kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwawo, mabungwe awa akukula molimba mwa mphamvu, kukula, bajeti, ndi mphamvu. Komabe, zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso njira zomwe zimasungidwira, zakhala ndi mafunso okhudza makhalidwe abwino. CIA imagwira ntchito mosabisala potsata lamulo la malamulo komanso za kuthekera kwa ulamuliro wa demokalase. Misonkho ya White House ndichinsinsi zapachiŵalo popanda Congressional kapena United Nations kapena boma. Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo imayendetsa bajeti yomwe 2018 inali yayikulu kuposa yomwe ikutsatira ndondomeko isanu ndi iwiri yotsatiridwa ndi asilikali, kuphatikizapo bungwe lokha la boma la US lomwe siliyenera kuyesedwa. Zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhondo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kukwaniritsa zofunikira za thupi komanso zachuma za anthu wamba ku United States ndi kuzungulira dziko lapansi.

Julayi 26. Patsikuli mu 1947, Purezidenti Harry Truman anasaina lamulo loyang'anira kuthetsa tsankho pakati pa asilikali a US. Lamulo la Truman linali logwirizana ndi kulimbikitsa thandizo lothandizira kuthetsa tsankho, cholinga chimene ankayembekezera kuti apange mchitidwe wochepa wa malamulo a Congressional. Pamene mayeserowa anali kuopsezedwa ndi filibus ya Southern, purezidenti adachita zomwe angathe pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake. Choyambirira chake chinali chisokonezo cha asilikali, mopanda pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chakuti sichidavomerezedwe ndi ndale. Afirika a ku America anapanga pafupifupi 11 peresenti ya olembetsa onse oyenerera kulowa usilikali ndi apamwamba kwambiri m'magulu onse a usilikali kupatulapo Marine Corps. Komabe, akuluakulu ogwira ntchito kuchokera ku nthambi zonse za usilikali adanena kuti amatsutsa kuphatikizidwa, nthawi zina ngakhale pagulu. Kuphatikizidwa kwathunthu sikudabwere mpaka nkhondo ya Korea, pamene zovulaza zolemetsa zidapangitsa mayunitsi ogawidwa kuti agwirizane kuti apulumuke. Ngakhale zili choncho, kugawanika kwa asilikali kunaphatikizapo gawo loyamba lokhazikitsa chilungamo ku United States, lomwe silinakwaniritsidwe ngakhale pambuyo pa malamulo akuluakulu a boma a 1960s. Kupitirira apo, nawonso, akutsutsanabe za ubale pakati pa anthu a dziko lapansi-omwe, monga momwe anawonetsera ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, anakhalabe mlatho waukulu kwambiri kwa Harry Truman. Komabe, ngakhale paulendo wa mailosi chikwi, sitepe yoyamba ikufunika. Ndi kupitirizabe pakuwona zosowa za ena ngati zathu kuti tsiku lina tidzazindikira masomphenya a ubale ndi ubale wa anthu m'dziko lamtendere.

Julayi 27. Patsikuli mu 1825, US Congress inavomereza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Indian Territory. Izi zinapangitsa njira yothetsera kukakamizidwa kwa otchedwa asanu otukuka mafuko pa "Trail of Tears" kuti afike lero ku Oklahoma. Lamulo lochotsa ku India linalembedwa ndi Purezidenti Andrew Jackson ku 1830. Mitundu isanu ikukhudzidwa ndi Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, ndi Seminole, onse omwe ananyengerera mosaganizira kuti azikhala pansi pa lamulo la US kapena kuchoka kwawo. Amatchedwa Mitundu Yabwinja, anali atagwirizana ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana kumadera a kumadzulo ndipo, ponena za Cherokee, anayamba kulemba chinenero. Ophunzira adapikisana ndi omvera oyera pakati pa ukali waukulu. The Seminoles anamenyana, ndipo potsirizira pake anawomboledwa kuti asamuke. Ma Creeks anachotsedwa mwamphamvu ndi asilikali. Palibe mgwirizano womwe unapangidwa ndi Cherokee, amene anabweretsa mlandu wawo kudutsa kukhothi ku Khoti Lalikulu ku United States komwe adataya. Panali njira zambiri zandale zogwirizira mbali zonse ziwiri ndipo zitatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, Pangano la New Echota linalengezedwa ndi Purezidenti. Anapatsa anthu zaka ziwiri kudutsa kumadzulo kwa Mississippi kukakhala ku India Territory. Pamene sanasunthike, adagwidwa mwankhanza, nyumba zawo zinatenthedwa ndi kuchitidwa. A Cherokees zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri anazunguliridwa ndi kutengedwa kundende, kutengedwa m'galimoto za sitimayo, ndipo amakakamizidwa kuyenda. Anthu zikwi zinayi adafa pa "Njira ya Misozi." Ndi 1837, bungwe la Jackson linachotsedwa ndi nkhondo ndi zigawenga, anthu a ku America omwe anali a 46,000, kutsegula ma XAUMX milioni a malo kuti azitha kukhazikitsa mchitidwe wozungulirika komanso ukapolo.

Julayi 28. Mu 1914, Austria-Hungary inalengeza nkhondo ku Serbia, kuyambira WWI. Pambuyo pokhala woloŵa nyumba ku mpando wachifumu wa Austro-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, anaphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi mkazi wake ndi wolamulira wa dziko la Serbia wakubwezera chifukwa chotsutsana ndi dziko lake, nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayamba. Kukula mdziko, nkhondo, nkhondo, ndi mgwirizano wa nkhondo kudutsa ku Ulaya zinayembekezeredwa ngati kuphedwa. Pamene mayiko adayesa kudzipulumutsa okha ku ulamuliro woweruza, Industrial Revolution idasokoneza mtundu wa nkhondo. Militiyo inalola kuti ufumu wa Austro-Hungary ulamulire mitundu yambiri ya khumi ndi itatu, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa dzikoli kunalimbikitsa kwambiri kuwonjezereka ndi mphamvu za asilikali. Pamene chikomyunizimu chinapitiliza, maufumu anayamba kugwedezeka ndiyeno kufunafuna mgwirizano. Ufumu wa Ottoman kuphatikizapo Germany ndi Austria, kapena Central Powers, ikugwirizana ndi Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary, pamene Serbia inathandizidwa ndi Allied Powers a Russia, Japan, France, Italy ndi Britain. United States inalumikizana ndi Allies ku 1917, ndipo nzika zochokera kudziko lidzipeza kuti zikuvutika ndikukakamizika kusankha mbali. Ankhondo opitirira mamiliyoni asanu ndi anayi, ndipo nzika zambirimbiri zinamwalira nkhondo ya Germany, Russia, Ottoman, ndi Austro-Hungarian isanagwe. Nkhondoyo inathera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwadzidzidzi komwe kunathandiza kuti zitsogolere ku nkhondo yadziko lonse. Kusankhana mitundu, kumenya nkhondo, ndi imperialism zinapitilirabe ngakhale zoopsa zomwe zaperekedwa kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, zionetsero zinayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwakukulu kwa nkhondo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, pamene zigawenga za nkhondo zinayamba kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri.

Julayi 29. Patsikuli mu 2002, Purezidenti George W. Bush adalongosola za 'Axis of Evil' yomwe akuti imathandizira uchigawenga, m'mawu ake a State of the Union. Axis idaphatikizapo Iraq, Iran, ndi North Korea. Sikunali kungonena chabe. Dipatimenti Yachigawo ku United States yasankha mayiko omwe akuti amathandizira zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi. Zilango zokhwima zimaperekedwa kumaiko awa. Zilango zikuphatikizira, mwazinthu zina: kuletsa kutumizidwa kunja kokhudzana ndi zida zankhondo, zoletsa thandizo lazachuma, komanso zoletsa zachuma kuphatikiza kuletsa nzika iliyonse yaku US kuchita nawo zachuma ndi boma lomwe lili m'gulu la zigawenga, komanso kuletsa kulowa ku United Mayiko. Kupatula ziletso, United States idatsogolera nkhondo yankhondo ku Iraq kuyambira 2003, ndikuwopseza ku Iran ndi North Korea mobwerezabwereza kwazaka zambiri. Mizu ina ya malingaliro oyipa imapezeka m'mabuku a gulu la akatswiri lotchedwa Project for the New American Century, ndipo imodzi mwa mfundo zake ndi iyi: "Sitingalole North Korea, Iran, Iraq ... kufooketsa utsogoleri waku America, kuopseza Amereka idzagwirizana, kapena kuopseza dziko la America. ” Webusayiti ya thanki yamaganizidwe pambuyo pake idachotsedwa. Woyang'anira wamkulu wa bungweli adati mu 2006 kuti "adachita kale ntchito yawo," ndikuti "malingaliro athu asinthidwa." Nkhondo zowopsa komanso zopanda phindu m'zaka zotsatira 2001 zidachokera ku zomwe zinali zowopsa kwambiri pakuwona nkhondo yankhanza ndi nkhanza - masomphenya odalira lingaliro lopanda nzeru kuti mayiko ochepa, osauka, odziyimira pawokha ndi omwe akuwopseza United States.
KUKONGOLERA: IZI ZIKANAKHALA NDI JANUARY, OSATI JULY.

Julayi 30. Tsikuli, monga linalengezedwa mu 2011 ndi ndondomeko ya bungwe la UN General Assembly, limasonyeza mwambo wa pachaka wa International Day of Friendship. Chigamulochi chimazindikira achinyamata kukhala atsogoleri amtsogolo, ndipo amaika kwambiri kuwatenga pamagulu osiyanasiyana omwe akuphatikizapo miyambo yosiyanasiyana ndikulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa ndi kulemekeza mitundu yonse. Tsiku Lachiwiri la Ubale likutsatira pa ziganizo ziwiri zapitazo za UN. Chisankho cha Mtendere, chomwe chinalengezedwa mu 1997, chimazindikira kuopsa kwakukulu ndi kuzunzika komwe kunayambitsidwa kwa ana kupyolera mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mikangano ndi chiwawa. Zimapangitsa kuti zigawengazi zikhoza kutetezedwa bwino pamene zifukwa zawo zimayambitsidwa pofuna kuthetsa mavuto. Chinthu china choyamba cha International Day of Friendship ndi chisankho cha 1998 UN kulengeza Zaka khumi za Chikhalidwe cha Mtendere ndi Zachiwawa kwa Ana a Padziko Lonse. Kuyambira pa 2001 kupyolera mu 2010, chigamulochi chikutsindika kuti chinsinsi cha mtendere ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndikophunzitsa ana kulikonse kufunika kokhala mwamtendere ndi mgwirizano ndi ena. Tsiku Lachiyanjano la Ubale limayambira pazimenezi polimbikitsa uthenga wakuti chiyanjano pakati pa mayiko, miyambo, ndi anthu paokha chingathandize kukhazikitsa maziko a chidaliro chofunikira kuti mayiko onse apambane kuthana ndi mphamvu zambiri zogawanitsa zomwe zimawononga chitetezo chaumwini, chitukuko cha zachuma, chiyanjano , ndi mtendere m'dziko lamakono. Kusunga Tsiku la Ubwenzi, bungwe la United Nations limalimbikitsa maboma, mabungwe apadziko lonse, ndi magulu a anthu kuti azichita zochitika ndi zomwe zimathandiza kuti mayiko onse ayese kukonzekera zokambirana kuti athe kukwaniritsa mgwirizano, mgwirizano, ndi chiyanjanitso.

Julayi 31. Pa tsiku lino ku 1914 Jean Jaurès anaphedwa. Mtsogoleri wolimbikira waumunthu komanso mtsogoleri wachipani cha French Socialist Party, a Jaures adatsutsa mwamphamvu nkhondo, ndipo adatsutsa zotsutsana ndi maulamuliro andewu. Wobadwa mu 1859, kumwalira kwa Jaures kudalingaliridwa ndi ambiri ngati chifukwa china cholowera ku France pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Mfundo zake zothetsera mikangano mwamtendere zidakopa anthu masauzande ambiri kumakalata ndi zolemba zake, komanso kuti aganizire zaubwino wothandizana ndi anthu aku Europe kuti asalimbane ndi nkhondo. A Jaures anali kukonzekera antchito kuti achite ziwonetsero zogwirizana nkhondo isanayambe pomwe adawomberedwa ndikuphedwa atakhala pafupi ndi zenera m'sitilanti yapa Paris. Wopha mnzake, wokonda dziko la France Raoul Villain, adamangidwa kenako ndikumasulidwa mu 1919 asanathawire ku France. Purezidenti wakale wa Purezidenti Francois Hollande adayankha a Jaures atamwalira poika nkhata pakanyumba, ndikuthokoza ntchito yomwe adachita moyo wake wonse "mwamtendere, umodzi, ndikubwera pamodzi kwa Republic." Dziko la France linalowa mu WWI ndi chiyembekezo chobwezera kutayika kwa udindo komanso madera omwe anapeza ku Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia. Mawu a Jaures atha kukhala kuti adalimbikitsa kusankha mwanzeru: "Kodi tsogolo lidzakhala lotani, mabiliyoni ambiri omwe atayidwa pokonzekera nkhondo agwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zothandiza kukulitsa moyo wabwino wa anthu, pomanga nyumba zabwino kwa ogwira ntchito, pakusintha mayendedwe, pobwezeretsanso nthaka? Kutentha kwa imperialism kwakhala matenda. Imeneyi ndi matenda amtundu wosauka omwe sakudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kunyumba. ”

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.

Pitani kumawu omvera.

Pitani pa lembalo.

Pitani pazithunzi.

Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.

Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.

Audio wojambulidwa ndi Tim Pluta.

Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music Gwiritsani ntchito chilolezo kuchokera “Mapeto a Nkhondo,” lolemba Eric Colville.

Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.

Zojambula za Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.