June

June 1
June 2
June 3
June 4
June 5
June 6
June 7
June 8
June 9
June 10
June 11
June 12
June 13
June 14
June 15
June 16
June 17
June 18
June 19
June 20
June 21
June 22
June 23
June 24
June 25
June 26
June 27
June 28
June 29
June 30

June 1. Pa tsiku lino mu 1990, US Purezidenti George Bush ndi mtsogoleri wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev adasaina pangano lachidule loletsa kuthetsa zida za mankhwala ndikuyamba kuwononga maiko onse awiriwa. Msonkhanowu udafuna kuti pamapeto pake 80% ichepetse zida zamankhwala zamagulu amitundu iwiri, zomwe zidayamba mu 1992 poyang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira omwe atumizidwa ndi dziko lililonse. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1990, mayiko ambiri anali ndi ukadaulo wofunikira popanga zida zamankhwala, ndipo Iraq, imodzi, inali itawagwiritsa kale ntchito pomenya nkhondo ndi Iran. Chifukwa chake, cholinga china cha mgwirizano wa Bush / Gorbachev chinali kukhazikitsa nyengo yatsopano yapadziko lonse yomwe ingalepheretse mayiko ang'onoang'ono kuti asunge zida zamankhwala zomwe angagwiritse ntchito pankhondo. Cholinga chimenecho chinakwaniritsidwa. Mu 1993, mayiko oposa 150 adasaina pangano la Chemical Weapons Convention, pangano loletsa zida zamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lidavomerezedwa ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku US ku 1997. Chaka chomwecho, bungwe la maboma omwe amakhala ku The Hague, Netherlands, lotchedwa Organisation for Kuletsa Zida Zamakina, idakhazikitsidwa kuti iziyang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zoletsa. Ntchito zake zinali kuphatikiza kuyang'anira zida zopangira zida zamankhwala komanso malo owonongera, komanso kufufuza milandu yomwe zida zamankhwala zimati zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyambira Okutobala 2015, pafupifupi 90 peresenti yazida zamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi zidawonongedwa. Izi zikuyimira kupambana kwakumbuyo, ndikuwonetsa kuti mapulogalamu omwewo oletsa ndi kuwononga zida za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi, komanso pomaliza zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuthetsedwa kwa nkhondo, sizotheka kuthekera kwa anthu komanso kutsimikiza mtima pandale.

June 2. Patsiku lino ku 1939 chombo cha German chodzaza ndi anthu othawa kwawo achiyuda omwe adatha kukawona kuwala kwa Miami, Florida, koma adachotsedwa, monga Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt adaletsa zonse ku Congress kuti avomereze Ayuda othawa kwawo. Ili ndi tsiku loyenera kukumbukira kuti zifukwa zankhondo nthawi zina zimangotengedwa kokha nkhondo zitatha. Pa May 13, 1939, anthu mazana asanu ndi anayi othawa kwawo achiyuda omwe analowa mumzinda wa SS St. Louis wa Hamburg-America Line anafika ku Cuba kuti achoke kundende zozunzirako anthu ku Germany. Iwo anali ndi ndalama zochepa panthawi yomwe iwo anakakamizika kuchoka, komabe ndalama zowonongeka zomwe zinaperekedwa kwa ulendowo zinapanga zolinga zoyambira mu dziko latsopano moopsya kwambiri. Atafika ku Cuba, amakhulupirira kuti adzalandiridwa ku United States. Komabe, kukwera m'ngalawa kunatsogolera anthu odzipha okha asanafike ku gombe la Cuba kumene sanaloledwe kutsika. Woyendetsa sitimayo anadzipha kuti adziŵe anthu amene anali kumtunda usiku, akuvutika kuti amvetse chifukwa chake. Kenako, anauzidwa kuti achoke. Woyendetsa sitimayo anayenda pamphepete mwa nyanja ku Florida pofuna kuyembekezera zizindikiro zabwino, koma ndege za ku United States ndi sitima za Coast Guard zinangofika kuti ziwachotsere. Pofika pa June 7, panali chakudya chochepa chomwe chinatsala pamene woyang'anira adalengeza kuti adzabwerera ku Ulaya. Pamene mbiri yawo inafalikira, Holland, France, Great Britain, ndi Belgium adapempha kuti alandire nthumwi zina. Pofika pa June 13-16, St. Louis anakumana ndi ngalawa zopita ku maikowa, akubwera monga momwe WWII inayambira.

June 3. Pa tsiku ili 1940, Nkhondo ya Dunkirk inatha ndi chipambano cha Germany ndi Asitikali a Allies abwerera kuchokera ku Dunkirk kupita ku England. Kuchokera pa May 26 mpaka June 4, mabungwe ogwirizana anagwedezeka kuchokera kumapiri, chovuta kwambiri. Mabwato ambirimbiri a Britain ndi a France omwe ankawombola anali odzipereka kuti azigwira ntchito ndi sitima zazikulu. asilikali ankadikirira maola mozama m'madzi. Asilikali a 300,000 a British, French, ndi Belgium adapulumutsidwa. Tikadziwika kuti "Dunkirk Yodabwitsa" pogwiritsa ntchito chikhulupiliro chakuti Mulungu adayankha mapemphero, kwenikweni, chinali chitsiriziro cha zoopsya za nkhondo. Germany idadutsa kumpoto kwa Ulaya kumayiko otsika ndi ku France. A blitzkrieg anatsatira ndipo May 12 a Dutch adapereka. Pofika pa May 22, asilikali a ku Germany anadutsa kumpoto kukafika ku Calais ndi Dunkirk. A British anagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndipo Britain mwiniwakeyo anaopsezedwa. Pafupifupi zipangizo zake zonse zolemera, matanki, zida zankhondo, zoyendetsa magalimoto komanso asilikali oposa 50,000 anatsala kudzikoli, omwe amalandidwa kwambiri ndi a Germany. Pafupifupi khumi mwa magawo khumi a iwo anaphedwa. Asirikali zikwizikwi a British anatayika panthawi imene achoka. Pamene akuyembekezeredwa kuti apulumutsidwe, asilikali a French a 16,000 anafa. Anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi pa zana a Dunkirk anawonongedwa pa nkhondoyo. Asilikali a 300,000 athamangitsidwa amachititsa chidwi chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Britain ndi United States panthawi yonse ya nkhondoyo kuti analibe nthawi kapena kuthetsa Ayuda kuchokera ku Germany.

June 4. Patsikuli chaka chilichonse, tsiku loperekedwa ndi bungwe la United Nations la Ana Osalakwa la Ozunzidwa likuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. Tsiku la Ana Ozunzidwa linakhazikitsidwa mu August 1982 ndi msonkhano wapadera wa bungwe la United Nations poyankha imfa zambiri za ana a Lebanoni ku Beirut ndi mizinda ina ya Lebanon chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyamba ya ku Lebanon pa June 4, 1982. Mwachizoloŵezi, Tsiku la Ana Ozunzidwa lakonzedwa kuti likhale ndi zolinga zikuluzikulu ziwiri: kuvomereza ana ambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe amavutika ndi kuzunzidwa mwakuthupi, m'maganizo, ndi m'maganizo, kaya ndi nkhondo kapena mtendere, kapena kunyumba kapena kusukulu; ndi kulimbikitsa anthu ndi mabungwe padziko lonse kuti adziwe kukula ndi zotsatira za nkhanza za ana komanso kuphunzira kuchokera, kapena kutenga mbali, kuyesetsa kuteteza ndi kusunga ufulu wawo. Mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations, Javier Perez de Cuellar, adanena kuti, "Ana omwe akuvutika ndi chilungamo ndi umphawi ayenera kutetezedwa ndi kupatsidwa mphamvu ndi dziko lachikulire lomwe limapangitsa izi, osati mwa zochita zawo zokha komanso mwachindunji kupyolera mu mavuto a padziko lonse monga kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kumidzi. "International Day of Children Victims ndi chimodzi mwa zoposa 1983 pachaka anawona UN International Days. Masikuwo ndi mbali ya polojekiti yaikulu yophunzitsira ya UN yomwe zochitika kapena nkhani zina zimakhudzana ndi masiku, masabata, zaka, ndi makumi angapo. Mwambo wobwerezabwereza umachititsa kuti anthu adziŵe zochitika zosiyanasiyana kapena zochitika zosiyanasiyana, ndikulimbikitsana kuti athetsere zomwe zikutsutsana ndi zolinga za UN.

June 5. Pa tsiku lino mu 1962, Statement ya Port Huron inatha. Uwu anali manifesto yopangidwa ndi Ophunzira a Democratic Society, ndipo yolembedwa ndi Tom Hayden, wophunzira ku University of Michigan. Ophunzira omwe amapita kumayunivesite aku US mzaka zam'ma 1960 adadzimva kuti akukakamizidwa kuchitapo kanthu posowa ufulu ndi ufulu wawokha womwe amawachitira kudziko "la, komanso la anthu." Chikalatacho chidati "Choyamba, kufalikira komanso kuzunza anthu, komwe kukuyimiridwa ndi nkhondo yakumwera yolimbana ndi tsankho, kudakakamiza ambiri a ife kuti tisakhale chete. Chachiwiri, zomwe zidachitika mu Cold War, zomwe zikuyimiridwa ndi kupezeka kwa bomba, zidabweretsa kuzindikira kuti ife eni, ndi anzathu, ndi mamiliyoni a 'ena' osadziwika omwe tidawadziwa mwachindunji chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe timakumana nawo, titha kufa nthawi iliyonse … Ndi mphamvu ya zida za nyukiliya mizinda yonse itha kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi mosavuta, komabe mayiko olamulira akuwoneka kuti atha kutaya chiwonongeko chachikulu kuposa chomwe chidachitika pankhondo zonse m'mbiri ya anthu. ” Amawopanso kuti dziko liziwakayikira: "Kukula kwapadziko lonse lapansi kotsutsana ndi atsamunda ndi maufumu, kukhazikika kwa mayiko opondereza, kuwopsa kwa nkhondo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, chisokonezo chapadziko lonse lapansi, ukadaulo wapamwamba - izi zikuyesa kuyesa kwathu kudzipereka kwathu ku demokalase ndi ufulu… ife tokha tili ndi changu, komabe uthenga mdera lathu ndikuti palibe njira ina yabwino yopezeka pakadali pano. ” Pomaliza, mgwirizanowu udapereka pempho mwachangu loti "asinthe mikhalidwe yaumunthu ... kuyesayesa kozikika m'malingaliro akale, osakwaniritsidwa omwe munthu amakhala ndi mphamvu pamakhalidwe ake."

June 6. Patsikuli mu 1968, ku 1: 44 ine, wotsatizidenti wa pulezidenti Robert Kennedy anamwalira ndi mabala a mfuti omwe anaphedwa ndi pakati pausiku tsiku lomwelo. Kuwombera kumeneku kunachitika kukhitchini yodyera ku Ambassador Hotel ku Los Angeles, komwe Kennedy anali kutuluka atakondwerera kupambana kwake ku prezidenti wa California ndi omutsatira. Kuchokera pamwambowu, anthu afunsa, Kodi dziko likadakhala losiyana bwanji ngati Robert Kennedy atakhala purezidenti? Yankho lililonse liyenera kuphatikiza chenjezo loti Kennedy sanali nsapato kuti asankhidwe purezidenti. Ngakhale omwe adasinthana mphamvu ku Democratic Party kapena omwe amatchedwa "Silent Majority" aku America-owopa kupha anthu akuda, a Hippies, komanso opitilira koleji - ayenera kuti amamuthandiza. Komabe, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe mu 1960s zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wokhala ndi omwe ali ndi omwe alibe omwe akufuna kuthetsa nkhondo ku Vietnam ndikuthana ndi mavuto amtundu ndi umphawi. Bobby Kennedy adawoneka ngati ambiri kwa omwe angasankhe mgwirizanowu. M'mawu ake osakondera kwa anthu akuda mkati mwa mzinda usiku wa kuphedwa kwa Martin Luther King, komanso zomwe adachita mseri pokambirana za kutha kwa Cuban Missile Crisis, adawonetsa momveka bwino za kumvera ena chisoni, chidwi, komanso gulu lanzeru lomwe zitha kulimbikitsa kusintha. Congressman komanso womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe a John Lewis adati za iye: "Amafuna ... osati kungosintha malamulo…. Ankafuna kuti azikhala pagulu. ” Arthur Schlesinger, wothandizira kampeni komanso wolemba mbiri ya a Kennedy, ananena mosabisa kuti: "Akadasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti mu 1968 tikadachoka ku Vietnam mu 1969."

June 7. Patsiku lino ku 1893, poyambirira kusamvera kwawo, Mohandas Gandhi anakana kutsatira malamulo a tsankho ku South Africa ndipo adanyozedwa mwamphamvu ku Pietermaritzburg. Izi zinapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wotsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu kudzera mu njira zopanda chilungamo, kubweretsa ufulu kwa Amwenye ambiri ku Africa, ndi ufulu wa ku India kuchokera ku Great Britain. Gandhi, munthu wanzeru ndi wolimbikitsana, ankadziwika kuti ndi wauzimu umene unaphatikizapo zipembedzo zonse. Gandhi ankakhulupirira kuti "Ahimsa," kapena chikondi chenichenicho, akuphatikizira mu filosofi yake ya ndale ya "kugwira mwamphamvu ku choonadi kapena kukhazikika mwachilungamo." Chikhulupiriro ichi, kapena "Satyagraha," chinalola Gandhi kusintha zinthu zandale anthu abwino komanso abwino. Pamene adayesedwa katatu pa moyo wake, kuukiridwa, matenda, ndi kumangidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, Gandhi sanayesere kubwezera adani ake. M'malo mwake, adalimbikitsa kusintha kwa mtendere, ndikulimbikitsa onse kuchita chimodzimodzi. Pamene Britain adalamula kuti msonkho wa Salt usawonongeke kwa anthu osauka, adapereka moyo kwa gulu la Indian Independence kuti atsogolere ku India kupita kunyanja. Ambiri amamwalira kapena adamangidwa asanavomereze amishonale onse a ndale. Pamene dziko la Britain lidalamulidwa ndi dzikoli, India adakhalanso payekha. Amadziwika kuti Atate wa Mtundu wake, dzina la Gandhi linasinthidwa kukhala Mahatma, kutanthauza "soulful one." Ngakhale kuti analibe njira zowonongeka, taona kuti boma lililonse limene linatsutsa Gandhi linafika poti lidzipereka. Mphatso yake yopita kudziko lapansi ndiyo yomwe idapangitsa kuti azikhulupirira kuti nkhondo ikufunika nthawi zonse. Tsiku la kubadwa kwa Gandhi, mwezi wa October 2, akukondwerera padziko lapansi ngati International Day of Nonviolence.

June 8. Patsikuli ku 1966, ophunzira a 270 ku yunivesite ya New York adatuluka mwambo womaliza maphunziro kuti awonetsere kuti mkulu wa zachitetezo, Robert McNamara, anafotokoza zaulemu wapamwamba. Tsiku lomwelo patatha chaka chimodzi, magawo awiri mwa atatu a omaliza maphunziro a Brown University adatembenukira kwa Secretary of State a Henry Kissinger, omwe amalankhula nawo. Ziwonetsero ziwirizi zidawonetsa kudzipatula komwe kumawonekera powonjezeka kwa ophunzira aku US aku koleji pazomwe boma lawo lachita pa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Pofika 1966, Purezidenti Lyndon Johnson atachulukitsa kwambiri kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US ndikuphulitsa bomba ku Vietnam, nkhondoyi idakhala yophunzitsa ophunzira zandale. Ankachita ziwonetsero, kuwotcha makhadi, kuchita zionetsero zankhondo ndi a Dow Chemical pamasukulu, ndikuimba mawu monga "Hei, Hei, LBJ, wapha ana angati lero?" Ziwonetsero zambiri zidachitika mdera- kapena kumisasa, koma pafupifupi onse adalimbikitsidwa ndi cholinga chofanana: kuthetsa ubale pakati pa makina ankhondo aku US ndi yunivesite, ndi malingaliro ake "owolowa manja". Kwa ophunzira ena, cholinga chimenecho mwina chidadza chifukwa chakuzindikira kwamaphunziro komwe kumapezeka m'mayunivesite. Ophunzira ena adalimbikitsa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa ophunzira pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ambiri anali ofunitsitsa kuvulazidwa kapena kumangidwa poyitanitsa izi mwachindunji monga kukhala m'nyumba zamayunivesite ndi maofesi oyang'anira. Kufunitsitsa kuwoloka malire amilandu kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo kudawonekera pakufufuza komwe kunachitika mu 1968 ndi Milwaukee Journal. Kumeneko, makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu pa zana a chitsanzo cha nthumwi cha ophunzira onse anatsimikizira kuti akutsutsa ndondomeko yowonongeka monga "njira zomveka zosonyeza zifukwa za ophunzira."

June 9. Patsikuli mu 1982 General Efraín Rios Montt adadzitcha yekha Purezidenti wa Guatemala, dndikulemba pulezidenti wosankhidwa. Rios Montt anali ataphunzira maphunziro olemekezeka a School of the Americas (sukulu ya usilikali ya ku United States yomwe yaphunzitsa anthu ambiri ku Latin America ndi ozunza). Rios Montt anakhazikitsa junta ya asilikali atatu omwe anali pulezidenti. Pansi pa lamulo lachigamulo, lamulo lokhazikitsidwa, ndipo palibe lamulo la malamulo, junta iyi inagwira milandu yanyumba, ndipo inalepheretsa maphwando andale. Rios Montt anakakamiza ena awiri ku junta kuti achoke. Anati ma campesinos ndi amwenye anali amakominisi, ndipo anayamba kubera, kuwazunza, ndi kuwapha. Gulu lankhondo la guerilla linakhazikitsidwa kuti likanize Rios Montt, ndipo nkhondo yandale ya chaka cha 36 inayamba. Masauzande ambiri a anthu osamenyana anaphedwa ndipo "adatha" ndi boma pa mlingo wa 3,000 pa mwezi. Utsogoleri wa Reagan ndi Israeli anathandizira ulamuliro wolamulira ndi zida ndipo anapereka uphungu ndi maphunziro. Rios Montt adathamangira yekha ku 1983. Kufikira 1996 kuphedwa kumeneku kunapitiliza ku Guatemala mwa chikhalidwe chosasungidwa. Poletsedwa kuthamangira perezidenti ndi lamulo la Constitution, Rios Montt anali Congressman pakati pa 1990 ndi 2007, osatetezedwa. Pamene chitetezo chake chitatha, iye adadziimbidwa mlandu wokhudza kupha anthu komanso kuphwanya malamulo. Adaweruzidwa zaka 80 m'ndende, Rios Montt sanali kuikidwa m'ndende chifukwa choganiza kuti ndi wamisala. Rios Montt anamwalira pa April 1, 2018, ali ndi zaka za 91. Mu March 1999, Purezidenti wa United States Bill Clinton adapempha pempho chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa ku America. Koma phunziro loyambirira la zovulaza mu kutumiza msilikali siliyenera kuphunzira.

June 10. Pa tsiku lino mu Pulezidenti John 1963. F. Kennedy adayankhula pofuna mtendere pa American University. Patangotsala miyezi isanu kuti aphedwe, zomwe Kennedy adalankhula zakukongola kwamayunivesite komanso gawo lawo zidatsogolera ku mawu ena osaiwalika anzeru kuphatikiza awa: "Chifukwa chake, ndasankha nthawi ino komanso malo kuti tikambirane mutu womwe umbuli nawonso nthawi zambiri zimachuluka ndipo chowonadi sichimadziwika kwenikweni - komabe ndiye mutu wofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi: mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi… Ndikulankhula zamtendere chifukwa chankhondo yatsopano. Nkhondo zonse sizimveka m'nthawi yomwe maulamuliro akulu amatha kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya zazikulu komanso zosagonjetseka ndikukana kugonja osagwiritsa ntchito magulu awo. Sizomveka konse m'nthawi yomwe chida chimodzi chanyukiliya chimakhala ndimphamvu zophulika zopitilira kakhumi zoperekedwa ndi magulu ankhondo ogwirizana mu Second World War. Sizomveka m'nthawi yomwe ziphe zakupha zopangidwa ndi zida za nyukiliya zitha kunyamulidwa ndi mphepo ndi madzi ndi nthaka ndi mbewu kumadera akutali a dziko lapansi komanso ku mibadwo yomwe sinabadwe… Choyamba: Tiyeni tiwone momwe timaonera mtendere womwewo . Ambiri aife timaganiza kuti ndizosatheka. Ambiri amaganiza kuti sizowona. Koma ichi ndi chikhulupiriro choopsa, chogonjetsera. Zimabweretsa kumapeto kuti nkhondo ndiyosapeweka - kuti anthu awonongedwa - kuti tagwidwa ndimphamvu zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira. Sitiyenera kuvomereza malingaliro amenewo. Mavuto athu ndi opangidwa ndi munthu - chifukwa chake, angathe kuthetsedwa ndi munthu. ”

June 11. Pa tsiku lino mu 1880 Jeannette Rankin anabadwa. Mkazi woyamba anasankhidwa ku Congress anali wophunzira ku yunivesite ya Montana ndipo anayamba ntchito yake muntchito. Monga a pacifist ndi suffragist, Rankin anathandiza amayi kuti alandire ufulu wovota poyambitsa chikalata chowapatsa ufulu wokhala nzika zokhazokha popanda amuna awo. Monga Rankin adakhala m'malo mwake mu April 1917, ku United States ku WWI kunali kukangana. Iye adayankha NO, ngakhale kutsutsidwa kwakukulu, kumatsogolera kuti ataya nthawi yachiwiri. Rankin ndiye anapita kukagwira ntchito ku Msonkhano Wachigawo Wopewera Nkhondo asanathamangire ku Congress kachiwiri ndi mawu akuti "Konzani Kulepheretsa Chitetezo; Pulumutsani Amuna Athu ku Ulaya! "Ananena kuti apambana pachiwiri ku 1940 kwa amayi omwe adayamika voti yake motsutsana ndi WWI. Rankin anali kale ku Congress pamene Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anapempha Congress kuti ivotere Chilengezo cha Nkhondo ku Japan kutenga United States ku WWII. Vuto la Rankin ndilo lokhalo loti asamve. Pakati penipeni, adapitiriza ntchito yake, kuphatikizapo kukonzekera Yeannette Rankin Brigade pamsasa wa 1968 ku Washington kutsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Rankin adaitanidwa ku Congress kuti akwaniritse zosowa za anthu, akudandaula zomwe asankha amayi omwe "amalola ana awo kupita kunkhondo chifukwa akuwopa kuti amuna awo adzataya ntchito zawo mumakampani ngati akutsutsa." Iye anadandaula kuti nzika za US zinaperekedwa " kusankha zosayenera, osati maganizo. "Mawu a Rankin adawoneka kuti nkhondo zikupitirirabe ngakhale kuti zinali zosavuta kuti agwiritse ntchito moyo wake wonse. Iye anati: "Tikapanda zida, tidzakhala malo otetezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi."

June 12. Pa tsiku lino mu 1982 anthu okwana miliyoni imodzi adatsutsa zida za nyukiliya ku New York. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lotsutsa zida za nyukiliya. Pamene bungwe la United Nations linapereka gawo lapadera pa zowonongeka, gulu la anthu ku Central Park linalimbikitsa mayiko onse a ku America kutsutsana ndi mtundu wa zida za nyukiliya. Dr. Randall Caroline Forsberg anali mmodzi mwa atsogoleri oyambitsa "Nuclear Freeze," ndipo chiwerengero cha omutsutsa omwe adayanjana naye ku New York chinatsogolera ku zomwe zinayesedwa kuti ndi "chisonyezero chachikulu pazandale m'mbiri ya America." Forsberg analandira "Mphoto yamakono" kuchokera ku MacArthur Fellowship ikuvomereza ntchito yake kuti dziko labwino, lamtendere liziyang'ana pa mavuto omwe akuchitika pulogalamu yowononga zida za nyukiliya. Panthawiyo, Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan sanayamikire, ndikufika poti gulu la Nuclear Freeze liyenera kukhala "osagonjera," "othandizira a chikomyunizimu," kapena mwina "anthu akunja". anali ndi nkhawa yokwanira kuti ayambe kukambirana pa kuchepetsa kukula kwa zida za nyukiliya. Msonkhano unakonzedwa ndi Soviet Union, ndipo zokambirana zinayamba pakati pa Pulezidenti Reagan ndi mtsogoleri wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev kuti athetse zida za ku Eastern ndi Western Europe ndi kuvomereza kuti "Nkhondo ya nyukiliya silingagonjetsedwe, ndipo sayenera kumenyedwa." anatsatira msonkhano ku Reykjavik, Iceland, komwe pempho la Gorbachev kuthetsa zida zonse za nyukiliya chaka chomwe 2000 sichivomerezedwa ndi United States. Koma ndi 1987, pangano la Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces linasindikizidwa kuti dziko lonse liyambe kuchepetsa zida zawo.

June 13. Patsiku lino mu 1971, mapepala a Pentagon omwe adalembedwa mu New York Times, adapereka mwatsatanetsatane kuchitapo kanthu kwa US ku Vietnam kuyambira kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mpaka ku 1968. Pa June 13, 1971, patatha zaka zambiri zotsutsa malamulowa, kupha anthu kwanthawi yaitali ku Vietnam, komanso kufuula kwapadera kumene boma la United States silinayankhe, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inalandira zida zina za "katswiri" wa katswiri wakale wa usilikali. Wokhumudwitsidwa ndi kuyesayesa kwake kosalekeza kuti athetse nkhondo, Daniel Ellsberg adayankhula ndi New York Times, powathandiza kuona mwachidziŵikire zifukwa zenizeni zomwe United States zinakhalira boma: "Kuphunzira mwakuya momwe United States inamenyera nkhondo ku Indochina , yomwe inachitidwa ndi Pentagon zaka zitatu zapitazo, ikuwonetsa kuti maiko anayi apita patsogolo podzipereka ku Vietnam yosakhala yachikomyunizimu, wokonzeka kumenyana ndi kumpoto kuti ateteze South, ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu ndi ntchitoyi - kusiyana ndi mawu awo onse omwe amavomerezedwa panthawiyo. "US Attorney General anaimba mlandu Times potsutsa lamulo poulula zinsinsi za boma, kuwatseka masiku awiri kenako. The Washington Post inayamba kufalitsa nkhaniyo, ndipo inabweretsanso ku Khoti Lalikulu la Federal. Dzikoli linadikira kusakhulupirira mpaka pangakhale chisankho cha ufulu wotsindikiza potsiriza. Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti likhale lofalitsidwa ndi mmodzi wa oweruza, Hugo L. Black, akumasulira mawu otsatirawa: "Powulula ntchito zomwe boma linayambitsa nkhondo ya Vietnam, nyuzipepalayi ndizochita zomwe abambo oyambirira ankayembekezera ndi anadalira kuti adzachita. "

June 14. Patsiku lino ku 1943 Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States linaletsa kulemekeza mbendera zovomerezeka kwa ana a sukulu. Chiyambi cha "Pledge to the Flag," cholembedwa mu 1800s kuti chikondwerero cha kutulukira kwa America, chiwerenge kuti: "Ndikulonjeza kuti ndikugonjera Dzina langa, ndi dziko limene liyimira, Nation imodzi, yosadziwika, ndi Ufulu ndi Chilungamo Kwa onse. "Panthawi ya WWII, ndale zinapeza phindu potsatsa malonjezanowa kukhala lamulo. Mau akuti "a United States," ndi "a America" ​​adawonjezeredwa; ndipo ndi 1945, mutuwo unasinthidwa, ndipo malamulo okhudza mchere woyenera wa mbendera anawonjezeredwa. Malamulo olemekezeka adasinthidwa poyerekeza ndi a Nazi Germany kuyambira oyamba: "Imani, kwezani dzanja lamanja ndi mgwalangwa pamphumi": "Imani, yesani dzanja lamanja pamtima." Mawu akuti "pansi Mulungu "anawonjezeredwa pambuyo" Mtundu umodzi, "ndipo adasindikizidwa kukhala lamulo ndi Purezidenti Eisenhower ku 1954. Poyamba, 35 imayankha kuti ophunzira a sukulu ya boma kuchokera ku K-12 ayimilire mbendera tsiku ndi tsiku ndi manja pa mitima yawo pamene akunena za "Chikole cha Kuvomereza." Pamene chiwerengero cha chikole chinakula mpaka 45, ambiri adafunsa chinyengo cha lamulo lofuna ana kuti alonjeze ku mbendera yomwe imayimira "Ufulu ndi Chilungamo kwa onse." Ena adawona kusagwirizana pakati pa chikole ndi zikhulupiriro zawo, ponena za kuphwanya ufulu woyamba. Ngakhale kuti makhoti a 1943 amavomereza kuti ophunzira sangafunikire kukhulupilira mbendera, awo omwe samayimilira, amamulonjera, komanso amapanga tsiku ndi tsiku amapitiriza kutsutsidwa, kuponderezedwa, kuimitsidwa, ndi kulembedwa kuti "Wachibale."

June 15. Pa tsiku lino mu 1917, ndipo May 16, 1918, Espionage ndi Sedition Machitidwe adaperekedwa. Lamulo la Espionage linakhazikitsidwa pamene US adachita nawo nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse kuti alepheretse nzika kuti achite chilichonse chomwe chingawononge asilikali kumenyana ndi Germany ndi mabungwe ake. Chilamulocho chinasinthidwa pasanathe chaka chimodzi mu zomwe zinadziwika kuti Sedition Act ya 1918. Lamulo lachiwonetsero linali lophatikizapo, likupanga chirichonse kuchitidwa, chinanenedwa, kapena chinalembedwa motsutsana nawo ku US ku WWI kosagwirizana. Izi zinasiya nzika zambiri za ku America zomwe zimaopa kuti amangidwa chifukwa chofotokoza maganizo awo otsutsana ndi bungwe la asilikali kapena kulowerera nawo nkhondo, komanso kufunsa za kuphwanya ufulu wa kulankhula. Kutsutsa kwina kulikonse kwa malamulo, malamulo, mbendera, boma, asilikali, kapena uniforme za asilikali zinapangidwa mosavomerezeka. Zinakhalanso zoletsedwa kuti aliyense asalepheretse kugulitsa kwa mgwirizano wa US, kuwonetsa mbendera ya Germany mu nyumba zawo, kapena kuyankhula kuti athandizire chifukwa chirichonse chomwe chikugwiridwa ndi mayiko omwe tsopano akuonedwa ngati adani a US. Kuphwanya kulikonse kwa malamulo atsopanowa kunapangitsa kuti amangidwa ndi ndalama zokwana madola zikwi khumi, ndi kuweruza zomwe zingapereke kundende kwa zaka makumi awiri. Makampani osachepera makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu sanaloledwe kusindikiza kanthu kalikonse potsutsana ndi nkhondo ngati akuyembekeza kupitiriza, ndipo anthu a 2,000 anamangidwa. Panali anthu a 1,000, ambiri mwa iwo omwe anachokera kudziko lina, adatsutsidwa ndi kuikidwa m'ndende panthawiyi. Ngakhale kuti lamulo lachiwonetsero linachotsedweratu mu 1921, malamulo ambiri pansi pa Act Espionage anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito ku US monga nkhondo imodzi inatsogolerera.

June 16. Pa tsiku lino ku 1976, kuphedwa kwa Soweto kunachitika. Ana a 700 anaphedwa chifukwa chokana kuphunzira Chiafrikanishi. Ngakhalenso gulu la Nationalist lisanalowe mu 1948, South Africa inkavutika ndi tsankho. Ngakhale maphunziro a azungu anali omasuka, ana akuda sananyalanyazedwe ndi Bantu School System. Zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi pa zana za sukulu zakuda za ku South Africa zinayendetsedwa ndi amishonale achikatolika omwe alibe thandizo la boma. Mu 1953, Bantu Education Act inadula ndalama zonse za maphunziro kuchokera ku ndalama za boma kwa anthu a ku Africa, motsogoleredwa ndi University Education Act yomwe imaletsa ophunzira akuda kupita ku masunivesite oyera. Kusunthika komwe kunatsogolera kuuka kwa Soweto kunali lamulo la Bantu kuti chiyankhulo chigwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzitsa ndi kufufuza kuti ngakhale aphunzitsi sali bwino, Achifrikansi. Pamene nthawi yowunika yayandikira, ophunzira ochokera ku sukulu zapamwamba ziwiri anauziridwa ndi South African Students Movement adayambitsa Komiti ya Ntchito ya Soweto Students Representative Council (SSRC) kukonza ndondomeko yamtendere motsutsana ndi izi zovuta kwambiri. Ulendo umenewu unayamba ku Soweto kudutsa masukulu ena apamwamba kumene ophunzirawo adachokera ku sukuluyi, ndipo adakumananso mpaka zikwi zikwi zikamasonkhana pamodzi ku Municipal Hall ku Orlando. Panthawi yomwe iwo anafika, adasokonezedwa ndi apolisi ndipo adagwidwa ndi misozi ndi zipolopolo. Panthawi yomwe kuwombera mkuntho kunayamba, oyendetsa gululi adagwirizanitsidwa ndi ophunzira a 300 woyera komanso ogwira ntchito zakuda omwe amamenyana ndi chigawenga. Nkhanza za apolisi zinagwiridwa ndi kulimbika kwa ophunzira ndi omuthandiza omwe anakhalapo kwa miyezi kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa kufanana komwe kulimbikitsidwa ndi "Tsiku la Achinyamata" la African.

June 17. Patsikuli mu 1974, asilikali a Irish Republican Army anakonza Nyumba za Pulezidenti ku London, akuvulaza khumi ndi limodzi. Chochitika chodabwitsa ichi chinali chimodzi cha zipolopolo muzaka makumi atatu za "Mavuto." Mu 1920, pofuna kuyesa kuthetsa chiwawa, Nyumba yamalamulo a ku Britain adadutsa lamulo lomwe linagawani Ireland, ndipo mbali zonsezi zidali mbali ya United Kingdom. M'malo mwa mtendere womwe unkafunidwa, ntchito ya chigawenga inakula pakati pa Aprotestanti akumpoto okhulupirika ku UK ndi Akatolika akummwera omwe ankafuna Ireland yodziimira ndi yogwirizana. Ntchito ya asilikali a British ku 1969 inachulukitsa chiwawa. IRA inaponya mabomba ku England kuchokera ku 1972 mpaka 1996. Nkhondo yapachilumbayi inati 175 amakhala ndi moyo. Msonkhanowu unachitika koma unagwa. Kuphedwa kwapamwamba mu Mavuto kunabwera pamene IRA Yopereka Idawonongera British British Louis Louis Mountbatten ku tchuthi ku Northern Ireland ku 1979 ndi bomba mkati mwa ngalawa yake. Bungwe la 1998 Lachisanu Labwino linathetsa nkhondoyi, ndi kugawidwa kwa mphamvu mu boma. Kwazaka makumi anayi akuwopsya poyambitsa zigawenga ndi alangizi othandizira bungweli, pafupifupi moyo wa 3600 unatayika. Koma ngozi idali pansi pomwepo. Chotsatira chotsatira cha UK avotera kuchoka ku European Union, yotchedwa Brexit, inabweretsa mikangano yokhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka miyambo, popeza dziko la Ireland lidzasiyanitsa pakati pa European Union ndi non-European Union. Bomba la galimoto ku Londonderry, kumpoto kwa Ireland, linaimbidwa mlandu ku Real Irish Republican Army, gulu lolimbana ndi Ireland yodzigwirizanitsa zaka zana pambuyo pogawa. Zomwezo, monga mazana ena ena m'zaka zambiri, zikuwonetsera zopanda phindu za chiwawa ndi zotsatira zotsutsa za kuwomba anthu.

June 18. Patsiku lino mu 1979, mgwirizano wa SALT II woletsa miyeso yaitali ndi mabomba lolembedwa ndi a Presidents Carter ndi Brezhnev. Chigwirizano ichi pakati pa United States of America ndi Union of Soviet Republics chinapangidwa monga onse anakhala: "Kusamala kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya idzakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa kwa anthu onse ..., "ndi"Kutsimikizira chikhumbo chawo chokhazikitsa njira zowonjezereka komanso kupititsa patsogolo zida zankhondo, pokhala ndi cholinga cha kukwaniritsa zida zankhondo zonse ... "Pulezidenti Carter adatumiza mgwirizanowu ku Congress komwe mpikisano unapitilira mpaka asilikali a ku Russia atulukamo Afghanistan izo sizinayambe. Mu 1980, Pulezidenti Carter adalengeza kuti, mosasamala kanthu, United States idzagwirizana ndi zifukwa zazikulu za mgwirizano ngati Russia idzabwezeretsa, ndipo Brezhnev anavomera. Maziko a mgwirizano wa SALT adayamba pamene Purezidenti Ford anakumana ndi Brezhnev kukhazikitsa maziko omwe amaletsa malire pa maulendo angapo omwe amayendetsa galimoto, ndipo analetsedwa kumanga mipangidwe yatsopano ya missile yomwe imakhala yochokera pansi pa nthaka. , magalimoto oyendetsa magetsi a nyukiliya, ndipo agwirizanitsa mgwirizanowu kudzera mu 1985. Pulezidenti Nixon adavomereza, monga Purezidenti Reagan, amene adalengeza za kuphwanya kwa a Russia ku 1984 ndi 1985. Mu 1986, Reagan adalengeza kuti "... a US akuyenera kupanga ziganizo zokhudzana ndi mphamvu zake zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe komanso kukula kwa mantha omwe akuluakulu a Soviet ali nawo komanso osati pa mfundo zomwe zili mu SALT ..." Iye adawonjezera kuti US "... pitirizani kuchita zinthu zotsutsana kwambiri, muteteze njira zowonongeka, kuti muthandizidwe kukhala ndi zofunikira zochepetsera zida zankhondo zonsezi."

June 19. Pa tsikuli chaka chilichonse, Ambiri ambiri amakondwerera "Chakhumi," 19^th ya June mu 1865 pamene aAfrica-Amwenye akadakali akapolo ku Galveston, Texas adadziwa kuti anali atamasulidwa mwalamulo ndi 2-1 / 2 zaka zapitazo. Purezidenti Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, yomwe idaperekedwa pa Tsiku la Chaka Chatsopano, 1863, idalamula kumasulidwa kwa akapolo onse m'maiko ndi madera opandukira Union mu Civil War, koma akapolo aku Texas mwachidziwikire adasankha kuti asamvere lamulolo mpaka atakakamizidwa . Tsikulo lidafika pomwe asitikali a Union zikwi ziwiri adafika ku Galveston pa Juni 19, 1865. Major General Gordan Granger adawerenga mokweza chikalata chomwe chidadziwitsa anthu aku Texas kuti "… malinga ndi chilengezo chochokera kwa Executive of the United States, akapolo onse ndiufulu… ndipo kulumikizana komwe kulipo pakati pa [ambuye ndi akapolo] kumakhalapo pakati pa wolemba anzawo ntchito ndi wogwira ntchito mwaulere. ” Mwa akapolo omasulidwa, zomwe adamva atamva nkhaniyi zidasokonekera mpaka kukondwera. Ena adazengereza kuti adziwe zambiri zaubwenzi watsopano wa olemba anzawo ntchito / antchito, koma ena ambiri, molimbikitsidwa ndi chisangalalo cha ufulu wawo, adachoka nthawi yomweyo kuti akapange moyo watsopano m'malo atsopano. Pokumana ndi zovuta zazikulu, akapolo omwe anali akapitawo kwakanthawi kwakanthawi adapanga "chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi" cha kumasulidwa kwawo kukhala mwayi wapachaka wokumananso ndi abale ena ku Galveston kuti asinthanitsane zolimbikitsana ndi mapemphero. Kwa zaka zambiri, chikondwererocho chinafalikira kumadera ena ndipo chidayamba kutchuka, ndipo mu 1980 chakhumi ndi chisanu chidakhala tchuthi chaboma ku Texas. Masiku ano, mabungwe atsopano azachisanu ndi chiwiri akugwiritsa ntchito chikondwererochi kulimbikitsa chidziwitso ndi kuyamika mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Africa-America, komanso kulimbikitsa kudzilimbitsa ndi kulemekeza zikhalidwe zonse.

June 20. Awa ndi Tsiku la Othawa Kwawo la Padziko Lonse. Secretary-General wa United Nations, a Antonio Guterres, adasankhidwa mu Januware 2017 atakhala moyo wonse akugwira ntchito kuti athetse mavuto omwe nkhondo zimabweretsa osalakwa. Atabadwira ku Lisbon mu 1949, adapeza digiri yaukadaulo ndipo adadziwa bwino Chipwitikizi, Chingerezi, Chifalansa, ndi Chispanya. Kusankhidwa kwake ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Portugal mu 1976 kudamupangitsa kuti apite ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Council of Europe komwe adatsogolera Komiti Yoyang'anira Chiwerengero cha Anthu, Kusamuka, ndi Othawa Kwawo. Zaka makumi awiri akugwira ntchito ngati United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees adalola a Guterres kuchitira umboni kuposa mavuto ambiri, njala, kuzunzidwa, matenda, ndi kufa kwa amuna, akazi, ndi ana wamba m'misasa ya othawa kwawo komanso m'malo ankhondo. Pomwe anali Prime Minister waku Portugal kuyambira 1995-2002, adapitilizabe kugwira nawo ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi ngati Purezidenti wa European Council. Chithandizo chake chidatsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa Lisbon Agenda pantchito ndikukula, ndikutchulidwa ndi UN mu Disembala 2000 ya Tsiku la Othawa Padziko Lonse. 20 Juni adasankhidwa pokumbukira msonkhano wa 1951 Refugee Status Convention womwe udachitika zaka makumi asanu m'mbuyomu, ndikuzindikira kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha othawa kwawo padziko lonse lapansi kufika pa 60 miliyoni. Mawu a Guterres adasankhidwa kuti adziwitse tsamba la World Refugee Day kuti: “Izi sizokhudza kugawana katundu. Ndizokhudza kugawana nawo udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi, osangotengera lingaliro lokhazikika laumunthu wamba komanso zofunikira pamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Mavuto amizu ndi nkhondo ndi udani, osati anthu omwe amathawa; othaŵa kwawo ndi ena mwa anthu oyamba kuphedwa ndi uchigawenga. ”

June 21. Patsikuli mu 1971, Khoti Lalikulu la Chilungamo linatsimikiza kuti South Africa iyenera kuchoka ku Namibia. Kuyambira 1915 mpaka 1988 Namibia idadziwika kuti South West Africa, yomwe imadziwika ngati chigawo cha South Africa. Analandidwa kwambiri, koyamba ndi Germany kenako Britain. South Africa inali yodziyimira payokha ku Britain pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, koma idalanda bwino madera aku Germany kuti athandizire Ufumuwo. League of Nations idakhazikitsa SW Africa pansi paulamuliro waku Britain ndi oyang'anira aku South Africa. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, bungwe la United Nations linapitiliza kutsatira lamuloli. Pofika 1960 South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) inali gulu lazandale, kuyambitsa kampeni yazachiwawa ndi gulu lawo la People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). Mu 1966, UN General Assembly idachotsa zomwe dziko la South Africa lidalamulira, koma South Africa idatsutsa ulamuliro wake ndikukakamiza tsankho, boma lokhalo la azungu, ndi bantustans, kapena ma ghetto akuda. Mu 1971 Khothi Lalikulu Lachilungamo linagwirizira ulamuliro wa UN ku Namibia ndipo unatsimikiza kuti kupezeka ku South Africa ku Namibia ndikosaloledwa. South Africa idakana kuchoka, ndipo nkhondo yofooketsa idayamba m'derali mpaka ku Angola, yomwe idathandizidwa kumeneko ndi asitikali aku Cuba. Atatopa, ndikuopa kupezeka kwa Cuba, South Africa idasaina kuyimitsa moto mu 1988. Nkhondoyo idatenga miyoyo ya asitikali aku South Africa 2,500, ndikuwononga madola biliyoni pachaka. Independence of Namibia yalengezedwa mu 1990. Migodi ya diamondi, miyala ina yamtengo wapatali, ndi uranium ku Namibia zidapangitsa chidwi cha ku South Africa chofuna kupanga malowa. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kulingalira zifukwa zenizeni zakukoloni, nkhondo zotsatirapo, ndi zotsatirapo zake.

June 22. Patsikuli mu 1987, oposa 18,000 a ku Japan okonza mtendere anapanga gulu la anthu pafupifupi 10.4 kuti awonetsere nkhondo yomwe ikuchitika ku United States ya Okinawa. Nkhondo ya ku Okinawa mu 1945 inali nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Pacific - “mphepo yamkuntho yachitsulo” ya masiku 82 yomwe inapha anthu 200,000. Asitikali aku Japan opitilira 100,000 adaphedwa, adagwidwa, kapena adadzipha; Allies adavulala kuposa 65,000; ndipo kotala la anthu wamba ku Okinawa adaphedwa. Pansi pa mgwirizano wa 1952, US idalamulira ku Okinawa ndipo idalamulira pachilumbachi zaka 27, kulanda malo aboma kuti amange mabwalo ndi mabwalo a ndege-kuphatikiza ndi Kadena Air Base, yomwe ma bomba aku US adagwiritsa ntchito pomenyera Korea ndi Vietnam. Kwazaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, Pentagon idadetsa nyanja, nthaka, ndi mpweya pachilumbachi ndi arsenic, kuchepa kwa uranium, mpweya wamafuta, ndi ma carcinogens, ndikupatsa Okinawa dzina loti, "Mulu Wosasunthika wa Pacific." Mu 1972, mgwirizano watsopano udalola Japan kuyambiranso ulamuliro wa Okinawa koma asitikali a 25,000 aku US (ndi achibale 22,000) adatsalira pamenepo. Ndipo zionetsero zopanda chinyengo zakhalapobe. Mu 2000, omenyera ufulu 25,000 adapanga unyolo wozungulira Kadena Air Base. Mwa 2019, mabesi 32 aku US ndi malo ophunzitsira a 48 adaphimba 20% pachilumbachi. Ngakhale panali zaka zambiri zotsutsana, Pentagon idayamba kukulitsa kupezeka kwake ndi Marine Air Base ku Henoko kumpoto kwa Okinawa. Mwala wokongola wa miyala yamchere wa Henoko udayenera kukwiriridwa pansi pamchenga, osawopseza matanthwe okhawo, koma akamba am'madzi, ma dugong omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndi zolengedwa zina zambiri zosowa.

June 23. Patsikuli chaka chilichonse, bungwe la United Nations 'Public Service Day likuyang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe a mautumiki a anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Kuikidwa ndi bungwe la UN General Assembly mu December 2002, Public Service Day imakhazikitsidwa pakuzindikira kuti ntchito yothandiza boma ikugwira ntchito yofunikira pakulimbikitsa utsogoleri wabwino ndi chitukuko cha anthu ndi zachuma. Cholinga cha Tsikuli ndi kukondwerera ntchito ya anthu a m'midzi ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi omwe akufunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo ndi luso lawo kuti athandize anthu onse. Kaya othandizira amapatsidwa antchito a boma monga otumizira makalata, osungira mabuku, ndi aphunzitsi, kapena anthu omwe amapereka chithandizo chopanda malipiro ku mabungwe monga magulu odzipereka a moto ndi mabungwe a ambulansi, amakumana ndi zosowa zofunika zaumunthu ndipo ndizofunika kuti anthu akhale ndi moyo wabwino. Pachifukwa ichi, Tsiku la Public Service ndilo cholinga cholimbikitsa achinyamata kuti azigwira ntchito mu gawo la boma. Mabungwe ndi madembala omwe amagwira nawo ntchito tsikuli amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pokwaniritsa zolinga zake. Zikuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa malo ogulitsira ndi malo omwe angapereke zokhudzana ndi utumiki wa boma; Kukonza madzulo ndi okamba alendo; Kuchita zikondwerero zamkati; ndi kupanga malonda apadera kulemekeza atumiki a boma. Anthu ambiri amalimbikitsidwa kuti alowe nawo pa tsiku la Public Service Day poyamikira anthu omwe amapereka mtendere ndi malamulo m'malo mofunira kuti azigwira nawo nkhondo. Tonsefe tingadzifunse kuti: Tidzakhala kuti popanda antchito a boma omwe amabwezeretsanso mphamvu zathu pambuyo pa mkuntho woopsa, kusunga misewu yathu ndi madzi osamba, ndikusonkhanitsa zinyalala zathu?

June 24. Patsikuli mu 1948, Pulezidenti Harry Truman adasindikiza lamulo la Selective Service Act, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo lamakono la US pokonzekera anyamata kuti alowe usilikali. Lamuloli likuti amuna onse azaka 18 kapena kupitilira apo amayenera kulembetsa ku Selective Service ndikuti omwe ali pakati pa 19 ndi 26 akuyenera kulembedwa kuti akwaniritse ntchito ya miyezi 21. Ndi achichepere ochepa aku America omwe adatsutsa izi mpaka pakati pa 1960s, pomwe ophunzira ambiri aku koleji adayamba kuzilumikiza ndi kukayikira zakukula kwa United States ku Vietnam. Ena amakhumudwitsanso zolembedwazo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mabungwe akomweko chifukwa chazabanja kapena maphunziro. Mu 1966, Congress idapereka malamulo omwe amatsutsa njira zowonongera koma sizinathandize kwenikweni kuti ophunzira asakane. Popita nthawi, komabe, masinthidwe adapangidwa ku Selective Service Act yomwe idachotsa mphamvu zawo, ndipo, lero, asitikali aku US akhazikitsidwa kwathunthu ngati gulu lodzipereka. Anthu ambiri aku America azaka zambiri zosakayikira mosakayikira amayamikira ufulu womwe zimawapatsa kuti apitilize ndi miyoyo yawo. Sitiyenera kunyalanyazidwa, komabe, kuti anyamata ambiri omwe amadzipereka kuti atumikire nkhondo yankhondo amachita izi makamaka chifukwa zimawapatsa ntchito yokhayo yomwe angapeze pantchito, gawo lomwe amalemekezedwa pachikhalidwe, komanso kudzidalira. Ndi ochepa chabe mwa iwo omwe amaganiza kuti mapinduwa angabwere pokhapokha ngati atayika miyoyo yawo komanso kuvulaza ena komanso kuchitira ena zinthu zopanda chilungamo. Selective Service ikadali m'malo mwaukadaulo wamtsogolo wankhondo, zomwe zathetsedwa m'maiko ambiri.

June 25. Patsikuli mu 1918, a Eugene Debs, mtsogoleri wa United States 'Socialist Party komanso wolankhula bwino wodziwika chifukwa chokwiyitsa atsogoleri achipolowe, adamangidwa chifukwa chokana US kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Debs ndi Socialists ake sanali otsutsana nawo, komabe. Ku United States 'kuloŵa nkhondo ku 1917 kunayambitsa chisokonezo ku Congress ndi pakati pa mabungwe a civil libertarians ndi pacifists achipembedzo. Poyankha, Congress inadutsa Lamulo la Espionage, lomwe linali loletsedwa kuti wina aliyense ayese kutsutsa nkhondo. Otsutsa, komabe, sanasokonezeke. Mkulankhula ku Canton, Ohio pa June 18, 1918, adayankhula zoona zenizeni za nkhondo zomwe zakhala zogwirizana ndi zaka zopitirira zana. Iye adalengeza kuti, "M'mbiri yonse ya dziko lapansi, kalasi yambuye nthawi zonse yanena za nkhondo. Mutu waphunziro nthawi zonse wakhala akumenya nkhondo .... Muyenera kudziwa kuti ndinu wabwino pazinthu zoposa ukapolo ndi zakudya zamankhwala ... "Komabe, mawu a Canton angakhale a Debi otsala asanamangidwe. Pa September 12, 1918, adaweruzidwa ndi khoti lalikulu ku Khoti Lalikulu la ku US ku Cleveland chifukwa chophwanya lamulo la Espionage. Patapita miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri chigamulochi chinatsimikiziridwa popempha Khoti Lalikulu ku United States ndipo Debs anaweruzidwa zaka 10 m'ndende ya federal. Pambuyo pake atatsekeredwa m'ndende ku Atlanta, komabe sizinalepheretse kuthamangira Purezidenti ku 1920. Anthu amene amagwira ntchito mwamtendere masiku ano akhoza kulimbikitsanso kuti, ngakhale kuti Debs ali m'ndende, adalandira mavoti pafupifupi mamiliyoni ambiri mu chisankho.

June 26. Patsikuli, chaka chilichonse bungwe la United Nations lothandizira anthu omwe akuzunzidwa likuwonetsedwa ndi mayiko a bungwe la UN, magulu a anthu, ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Akhazikitsidwa mu December 1997 ndi chisankho cha UN General Assembly, Support for Victims of Torture chikumbutso amadziwa Mgwirizano wa UN woletsa kuzunzidwa ndi Zochitika Zachiwawa, Zowononga kapena Zowononga kapena Chilango chomwe chinayambira mu June 1987 ndipo tsopano chikuvomerezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri. Cholinga cha mwambo wapachaka ndikuthandizira kuonetsetsa kuti mgwirizanowu umagwira bwino ntchito, yomwe imavomereza kuzunzika ngati chiwawa cha nkhondo pamayiko onse ndikuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chida cha nkhondo panthawi iliyonse. Komabe, mu nkhondo zamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito kuzunzika ndi mitundu ina ya chinyengo, chonyoza ndi yonyansa imakhala yofala kwambiri. Kulemba kolembedwa ndi kuzunzidwa ndi United States kumapita mosatsutsika ndi kusokonezedwa. Msonkhano wokonzedwa ndi bungwe la UN ku Support of Victims of Torture umathandiza kwambiri pakuyang'ana vutoli. Mabungwe monga bungwe la International Rehabilitation Council for Victims Victims and Amnesty International adagwira nawo ntchito pakukonzekera zochitika padziko lonse lapansi kuti zidziwitse anthu za nkhani zozunza anthu. Mabungwe amenewa amalimbikitsanso kuthandizira pulogalamu yofulumira komanso yapadera yomwe ikufunikira kuthandizira ozunzidwa kuti awombole ku mavuto awo. Pothandizidwa ndi mabungwe monga bungwe la UN Voluntary Fund kwa Ozunzidwa, malo oyanjanitsa ndi mabungwe kuzungulira dziko lapansi awonetsa kuti ozunzidwa angathe kusintha kusintha kuchoka kuchipatala.

June 27. Pa tsiku lino mu 1869 Emma Goldman anabadwa. Akulira ku Lithuania, Goldman anapulumuka Chigamulo cha Russia ndi chisankho choyendetsa anthu ambiri kuti asamuke. Pofika zaka fifitini, ukwati unakonzedweratu ndi bambo ake omwe anatsogolera Goldman, pamodzi ndi mlongo, kuthawira ku America. Ku New York, masiku khumi ndi theka la ora ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa fakitale ya malaya amamtsogolera kuti alowe ku mgwirizano wa antchito watsopano kumene akuitanira maola ochepa. Pamene adayamba kukamba za ufulu wa amayi ndi ogwira ntchito, Goldman adadziwika kuti anali wachigawenga wamagulu omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azichita zambiri. Nthawi zonse ankapirira akaidi. Pulezidenti William McKinley ataphedwa, Goldman adatsutsidwa m'dziko lonse lapansi ngati imodzi mwa maphunziro ake adakhalapo ndi wopha. Ndi 1906, iye anayambitsa magazini, "Mayi Earth," kuti aphunzitse owerenga malingaliro a chikazi ndi anarchism. Pamene dziko la US linalowa mu WWI, malamulo monga a Sedition Act anathetsa kulankhula kwaulere, kuwatcha kuti pachipistists ngati osagwirizana. Goldman anapitiriza kulimbikitsa nkhondo zotsutsana ndi nkhondo kudzera m'magazini yake, ndipo anapanga bungwe la "No-Conscription League," limodzi ndi akatswiri ena a milandu Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman, ndi Eleanor Fitzgerald, kuti amutsutse "nkhondo zonse ndi maboma aumphaŵi." Iye ndi Berkman anali anamangidwa chifukwa chokonzekera kulembetsa kulembetsa milandu, atapereka ndalama $ 10,000, ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka ziwiri. Goldman anathamangitsidwa ku Russia atamasulidwa. Ali kumeneko, analemba za Kusokonezeka Kwanga ku Russia, kenako ndi mbiri yake, Living My Life. Zaka zake zomalizira zakhala zikuyenda ndikuyendetsa anthu ku Ulaya konse. Analoledwa ulendo wa makumi asanu ndi anayi kubwerera ku US asanapemphe kuikidwa ku Chicago anapatsidwa zotsatira za imfa yake ku 1940.

June 28. Patsikuli mu 2009 nkhondo yomenyera nkhondo, yomwe idatsimikiziridwa ndi United States, inagonjetsa boma la Honduras lomwe linasankhidwa ndi demokalase. Purezidenti wotsalira mdzikolo, a Manuel Zelaya, adakakamizidwa kupita ku ukapolo ku Costa Rica asitikali opitilira 2014 atathamangira kunyumba kwawo m'mawa ndikumumanga. Mchitidwewu udamaliza nkhondo yayitali yokhudza referendum yadziko lonse yomwe idakonzedwa tsiku lomwelo, pomwe Purezidenti amayembekeza kuwonetsa kuthandizira kwawo poganizira zosintha zomwe zingachitike ku Constitution ya dzikolo. Otsutsa andale, adati cholinga chenicheni cha Zelaya ndikuthetsa malire a Constitution yomwe idakhalapo pakukhala kwa Purezidenti pakatha zaka zinayi. Atangolanda boma, Purezidenti wa US Barack Obama adati, "Tikukhulupirira kuti kuwomberaku sikunali kovomerezeka ndipo Purezidenti Zelaya akadali Purezidenti wa Honduras…" Maganizo amenewo, posakhalitsa adachotsedwa ndi zomwe Secretary of State a Hillary Clinton adachita. M'makalata ake a XNUMX, Zosankha Zovuta, Clinton akulemba kuti: "Ndinayankhula ndi anzanga kuzungulira dzikoli .... Tinayesetsa kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yokonzanso dongosolo ku Honduras ndikuonetsetsa kuti chisankho chaulere ndi chisankho chikanakhala mwamsanga komanso chovomerezeka, chomwe chingachititse funso la Zelaya moot. "Mwadzidzidzi, boma lovomerezeka ndi boma la United States lomwe linayamba kulamulira 2010 inapereka mphoto kwa ophatikizira okondana ndi mautumiki apamwamba, kutsegula chitseko cha ziphuphu ndi boma, chiwawa, ndi chisokonezo chomwe chinapitirira zaka. Ogwira ntchito patsogolo pa Honduras adapitiriza kupanga ndi kugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti tsogolo limene boma lovomerezeka lidzagwiritse ntchito moona mtima kwa onse, kuphatikizapo omwe adasankhidwa ndi osauka.

June 29. Patsikuli mu 1972, Khoti Lalikulu ku United States linagamula pa mlandu wa Furman v. Georgia kuti chilango cha imfa, monga momwe ankagwiritsira ntchito ndi mayiko, chinali chosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Chisankho cha Khotichi chinagwiranso ntchito pa milandu ina iwiri, Jackson v. Georgia ndi Nthambi v. Texas, zomwe zonsezi zimakhudzana ndi lamulo loti munthu aphedwe pomupha mlandu wogwiririra. Zomwe zidatsogolera pamlandu wa Furman v. Georgia zinali izi: Furman anali kuba m'nyumba ya wina pomwe abale ake adamupeza. Poyesa kuthawa, Furman adakhumudwa ndikugwa, ndikupangitsa kuti mfuti yomwe adanyamula ipite ndikupha wokhala pakhomo. Pozenga mlandu, Furman adaweruzidwa kuti aphe ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Funso pankhaniyi, monga enanso awiriwo, linali loti chilango cha imfa chinali kuphwanya lamulo lachisanu ndi chitatu loletsa chilango chankhanza komanso chosazolowereka, kapena kusintha kwachinayi, komwe kumatsimikizira anthu onse chitetezo chofanana chalamulo. Lingaliro la Khothi limodzi la Khothi, potengera chigamulo cha 5-4, lati kuperekedwa kwa chilango chonyongedwa pamilandu yonse itatu inali chilango chankhanza komanso chosazolowereka ndikuphwanya Malamulo. Oweruza okhawo a Brennan ndi Marshall, komabe, amakhulupirira kuti chilango cha imfa ndichosagwirizana ndi malamulo nthawi zonse. Oweruza ena atatu omwe adagwirizana ndi malingaliro ambiri adayang'ana pa nkhanza zomwe milandu yakupha imapatsidwa, zomwe zimawonetsa kusankhana mitundu motsutsana ndi omenyera akuda. Chigamulo cha Khothi chidakakamiza mayiko ndi nyumba yamalamulo kuti aganizirenso malamulo awo pamilandu yayikulu kuti awonetsetse kuti chilango chaimfa sichingaperekedwe mwachinyengo kapena mwachinyengo.

June 30. Pa tsiku lino mu 1966, GI yoyamba, Fort Hood Three, anakana kutumizidwa ku Vietnam. Private David Samas, Private Dennis Mora, ndi Private First Class James A. Johnson anakumana ku Fort Gordon, Georgia asanatumizidwe ku 142^nd Batetoni ya 2^nd Gawo lotchedwa Armored Division ku Fort Hood, Texas. Malamulo awo omwe adayembekezeredwa kutumizidwa adatulutsidwa ngakhale akutsutsa nkhondo yowonjezereka ku Vietnam. Maumboni omwe akuchitika m'madera onse a US anawatsogolera kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku la 30 tsiku loperekedwa lisanafike tsiku loti apeze a lawyer, ndikugwirizanitsa ndi otsutsa nkhondo. Anakwanitsa kukomana ndi Dave Dellinger, Fred Halstead, ndi AJ Muste, otchuka a pacifists omwe amagwirizana ndi komiti ya Parade, ndipo anakhazikitsa msonkhano ku New York City. Atatuwo anafika, atathandizidwa ndi mazana a omutsatira kuchokera kumagulu a ufulu wa anthu ku Press Conference, komwe adaitana ena ma GI kuti adziphatikize kukana kwawo. Kukana kwawo kunali chabe kuitanitsa kulingalira: "Nkhondo ku Vietnam iyenera kuyimitsidwa ... Ife sitikufuna gawo la nkhondo yowonongeka. Timatsutsa zowonongeka kwa moyo wa America ndi chuma. Timakana kupita ku Vietnam! "Apolisi anatumizidwa kuti apereke The Three to Fort Dix, NJ, kumene adalamulidwa kuti achoke ku Saigon mwamsanga pomulamula General Hightower. Apanso, iwo anakana, kulengeza kuti nkhondo ya Vietnam inalibe malamulo. Atatuwo adakhala m'ndende, khothi-martialed m'mwezi wa September, ndipo adaweruzidwa zaka zitatu ndi Khoti Lalikulu kukana zopempha zonse. Pakati pa zaka zitatu izi, mamembala ambiri ogwira ntchito ndi antchito omenya nkhondo adamva kuti ali odzozedwa kuti alowe m'gulu la nkhondo.

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

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Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

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World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.