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Mayani 1. Meyi Day ndi tsiku lachikhalidwe lokondwerera kubadwanso kwatsopano ku Northern hemisphere, ndipo - kuyambira pa 1886 zomwe zinachitika ku Haymarket ku Chicago - tsiku ladziko lonse lapansi kukondwerera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kulinganiza.

Komanso tsiku lino mu 1954 anthu omwe kale anali paradaiso anadzuka mpaka dzuwa liŵiri ndi matenda osapitirira malire a ma radiation okha ndi mbadwa chifukwa boma la US anayesedwa bomba la haidrojeni.

Komanso patsikuli ku 1971 ziwonetsero zazikulu zidachitika motsutsana ndi Nkhondo yaku America ku Vietnam. Komanso patsikuli mu 2003 Purezidenti George W. Bush adalengeza modabwitsa kuti "ntchito yakwaniritsidwa!" atayimirira suti yonyamula ndege yonyamula ndege ku San Diego Harbor pomwe kuwonongedwa kwa Iraq kudayamba.

Komanso tsiku lomwelo mu 2003 Msilikali wa ku America anatsimikizira kuti anthu amatsutsa pachilumba cha Vieques.

Ndiponso tsiku lino mu 2005, a Sunday Times wa London adafalitsa Mphindi ya Downing Street zomwe zinawulula zomwe zili mu July 23, 2002, msonkhano wa nduna ya boma la Britain ku 10 Downing Street. Iwo adaulula kuti US akukonzekera kukamenyana ndi Iraq ndi kunama chifukwa chake. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lophunzitsa dziko lonse nkhondo ilipo.

mwina 2. Patsikuli ku 1968, oyendetsa maulendo anali okonzeka kufika ku Washington DC kuti akakhazikitse anthu osauka, omwe anali otetezedwa ndi Martin Luther King Jr. pofuna kuti anthu asamvere zachiwawa ku America. Mfumu mwiniyo sankakhala moyo kuti awone Msonkhanowu ukuwonekera; iye anaphedwa pasanathe mwezi umodzi. Komabe, Msonkhano Wake wa Utsogoleri wa Chikhristu wa Kumwera, ndi atsogoleri atsopano ndi ndondomeko yowonjezereka kuposa Mfumu iliyonse yomwe adachita, adayambitsa kayendetsedwe komwe adafuna ndi kuchedwa kwa milungu iwiri yokha. Kuyambira pa May 15 mpaka June 24, 1968, anthu ena osauka a 2,700 ndi omwe amatsutsa umphawi, omwe amaimira African-American, Asia-American, Hispanic ndi Amwenye Achimerika ochokera m'mayiko onse, adakhala ku Washington National National Park mumsasa wotchedwa Chiukitsiro Mzinda. Udindo wawo unali kusonyeza kuthandizidwa pa zofunikira zisanu zapakati pa Campaign. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutsimikiziridwa kwa boma kuti ntchito yabwino kwambiri ndi malipiro okhudzana ndi nzika iliyonse yogwira ntchito, komanso ndalama zomwe anthu sangathe kupeza ntchito kapena kugwira ntchito. Palibe lamulo lokhazikitsidwa pazifukwazi, koma masabata asanu ndi limodzi a mawonetseredwe a ku Resurrection City sanapambane. Kuwonjezera pa kuwonetsa anthu onse mavuto omwe anthu osauka akukumana nawo, owonetsa maulendowa anali ndi nthawi yoposa milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuti athe kugawana nawo umphaŵi ndi owonetsa m'mitundu ina. Kusinthana kumeneku kunathandizira kubweretsa magulu omwe kale anali odziimira komanso osakayika pamodzi ngati gulu limodzi lokhazikika. Zaka zaposachedwapa chitsanzo ichi cha bungwe chatengedwa ndi Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, March 2017 Women, ndi People's Campaign Poor People's Campaign ya 2018.

mwina 3. Pa tsiku lino mu 1919, Pete Seeger anabadwira ku New York City. Abambo a Pete adaphunzitsa nyimbo ku University of California, Berkeley pomwe amayi ake amaphunzitsa violin ku Juilliard School. Mchimwene wake wa Pete, Mike, adakhala membala wa New Lost City Ramblers, ndi mlongo wake, Peggy, woimba wamba woimba ndi Ewan McColl. Pete adakonda zandale zomwe zimafotokozedwa kudzera munyimbo zachikhalidwe. Pofika 1940, luso lolemba ndi kuchita zomwe Pete adachita zidamupangitsa kuti alowe nawo gulu logwira ntchito, lotsutsa-nkhondo The Almanac Singers ndi Woodie Guthrie. Pete adalemba nyimbo yachilendo yotchedwa "Wokondedwa Mr. Purezidenti," polankhula zakufunika koti aletse Hitler, yomwe idadzakhala mutu wa Almanac Singers Album. Pambuyo pake, adatumikira pa WWII, ndikubwerera kukatsitsimutsa nyimbo zaku America pofika ku The Weavers, omwe adalimbikitsa Kingston Trio, a Limelighters, a Clancy Brothers, komanso kutchuka kwa ziwonetserozi m'zaka za m'ma 1950 mpaka 60s. Oluka nsaluwo adasankhidwa ndi Congress, ndipo Pete adasankhidwa ndi Komiti Yanyumba Zaku America. Pete anakana kuyankha milanduyi, ponena za ufulu woyamba kusintha: "Sindingayankhe mafunso aliwonse okhudzana ndi mayanjano anga, zikhulupiriro zanga kapena zipembedzo zanga, kapena momwe ndimavotera zisankho zilizonse, zochitika. Ndikuganiza kuti awa ndi mafunso osayenera kuti munthu aliyense waku America afunsidwe, makamaka mokakamizidwa. ” Pete adatsutsidwa ndi kunyoza komwe, patatha chaka chimodzi, kudasinthidwa. Pete adapitilizabe kuchita zachiwawa polemba nyimbo monga "Kodi Maluwa Onse Apita Kuti" ndi "Ndikadakhala Ndi Hammer."

Mayani 4. Patsiku lino ku 1970, Ohio National Guard inalowetsa m'gulu la anthu a chipani cha Katolika ku Kent State, akupha asanu ndi anayi ndikupha anayi. Purezidenti Richard Nixon anasankhidwa makamaka pa lonjezo lake lotha kuthetsa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Pa April 30th, adalengeza kuti akuwonjezera nkhondo ku Cambodia. Kuchita zachiwawa kunayambira pa makoleji ambiri. Ku State Kent kunali msonkhano waukulu wotsutsa nkhondo womwe unatsatiridwa ndi zipolowe mumzinda. Bungwe la Ohio National Guard linalamulidwa kupita ku Kent. Asanafike, ophunzirawo anatentha nyumba ya ROTC. Pa May 4th a 2,000 ophunzira adasonkhana pamsasa. Mamembala makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiri omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mpweya wa misozi ndi mabotoni amawakakamiza kuchoka ku commons komanso pamwamba pa phiri. Wophunzira wina, Terry Norman, nayenso anali ndi mask maskiti ndipo anali ndi zida za 38. Ankaganiza kuti akujambula asilikali omwe akubwera. Koma ophunzira angapo adawona kuti nthawi zambiri ankatenga zithunzi za otsutsa. Atatha kuthamanga, adathamangitsidwa. Mfuti za basitoma zinamveka. Pamene Terry anathamangira ku gulu lina la alonda pa ROTC yodula, woyang'anira wake adafuula, "Mlekeni. Ali ndi mfuti ". Terry adapereka mfuti kwa apolisi apolisi amene adamulemba ntchito. Anthu a WKYC TV ogwira ntchitoyo anamva kuti wotsutsa adati, "Mulungu wanga. Icho chinachotsedwa nthawi zinayi! "Panthawiyi asilikali omwe adapeza pamwamba pa phiri anali atamva phokoso. Poganizira kuti akuchotsedwa, adathamangitsa gululo. Zotsatira zinayi za ophunzira omwe anamwalira zimapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero zazikuluzikulu zatseketsa makoleji a 450 kudutsa ku US. Kuwombera kwa Kent kunali chitsimikizo chachikulu chothetsa nkhondo ya Vietnam.

Mayani 5. Patsikuli mu 1494, Christopher Columbus, paulendo wake wachiwiri wopita ku America, anafika ku chilumba cha West Indies ku Jamaica. Panthawiyo, chilumbachi chinali ndi Arawaks, anthu a ku India omwe anali osavuta komanso amtendere, omwe anali ndi 60,000, omwe ankathandizira ulimi wamakono ndi usodzi. Columbus mwiniyo anaona chilumbachi kukhala malo ogwiritsira ntchito zokolola ndi kubzala mbewu ndi ziweto pamene iye ndi anyamata ake ankafunafuna malo atsopano ku Spain ku America. Komabe, webusaitiyi inakopanso anthu okhala ku Spain, ndipo ku 1509 iwo ankalamulidwa ndi boma la Spain. Izi zinapangitsa tsoka kwa Arawaks. Anakakamizika kugwira ntchito yovuta kuti amange likulu la dziko la Spain, ndipo adzidziwitse ku matenda a ku Ulaya omwe sakanatha kuwagonjetsa, anayenera kuwonongeka mkati mwa zaka makumi asanu. Pamene chiwerengero cha Arawak chinayamba kuwonongeka, a ku Spain anaitanitsa akapolo ochokera kumadzulo kwa Africa kuti akhalebe antchito ambiri. Kenaka, pakati pa 17^th zaka zapitazo, a Chingerezi adagonjetsedwa, atakopeka ndi mbiri ya Jamaica ya chuma chamtengo wapatali. Anthu a ku Spain anagonjetsa, ndipo atangomasula akapolo awo, otchedwa "Maroons," anathawira ku Cuba. Maroon ndiye adayamba zaka zambiri zotsutsana ndi olamulira a Chingerezi, asanamasulidwe ndi British Emancipation Act ya 1833. Mu 1865, pambuyo pa kuukira kwa osauka osalekerera pakati pa olamulira a ku England, Jamaica adakhala British Crown Colony ndipo adatenga njira zofunikira zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Chilumbacho chinapatsidwa ufulu wochokera ku Britain pa August 6, 1962, ndipo tsopano ikulamulidwa ndi ufumu wandale wa demokalase.

Mayani 6. ONthanoyi mu 1944, Mahatma Gandhi, zaka 73, akudwala, ndipo akusowa opaleshoni, adatulutsidwa m'ndende yake yachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi yomaliza chifukwa cha zochitika zomwe adazitenga kuti akhale mtsogoleri wa chipani chosagonjetsa ulamuliro wa India kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa Britain. Anamangidwa pa August 9, 1942, atavomerezedwa ndi Indian National Congress Party ya chisankho cha "Quit India", chomwe chinayambitsa Satyagraha chigamulo cha anthu osamvera malamulo kuti athandizire kufunikira kwake kuti azidzilamulira okha. Pamene Gandhi adagwidwa mmalo mwake adayambitsa nkhanza pakati pa otsatira ake, idathamangitsa British Raj kuti ayambe kulamulira mwamphamvu ndi kuyesa kuwononga Gandhi ndi zipolopolo zandale. Atamasulidwa ku ndende pafupifupi zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, Gandhi mwiniwakeyo adakali ndi maganizo achi Muslim chifukwa chogawaniza dzikoli kukhala a Muslim ndi Ahindu, lingaliro lomwe amatsutsa kwambiri. Mipikisano yandale inayamba. Koma pamapeto pake, zotsatira ndi ndondomeko za nkhondo ya India yakufuna kudziimira zinadziwika ndi British okha. Pambuyo pake kuvomereza kusagwedezeka kwa chiwerengero cha amwenye, adapereka ufulu wodzipereka ku India chifukwa cha Pulezidenti pa June 15, 1947. Mosiyana ndi chiyembekezo cha Gandhi cha mgwirizanowu, wachipembedzo cha India, Indian Independence Act anagawira dzikoli kukhala madera awiri, India ndi Pakistan, ndipo adaitanitsa aliyense kuti apatsidwe ufulu wodzilamulira ndi August 15. Masomphenya opambana a Gandhi adadziwika zaka zambiri, komabe pamene adaikidwa mu nkhani ya "Person of the Century" ya TIME. Pofotokoza za ntchito yake komanso mzimu wake, magaziniyi inati "idadzutsa 20^th zaka zapitazo kuzinthu zomwe zimakhala chikhalidwe cha nthawi zonse. "

Mayani 7. Pa tsiku ili mu 1915, Germany inamira Lusitania - chinthu choopsa chopha anthu. The Lusitania anali atanyamula zida ndi asilikali kwa British - chinthu china choopsa cha kupha anthu. Zowononga kwambiri, komabe, zinali zabodza zomwe zinanenedwa za zonsezo. Germany idatulutsa machenjezo ku nyuzipepala ndi nyuzipepala ku New York kuzungulira United States. Machenjezo awa adasindikizidwa pafupi ndi malonda paulendo Lusitania ndipo adayinidwa ndi ambassy wa Germany. Manyuzipepala anali atalemba nkhani za machenjezo. Kampani ya Cunard inafunsidwa za machenjezo. Woyamba woyang'anira wa Lusitania anali atasiya kale - akudziwika chifukwa chovutika maganizo chifukwa chodutsa chimene Germany anachilengeza chigawo cha nkhondo. Panthawiyi Winston Churchill adatchulidwa kuti "Ndikofunika kwambiri kukopa maulendo apanyanja m'mayiko omwe timakhala ndi chiyembekezo makamaka makamaka ku United States ndi Germany." Iye adalamulidwa kuti chitetezo cha asilikali ku Britain sichinaperekedwe kwa Lusitania, ngakhale a Cunard atanena kuti akuwerengera chitetezo chimenecho. Mlembi wa boma wa ku United States William Jennings Bryan anagonjetsa kuti mayiko a US alephere kulowerera ndale. Kuti Lusitania anali atanyamula zida ndi asilikali kuti athandize British ku nkhondo ndi Germany adatsimikiziridwa ndi Germany ndi ena owona, ndipo anali oona. Komabe boma la US linati, ndipo malemba a US amati tsopano, kuti osalakwa Lusitania Anayesedwa popanda chenjezo, zomwe zidavomerezeka kulowa nawo nkhondo. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, dziko la United States linagwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse.

Tsiku la Amayi amakondwerera masiku osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. M'malo ambiri ndi Lamlungu lachiwiri mu May. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lowerenga Uthenga wa Tsiku la Amayi ndi kubwezeretsanso tsiku la mtendere.

Mayani 8. Patsiku limeneli ku 1945, yomwe inathetsanso nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ku Ulaya, Oskar Schindler analimbikitsa Ayuda kuti apulumutse kumisasa yopulula anthu ya Nazi kuti asabwezere chilango kwa anthu a ku Germany. Schindler analibe chitsanzo chabwino cha makhalidwe abwino. Pambuyo pa chipani cha Nazi ku Poland mu September 1939, adafulumira kupeza mabwenzi akuluakulu a Gestapo, kuwakopera ndi akazi, ndalama ndi zakumwa. Ndi chithandizo chawo, adapeza fakitale ya enamelware ku Krakow kuti athamange ndi ntchito yotsika mtengo yachiyuda. Patapita nthawi, Schindler anayamba kuwamvera chisoni Ayuda ndipo anaipidwa ndi nkhanza za Nazi. M'chilimwe cha 1944, monga momwe amawonetsera mu filimu ya 1993 Mndandanda wa Schindler, adapulumutsa 1,200 mwa antchito ake achiyuda kuchokera pafupi-kufa kwinakwake m'chipinda chamagetsi ku Poland mwa kuwasamutsira pangozi yaikulu ku nthambi yafakitale ku Sudetenland ya Czechoslovakia ya Nazi. Pamene adalankhula nawo atatsata ufulu wawo pa tsiku loyamba la VE, adalimbikitsa motsimikiza kuti: "Pewani kubwezera kulikonse ndi uchigawenga." Mawu ndi mawu a Schindler akupitiriza kulimbikitsa chiyembekezo cha dziko labwino. Ngati, molakwika monga momwe analiri, akanatha kupeza chifundo ndi kulimbika ku zolakwika zazikulu, zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu zimakhala mwa ife tonse. Masiku ano, tikufunanso zabwino zomwe Schindler anawonetsera pofuna kuthana ndi njira zowonongeka zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi makina opha anthu omwe amagwira ntchito zochepa chabe. Dziko lapansi likhonza kugwira ntchito limodzi kuti lipeze zosowa zenizeni za anthu wamba, kutipangitsa kuti tikhalebe ndi moyo monga zamoyo komanso kuzindikira momwe tingathe kukhalira.

Mayani 9. Patsikuli mu 1944, pulezidenti wa dziko la El Salvador, General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, adasiya ntchito yake, potsatira ndondomeko yosachita zachiwawa za ophunzira zomwe zinayambitsidwa mu sabata yoyamba ya Meyi yomwe idali yolemera kwambiri pa chuma cha El Salvador ndi mayiko ena. Atayamba kulamulira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1930 chifukwa cha kuwukira boma, a Martinez adakhazikitsa apolisi achinsinsi ndikupanga chipani cha Communist Party, kuletsa mabungwe wamba, kuyang'anira atolankhani, kuwatsekera m'ndende omwe amawazunza, kuwatsutsa olimbana nawo, ndikuwayesa kulamulira mayunivesite. Mu Epulo wa 1944, ophunzira aku yunivesite ndi akatswiri adayamba kupanga bungwe lotsutsana ndi boma, ndikuchita zionetsero zamtendere mdziko lonse zomwe, sabata yoyamba ya Meyi, zidaphatikizira ogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana. Pa Meyi 5, komiti yokambirana ya onyanyala idalamula Purezidenti kuti atule pansi udindo nthawi yomweyo. M'malo mwake, Martinez adapita pawailesi, ndikulimbikitsa nzika kuti zibwerere kuntchito. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero za pagulu ziwonjezeke komanso apolisi ankhanza omwe adapha wowonetsa ophunzira. Kutsatira maliro a mnyamatayo, owonerera zikwizikwi adachita ziwonetsero pabwalo pafupi ndi National Palace kenako adathamangira kunyumba yachifumu komweko, ndikupeza kuti yasiyidwa. Ndi zosankha zake zikuchepa, Purezidenti adakumana ndi komiti yokambirana pa Meyi 8 ndipo pamapeto pake adagwirizana kuti atule pansi udindo - zomwe zidavomerezedwa tsiku lotsatira. A Martinez adasinthidwa kukhala purezidenti ndi wamkulu wodziletsa, General Andres Ignacio Menendez, yemwe adalamula kukhululukidwa kwa akaidi andale, alengeza ufulu wa atolankhani, ndikuyamba kukonzekera zisankho. Kukakamira demokalase kunatsimikizira kukhala kwakanthawi, komabe. Patangotha ​​miyezi isanu, Menendez mwiniwake adagonjetsedwa ndi kuwukira.

mwina 10. Patsiku lino ku 1984, Khoti Loona za Ufulu ku International, La Haye, Netherlands, analandira pempho la Nicaragua movomerezana kuti apereke lamulo loletsa kupha anthu kuti ayambe kuimitsa mitsinje yake ya ku Nicaragua yomwe inali yoonongeka ndi sitima zokwana zisanu ndi zitatu m'mitundu itatu yapitayo. A US adalandira chisankho popanda kutsutsa, posonyeza kuti adatha kale ntchitoyi kumapeto kwa March ndipo sadzayambiranso. Migodiyi idapangidwa ndi magulu ankhondo a US-finance omwe amamenyana ndi boma la Sandinista lomwe latsala, komanso omwe amaphunzitsidwa kwambiri ku Latin America. Malingana ndi akuluakulu a US, ntchitoyi inali mbali ya ntchito ya CIA kuti atsogolere ndondomeko ya zigawenga, zomwe zimatchedwa "Contras," chifukwa cholephera kulanda dera la dziko kuti liwononge ndalama zapadera. Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi manja zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga migodi zimathandizidwa kukwaniritsa cholinga chimenecho mwa kukhumudwitsa katundu ndi katundu wobwera. Khofi ya ku Nicaraguya ndi zina zotumizidwa kunja zimasonkhanitsidwa pa piers, ndipo mafuta opititsa kunja akuchepa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, CIA inayamba kugwira nawo ntchito yophunzitsira ndi kutsogolera olamulira a anti-Sandinista, ndipo akuluakulu a boma adavomereza chidwi chopanga boma la Sandinista kukhala "demokarasi" komanso osagwirizana kwambiri ndi Cuba ndi Soviet Union. Khoti Ladziko Lonse linapereka chigamulo ku minda ya ku United States pofotokoza kuti ufulu wa ndale wa Nicaragua "uyenera kulemekezedwa ndi ... osati kuopsezedwa ndi zankhondo zirizonse kapena zochitika zapadera." Komabe, dongosololi silinalandire umodzi. Ngakhale adatengedwa ndi 14 mpaka 1, Judge US Schwebel amavomereza kuti "Ayi."

mwina 11. Patsiku lino mu 1999, msonkhano wawukulu waukulu padziko lonse wa mtendere wakhala ukuchitika ku La Haye, Netherlands. Msonkhanowu udakwanitsa zaka zana limodzi za msonkhano woyamba wamtendere wapadziko lonse, womwe udachitikira ku The Hague mu Meyi 1899, womwe udayamba ntchito yolumikizana pakati pa mabungwe aboma ndi maboma omwe cholinga chake chinali kupewa nkhondo ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwake. Msonkhano wa Hague Appeal for Peace wa 1999, womwe udachitika masiku opitilira asanu, udachitikira anthu opitilira 9,000, nthumwi zaboma, komanso atsogoleri am'madera ochokera kumayiko oposa 100. Chochitikacho chinali chofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa, mosiyana ndi misonkhano yapadziko lonse ya UN, idakonzedwa osati ndi maboma, koma ndi anthu wamba, omwe adadzipereka kukonzekera world beyond war ngakhale maboma awo sanali. Opezekapo, kuphatikiza odziwika monga Secretary General wa UN Kofi Annan, Mfumukazi Noor waku Jordan, ndi Bishopu Wamkulu Desmond Tutu waku South Africa, adatenga nawo gawo pazopitilira 400, zokambirana, ndi zozungulira, akukambirana ndikukambirana njira zothetsera nkhondo ndikupanga chikhalidwe chamtendere. . Chotsatiracho chinali dongosolo lachitetezo cha mapulogalamu okwanira 50 omwe adakhazikitsa zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zopewa mikangano, ufulu wachibadwidwe, kusunga bata, kusamutsa zida, komanso kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo. Msonkhanowu udasinthanso bwino mtendere kutanthauza kuti sikuti kumatanthauza kuti kulibe mkangano pakati pa mayiko, komanso kusowa kwa chilungamo pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe. Kukulitsa kwa malingaliro kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti zitheke kusonkhanitsa akatswiri azachilengedwe, omenyera ufulu wa anthu, opanga zinthu, ndi ena omwe mwamwambo samadziona ngati "olimbikitsa mtendere" kuti agwire ntchito yokhazikika pamtendere.

mwina 12. Patsikuli mu 1623, okhulupirira azungu a ku Virginia ankatchedwa zokambirana zamtendere ndi Amwenye a Powhatan, koma mwadala mwadala adayika vinyo omwe amapereka, akupha 200 wa Powhatans asanawombere ndi kuwombera ena 50. Kuchokera ku 1607, pamene Jamestown, kukhazikika kwathunthu kwa Chingerezi ku North America, idakhazikitsidwa m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa James ku Virginia, amwenyewa akhala akulimbana ndi mgwirizano wa mafuko omwe amatchedwa Powhatan Confederation, motsogoleredwa ndi mfumu yaikulu, Powhatan. Nkhani yayikulu inali yowonjezereka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m'mayiko a Indian. Komabe, pamene mwana wamkazi wa Powhatan, Pocahontas, anakwatira mtsogoleri wodziwika wa Chingerezi ndi mlimi wa fodya John Rolfe ku 1614, Powhatan anavomera mosadandaula kuti adzalandira chigamulo chosagwirizana ndi apolisi. Pocahontas inathandiza kwambiri kuti apulumuke ku Jamestown, atapulumutsa kwambiri mkulu wa Chingerezi John Smith kuti asaphedwe mu 1607 ndipo, atatha kutembenuka mtima ku Chikristu ku 1613, akutumikira bwino monga mmishonale pakati pa mbadwazo. Ndi imfa yake yosayembekezereka mu March 1617, kuyembekezera mtendere wochuluka kunapitirira pang'onopang'ono. Powhatan mwiniwake atamwalira ku 1618, mchimwene wake wamng'ono kwambiri anamulamula ndipo, mu March 1622, adayambitsa chiwembu chomwe malo ndi minda anawotchera ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu okhalamo, pafupifupi 350, anaponyedwa kapena kufa. Uwu unali "Kuuka kwa Powhatan" kumene kunayambitsa "mtendere parley" mu May, 1623, kumene okhulupirira amtunduwu sankangowonjezera kubwezera. Kuwukira kwacho kunachoka ku Jamestown kubwerera kwathunthu, ndipo ku 1624 Virginia kunapangidwa kukhala mfumu yachifumu. Icho chikanakhalabe mpaka Mpangidwe wa America.

Mayani 13. Patsikuli mu 1846, US Congress inavomereza kuti ivomereze pempho la Pulezidenti James K. Polk kuti adzalengeze nkhondo ku Mexico. Nkhondoyo idayambitsidwa ndi mikangano yakumalire yokhudza Texas, yomwe mu 1836 idapeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku Mexico ngati Republic of Republic koma idakhala boma la US kutsatira DRM pangano la US / Texas Treaty of Annexation lomwe lidasainidwa mu Marichi 1945 ndi omwe adatsogolera a Polk, a John Tyler. Monga boma la US, Texas idati Rio Grande ngati malire ake akumwera, pomwe Mexico idati ndi malire pamtsinje wa Nueces kumpoto chakum'mawa. Mu Julayi 1845, Purezidenti Polk adalamula asitikali kumayiko omwe anali kutsutsana pakati pa mitsinje iwiri. Pomwe zoyesayesa zokambirana zakanika, asitikali aku US adapita kudera la Rio Grande. Anthu aku Mexico adayankha mu Epulo 1846 potumiza asitikali awo kudutsa Rio Grande. Pa Meyi 11, a Polk adapempha Congress kuti ilengeze nkhondo ku Mexico, ndikunena kuti asitikali aku Mexico "alowa m'gawo lathu ndikukhetsa mwazi wa nzathu m'nthaka yathu." Pempho la Purezidenti lidavomerezedwa modabwitsa ndi Congress patadutsa masiku awiri, komanso zidadzudzula kudzudzula kwamakhalidwe ndi luntha kuchokera kwa omwe adatsogola andale ndi zikhalidwe zaku America. Ngakhale izi, mkangano udathetsedwa pamalingaliro omwe sanakondweretse chilungamo, koma mphamvu yayikulu. Pangano lamtendere lothetsa nkhondo mu february 1848 lidapangitsa Rio Grande kukhala malire akumwera a Texas, ndikulola California ndi New Mexico kupita ku United States. Mofananamo, a US amalipira Mexico ndalama zokwana $ 15 miliyoni ndikuvomera kuthetsa zonena zonse za nzika zaku US motsutsana ndi Mexico.

Mayani 14. Patsiku limeneli ku 1941, pamene nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inayamba kale ku Ulaya, anthu ambiri amene anakana kulowa usilikali chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira ku United States anauzidwa ku ndende yogwirira ntchito ku Patapsco State Forest ku Maryland, okonzeka kupereka njira zina zothandiza kuti azigwira ntchito yawo kudziko lawo.. Kwa ambiri otsutsa, mwayi wotsata njira imeneyi unali chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa anthu momwe chipembedzo chingapangire chikhulupiriro. Poyamba, pafupifupi amuna onse a ku America omwe anali oyenerera kulandira malamulowa anali oyenerera kukhala ndi chikumbumtima chawo chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo kudzera m'mabungwe "amtendere," monga a Quaker ndi a Mennonites. Komiti ya 1940 Selective Training and Service Act, komabe, idapatsa ufulu wolandira chikhalidwe chimenecho kwa anthu omwe adalandira zikhulupiriro kuchokera ku chipembedzo chilichonse chimene chinawachititsa kutsutsa mitundu yonse ya utumiki wa usilikali. Ngati atalembedwa, anthu oterewa angapatsidwe "ntchito yadziko lonse pansi pa boma." Kampu ya Patapsco inali yoyamba pamisasa ya 152 ku US ndi Puerto Rico kuti, pulogalamu yotchedwa Civilian Public Service, inakula kwambiri kupezeka kwa ntchito yotereyi. Ofesiyi inapereka ntchito kwa anthu ena a 20,000 omwe anakana kulowa usilikali kuchokera ku 1941 kupita ku '47, makamaka m'nkhalango, kusungidwa kwa nthaka, kumenyana ndi moto, ndi ulimi. Gulu lapadera la pulojekitiyi linathandizanso kuthetsa tsankho la anthu odana ndi otsutsa poyamikira chithandizo chawo chapadera pazochita zawo payekha. Makampuwa adakhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makomiti a mipingo ya Mennonite, Brethren, ndi Quaker, ndipo pulogalamu yonseyi inadula boma ndi okhomera msonkho kanthu. Zigawo zinkakhala zopanda malipiro ndipo mipingo yawo ndi mabanja awo anali ndi udindo wokwaniritsa zosowa zawo.

Mayani 15. Patsiku lino ku 1998, Palestine idakali tsiku loyamba la Nakba, tsiku la masoka. Tsikuli linakhazikitsidwa ndi Yasser Arafat, Pulezidenti wa National Authority of Palestine, kuti azikumbukira kusamuka kwawo kwa Palestina pakati pa nkhondo yoyamba ya Aarabu ndi a Israeli (1947 - 49). Tsiku la Nakba limakhala tsiku lotsatira Tsiku la Ufulu wa Israeli. Pofika pa May 14, 1948, tsiku lomwe Israeli adalengeza ufulu wawo, pafupifupi a Palestina a 250,000 adathawa kapena athamangitsidwa kuchoka ku zomwe zinakhala Israeli. Kuyambira pa May 15, 1948 patsogolo, kuthamangitsidwa kwa Palestina kunayambira nthawi zonse. Onsewa, oposa a 750,000 Palestina Palestina anathawa kapena athamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo, pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya Aarabu a Palestina. Ambiri mwa iwo omwe anathawa adathawira kudziko la Palestina asanathamangitsidwe. Ambiri omwe alibe njira, amakhala m'misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo m'madera oyandikana nawo. Zifukwa za kusamuka kunali zambiri ndipo zinaphatikizapo kuwonongedwa kwa midzi ya Arabi (pakati pa 400 ndi 600 midzi ya Palestina inagonjetsedwa ndipo Palestina yamatauni inawonongedwa); Kupititsa patsogolo nkhondo za Chiyuda ndi mantha a kuphedwa kwina ndi zigawenga za Zionisi potsatira kuphedwa kwa Dear Yassin; malamulo ochotsedwa mwachindunji ndi akuluakulu a Israeli; kugwa kwa utsogoleri wa Palestina; ndi kusafuna kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wachiyuda. Pambuyo pake, mndandanda wa malamulo operekedwa ndi boma loyamba la Israeli unalepheretsa anthu a ku Palestina kuti abwerere kunyumba zawo kapena kuti adziŵe malo awo. Mpaka lero Amapalestina ambiri ndi mbadwa zawo akhalabe othawa kwawo. Udindo wawo monga othawa kwawo, komanso ngati Israeli adzawapatsa ufulu wawo wobwerera kwawo kapena kubwezeredwa, ndizofunikira kwambiri mu nkhondo ya Palestina ya Palestina. Akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale adanena za kuchotsedwa kwa Palestina monga kuyeretsa mafuko.

Mayani 16. Patsikuli mu 1960, msonkhano wapadera ku Paris pakati pa Purezidenti wa United States Dwight Eisenhower ndi Premier Soviet Nikita Khrushchev, omwe mbali zonse zinali kuyembekezera zikhoza kuyambitsa maubwenzi abwino, mmalo mwake anathyola mu mkwiyo. Masiku khumi ndi anayi m'mbuyomo, maulendo a Soviet anali ataponya ndege yoyamba ya US-U-2 m'madera otchedwa Soviet chifukwa cha zithunzi zowonongeka. Pambuyo pa maulendo makumi awiri ndi awiri apitawa a U-2, Khushushche potsiriza anali ndi umboni wolimba wa pulogalamu yomwe US ​​anakana kale. Pamene Eisenhower anakana pempho lake loletsa maulendo onse oyendetsa ndege, Khrushchev adachoka pamsonkhanowu mokwiya, potsiriza pamsonkhanowu. Ndege ya spy pamwamba-ndege inali ubongo wa US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Kuchokera ku 1953, bungweli linayendetsedwa ndi Allen Dulles, yemwe, mu chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi chikominisi ndi kupha anthu, adayambitsa boma lobisala. Zolakwitsa zake zambiri zimapezeka ndi David Talbot mu bukhu lake lotsegula 2015 Mdyerekezi wa Chessboard.... Anali buku la CIA, Talbot, lomwe linayambitsa "kusintha kwa boma" ndi kuwononga ndi kupha atsogoleri achilendo ngati zipangizo za ku America zakunja. Talbot amawonetsanso kuti CIA inakhazikitsa Cuban Bay of Pigs kuthawa pofuna kukakamiza Pulezidenti Kennedy wamng'ono kuti apulumuke pachilumbachi ndi kutumiza ku Marines. Zakale zoterezi ndi zonunkhira, ngati ziri zoona, zikuwonetseratu kuti kutenthetsa kwa ndale za Cold War kunapotoza ndale za ku America, kunaphwanya malamulo a dziko la demokarasi, ndipo kunayambitsa mdima wokonzeka kusokoneza chiwawa ndi chikhalidwe chawo kwa iwo omwe amatsutsa.

Mayani 17. Patsikuli mu 1968, anthu asanu ndi anayi adatentha mafayilo ojambula ku Catonsville, Maryland. Bambo Daniel ndi Bambo Philip Berrigan pamodzi ndi akatswiri a ufulu wa anthu a Katolika, David Darst, John Hogan, Tom Lewis, Marjorie Bradford Melville, Thomas Melville, George Mische, ndi Mary Moylan anamangidwa chifukwa chochotsa mazana olemba mabuku kuchokera ku Selective Service offices ku Catonsville, MD, ndi kuwawononga iwo okhala ndi napalm yokhazikika potsutsa ndondomeko ya nkhondo ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam. Kumangidwa kwawo komweko kunakwiyitsa ambiri monga nyuzipepala inafotokoza nkhaniyi. Mmawu a Atate Daniel, "Tikupemphani, abwenzi okondedwa, chifukwa cha kusweka kwa mapepala, kutentha pepala mmalo mwa ana ... sitingathe, motero tithandizeni Mulungu kuti asamatero." Pamene mlandu unayamba ku Baltimore, " Nine "adathandizidwa ndi magulu ochokera kudera lonselo motsutsana ndi zolemba. Nkhondo yotsutsa nkhondo inathandizanso kwambiri atsogoleri achipembedzo, Ophunzira a Democratic Society, ophunzira a Cornell, ndi Baltimore Welfare Workers Union. Anthu zikwi zambiri adadutsa m'misewu ya Baltimore akuyitanitsa kumasulidwa kwa Nine, ndipo kutha kwa "Ukapolo Wosankha" womwe unapangidwa ndi ndondomeko yowonjezeretsa kuwonjezeka kwa dziko la Vietnam, koma ku South America, Africa, ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu asanu ndi anayi adanena momveka bwino panthawi yomwe akutsutsidwa kuti nzika sizikhala ndi mwayi koma kusamvera malamulo a dziko pamene makhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndi dziko lapansi sizigwirizana. Anthu asanu ndi anayi sanakane zochita zawo, koma ankaganizira zolinga zawo. Cholinga ichi chikupitirizabe kulimbikitsa iwo omwe amatsutsa kuweruza kwa unyamata wa America ku nkhondo zopanda malire ngakhale kuti amatsutsa, akutsutsa, ndi chilango chotsutsidwa kwa The Nine objectors.

Mayani 18. Pa tsiku lino mu 1899 msonkhano wa mtendere wa Hague unatsegulidwa. Msonkhano umenewu unaperekedwa ndi Russia "m'malo mwa zida za nkhondo ndi mtendere wadziko lonse." Mayiko makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikizapo a US, adakumana kuti akambirane njira zina zankhondo. Mamembalawo adagawanika kukhala makomiti atatu kuti apereke malingaliro. Choyamba, bungwe loyamba linavomereza kuti "kuchepa kwa milandu ya usilikali yomwe ikupondereza dziko lapansi n'kofunika kwambiri." Komiti yachiwiri inapempha kuti ziwonetsedwe ku Declaration of Brussels zokhudzana ndi malamulo a nkhondo, komanso ku Msonkhano wa Geneva kuwonjezera chitetezo zoperekedwa ndi Red Cross. Lamulo lachitatu linayitanitsa kuthetsa mkangano kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse mwamtendere, ndikupita ku International Court of Arbitration. Oweruza makumi asanu ndi awiri amasankhidwa kuti akhale osayamika kuti aziyang'anira malamulo ndi ndondomeko zopangira malamulo. Pofika pa May 18, 1901, khoti linakhazikitsidwa monga "chinthu chofunika kwambiri, cha umunthu wapadziko lonse, chomwe chinayamba kutengedwa ndi mphamvu zogwirizana, popeza ziyenera kuthetsa nkhondo, ndipitirize, kukhala ndi maganizo chifukwa chake za mtendere zidzapindula kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba ya khoti ndi laibulale ku Khothi Lamuyaya la Arbitration ... "Pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, mgwirizanowu wa 135 unayinidwa ndi 12 yokhudza US. Amitundu adagwirizana kuti apereke kusiyana kwawo ku Khoti Lalikulu la Hague pamene sanaphwanyenso "ufulu, ulemu, zofunikira, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa mayiko omwe akugwirizanitsa, komanso kuti sitingathe kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli zokambirana zachindunji kapena njira ina iliyonse yothetsera chiyanjano. "

mwina 19. Patsikuli mu 1967, Soviet Union inatsimikizira mgwirizano umene unaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Mgwirizanowu udaletsanso mayiko kugwiritsa ntchito mwezi, mapulaneti ena, kapena "zakuthambo" zilizonse ngati malo oyang'anira asitikali. Asanavomerezedwe ndi Soviet, "Outer Space Pangano," monga mgwirizano udatchulidwira pomwe udayamba kugwira ntchito mu Okutobala 1967, anali atasaina kale ndi / kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi United States, Great Britain, ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Zinayimira yankho lapadziko lonse lapansi, lotsogozedwa ndi United Nations, kuwopa anthu ambiri kuti US ndi Soviet Union zitha kukhazikitsa malire a zida za nyukiliya. Asovietiwo poyamba anali atagwirizana zovomereza zoletsa zida za nyukiliya mlengalenga, akunena kuti atha kuvomereza mgwirizano ngati aku US atachotsa kaye mayiko akunja pomwe anali atayika kale zida zazifupi komanso zapakatikati - kufunikira US idakana. Asovieti adasiya izi, komabe, atasaina nawo Pangano la Ban / US Limited la Mayeso mu Ogasiti 1963, lomwe limaletsa kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya kulikonse kupatula pansi. Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, asitikali aku US adagwiritsabe ntchito malo omenyera nkhondo ndikutsutsa zoyeserera za Russia ndi mayiko ena kuletsa zida zonse zamlengalenga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya mlengalenga. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma satelayiti polimbana ndi mivi, ndikupitilizabe kupanga zida zakumlengalenga ndi gawo limodzi mwa zomwe asitikali aku US amatcha kuti cholinga cha "kulamulira kwathunthu" - lingaliro lomwe likuphatikizaponso zomwe Purezidenti Ronald Reagan adatchulapo Star Wars kapena Missile Chitetezo.

Mayani 20. Patsikuli mu 1968, Boston's progressive Arlington Street Unitarian Church inali imodzi mwa nyumba zoyamba zopembedzera kupereka malo opatulika ku Vietnam War resisters. Pa malo awiri opatulikawo, William Chase, msilikali yemwe analibe pulezidenti, adapereka kwa akuluakulu a usilikali patatha masiku asanu ndi anayi, atalandira chitsimikizo chokhudza udindo wake chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira. Koma Robert Talmanson, yemwe anali atalephera kuthana ndi vuto lake lomenyera usilikali, anatengedwa kuchokera ku chipatala cha US ndi maulendo a US ndipo anapitikitsidwa kudzera mwa apulotesitanti kunja kwa chithandizo cha apolisi a Boston. Pogwiritsa ntchito malo ake opatulika, Mpingo wa Arlington Street unatsogolera kuchokera ku Yale University Chaplain William Sloane Coffin, yemwe analimbikitsa kutsitsimutsa mwambo wakale monga njira yowonetsera kupewera kwachipembedzo ku nkhondo yosalungama ku Vietnam. Chophimba chinapereka chigamulo chotsutsa panthawi yotsutsana ndi nkhondo ku tchalitchi chakumayambiriro kwa October. Mmenemo, amuna a 60 ankawotcha makalata awo mu chancel, ndipo wina 280 adapereka makhadi awo kwa atsogoleri anayi, kuphatikizapo a Coffin ndi a Arlington Street, Dr. Jack Mendelsohn, onse omwe anaika chilango chotheka pothandizana nawo nkhondo. Lamlungu lotsatira, Dr. Mendelsohn anapereka mawu omwe anawamasulira mwachindunji ku mpingo wake omwe anafotokoza mwachidule kufunika kwa chochitikacho: "Pamene ... pali iwo," omwe adatopa mopanda mphamvu njira iliyonse yowonetsera milandu yowonongeka m'dzina lawo ndi boma lawo ... ndipo m'malo mwake Gethsemene m'malo mwa kusamvera kwawo, kodi mpingo ungayankhe bwanji? Inu mukudziwa momwe [tchalitchi] chinayankhira Lolemba lapitalo. Koma yankho lopitirira, lomwe limakhala lofunika kwambiri, ndi lanu. "

mwina 21. Pa tsiku ili mu 1971, mamembala a American Indian Movement (AIM) adagonjetsa ndege yochokera ku US yochokera ku Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Ntchitoyi idatsatiranso masiku asanu m'mbuyomu mamembala a AIM ndi mabungwe ena aku India ndi mafuko a posachedwa kutseka eyapoti yapamadzi yapafupi ndi Minneapolis, komwe adakonzekera kukhazikitsa sukulu ya India ndi chikhalidwe. Izi zidalungamitsidwa pamalingaliro a Article 6 ya Mgwirizano wa Sioux wa 1868, pomwe malo omwe anali amwenye kale anali oti abwerere kwa iwo ngati boma lasiya. Komabe, chifukwa kulandidwa kwa Meyi 21 kwa siteshoni ya Milwaukee yomwe idasiyidwa kudasokoneza magulu ankhondo oyanjana nawo, omwe amakhala mndende ya Minneapolis adamangidwa, kuti athetse zomwe akufuna. AIM idakhazikitsidwa mu 1968 kuti ikwaniritse zolinga zisanu zoyambira ku America: ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pachuma, kukonzanso miyambo, kuteteza ufulu wamalamulo, kudziyimira pawokha m'malo amitundu, ndikubwezeretsanso mayiko omwe adagwidwa mosaloledwa. Pochita izi, bungweli lakhala likuchita ziwonetsero zingapo zosaiwalika. Mulinso kulanda kwa Alcatraz Island kuyambira 1969 mpaka 1971; ulendo wa 1972 ku Washington wotsutsa kuphwanya mapangano aku US; ndikutenga malo a 1973 ku Wounded Knee kutsutsa malingaliro aboma aku India. Masiku ano, bungweli, lomwe likupezeka mdziko lonse, likupitilizabe kukwaniritsa zolinga zake zoyambitsa. Patsamba lake lawebusayiti, AIM imati chikhalidwe cha Amwenye Achimereka ndi choyenera "kunyadira komanso kudziteteza" ndipo chalimbikitsa Achimereka onse kuti "akhale olimba mwauzimu, komanso kuti azikumbukira nthawi zonse kuti gululi ndilokulirapo kuposa zomwe atsogoleri kapena zolakwika zawo."

Mayani 22. Pa tsiku lino mu 1998 ovota ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland adavomereza mgwirizano wa mtendere wa Northern Ireland, amadziwanso kuti Lachisanu Lachiwiri Lachisangano, kuthetsa zaka pafupifupi 30 za mkangano pakati pa Nationalists and Unionists ku Northern Ireland. Mgwirizanowu, womwe udavomerezedwa ku Belfast Lachisanu Lachisanu, pa 10 Epulo 1998, uli ndi magawo awiri, mgwirizano wazipani zambiri pakati pazipani zambiri ku Northern Ireland (DUP, Democratic Unionist Party, ndiye chipani chokha chomwe sichingavomereze) ndi mayiko ena mgwirizano pakati pa maboma aku Britain ndi Republic of Ireland. Mgwirizanowu udakhazikitsa mabungwe angapo omwe amalumikiza Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland, komanso Republic of Ireland ndi United Kingdom. Izi zikuphatikiza Msonkhano waku Northern Ireland, mabungwe owoloka malire ndi Irish Republic, ndi gulu lolumikiza misonkhano ku UK (Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland) ndi nyumba zamalamulo ku United Kingdom ndi Irish Republic. Chofunika kwambiri pamgwirizanowu chinali mgwirizano wokhudza kudzilamulira, ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso chikhalidwe, kuchotsedwa kwa zida, kuponderezana, chilungamo ndi apolisi. A Gerry Adams, Purezidenti wa gulu laku Northern Ireland Nationalist a Sinn Fein, akuwonetsa chiyembekezo kuti kusiyana pakati pa Nationalists ndi Unionists pakati pa Nationalist ndi Unionist "kuthetsedwa pamalingaliro ofanana. Tili pano tikufuna kuthandiza anzathu. ” Mtsogoleri wa Ulster Unionist a David Trimble adayankha kuti awona "mwayi wabwino. . . kuti ndiyambe kuchira. ” Bertie Ahern, mtsogoleri wa Republic of Ireland, adawonjezeranso kuti akuyembekeza kuti mzere tsopano utha kutsogozedwa ndi "zamagazi zakale". Mgwirizanowu udayamba kugwira ntchito pa 2 Disembala 1999.

Mayani 23. Patsiku lino mu 1838 adayamba kuchotsedwa kwa Amwenye Achimereka ku madera awo akum'maŵa kumwera chakum'maŵa kwa North America kukafika kumadzulo kwa Mtsinje wa Mississippi omwe adasankhidwa kukhala Indian Territory. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1820, anthu okhala ku Europe kumwera chakum'mawa anali kufuna malo ambiri. Anayamba kukhala mosaloledwa m'maiko aku India ndikukakamiza boma kuti lichotse amwenye kumwera chakum'mawa. Mu 1830, Purezidenti Andrew Jackson adakwanitsa kuti Indian Removal Act iperekedwe ndi Congress. Lamuloli limaloleza boma kuti lizimitse mutuwo kumayiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa amwenye. Kusamutsidwa mokakamizidwa, ngakhale ena adatsutsa mwamphamvu, kuphatikiza a Congressman a US a Davy Crockett aku Tennessee, adatsata mwachangu. Lamuloli lidakhudza nzika zaku America zodziwika kuti Mitundu Isanu Yotukuka: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, ndi Seminole. A Choctaw anali oyamba kuchotsedwa, kuyambira mu 1831. Kuchotsedwa kwa a Seminoles, ngakhale adakana, kudayamba mu 1832. Mu 1834 Mtsinjewo udachotsedwa. Ndipo mu 1837 anali Chickasaw. Pofika mu 1837, mafuko anayiwa atasamutsidwa, amwenye 46,000 anali atachotsedwa kumayiko akwawo, kutsegulira maekala 25 miliyoni ku Europe. Mu 1838 ndi Cherokee okha omwe adatsalira. Kusamutsidwa kwawo mokakamizidwa kunachitika ndi magulu ankhondo aboma komanso am'deralo, omwe adazungulira Cherokee ndikuwakhazika m'misasa yayikulu komanso yopapatiza. Kuwonetsedwa ndi zinthu zakuthambo, kufalitsa mwachangu matenda opatsirana, kuzunzidwa ndi anthu akumalire, komanso chakudya chokwanira sichinaphe anthu 8,000 mwa Cherokee opitilira 16,000 omwe adayamba kuguba. Kusunthika kokakamizidwa kwa Cherokee mu 1838 kunadziwika kuti Trail of Misozi.

Mayani 24. Pa tsikuli chaka chilichonse, Tsiku Lachiwiri la Akazi la Mtendere ndi Zowonongeka (IWDPD) limakondwerera padziko lonse lapansi. Yoyambitsidwa ku Europe koyambirira kwa ma 1980, IWDPD imazindikira zoyesayesa zakale komanso zamakono za azimayi pantchito zomanga mtendere komanso zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi chilengezo cha IWDPD pa intaneti, omenyera ufulu wawo azimayi amalemekeza chiwawa ngati yankho pamavuto apadziko lapansi ndipo m'malo mwake akugwirira ntchito dziko lamtendere komanso lamtendere lomwe limakwaniritsa zosowa zaumunthu osati zankhondo. Kulimbikira kwamtendere kwa akazi kwakhala kuyambira kalekale, chisanafike chaka cha 1915, pomwe azimayi 1,200 ochokera kumayiko omenyera nkhondo komanso osalowerera ndale awonetsa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ku The Hague, Netherlands. Munthawi ya Cold War, magulu olimbikitsa azimayi padziko lonse lapansi adakonza misonkhano, misonkhano yophunzitsa, misonkhano, ndi ziwonetsero zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa nkhokwe, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamankhwala ndi zida zachilengedwe, komanso kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya. Pamene zaka za makumi awiri ndi ziwiri zatsala pang'ono kutha, gulu lamtendere la amayi lidakulitsa zolinga zawo. Potengeka ndi malingaliro akuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhanza zapakhomo, kuphatikiza nkhanza kwa amayi, imatha kulumikizidwa ndi nkhanza zomwe zimachitika kunkhondo, ndikuti mtendere wam'nyumba umalumikizidwa ndi ulemu wachikhalidwe kwa azimayi, magulu olimbikitsa anzawo mgululi anayamba kutsatira zolinga ziwiri zankhondo ufulu wa amayi. Mu Okutobala 2000, bungwe la United Nations Security Council lidakhazikitsa lingaliro lokhudza amayi, mtendere ndi chitetezo lomwe limatchula zakufunika kophatikizira malingaliro azikhalidwe pamagulu onse amtendere, kuphatikiza kulanda zida, kuponderezana, ndi kukonzanso. Chikalatacho chikugwirabe ntchito ngati mbiri yosinthira kuvomereza zomwe azimayi achita mwachindunji kuti akhazikitse mtendere.

Mayani 25. Patsiku lino mu 1932, asilikali a Bonasi a Nkhondo Yadziko lonse lapansi adawonetsa ku Washington, DC, ndipo adawombera ndi Douglas MacArthur. Ankhondo akale a WWI adalonjezedwa bonus ndi Congress kuti adzalandira malipiro awo mpaka 1945. Pogwiritsa ntchito 1932, kuvutika maganizo kunasiya anthu ambiri omwe sankakhala ndi ntchito komanso opanda pokhala. Pafupi 15,000 yokonzedwa ngati "Bonus Expeditionary Force," inapita ku Washington, ndipo inkafuna kulipira kwawo. Akhazikitsa malo ogona a mabanja awo, namanga msasa kuchokera ku Capitol pamene iwo akuyembekezera yankho kuchokera ku Congress. Kuopa kwa anthu am'deralo kunatsogoleredwa ndi aliyense wa asilikali omwe akufunika kuti apereke mabuku awo olemekezeka. Mtsogoleri wa BEF, Walter Waters, ndiye anati: "Tili pano kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo sitidzakhala ndi njala. Tidzasungira tokha gulu la ankhondo omwe ali owona. Ngati Bonasi ilipiridwa zidzathetsa mavuto aakulu azachuma. "Pa June 17^th, bonasiyo inavoteredwa, ndipo ankhondo adayamba kukhala "Death March" pa Capitol mpaka Congress inagonjetsedwa July 17^th. Pa July 28, Atty. Akuluakulu adalamula kuti achoke ku boma ndi apolisi omwe anafika ndikupha anthu awiri. Pulezidenti Hoover adalamula asilikali kuti athetse ena onse. Pamene General Douglas MacArthur pamodzi ndi Major Dwight D. Eisenhower anatumiza apakavalo otsogoleredwa ndi Major George Patton pamodzi ndi matanki asanu ndi limodzi, asilikaliwo adaganiza kuti akuthandizidwa. M'malo mwake, ankapukutidwa ndi mpweya wa misonzi, misasa yawo inawotcha, ndipo ana awiri anafa ngati zipatala zodzaza ndi zigawenga.

Mayani 26. Patsikuli mu 1637, olamulira a ku England anayambitsa usiku usiku kumudzi wawukulu wa Pequot ku Mystic, Connecticut, ndikuwotcha ndi kupha onse 600 ku 700 anthu okhalamo. Poyambirira gawo la malo a Oyeretsa ku Massachusetts Bay, atsamunda achingelezi anali atafalikira ku Connecticut ndipo anayamba kumenyana ndi a Pequot. Poopseza Amwenye, Kazembe wa Massachusetts Bay a John Endicott adakonza gulu lankhondo lalikulu kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1637. A Pequot, komabe, adanyoza gululi, m'malo mwake adatumiza ankhondo awo 200 kukamenya nkhondo, ndikupha amuna asanu ndi mmodzi ndi akazi atatu. . Pobwezera, atsamundawo anaukira mudzi wa Pequot ku Mystic pamalo omwe masiku ano amatchedwa Mystic Massacre. A Coloneni Captain John Mason, motsogozedwa ndi gulu lankhondo lothandizidwa ndi pafupifupi 300 a Mohegan, Narragansett, ndi ankhondo aku Niantic, adalamula kuti awotche mudziwo ndikuletsa malo awiri okhawo omwe anazungulira mzindawo. A Pequot omwe adagwidwa omwe adayesa kukwera pamwamba pa lingawo adawomberedwa, ndipo aliyense amene adapambana adaphedwa ndi omenyera nkhondo a Narragansett. Kodi kumeneku kunali kupululutsa fuko, monga momwe olemba mbiri ambiri anenera? Woyang'anira atsamunda, a John Underhill, yemwe adatsogolera gulu lankhondo la amuna 20 panthawi ya chiwonetserochi, sanavutike kupha amayi, ana, okalamba, ndi odwala. Adaloza ku Lemba, lomwe "limalengeza kuti amayi ndi ana ayenera kuwonongeka limodzi ndi makolo awo .... Tidali ndi kuunika kokwanira kochokera m'Mawu a Mulungu pamayendedwe athu. ” Pambuyo pa ziwonetsero zina ziwiri m'midzi ya Pequot mu Juni ndi Julayi 1637, nkhondo ya Pequot inatha ndipo amwenye ambiri omwe adatsala adagulitsidwa kukhala akapolo.

Mayani 27. Patsikuli mu 1907, wolemba nzeru zachilengedwe komanso wolemba zachilengedwe wa ku America, Rachel Carson, anabadwira ku Silver Spring, Maryland. Mu 1962, Carson anachititsa mpikisano wochulukirapo ndi kufalitsa Silent Spring, buku lake losaiwalika lonena za kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga DDT. Carson angakumbukiridwenso chifukwa chodzudzula kwake pagulu laku US. Anali m'gulu la kuwukira kwakukulu pakati pa asayansi komanso oganiza kumanzere azaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 60s omwe adayamba chifukwa chodandaula za zotsatira za radiation kuchokera kumayeso apamwamba anyukiliya. Mu 1963, chaka chimodzi asanamwalire ndi khansa ya m'mawere, Carson adadzizindikiritsa koyamba kuti ndi "zachilengedwe" polankhula pamaso pa asing'anga pafupifupi 1,500 ku California. Potsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimakhalapo chifukwa chadyera, kulamulira, komanso chikhulupiriro chosasamala mu sayansi chosagwirizana ndi mfundo zamakhalidwe, iye adanenetsa mwachidwi kuti anthu onse ndi gawo limodzi lolumikizana mwachilengedwe komanso kudalirana komwe kumawopseza pangozi yokha . Masiku ano, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi chisokonezo cha nyengo, ziwopsezo za zida za nyukiliya, komanso kuyitanitsa zida za nyukiliya "zogwiritsa ntchito", anthu padziko lapansi akadali pachiwopsezo - ngakhale mwina chowopsa - ndi chikhalidwe chomwe Carson amafuna kusintha. Tsopano, kuposa kale lonse, ndi nthawi yoti magulu azachilengedwe agwirizane ndi mabungwe oyang'anira zida zankhondo komanso odana ndi nkhondo omwe akugwira ntchito mwamtendere. Popeza mamiliyoni a mamembala odzipereka, magulu oterewa atha kupanga mlandu woti zida za nyukiliya ndi nkhondo ndizowopseza kwambiri kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi.

Mayani 28. Pa tsiku lino mu 1961, Amnesty International inakhazikitsidwa. Mu nkhani yochokera The Observer, "Akaidi Oiwalika," katswiri wa ku Britain Peter Benenson analimbikitsa kuti bungwe la ufulu wa anthu liyenera kuonetsetsa kuti bungwe la 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights likhazikitsidwe. Benenson analemba za nkhawa zake za kuwonjezereka kwa Article 18: "Aliyense ali ndi ufulu woganiza, chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo ... ndi Article 19: Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wotsutsa maganizo ndi mawu: izi zikuphatikizapo ufulu wosunga maganizo popanda kusokoneza ndi kufunafuna, kulandira ndi kupereka uthenga ndi malingaliro kupyolera muzofalitsa zilizonse komanso popanda malire ... "A Dutch anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Benenson poteteza ufulu wa anthu ku 1962, ndipo 1968 Amnesty International ku Netherlands inabadwa. Kuwongolera kwawo kuthetsa kuzunzika, kuthetsa chilango cha imfa, kuletsa kuphedwa kwa ndale, ndi kutha kumangidwa chifukwa cha mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena kugonana kunatsogolera ku Amnesty International Section m'mayiko ambiri omwe akuthandizidwa ndi anthu oposa 7 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufuku wawo, kufufuza, ndi zolemba zawo zinayambika m'mabuku olembedwa ku International Institute of Social History kuphatikizapo matepi ofunsana ndi mauthenga opatsirana m'mabuku a mbiri yakale omwe amakana ufulu wa anthu. Bungwe la International Secretariat lili ndi maofesi ophwanya ufulu wa anthu monga akaidi a chikumbumtima akuweruzidwa ndi mayiko ogwiritsa ntchito ndende yosaloledwa kuti agwirizane ndi ntchito zawo. Amnesty International yatsutsidwa chifukwa cha kukana kulimbana ndi nkhondo, ngakhale pamene ikutsutsa nkhanza zambiri zopangidwa ndi nkhondo, komanso kuthandizira kuyambitsa nkhondo za kumadzulo mwa kuthandizira zifukwa zosautsa za nkhanza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati propaganda.

Mayani 29. Patsiku lino mu 1968, Pulezidenti Wosauka Amayamba. Pamsonkhano wa Utsogoleri wa Chikhristu wa Kumwera mu December 1967, Martin Luther King adapempha kuti pakhale ndondomeko yothetsa kusiyana ndi umphawi ku America. Masomphenya ake anali oti osauka angathe kukonza ndi kukumana ndi akuluakulu a boma ku Washington kuti athetse nkhondo, kusagwira ntchito, malipiro ochepa, maphunziro, ndi liwu la chiwerengero cha anthu osauka ndi ana omwe ali osauka. Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Amwenye a ku America, Mexico, Mexico, ndi midzi yosauka. Pamene polojekitiyi inayamba kukonda dziko, Mfumu inaphedwa pa April 4, 1968. Mfumukazi Ralph Abernathy anatenga malo a Mfumu monga mtsogoleri wa SCLC, anapitirizabe ntchitoyi, ndipo anadza ku Washington ndi mazanamazana ambiri pa Tsiku la Amayi, May 12, 1968. Coretta Scott King anafikanso limodzi ndi amayi zikwi zambiri akuyitanitsa ndalama zamalonda za ufulu, ndipo analumbira kuti apite maulendo a tsiku ndi tsiku ku mabungwe a federal kukambirana za kusiyana ndi kusalungama. Kumapeto kwa sabata ija, ngakhale kuti mvula yambiri imasokoneza Mall, gulu la 5,000 linakhazikitsa mahema okhala ndi mahema omwe amatchedwa "Resurrection City." Mkazi wa Robert Kennedy anali mmodzi wa Amayi a Tsiku la Amayi, ndipo pamodzi ndi ena onse dziko, adayang'ana osakhulupirira pamene mwamuna wake anaphedwa pa June 5. Mwambo wa maliro a Kennedy unadutsitsidwa kudutsa ku Resurrection City panjira yopita ku Arlington National Cemetery. Dipatimenti ya Zinyumba za M'katimo inakakamiza kutsekedwa kwa Resurrection City ponena za kutha kwa chilolezo chogwiritsira ntchito ntchito ya paki.

Mayani 30. Patsiku lino mu 1868, Tsiku la Chikumbutso linawonedwa koyamba pamene amayi awiri ku Columbus, MS, anaika maluwa pa manda onse a Confederate ndi Union. Nkhaniyi yonena za amai ikuzindikira anthu omwe adaphedwa chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe poyendera manda ndi maluwa m'manja mwawo makamaka zinachitika zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomo, pa April 25, 1866. Malingana ndi Pakati pa Nkhondo Yachiwawa, panali amayi, amayi, ndi ana ambirimbiri omwe amakhala m'manda. Mu April wa 1862, wolemba zachipembedzo wochokera ku Michigan anaphatikiza akazi ena ochokera ku Arlington, VA kuti akongoletse manda ku Fredericksburg. Pa July 4, 1864, mayi akuyendera manda a abambo ake pamodzi ndi ambiri omwe abambo, abambo, ndi ana awo anamwalira, asiya nkhata pamanda onse ku Boalsburg, PA. Kumayambiriro kwa 1865, dokotala wina opaleshoni, yemwe adakhala Dokotala Wamkulu wa a National Guard ku Wisconsin, adawona akazi akuyika maluwa m'manda pafupi ndi Knoxville, TN pamene adadutsa pa sitima. "Atsikana a Southland" anali kuchita chimodzimodzi pa April 26, 1865 ku Jackson, MS, pamodzi ndi akazi ku Kingston, GA, ndi Charleston, SC. Mu 1866, amayi a Columbus, MS adamva kuti tsiku liyenera kukhala lodzipereka kukumbukira, ndikutsogolera ndakatulo "Blue ndi Gray" ndi Francis Miles Finch. Mkazi ndi mwana wamkazi wa Colonel wakufa kuchokera ku Columbus, GA, ndi gulu lina lachisoni kuchokera ku Memphis, TN anapanga zofanana ngatizo ku Carbondale, IL, ndi Petersburg ndi Richmond, VA. Mosasamala kuti ndi ndani yemwe anali woyamba kubadwa wa tsiku kuti azikumbukira akale, iwo potsiriza anavomerezedwa ndi boma la US.

Mayani 31. Pa tsiku lino mu 1902, Pangano la Vereeniging linathetsa nkhondo ya Boer. Pa nkhondo za Napoleonic, a British adatenga ulamuliro wa Dutch Cape Colony kumapeto kwa South Africa. Boers (Dutch kwa alimi) akukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi popeza 1600s idasamukira kumpoto kupita ku Africa (The Great Trek) yomwe imatsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayiko a Transvaal ndi Orange Free State. Kupezeka kwawo kwa diamondi ndi golide m'madera amenewa posakhalitsa kunayambitsa nkhondo ina ku Britain. Pamene a British adalanda mizinda yawo ku 1900, Boar anayambitsa nkhondo yowononga kwambiri. Asilikali a ku Britain adabweretsa asilikali okwanira kuti agonjetse asilikali awo, kuwononga maiko awo, ndikuyika akazi awo ndi ana awo m'misasa yachibalo komwe anthu oposa 20,000 anazunzidwa chifukwa cha njala ndi matenda. Pogwiritsa ntchito 1902, a Boers anavomera Pangano la Vereeniging kulandira ulamuliro wa Britain pofuna kuwombola mabungwe a Boer ndi mabanja awo, pamodzi ndi lonjezo la ulamuliro wodziimira. Ndi 1910, a British adakhazikitsa Union of South Africa, akulamulira Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal ndi Orange State monga maiko a United Kingdom. Pamene kuzunzidwa kunkafalikira ku Ulaya, Pulezidenti wa ku America dzina lake Theodore Roosevelt adaitanitsa msonkhano womwe unapangitsa mgwirizano wa malamulo, ndi makhoti amitundu yonse omwe amaletsa kuzunzidwa kwa mafumu. Pulezidenti Roosevelt adalandira Mphoto yamtendere ya Nobel, ndipo adachititsa kuti ku Britain kukhale kochepa mu Africa. Bungwe la Boers linayambanso kudzilamulira paokha pa mayiko awo monga mayiko okhudzidwa ndi mayiko onse komanso kufunikira kwa kuyankha mlandu anasintha maganizo a dziko pa "malamulo" a nkhondo.

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.

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Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.

Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.

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Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

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Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.

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World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.