April

April 1
April 2
April 3
April 4
April 5
April 6
April 7
April 8
April 9
April 10
April 11
April 12
April 13
April 14
April 15
April 16
April 17
April 18
April 19
April 20
April 21
April 22
April 23
April 24
April 25
April 26
April 27
April 28
April 29
April 30

April 1. Patsiku lino mu 2018 United States idatenga tsiku loyamba la zokadya. Purezidenti Donald Trump adakhazikitsa tsikuli pa Epulo 1, 2017 ndi Executive Order. International Edible Book Festival idakhazikitsidwa mu 2000 ndipo idakondwereredwa m'maiko kuphatikiza Australia, Brazil, India, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Russia, ndi Hong Kong. Ikukondwereranso kwanuko ku US: kuyambira 2004 ku Ohio, ku Los Angeles mu 2005, ku Indianapolis mu 2006, ndi ku Florida ngati gawo la National Library Week. Alangizi a Trump adatinso Tsiku Lodyera Mabuku linali mwayi wabwino wopereka zochitika zosafunikira cholinga chakukonda dziko. Itha kukhala malo otsogola pa kalendala ya Nkhondo Yabodza komanso kukondwerera Kupatula Kwambiri ku America. Trump adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri atamva kuti Laibulale ya Perkins ku Hastings College ku Nebraska idakondwerera Tsiku Lokumbukira Zakudya mu 2008 ngati gawo la Sabata la Mabuku Oletsedwa. Lamulo la a Trump adakhazikitsa malamulo oyenera kutsatira.

1. Idzachitika chaka ndi chaka pa April 1.
2. Sitiyenera kukhala tchuthi lapaderalo koma zochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe.
3. Nzika zidzagwirizanitsa ntchito zisanayambe kapena zitatha, kapena panthawi yopuma.
4. Nzika zidzatchula malemba omwe amasankha kudya tsiku lomwelo pa Twitter.
5. NSA idzagwirizanitsa ndi kuwerengetsera malemba onse omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo.

Monga Trump adalengeza pamene akulengeza Tsiku la Zosamba za Zolemba Mabuku kuchokera ku Mapazi a Congress of Congress, "Tsiku lino ndilo tsiku lapadera la nkhani zonse zabodza zomwe zimapita kunja kukadya mawu awo ndi kupita nawo pulogalamu ndikupanga America Great Again. "

April 2. Patsiku lino ku 1935, ophunzira ambiri a ku America adayambitsa nkhondo. Ophunzira a ku Koleji pakati pa mapeto a 1930s adakulira zowawa za WWI kudutsa ku France, Great Britain, ndi United States, akukhulupirira kuti nkhondo siidapindula ndi wina aliyense, komabe ndikuopa wina. Mu 1934, chiwonetsero cha ku US kuphatikizapo ophunzira a 25,000 chinachitika kukumbukira tsiku lomwe US ​​adalowa mu WWI. Mu 1935, "Wophunzira Wopondereza Komiti Yachiwawa" inayambika ku US kukopa gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ophunzira a 700 ku Kentucky University omwe adayanjanitsidwa ndi 175,000 kudutsa ku US, ndi zikwi zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ophunzira ochokera m'misasa ya 140 ochokera ku mayiko a 31 adasiya maphunziro awo tsiku lomwelo akudzimva kuti: "Kudana ndi kupha anthu ambiri kunali kopindulitsa kuposa ora la kalasi." Monga momwe zinakhudzira ntchito za Germany, mavuto pakati pa Japan ndi Soviet Union, Italy ndi Ethiopia, mavuto omangidwa kuti ophunzira aziyankhula. KU KU, Kenneth Born, membala wa gulu lotsutsana, adafunsa $ 300 biliyoni omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse, akutsutsa kuti "kulingalira bwino kungabweretse njira yothetsera vutoli." Pamene anali pamtanda, komabe Born anawalimbikitsa ophunzira kuti apitirize kunena kuti, "Mudzakumana ndi zovuta kuposa izi mu nkhondo." Charles Hackler, wophunzira wa malamulo, adafotokoza kuti ziwonetserozo zikukumbutsa kuti "nkhondo siinapeweke," kutchula kuti mapulogalamu a ROTC amasiku ano " akuluakulu a zamalonda, ogulitsa maphwando, ndi ena omwe amapindula nawo nkhondo. "Ambiri mwa ophunzira omwewo adatsirizidwa kumenyana ndikufa ku Ulaya, Asia, ndi Africa pa nthawi ya WWII, mawu awo akhala ovuta kwambiri.

April 3. Pa tsiku lino mu 1948, Mapulani a Marshall anayamba kugwira ntchito. Kutsatira WWII, United Nations idayamba kupereka chithandizo kumayiko omwe asakazidwa ku Europe. A US, omwe sanawonongeke kwambiri, adapereka thandizo lachuma komanso lankhondo. Purezidenti Truman adasankha wamkulu wakale wa asitikali aku US a George Marshall, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi akazitape awo ngati Secretary of State. Marshall ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adapanga "Marshall Plan," kapena European Recovery Plan, kuti abwezeretse chuma ku Europe. Soviet Union idayitanidwa koma idakana kuopa kutenga nawo mbali US pazisankho zachuma. Mayiko 1948 anavomera, ndipo anasangalala ndi kuyambiranso bwino kwachuma pakati pa 1952-XNUMX mpaka ku North Atlantic Alliance, kenako European Union. Atalandira Mphoto Yamtendere ya Nobel pantchito yake, a George Marshall adalankhula ndi anthu padziko lapansi kuti: "Anthu ena anena zambiri zakupatsidwa mphotho ya Nobel Peace Prize kwa msirikali. Ndikuopa kuti izi sizikuwoneka ngati zodabwitsa kwa ine monga zikuwonekera kwa ena. Ndikudziwa zoopsa zambiri komanso zovuta za nkhondo. Lero, monga wapampando wa American Battle Monuments Commission, ndili ndi udindo woyang'anira ntchito yomanga ndi kukonza manda ankhondo m'maiko ambiri kutsidya lina, makamaka ku Western Europe. Mtengo wankhondo m'miyoyo ya anthu umafalikira pamaso panga nthawi zonse, zolembedwa bwino m'mabuku ambiri omwe zipilala zawo ndi miyala yamanda. Ndakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikupeza njira kapena njira zopewera tsoka lina lankhondo. Pafupifupi tsiku lililonse ndimamva kuchokera kwa akazi, kapena amayi, kapena mabanja a omwe agwa. Tsoka la zomwe zachitika pambuyo pake latsala pang'ono kundikumbukira. ”

April 4. Patsikuli mu 1967, Martin Luther King anakamba nkhani pamaso pa anthu a 3,000 ku Riverside Church mumzinda wa New York City. Mutu wakuti "Pambuyo pa Vietnam: Nthawi Yowononga Sileni," mawuwo anali kusintha kwa udindo wa Mfumu kuchokera kwa mtsogoleri wa ufulu wa anthu kuti akhale mneneri wa uthenga wabwino. M'malo mwake, adalemba ndondomeko yothetsa nkhondo, koma, muyeso yofanana, osati yongopeka, inayambitsa "kuvutika kwakukulu mkati mwa mzimu wa American" umene nkhondoyo inali chizindikiro. Tiyenera, iye adaumirira kuti, "ndikukhala ndi kusintha kwakukulu .... Mtundu umene ukupitirira chaka ndi chaka kuti uzigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zowonjezera usilikali kusiyana ndi ndondomeko za kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu akuyandikira imfa ya uzimu. "Atatha kulankhula, Mfumuyi inayambanso kupititsa patsogolo. The New York Times inafotokozera kuti "njira yothetsera mgwirizano wamtendere ndi ufulu wandale ingakhale yoyipa pazifukwa zonse," ndipo kutsutsidwa komweko kunachokera ku makina akuda ndi NAACP. Komabe, ngakhale atayikidwa pansi ndi kuthekera kubwezeretsa mafuko, Mfumu siidabwerere. Anayamba ulendo wopambana ndipo anayamba kukonzekera anthu osauka, ntchito yoti agwirizanitse anthu onse a ku America, mosasamala mtundu uliwonse kapena dziko lawo, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anafotokozera mwachidule malingaliro ake atsopano motere: "Mtanda ungatanthauze kufa kwa kutchuka kwanu." Ngakhale zili choncho, "Tengani mtanda wanu ndi kupirira. Ndimo momwe ndasankha kupita. Zingakhale zotani, sizilibe kanthu tsopano. "Chaka chotsatira chitatha, ndendende mpaka tsiku, anaphedwa.

April 5. Patsikuli mu 1946, General Douglas MacArthur adalankhula zakuletsedwa kwa nkhondo monga Article 9 ya Constitution yatsopano ku Japan. Article 9 imaphatikizanso chilankhulo chofanana ndendende ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact yomwe mayiko ambiri amachita. "Ngakhale zofunikira zonse za lamulo latsopanoli ndizofunikira, ndipo zimatsogolera aliyense payekha komanso mogwirizana kuti zikwaniritse zomwe zanenedwa ku Potsdam," adatero, "ndikufuna makamaka kutchula lamuloli lomwe likukhudzana ndikusiya nkhondo. Kukana koteroko, ngakhale mwanjira zina motsatizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa kuthekera kwakapangidwe kankhondo ku Japan, kumapitilizabe pakupereka kwake ufulu wokhala ndi zida zankhondo mdziko lonse lapansi. Potero dziko la Japan lilengeza chikhulupiriro chake pagulu la mayiko ndi malamulo olungama, ololera komanso ogwira ntchito pakhalidwe ndi ndale zadziko lonse ndikupatsanso kukhulupirika kwawo. Wosuliza atha kuwona izi ngati kuwonetsa koma chikhulupiriro chonga cha mwana m'malingaliro am'maso, koma wowona adzawona kufunika kwake kwakukulu. Amvetsetsa kuti pakusintha kwa anthu kudakhala kofunikira kuti munthu apereke maufulu ena. . . . Cholinga. . . koma ikuzindikira gawo lina pakusintha kwa anthu. . . . kutengera utsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi womwe ulibe mtima wolimba kuti ukwaniritse zofuna za anthu ambiri omwe amadana ndi nkhondo. . . . Chifukwa chake ndiyamika lingaliro la Japan loti asiyiretu nkhondo kuti aganizire mozama anthu onse padziko lapansi. Imaloza njira - njira yokhayo. ”

April 6. Pa tsiku lino ku 1994, aphungu a Rwanda ndi Burundi anaphedwa. Umboni umasonyeza kuti pulezidenti wa dziko la United States, Paul Kagame ndi pulezidenti watsopano wa dziko la United States, adakali ndi mlandu wolakwa. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kukumbukira kuti ngakhale kuti nkhondo sizingalepheretse kupha ana, zingawathandize. Mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali anati "kupha anthu ku Rwanda kunali zana limodzi mwa udindo wa Amwenye!" Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti United States inathandizira kugawidwa kwa Rwanda pa October 1, 1990, ndi asilikali a Uganda omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi US opha, ndipo adathandizira nkhondo yawo ku Rwanda kwa zaka zitatu ndi theka. Boma la Rwanda, poyankha, silinatsatire chitsanzo cha a ku US omwe ankagwira ntchito ku Japan panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Ndipo sizinapangitse lingaliro la ochimwira pakati pawo, popeza kuti asilikali omwe akubwerawo anali ndi maselo okhudzidwa a 36 ku Rwanda. Koma boma la Rwanda linagwira anthu a 8,000 ndi kuwagwira masiku angapo mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Anthu anathaŵa adaniwo, akupha mavuto aakulu othaŵa kwawo, anawononga ulimi, anawononga chuma, ndipo anawononga anthu. United States ndi West adamenya zidazo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zovuta zina kupyolera mu World Bank, IMF, ndi USAID. Zotsatira mwazimenezi zinawonjezereka chidani pakati pa Ahutu ndi Atutsi. Pamapeto pake boma likhoza kugwedezeka. Poyamba kuphedwa kumeneku kunkadziwika kuti Rwanda. Ndipo izi zisanachitike, kuphedwa kwa azidindo awiri. Kupha anthu wamba ku Rwanda kwapitirira kuyambira lero, ngakhale kuti kuphedwa kwakhala kovuta kwambiri ku Congo, kumene boma la Kagame linagonjetsa nkhondo - ndi thandizo la US ndi zida ndi asilikali.

April 7. Patsiku lino mtsogoleri wa 2014 Ecuador Rafael Correa anauza asilikali a US kuti achoke m'dziko lake. Correa anali ndi nkhawa ndi "kuchuluka kwakukulu" kwa asitikali ankhondo aku US omwe alowerera m'zochitika za Ecuador. Ogwira ntchito ankhondo onse aku US aku 20, kupatula gulu lankhondo laku US, adakhudzidwa. Imeneyi inali gawo laposachedwa kwambiri pakufuna kwa Ecuador kuti abwezeretse mphamvu zokhazokha kuchokera ku US pochita chitetezo chamkati. Gawo loyamba lidatengedwa mu 2008 pomwe Correa adatsuka gulu lake lankhondo lomwe magulu ake akuti adalowetsedwa ndikukhudzidwa ndi CIA. Kenako mu 2009 Ecuador idathamangitsa asitikali aku US omwe adakhala pomwe adakana kukonzanso renti ya zaka 10 yopanda renti pagulu lankhondo laku US mumzinda wa Manta pagombe la Pacific ku Ecuador. US Air Force idatchulapo za malowa ngati malo ake akumwera kwambiri "Kumalo Opita Patsogolo" akuti akufuna kuletsa kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuchokera ku Colombia. Asanatseke, Correa idapereka mwayi kuti maziko azikhala otseguka. "Tikonzanso malowo pamfundo imodzi," adatero, "kuti atilole tikakhazikitse malo ku Miami - malo aku Ecuadorean." Inde, United States inalibe chidwi ndi pempholi. Chinyengo cha udindo waku US chidafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi membala wa Ecuadorean National Assembly a Maria Augusta Calle omwe New York Times akuti "Ndi nkhani yokhudza ulemu komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Kodi ku US kuli malo angati? ” Inde tikudziwa yankho. Koma pa funso loti ngati mabungwe aku US m'maiko a anthu ena atha kutsekedwa, nkhani ya Ecuador imapereka yankho limodzi lolimbikitsa.

April 8. Pa tsiku lino mu 1898, Paulo Robeson anabadwa. Bambo a Paulo anathawa ukapolo asanakhale ku Princeton, ndipo anamaliza maphunziro a yunivesite ya Lincoln. Mosasamala kanthu za tsankho m'dziko lonse lapansi, Paul adapeza maphunziro apamwamba ku Dipatimenti ya Rutgers komwe anamaliza maphunziro awo ngati Valedictorian asanapite ku Columbia Law School. Kusankhana mafuko kunalepheretsa ntchito yake, choncho adapeza malo ena owonetsera mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha African-American. Paulo adadziwika kuti adalandira mphoto pamasewero monga Othello, Emperor Jonesndipo Chilichonse cha Mulungu Chimakhala ndi Mapiko, ndi ntchito zake zodabwitsa Old Man River in Onetsani. Zochita zake padziko lonse lapansi zidasiya omvera akulakalaka zambiri. Robeson adaphunzira chilankhulo, ndikuimba nyimbo zamtendere ndi chilungamo m'maiko 25. Izi zidabweretsa ubale ndi mtsogoleri waku Africa Jomo Kenyatta, India Jawaharlal Nehru, WEB Du Bois, Emma Goldman, James Joyce, ndi Ernest Hemingway. Mu 1933, a Robeson adapereka ndalama zomwe adapeza Chillun Onse a Mulungu kwa othawa kwawo achiyuda. Mu 1945, adapempha Purezidenti Truman kuti akhazikitse lamulo lotsutsana ndi kupha anthu, adafunsa Cold War, ndipo adafunsa chifukwa chomwe anthu aku Africa aku America ayenera kumenyera dziko lomwe lili ndi tsankho lotchuka. Kenako a Paul Robeson adatchedwa Achikomyunizimu ndi House Un-American Activities Committee, zomwe zidathetsa ntchito yawo. Makonsati ake makumi asanu ndi atatu adathetsedwa, ndipo awiri adaukiridwa pomwe apolisi aboma akuyang'ana. A Robeson adayankha kuti: "Ndiyimba kulikonse komwe anthu akufuna kuti ndiyimbe ... ndipo sindidzawopsezedwa ndi mitanda yoyaka ku Peekskill kapena kulikonse." US idachotsa pasipoti ya Robeson kwa zaka 8. Robeson adalemba mbiri yakale Pano ndimayima asanamwalire, omwe akuwoneka kuti adatsatira mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso odabwitsa ndi CIA.

April 9. Patsikuli mu 1947, ulendo woyamba wokhala ndi ufulu, "Ulendo Wachiyanjano," unathandizidwa ndi CORE ndi FOR. Pambuyo pa WWII, Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States linagamula kuti kusankhana pamsewu ndi mabasi osagwirizana ndi malamulo kunali kosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Pamene chigamulocho chinanyalanyazidwa kumadera onse akummwera, Chiyanjano cha Reconciliation (FOR), ndi gulu la anthu asanu ndi atatu a ku America-Amerika ndi azungu asanu ndi atatu ochokera ku Congress for Racial Equality (CORE), kuphatikizapo atsogoleri a gulu Bayard Rustin ndi George House, adayamba mabasi ndi kukhala limodzi. Iwo adakwera mabasi onse a Greyhound ndi Trailways ku Washington DC, akulowera ku Petersburg komwe Greyhound idapita ku Raleigh, ndi Trailways kwa Durham. Dalaivala wa Greyhound anaitana apolisi pamene anafika ku Oxford pamene Rustin anakana kuchoka kutsogolo kwa basi. Apolisi sankachita chilichonse monga dalaivala ndipo Rustin ankatsutsa za 45 maminiti. Mabasi onsewa adapita ku Chapel Hill tsiku lotsatira, koma asanatuluke ku Greensboro pa April 13, okwera anayi (awiri a ku Africa ndi azimayi awiri) adakakamizika kupita ku polisi pafupi ndipafupi, anamangidwa, ndipo anapatsidwa ndalama ya $ 50 aliyense. Nkhaniyi inachititsa chidwi anthu ambiri m'derali kuphatikizapo madalaivala angapo. Mmodzi wa iwo anakantha James Peck wokwera woyera pamutu pamene adatsika kulipira. Martin Watkins, wachikulire wovulala womenya nkhondo, anamenyedwa ndi madalaivala a taxi kuti alankhule ndi mayi wina wa ku Africa ndi America pa basi. Milandu yonse yotsutsa omenyera oyerayo inagwetsedwa pamene ozunzidwawo anaimbidwa mlandu wolimbikitsa chiwawa. Ntchito yosweka pansi kwa anthu oteteza ufulu wa anthu pamapeto pake inachititsa kuti ufulu wa 1960 ndi 1961 ufike.

April 10. Patsikuli mu 1998, mgwirizano wa Lachisanu Wabwino unayinidwa ku Northern Ireland, kuthawa Zaka za 30 za nkhondo zachipembedzo ku Northern Ireland zotchedwa "Mavuto." Kusamvana kothetsa mgwirizanowu kudayambika kuyambira m'ma 1960, pomwe Aprotestanti ku Northern Ireland adapeza anthu ambiri omwe amawaloleza kuwongolera mabungwe aboma m'njira zomwe zimasowetsa ochepa Roma Katolika. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60, gulu lolimbikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe m'malo mwa anthu Achikatolika lidabweretsa kuphulitsa bomba, kupha, komanso zipolowe pakati pa Akatolika, Apulotesitanti, apolisi aku Britain ndi asitikali omwe adapitilira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Chakumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1998, chiyembekezo chamtendere ku Northern Ireland sichinasinthe. Chipani Chachipulotesitanti cha Ulster Unionist Party (omwe amalimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi Britain) adakanabe kukambirana ndi a Sinn Fein, gulu landale kwambiri lachi Katolika komanso la Republican laku Republican Army (IRA); ndipo IRA ija idakhalabe yosafuna kuyika manja ake. Komabe, zokambirana zamagulu angapo, zomwe zidayamba mu 1996, zomwe zimakhudza oimira Ireland, zipani zosiyanasiyana zaku Northern Ireland, ndi boma la Britain, pamapeto pake zidabweretsa zipatso. Pangano lidakwaniritsidwa kuti pakhale msonkhano wosankhidwa ku Northern Ireland womwe udzayang'anire nkhani zambiri zakomweko, mgwirizano pakati pamalire pakati pa maboma aku Ireland ndi Northern Ireland, ndikupitilizabe kufunsana pakati pa maboma aku Britain ndi aku Ireland. Mu Meyi 1998, mgwirizanowu udavomerezedwa modabwitsa pa referendum yomwe idachitika ku Ireland ndi Northern Ireland. Ndipo pa Disembala 2, 1999, Republic of Ireland idachotsa madandaulo ake pachilumba chonse cha Ireland, ndipo United Kingdom idapereka ulamuliro mwachindunji ku Northern Ireland.

April 11. Patsikuli mu 1996, Pangano la Pelindaba linalembedwa ku Cairo, Egypt. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito, Panganoli lingapangitse dziko lonse la Africa kukhala malo osokoneza zida za nyukiliya; Ikuphatikizaponso zigawo zinayi zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. Maiko makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu ndi atatu a ku Africa adasaina mgwirizanowu, womwe ukufuna kuti phwando lililonse lisayambe "kufufuza, kukonza, kupanga, kugulitsa kapena kupeza, kupeza kapena kugonjetsa chida chilichonse cha nyukiliya mwa njira iliyonse kulikonse". zipangizo za nyukiliya; kumafuna kuthetseratu kwa zipangizo zilizonse zomwe zakhala zikupangidwa komanso kutembenuka kapena kuwonongedwa kwa malo onse opangidwa kuti apangidwe; ndipo amaletsa kutaya kwa zinthu zowonongeka pazowonongeka ndi mgwirizano. Kuphatikiza apo, maboma a nyukiliya akulamulidwa kuti asagwiritse ntchito kapena kuopseza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya polimbana ndi dziko lirilonse mu malo opanda zida za nyukiliya. Tsiku lotsatira, bungwe la UN Security Council lija, April 12, 1996, linatchula kufunika kwa Pangano la Pelindaba, lomwe linagwira ntchito zaka 13 pambuyo pake, pa July 15, 2009, pamene idakhazikitsidwa ndi chofunika 28^th Dziko la Africa. Ngakhale Security Council idayembekezera kuti Panganoli liziwunikiridwa mwachangu, lidazindikira kuti kuvomereza kwawo mayiko opitilira 40 aku Africa, komanso pafupifupi zida zonse za zida za nyukiliya, ndi "gawo lofunikira pakuthandizira ... mtendere wamayiko ndi chitetezo. ” Pofalitsa nkhani, anamaliza kuti: "Security Council ilandila mwambowu kuti ilimbikitse zoyesayesa zamchigawozi ... pamayiko ndi zigawo zomwe cholinga chake ndikuthandizira kuti dziko la nyukiliya lisachulukane."

April 12. Patsikuli mu 1935, ophunzira ena a ku koleji a 175,000 ku America adagwira nawo masewera a kalasi ndi ziwonetsero zamtendere zomwe adalonjeza kuti sadzachita nawo nkhondo. Ophunzira a anti-nkhondo mobilizations ofanana ndi omwe ali mu 1935 amachitikanso ku US ku 1934 ndi 1936, akuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 25,000 ku 1934 mpaka 500,000 ku 1936. Chifukwa chakuti ophunzira ambiri a ku koleji ankaona kuti nkhondo yovutitsidwa ndi a fascism ku Ulaya inali yoopsa chifukwa cha chisokonezo chimene chinayambitsidwa ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi, chionetserochi chinachitika mu April kuti adziŵe mwezi umene dziko la US linalowerera nawo nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. zofuna zachuma zinapindula ndi nkhondo imeneyo, ophunzira adanyansidwa ndi zomwe adawona ngati kupha kopanda nzeru kwa mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo adafuna kuwonetsa kuti sakufuna kutenga nawo nkhondo ina yopanda pake kunja. Komabe, zotsutsa, kutsutsa kwawo mwamphamvu nkhondo sikunali kutsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi zida zandale kapena zandale, koma makamaka pachisokonezo chauzimu chimene chinali chokha kapena chochokera kwa abembala m'gulu lomwe linalimbikitsa. Anecdote imodzi yokha ikuwoneka bwino. Mu 1932, Richard Moore, wophunzira pa yunivesite ya California ku Berkeley, adadzipereka pa ntchito zotsutsana ndi nkhondo. Kenaka anafotokoza kuti, "Malo anga, sindimakhulupirira kuti ndikupha, ndipo awiri: Sindinkafuna kudzipereka kwa akuluakulu, kaya ndi Mulungu kapena United States of America." umboni weniweni ukhozanso kufotokoza chifukwa chake anyamata ambirimbiri a nthawi imeneyo ankakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ingathetsedwe ngati anyamata onse amangokana kumenyana.

April 13. Patsikuli mu 1917, Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson adakhazikitsa Komiti Yachidziwitso (CPI) ndi dongosolo lolamulira. Bungwe la CPI la George Creel, yemwe anali wolemba nkhani wodula nthawi yomwe adasankhidwa kukhala tcheyamani wawo, CPI cholinga chake cholimbitsa chitukuko cholimbikitsana kuti apange chithandizo chapakhomo ndi maiko akunja kuti dziko la America lilowe nawo nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse sabata imodzi yapitayi. Kuti akwaniritse ntchito yake, CPI inagwirizanitsa njira zamakono zamakono ndi malingaliro apamwamba a maganizo a anthu. Pa zomwe zakhala zikuyang'anitsitsa, zinakhazikitsa "malangizo odzipereka" kuti athetse malipoti okhudza nkhani za nkhondo, komanso kusefukira njira zachikhalidwe ndi nkhondo. CPI ya Division of News inafalitsa zofalitsa za 6,000 zomwe sabata iliyonse inadzaza zowonjezereka kuposa nyuzipepala za 20,000. Gawo Lake la Syndicated Features linalemba olemba mabuku, akatswiri olemba mabuku, ndi olemba nkhani zachidule kuti afotokoze boma la boma mu mawonekedwe osavuta kumeta kwa anthu khumi ndi awiri mwezi uliwonse. Kugawidwa kwa Pictorial Publicity kunapanga zojambula zamphamvu, mwa mitundu yachikondi, pamabotolo m'mayiko onse. Akatswiri anatumizidwa ku timapepala tating'ono monga Mchitidwe Wachiwawa wa Germany ndi Kugonjetsa ndi Kultur. Ndipo Kugawidwa kwa Mafilimu kunapanga mafilimu ndi maudindo monga Kaiser: Chirombo cha Berlin. Pogwiritsa ntchito CPI, US inakhala dziko loyamba lamakono kuti lifalitse malipoti ambiri. Pochita izi, zinapereka phunziro lofunika: Ngati ngakhale boma la demokarasi, lokhalokha lokha, likufuna kupita ku nkhondo, lingayesetse kuyanjanitsa dziko logawikana pambuyo mwachitukuko chachinyengo chachinyengo .

April 14. Patsikuli mu 1988, nyumba ya parliament ya Denmark inapereka chisankho kuti boma lake lidziwitse zombo zonse zakunja zowonongeka kuti zilowe ku madoko a Denmark zomwe ziyenera kunena molimba mtima musanatero ngakhale zitakhala kapena sizikutenga zida za nyukiliya. Ngakhale kuti dziko la Denmark linali ndi malamulo a chaka cha 30 oletsa zida za nyukiliya kulikonse, kuphatikizapo madoko ake, lamuloli linasokonezedwa ndi Denmark kuti avomereze njira yomwe a United States ndi alangizi ena a NATO amagwiritsa ntchito. Zomwe zimadziwika kuti NCND, "sizinatsimikizire kapena kukana," ndondomekoyi inalola kuti sitima za NATO zibweretse zida za nyukiliya ku madoko a Denmark pamapeto. Zatsopano, zotsutsana, komabe, zinabweretsa mavuto. Asanatuluke, kazembe wa ku America ku Denmark adauza ndale za ku Denmark kuti chigamulochi chikhoza kuyendetsa zombo zonse za NATO kuti zisayende ku Denmark, motero zidzatha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi panyanja ndipo zidzasokoneza mgwirizano wa asilikali. Popeza kuti oposa a 60 peresenti ya a Danesi ankafuna dziko lawo ku NATO, ziopsezozo zinasankhidwa ndi boma la Denmark. Iwo adafuna chisankho pa May 10, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti olamulirawo azikhala ndi mphamvu. Pa July 2, pamene chida cha nkhondo cha ku America chakuyandikira ku doko la Denmark chinakana kufotokoza chida cha zida za sitimayo, kalata yomwe inalowetsedwa m'ngalawayo inalangiza kuti chigamulo chatsopano cha Danish chinali chosasunthika kupita kumtunda. Pa June 8, Denmark idalandira mgwirizano watsopano ndi US kuti idzalolere zombo za NATO kuti zilowe kuzilumba za Danish popanda kutsimikizira kapena kukana kuti zanyamula zida za nyukiliya. Pofuna kuthandizira zida za nyukiliya panyumba, Denmark nthawi yomweyo adauza maboma a NATO kuti alowetsa zida za nyukiliya m'kati mwake nthawi yamtendere.

April 15. Pa tsiku lino mu 1967 wamkulu kwambiriVietnam-Vietnam Zisonyezero m'mbiri ya US, mpaka nthawi imeneyo, zinachitika ku New York, San Francisco, ndi mizinda yambiri ku United States. Ku New York, ziwonetserozi zidayamba ku Central Park ndipo zidathera ku Likulu la United Nations. Oposa 125,000 adatenga nawo gawo, kuphatikiza Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, ndi Dr. Benjamin Spock. Makadi opitilira 150 adatenthedwa. Wina 100,000 adayenda kuchokera ku Second ndi Market Street kumzinda wa San Francisco kupita ku Kezar Stadium ku Golden Gate Park, komwe wosewera Robert Vaughn komanso a Coretta King adatsutsa zomwe America idachita nawo pa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Maulendo onse awiriwa anali gawo la Kulimbikitsidwa Kwamasika Kuti Athetse Nkhondo yaku Vietnam. Gulu lolinganiza Kasupeyu linakumana koyamba pa Novembala 26, 1966. Linatsogoleredwa ndi womenyera ufulu wakale AJ Muste ndipo anaphatikizira David Dellinger, mkonzi wa Kuwombola; Edward Keating, wofalitsa Mphungu; Sidney Peck, wa Case Western Reserve University; ndi Robert Greenblatt, waku Cornell University. Mu Januwale 1967, adatcha Reverend James Luther Bevel, mnzake wapamtima wa Martin Luther King, Jr., ngati director of the Spring Mobilization. Kumapeto kwa ulendowu ku New York, Bevel adalengeza kuti oyimilira otsatirawa adzakhala Washington DC Pa Meyi 20 mpaka 21, 1967, omenyera nkhondo 700 adasonkhana kumeneko pamsonkhano wolimbikitsa masika. Cholinga chawo chinali kuwunika ziwonetsero za Epulo ndikulemba zamtsogolo zamagulu ankhondo. Adapanganso komiti yoyang'anira - National Mobilization Committee Yothetsa Nkhondo ku Vietnam - kukonzekera zochitika mtsogolo.

April 16. Patsiku lino ku 1862, Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln atayina ukapolo wogula ntchito ku Washington, DC Ili ndi Tsiku la Emancipation ku Washington, DC Kuthetsa ukapolo ku Washington, DC, sikunachitike nkhondo. Pomwe ukapolo kumadera ena ku United States udatha pomanga malamulo atsopano atapha anthu atatu mwa anayi miliyoni m'minda yayikulu, ukapolo ku Washington, DC, udamalizidwa momwe udathera kumayiko ena ambiri, womwe ndi podumphira patsogolo ndikungopanga malamulo atsopano. Lamulo lothetsa ukapolo ku DC limagwiritsa ntchito kumasulidwa. Sizinalipire anthu omwe anali akapolo, koma anthu omwe anawapanga akapolo. Ukapolo ndi serfdom zidachitika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zidatha mkati mwa zaka zana limodzi, mobwerezabwereza chifukwa chamasulidwe m'malo mwa nkhondo, kuphatikiza madera aku Britain, Denmark, France, ndi Netherlands, komanso ku South America ndi ku Caribbean. Tikayang'ana m'mbuyo zikuwoneka ngati zopindulitsa kuthetsa chisalungamo popanda kupha anthu ambiri ndi kuwononga, zomwe kupitirira zoyipa zake zimalephera kuthetseratu kupanda chilungamo, ndipo zimayambitsa mkwiyo wokhalitsa komanso ziwawa. Pa June 20, 2013, a Atlantic Magazine adafalitsa nkhani yotchedwa "Ayi, Lincoln Sankatha Kukhala 'Anagula Akapolowo.'" Chifukwa chiyani? Chabwino, akapolowo sankafuna kugulitsa. Ndizoona mwangwiro. Iwo sanatero, ayi konse. Koma The Atlantic likugogomezana pa kutsutsana kwina, kuti kungakhale kotsika mtengo, kotsika mtengo ngati $ 3 biliyoni (mu ndalama za 1860). Komabe, ngati muŵerenga mosamala, wolembayo amavomereza kuti nkhondoyo imawononga ndalama zochuluka kuposa kawiri.

April 17. Pa tsiku lino mu 1965, ulendo woyamba ku Washington kutsutsana ndi nkhondo ku Vietnam unachitikira. Ophunzira a Democratic Society (SDS) adayambitsa ulendowu kukoka ophunzira 15,000-25,000 ochokera mdziko lonselo, Women Strike for Peace, Komiti Yogwirizanitsa Ophunzira Yophunzira, Bob Moses waku Mississippi Freedom Summer, ndi oyimba Joan Baez ndi Phil Ochs. Mafunso omwe adafunsidwa ndi Purezidenti wa SDS a Paul Potter akadali ofunikabe masiku ano: "Ndi mtundu wanji wamachitidwe womwe umalungamitsa United States kapena dziko lililonse kulanda zolinga za anthu aku Vietnam ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mosaganizira zolinga zawo? Ndi mtundu wanji wamtunduwu womwe umasokoneza ufulu wa anthu akumwera, umasiya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri mdziko lonselo ali osauka komanso osaphatikizidwa ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri zaku America, zomwe zimapangitsa maboma opanda chiyembekezo komanso owopsa ndikupanga malo omwe anthu amakhala moyo wawo wonse ndikuchita ntchito yawo, yomwe imayika patsogolo zinthu zakuthupi patsogolo pa zikhulupiliro za anthu-ndipo imapitilizabe kudzitcha kuti ndiufulu ndipo ikupitilizabe kudzipezabe oyenera kuyang'anira dziko lapansi? Malo omwe alipo amuna wamba m'dongosolo lino ndi momwe angalamulire… Tiyenera kutchula dongosololi. Tiyenera kutchula dzina, kulongosola, kusanthula, kumvetsetsa ndikusintha. Pakuti pokha pokha dongosololi litasinthidwa ndikuwongoleredwa pomwe pangakhale chiyembekezo chilichonse choletsa zomwe zingayambitse nkhondo ku Vietnam lero kapena kupha anthu ku South mawa kapena nkhanza zosayerekezeka, zosawerengeka zambiri zomwe zimagwiridwa anthu ponseponse — nthawi zonse. ”

April 18. Patsikuli mu 1997, chochita cha "Chosankha Moyo" chimagwira pa fakitale ya zida za Bofors ku Karlskoga, Sweden. Dzinalo "zolimira" limatanthauza mawu a mneneri Yesaya yemwe adati zida zidzasulidwa kukhala zolimira. Zochita zolimira zidayamba kudziwika koyambirira kwa ma 1980 pomwe omenyera ufulu angapo adawononga zida zanyukiliya pamphuno. Bofors anali wogulitsa zida ku Indonesia. Monga ananenera Artist Laffin, omenyera ufulu awiri aku Sweden, a Cecelia Redner, wansembe mu tchalitchi cha Sweden, ndi Marja Fischer, wophunzira, adalowa mufakitala ya Bofors Arms ku Kariskoga, Sweden, adabzala mtengo wa apulo ndikuyesera kusandula zida zankhondo ovomerezeka kutumizidwa ku Indonesia. Cecilia anaimbidwa mlandu wofuna kuwononga mwankhanza komanso Marija pomuthandiza. Onsewa anaimbidwanso mlandu wophwanya lamulo loteteza malo "ofunika kwa anthu." Amayi onsewa adapezeka olakwa pa February 25, 1998. Iwo adati, mobwerezabwereza kuweruzidwa ndi woweruza, kuti, m'mawu a Redner, "Dziko langa likamalamulira wolamulira mwankhanza sindimaloledwa kukhala womvera komanso womvera, chifukwa zimandipangitsa kukhala wolakwa ku mlandu wakupha anthu ku East Timor. Ndikudziwa zomwe zikuchitika ndipo sindikungoyimba mlandu wankhanza waku Indonesia kapena boma langa. Ntchito zathu zolimira inali njira yoti tigwire ntchito ndikugwirizana ndi anthu aku East Timor. ” Fischer ananenanso kuti, "Tidayesetsa kupewa umbanda, ndipo ili ndi udindo wathu malinga ndi malamulo athu." Redner anaweruzidwa kuti alipire chindapusa komanso zaka 23 zamaphunziro. Fischer anaweruzidwa kuti amulipiritsa chindapusa ndipo zaka ziwiri anaimitsidwa. Sanaphedwe m'ndende.

April 19. Patsiku lino mu 1775, kusintha kwa dziko la US kunasanduka zachiwawa ndi nkhondo ku Lexington ndi Concord. Kutembenuka kumeneku kunatsata kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulira kwa njira zosagwirizana ndi zachiwawa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndimasiku amtsogolo, kuphatikiza ziwonetsero zazikulu, kunyanyala, kupititsa patsogolo zopanga zakomweko komanso zodziyimira pawokha, kukhazikitsa makomiti a makalata, komanso kulanda mphamvu zakomweko kumadera ambiri akumidzi ku Massachusetts. Nkhondo yankhanza yodziyimira pawokha ku Britain idayendetsedwa makamaka ndi amuna azungu olemera kwambiri omwe amakhala m'midzi. Ngakhale zotsatira zake zidaphatikizapo zomwe zidachitika panthawiyo Constitution and Bill of Rights, kusinthaku kudali gawo la nkhondo yayikulu pakati pa French ndi Briteni, sakanakhoza kupambana popanda Achifalansa, kusamutsa mphamvu kuchokera kwa osankhika kupita kwa ena, kupangidwa sanachite mofanana, anaona kupanduka kwa alimi osauka komanso akapolo anthu pafupipafupi kale, ndikuwona anthu akuthawa ukapolo kuti akathandizire mbali yaku Britain. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhondoyi ichitike ndikuti ukapolo ukhalebe, kutsatira kuwonongedwa kwa gulu laku Britain komanso chigamulo cha khothi ku Britain chomwe chinamasula munthu wotchedwa James Sommerset. "Ndipatseni ufulu kapena ndipatseni imfa" a Patrick Henry sizinalembedwe zaka makumi angapo Henry atamwalira, koma anali ndi anthu ngati akapolo ndipo sanali pachiwopsezo chokhala m'modzi. Cholinga cha nkhondoyi chinali chikhumbo chofutukula kumadzulo, kupha ndi kubera anthu wamba. Monga nkhondo zambiri zaku US kuyambira pamenepo, yoyamba inali nkhondo yowonjezera. Zonamizira kuti nkhondoyo inali yosapeweka kapena yofunika kumathandizidwa posanyalanyaza kuti Canada, Australia, India, ndi malo ena sanafunikire nkhondo.

April 20. Patsikuli ku 1999, ophunzira awiri ku Columbine High School ku Littleton, Colorado, adawombera mfuti, akupha anthu a 13 ndi kuvulaza ena kuposa ena a 20 asanayambe kudzipha okha ndi kudzipha. Panthawiyi, iyi inali yopseza koopsa kwambiri ku sukulu ya US ku America ndipo inachititsa kuti mpikisano wa mfuti ichitike, kusungika kusukulu, ndi magulu omwe anatsogolera asilikali awiriwa, Eric Harris, 18, ndi Dylan Klebold, 17. Ponena za vuto loletsa mfuti, bungwe la National Rifle Association linagwira ntchito yolimbana ndi mfuti yomwe inkawoneka kuti ikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa machitidwe omwe amapezeka kale pamasitolo a mfuti ndi masitolo a pawn ku mawonetsero a mfuti, kumene zida za ophazo zidagulidwa mwachinyengo ndi mnzanga. Pambuyo pazithunzizo, NRA inapanga ndalama zokwana $ 1.5 miliyoni zokhazokha zomwe zinapambana kupha ngongole yomwe ikufunikiradi pomwepo ku Congress. Kuyesedwanso kunapangidwanso kuti zisamakhale zotetezeka kusukulu pogwiritsa ntchito makamera otetezera, zitsulo zamagetsi ndi alonda otetezera ena, koma zatsimikiziranso kuti zitha kuthetsa chiwawa. Pakati pa zoyesayesa zambiri kuti amvetsetse maganizo a anthu opha anzawo, filimu yowunikira ya Michael Moore Bowling kwa Columbine analimbikitsa kwambiri chikhalidwe cha pakati pa zochita za opha ndi a America ku nkhondo-zojambula zonse ndi nkhondo komanso Lockheed Martin, yemwe ndi wopanga zida zankhondo. Wolemba wina wa filimu ya Moore akusonyeza kuti mafanizowa, ndi ena omwe akuwonetsa zotsatira za umphawi pakulepheretsa mgwirizano wa banja, kunena momveka bwino zonse zomwe zimayambitsa uchigawenga pakati pa anthu a US ndi njira yokha yomwe ingathetseretu.

April 21. Pa tsiku limeneli ku 1989, ophunzira ena a yunivesite ya 100,000 Chinese anasonkhana ku Beijing Tiananmen Square kuti azikumbukira imfa ya Hu Yaobang, mtsogoleri wotsutsa ndondomeko ya Chinese Communist Party, komanso kuti asamveke chisokonezo ndi boma la China. Tsiku lotsatira, pa msonkhano wachikumbutso womwe unachitikira Hu mu Great Hall of the People, ku Huananmen, boma linakana pempho la ophunzira kukakumana ndi Premier Li Peng. Izi zinapangitsa wophunzira wotsutsana ndi mayunivesite achi China, kufalikira kwa kusintha kwa demokalase, ndipo, ngakhale kuti machenjezo a boma, akuyenda ulendo wopita ku Tiananmen Square. Pa masabata otsatirawa, antchito, aluso, ndi antchito a boma adagwirizana ndi ophunzira, ndipo pofika pakati pa mwezi wa May madandaulo zikwi mazana ambiri adayendayenda m'misewu ya Beijing. Pa May 20, boma linalengeza malamulo amtendere mumzindawu, akuyitana asilikali ndi akasinja kuti akabalalitse makamuwo. Pa June 3, asilikaliwa, akulamulidwa kuti apite kumsewu woonekera bwino wa Tiananmen Square ndi Beijing, adagonjetsa mazana amatsutsa ndikugwira zikwi. Komabe, otsutsawo akuti "mtendere wamtendere wa kusintha kwa demokarasi poyang'anizana ndi kuponderezedwa kwaukali kunayambitsa chisomo ndi kukwiya kuchokera ku mayiko ena. Chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo, nkhani yofalitsa nkhani ya June 5 inalembedwa^th wa chithunzi chomwe chilipo tsopano chomwe chimasonyeza munthu wamtundu wofiira, wotchedwa "Tank Man," akuima mosatsutsika kutsogolo kwa chigawo cha magulu ankhondo othamangitsira anthu. Patadutsa milungu itatu, dziko la United States ndi mayiko ena linakhazikitsa chilango ku China. Ngakhale kuti chilangocho chinabwezeretsanso chuma cha dzikoli, malonda a mayiko onse anayambanso kumapeto kwa 1990, chifukwa chidalepheretsa ku China kumasulidwa kwa anthu mazana angapo omangidwa.

April 22. Ili ndi Tsiku la Dziko lapansi, komanso tsiku lobadwa la Immanuel Kant. J. Sterling Morton, mtolankhani wochokera ku Nebraska yemwe amalimbikitsa kubzala mitengo kudera lachigawo cha boma mu 1872, kutchula kuti Epulo 10 kukhala "Tsiku Lopangira Zomera". Tsiku la Arbor lidakhala tchuthi chovomerezeka patatha zaka khumi, ndipo adasunthidwa mpaka Epulo 22 polemekeza tsiku lobadwa la Morton. Tsikuli lidakondwerera dziko lonse lapansi ngati "nthawi yodula mitengo" yomwe idabwera chifukwa chakukula kwa US pakati pa 1890 ndi 1930 kudula nkhalango. Pofika 1970, gulu lomwe likukula kwambiri loteteza chilengedwe ku kuipitsidwa lidathandizidwa ndi kazembe wa Wisconsin Gaylord Nelson ndi womenyera ufulu wa San Francisco a John McConnell. Ulendo woyamba "Tsiku la Dziko Lapansi" unachitika pa Spring Equinox chaka chimenecho, Marichi 21, 1970. Zochitika za Earth Day zikupitilirabe ku US pa Marichi 21 ndi Epulo 22. Immanuel Kant, wasayansi waku Germany komanso wafilosofi, adabadwanso pa Epulo 22, mu 1724. Kant adapanga zinthu zingapo zofunikira zasayansi, komabe amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chothandizira nzeru. Malingaliro ake anali okhudzana ndi momwe timadzipangira tokha maiko athu. Malinga ndi zomwe Kant amachita anthu akuyenera kutsatira malamulo amakhalidwe abwino. Malingaliro a Kant pazomwe zili zofunikira kuti aliyense wa ife akhale ndi dziko labwino ndikulimbana ndi zabwino zonse kwa onse. Malingaliro awa amalumikizana ndi iwo omwe amathandizira kuteteza Earth, komanso omwe amagwirira ntchito mtendere. M'mawu a Kant, "Kuti mtendere uzilamulira Padziko Lapansi, anthu ayenera kusintha ndikukhala zatsopano zomwe zaphunzira kuwona zonse zoyambirira."

April 23. Patsikuli ku 1968, ophunzira ku University University adalanda nyumba kuti zitsutse kafukufuku wankhondo & kuwonongeka kwa nyumba ku Harlem kuti apange masewera olimbitsa thupi atsopano. Maunivesite a ku United States adatsutsidwa ndi ophunzira akukambirana za udindo wa maphunziro mu chikhalidwe cholimbikitsa zoopsa za nkhondo, kukonza kosatha, tsankho lofala komanso kugonana. Wophunzira akupeza mapepala omwe akusonyeza kuti Columbia ali nawo ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ya Institute for Defense Analysis yomwe inachita kafukufuku pa nkhondo ku Vietnam, pamodzi ndi mgwirizano wake ku ROTC, inachititsa kuti zionetsero za Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) ziwonetsedwe. Iwo adagwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo wophunzira wa Afro-American Society (SOS) omwe adatsutsanso masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amapanga ndi Columbia ku Morningside Park athamangitsa mazana ambiri a ku America omwe amakhala pansi pa Harlem. Apolisi ochita zinthu mothandizira amatsogolera ku chipani cha aphunzitsi omwe amachititsa kuti Columbia ipitirire kwa semester yotsalira. Ngakhale zionetsero za ku Columbia zinatsogolera kumenyedwa ndi kumangidwa kwa ophunzira a 1,100, zoposa zizindikiro zina za 100 zinkachitika ku US ku 1968. Amenewa anali ophunzira a chaka chomwe anawona kuphedwa kwa Martin Luther King ndi Robert F. Kennedy, ndipo zikwi zikwi zotsutsa zipolopolo zimenyedwa, kupha, ndi kuikidwa m'ndende ndi apolisi ku Democratic National Convention ku Chicago. Pamapeto pake, zionetsero zawo zinasintha kusintha kwakukulu. Kufufuza kofufuza nkhondo sikunayambitsedwe ku Columbia, ROTC inachokapo pamodzi ndi asilikali ndi a CIA olemba ntchito, zojambula zojambulajambula zinasiyidwa, gulu lachikazi ndi maphunziro a mafuko anayamba. Ndipo potsiriza, nkhondo ya Vietnam, komanso ndondomeko, inatha.

April 24. Patsiku limeneli ku 1915, akatswiri ambiri a ku Armenian anamangidwa, anagwidwa ndi kutengedwa kupita ku ukapolo mumzinda wa Constantinople (womwe tsopano ndi Istanbul) ku Turkey. Kumeneko anthu ambiri anaphedwa. Atayang'aniridwa ndi gulu la okonzanso otchedwa "Young Turks," omwe adalowa mu 1908, boma la Muslim la Ufumu wa Ottoman linaganizira kuti Akhristu omwe si a Turki amaopseza chitetezo cha ufumuwo. Malingana ndi akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale, iwo adayankha kuti "Turkify," kapena kuyeretsa amitundu, chidziwitso mwa kutulutsa kapena kupha anthu ake achi Armenian. Mu 1914, anthu a ku Turkey adalowa m'Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse kumbali ya Germany ndi Ufumu wa Austro-Hungary, ndipo adalengeza nkhondo yoyera kwa onse osagwirizana. Anthu a ku Armenia atapanga asilikali odzipereka kuti athandize gulu la asilikali a ku Russia kukamenyana ndi anthu a ku Turkey m'dera la Caucasus, achinyamata a ku Turkey anakakamiza anthu a ku Armenia kuti achoke m'madera akumenyana ku Eastern Front. Anthu a ku Armenia omwe amadziwika kuti amatha kuphedwa, sanatenge chakudya kapena madzi, ndipo ena ambirimbiri anaphedwa chifukwa chopha anthu. Ndi 1922, osachepera 400,000 a Armenia oposa awiri miliyoni anakhalabe mu Ufumu wa Ottoman. Kuyambira pamene adapereka nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, boma la Turkey linanena kuti sikunapangitse anthu ku Armenia, koma zofunikira zankhondo zomwe anthu amawaona ngati adani. Mu 2010, komabe bungwe la US Congress linagonjetsa kupha anthu ambiri monga chiwawa. Chochitacho chinamuthandiza kuganizira kwambiri momwe kusakhulupirika kapena mantha a Wina, mosagwirizana ndi mkati kapena m'mayiko ena, angapitirire ku chilango chodetsa nkhaŵa chomwe chimaposa malire onse a makhalidwe.

April 25. Patsikuli mu 1974, Carnation Revolution inagonjetsa boma la Portugal, ulamuliro wolamulira woweruza umene udakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1933 - boma lokhalitsa lachilendo ku Western Europe. Zomwe zidayamba ngati gulu lankhondo, lokonzedwa ndi Gulu Lankhondo (gulu la asitikali omwe amatsutsana ndi boma), posakhalitsa lidakhala chipwirikiti chotchuka chopanda magazi pomwe anthu adanyalanyaza pempho loti akhale m'nyumba zawo. Carnation Revolution imadzitcha dzina kuchokera pamawonekedwe ofiira - anali munthawi yake - adayikidwa muzipolopolo za mfuti za asirikali ndi anthu omwe adalowa nawo m'misewu. Izi zidakwiya chifukwa choumiriza boma kuti lisunge madera ake, komwe akhala akumenyana ndi zigawenga kuyambira 1961. Nkhondozi sizimadziwika ndi anthu kapena ambiri ankhondo. Achichepere anali akusamuka kuti apewe kukakamizidwa kulowa usilikali. 40% ya bajeti yaku Portugal idadyedwa ndi nkhondo ku Africa. Mofulumira pambuyo pa ufulu wolanda boma utaperekedwa ku madera omwe kale anali Apwitikizi a Guinea Bisau, Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé ndi Príncipe, Angola, ndi East Timor. United States idachita mbali yovuta kwambiri pa Carnation Revolution. A Henry Kissinger anali otsutsa mwamphamvu kuchirikiza icho, ngakhale panali malingaliro amphamvu ochokera kwa kazembe wa US. Adanenetsa kuti ndiwoukira wachikomyunizimu. Pambuyo pa kupita ku Portugal ndi Teddy Kennedy ndi malingaliro ake amphamvu kuti athandizire kusintha komwe US ​​idaganiza zotero. Ku Portugal, kukondwerera mwambowu, Epulo 25 tsopano ndi tchuthi chadziko lonse, chotchedwa Tsiku la Ufulu. Carnation Revolution ikuwonetsa kuti simuyenera kuchita zachiwawa komanso zankhanza kuti mupeze mtendere.

April 26. Pa tsiku ili mu 1986, ngozi ya nyukiliya yapadziko lonse inachitika ku chomera cha nyukiliya cha Chernobyl pafupi ndi Pripyat, Ukraine, ku Soviet Union. Ngoziyi inachitika panthawi ya mayesero kuti awone momwe mbewuyo idzagwiritsire ntchito ngati itayika mphamvu. Ogwira ntchito zolima amapanga zolakwika zingapo panthawiyi, kuti apange malo osakhazikika mu reactor ya 4 yomwe inachititsa kuti moto ndi ziphuphu zitatu zomwe zinapukuta pamwamba pa zitsulo za 1,000-ton. Pomwe mtengowu unasungunuka pansi, mafunde a moto anawombera 1,000 mapazi kumtunda kwa masiku awiri, kutulutsa zinthu zowonongeka zomwe zimafalikira kumadzulo kwa Soviet Union ndi Europe. Anthu ambiri a 70,000 m'derali anali ndi poizoni wowopsa kwambiri, omwe anthu ambirimbiri anafa, monga ogwira ntchito oyeretsa 4,000 ku malo a Chernobyl. Zotsatira zina zinaphatikizapo kumangidwanso kwa anthu a 150,000 m'dera la 18-kilomita pafupi ndi Chernobyl, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zolakwitsa za m'derali, komanso khansa ya chithokomiro ku Ukraine konse. Kuchokera ku ngozi ya Chernobyl, akatswiri akhala akufotokoza mosiyana kwambiri malingaliro onena za mphamvu ya nyukiliya monga magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, The New York Times inanenedwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa ngozi ya nyukiliya ya March 2011 ku nyukiliya ya ku Fukushima Daiichi ku Japan kuti "a ku Japan atenga kale njira zothandizira kuti ngoziyi isakhalenso Chernobyl, ngakhale kuti mavitamini ena amamasulidwa." Koma Helen Caldicott, yemwe anayambitsa Madokotala a Udindo wa Pagulu, akutsutsa mu April 2011 Times op-ed "kuti palibe chinthu chokhala ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo" komanso kuti mphamvu ya nyukiliya isagwiritsidwe ntchito.

April 27. Patsikuli mu 1973, boma la Britain linatha kuthamangitsidwa kwa Diego Garcia ndi zidutswa zina za Chagos Archipelago m'chigawo chapakati cha Indian Ocean. Kuyambira ku 1967, anthu a ku China omwe ali pachilumbachi, omwe amadziwika kuti "Chagossia," adatengedwa kupita ku Mauritius, omwe kale anali olamulira ku British Ocean. wa Africa. Kuthamangitsidwa kumeneku kunafotokozedwa mu mgwirizano wa 1,000 pamene United Kingdom inachotsa zilumbazi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti British Indian Ocean Territory, ku US kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati asilikali omwe ali ndi zida zankhondo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, a British adalandira ndalama zogulira katundu ku US chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka pansi pamadzi komwe kanayambitsa Polaris ICBM. Ngakhale kuti panganoli linapindulitsa kwa mayiko onsewa, anthu a ku Chagos Islanders ku Mauritius anavutika kwambiri kuti apulumuke. Anapatsidwa ndalama zowonjezera ndalama za 1966 British mapaundi mu 650,000, koma woyenera kubwerera kwa Diego Garcia anakhalabe m'manda ndi milandu. Potsiriza, mu November 1977, boma la Britain linapereka lamulo lopweteka. Ponena za "zofuna, zotetezera ndi chitetezo, ndi mtengo kwa okhometsa msonkho wa ku Britain," boma linanena kuti anthu omwe anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi asanaloledwe kubwerera. M'malo mwake, zinapangidwa ndi zaka zina za 2016 ku US kuzilumba kwa Indian Ocean kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati asilikali, ndipo analonjeza Agijossia omwe anali atathamangako ndalama zina za mapaundi 20 miliyoni. Bungwe la UK Chagos Support Association, linati, "Oweruza a British" ndi chisankho chopanda nzeru komanso chonyansa chomwe chimanyoza mtunduwo. "

April 28. Patsikuli mu 1915, International Congress of Women, yomwe ili ndi nthumwi zina za 1,200 kuchokera ku mayiko a 12, inasonkhanitsa ku La Haye, Netherlands, kukonza njira zothetsera nkhondo zomwe zikuchitika ku Ulaya ndi kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yothetsa nkhondo zamtsogolo kuphunzira ndi kukonza njira zothetsera zifukwa zawo. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zoyambirira, nthumwi za msonkhanowo zinapereka ziganizo ndipo zinatumizira nthumwi ku mayiko ambiri amtendere mu Nkhondo Yadziko lonse, ndikukhulupirira kuti, monga amayi, kuchita kwawo mwamtendere kungakhale ndi khalidwe labwino. Koma, chifukwa cha ntchito yopitiliza kuphunzira ndi kuthetsa zifukwa za nkhondo, adapanga bungwe latsopano lotchedwa Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Pulezidenti woyamba wa dziko lonse, Jane Addams, analandiridwa yekha ndi Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson ku Washington, yemwe adakhazikitsa mfundo zisanu ndi zinayi zotchuka kwambiri zapakati pa Nkhondo Yoyamba I pazokambirana za WILPF. Likulu la ku Geneva, Switzerland, Lachitatu likugwira ntchito masiku ano m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, a dziko lonse, ndi a m'midzi, komanso magawo a dziko lonse lapansi, kukonzekera misonkhano ndi misonkhano yomwe imaphunzira ndikukambirana nkhani zofunika pa tsikuli. Zina mwazimenezi ndizo ufulu wa amayi komanso chilungamo cha fuko ndi zachuma. Padziko lonse, bungwe limagwirira ntchito kuti lipititse patsogolo mtendere ndi ufulu, kutumiza maiko kumayiko omwe ali kumenyana, ndipo, ndi mabungwe ndi maboma apadziko lonse, kuti athetse mtendere wamtendere. Chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwawo, atsogoleri awiri a League adapambana ndi Nobel Peace Prize: Jane Addams ku 1931 ndipo, mu 1946, Woyamba Wadziko Lonse wa WILPF, Emily Greene Balch.

April 29. Pa tsiku ili mu 1975, pamene South Vietnam inali pafupi kugwa kwa magulu a Chikomyunizimu, oposa a 1,000 Achimereka ndi 5,000 Vietnamese anathamangitsidwa ndi helikopita kuchokera ku likulu la dziko la Saigon, kupita ku sitima za US ku South China Sea. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndege za helikopita kunayambika ndi mabomba akuluakulu a ndege ya Saigon ya Tan Son Nhut m'mbuyomu. Ngakhale kuti zinali zovuta kwambiri, opaleshoniyi inali yotetezedwa ndi ndege ya 65,000 South Vietnamese yomwe inali yosasokonezeka, yomwe inali m'maboti ogwira nsomba, m'mphepete mwa maboti, m'mapikisano, komanso m'masampu, omwe ankayembekezera kuti apange sitima zapamadzi za 40 ku America. Kutuluka kumeneku kunatsatiridwa ndi zaka zoposa ziwiri mgwirizano wamtendere unasaina mu January 1973 ndi nthumwi za US, South Vietnam, Vietcong, ndi North Vietnam. Iwo ankafuna kuti asiye ku Vietnam, kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali a US, kumasulidwa kwa akaidi a nkhondo, ndi kugwirizana kwa North ndi South Vietnam mwa njira zamtendere. Ngakhale asilikali onse a US atachoka ku Vietnam pa March 1973, akuluakulu a usilikali a 7,000 adasungidwa kumbuyo kuti athandize asilikali a ku Vietnam kuti abwerere kuphwanya malamulo a kumpoto kwa Vietnam ndi Vietcong kuti posakhalitsa anawonjezereka ku nkhondo yonse. Nkhondo itatha pamene Saigon agwa pa April 30, 1975, Bui Tin wa kumpoto kwa Vietnam, adanena kwa otsala a South Vietnamese kuti: "Inu mulibe mantha. Pakati pa Vietnam palibe wopambana ndipo palibe wopambana. Anthu a ku America okha ndi omwe agonjetsedwa. "Komabe, zinali zovuta, ngakhale za 58,000 American zakufa komanso miyoyo ya asilikali ndi anthu wamba okwana mamiliyoni anayi.

April 30. Patsiku lino ku 1977, anthu a 1,415 anamangidwa chifukwa chotsutsa kwambiri pa chomera cha nyukiliya chomwe chikumangidwa ku Seabrook, New Hampshire. Pochititsa kuti anthu ambiri amangidwa m'mbiri yakale ku United States, mayiko a Seabrook athandiza kuti dziko lonse lisamenyane ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya ndipo linathandiza kwambiri kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya za ku America komanso maboma omwe amapanga maofesi ambirimbiri padziko lonse lapansi. Poyamba anakonza zoti magetsi awiri azibwera pa Intaneti ndi 1981 pa mtengo wosachepera $ 1 biliyoni, kuikidwa kwa Seabrook kunatsimikiziridwa kuti kachepetsedwe kukhala kachipangizo kamodzi komwe kanalipira $ 6.2 biliyoni ndipo sanabwere pa malonda pa intaneti mpaka 1990. Kwa zaka zambiri, zomera za Seabrook zakhalabe ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri ya chitetezo. Iyenso yathandiza kwambiri boma la Massachusetts kuti lizitsatira malamulo okhudzidwa ndi mpweya wa carbon. Komabe, olimbikitsa mphamvu zotsutsana ndi nyukiliya amatchula zifukwa zingapo kuti apitirizebe kutseka makina a nyukiliya, osati kumanga zambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo ndalama zamakono komanso zomangamanga; Kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa njira zina zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezereka; zotsatira zoopsa za chowongolera mwangozi; kufunika koonetsetsa kuti njira zowonongeka zimatha; ndipo, makamaka chofunika kwambiri, vuto lopitirira la kusungidwa kosatha kwa nyukiliya. Mavuto amenewa, omwe amadziwitsidwa ndi ena monga gawo la chiwonetsero cha Seabrook, adachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya ku US kupanga. Pogwiritsa ntchito 2015, chiwerengero chapamwamba cha reactor 112 ku US mu 1990s chidadulidwa ku 99. Zina zisanu ndi ziwiri zinakonzedweratu kuti zitseke zaka 10 zotsatirazi.

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

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Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.

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Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

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World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.