March

March 1
March 2
March 3
March 4
March 5
March 6
March 7
March 8
March 9
March 10
March 11
March 12
March 13
March 14
March 15
March 16
March 17
March 18
March 19
March 20
March 21
March 22
March 23
March 24
March 25
March 26
March 27
March 28
March 29
March 30
March 31

March 1. Tsiku la Pacific Free and Independent Pacific, aka Bikini Tsiku. Lero ndilo tsiku lachikumbutso cha bomba la United States la thermo-nuclear hydrogen bomb la 'Bravo' ku Bikini Atoll ku Micronesia ku 1954. Mu 1946, msilikali wina woimira boma la US adafunsa anthu a Bikini ngati akufuna kuti achoke pa "kanthawi kochepa" kuti United States iyambe kuyesa mabomba a atomiki kuti "ubwino wa anthu ndi kuthetsa nkhondo zonse zapadziko lonse. "Anthu adaletsedwa kubwerera kunyumba kwawo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala owononga mphamvu omwe amakhalapo. Kuphulika kwa 1954 kunayendayenda pamtunda kuposa mamita 200 mamita ndi mamita ambiri, kusungunuka makungwa ambirimbiri omwe analowa m'mlengalenga pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi a m'nyanja. Maseŵera a maulendo m'mabwalo a Rongerik, Ujelang, ndi Likiep anakhazikika kwambiri. Msilikali wa ku America sanatumize zombo kuti apulumuke anthu a Rongelap ndi Utirik mpaka patapita masiku atatu chitaphulika. Anthu kuzilumba za Marshall ndi malo oyandikana nawo a Pacific adagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ngati nkhumba za anthu mu kuyesa kosautsa kwa United States kuti atsatire zida za nyukiliya. Tsiku la Pacific ndi Free Independent Pacific ndi tsiku lakumbukira kuti maganizo a chikomyunizimu omwe analola, ndipo m'njira zambiri analimbikitsidwa, zoopsa zomwe tatchulazi zidalipobe lero, pamene Pacific sichikhalabe mphamvu ya nyukiliya kapena yodziimira. Ili ndi tsiku labwino polimbana ndi zida za nyukiliya.

March 2. Patsikuli mu 1955, miyezi isanafike Rosa Parks, mtsikana wina Claudette Colvin anamangidwa ku Montgomery, Alabama, chifukwa chokana kusiya mpando wake wa basi kwa munthu woyera. Colvin ndi mpainiya wa American Civil Rights Movement. Pa March 2^nd, 1955, Colvin anali akukwera kunyumba kuchokera kusukulu m'basi yamzinda pomwe woyendetsa basi anamuuza kuti apereke mpando wake kwa mzungu. Colvin anakana kuchita izi, nati, "Ndi ufulu wanga kukhala pano monga mayi uja. Ndalipira mtengo wake, ndi ufulu wanga malinga ndi malamulo. ” Anamva kuti akukakamizika kuyimirira. "Ndimamva ngati Mlendo Choonadi akukankhira pansi paphewa limodzi ndipo Harriet Tubman akukankhira pansi inayo - nati, 'Khala pansi msungwana!' Ndidalumikizidwa pampando wanga, ”adatero Newsweek. Colvin adamangidwa pamilandu ingapo, kuphatikizapo kuphwanya malamulo akusiyanitsa mzindawo. National Association for the Development of People Colors idaganizira mwachidule nkhani ya Colvin kutsutsa malamulo atsankho, koma adaganiza zotsutsana ndi izi chifukwa cha msinkhu wake. Zambiri zolembedwa pa mbiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Montgomery zanenanso zakumangidwa kwa Rosa Parks, mayi wina yemwe adakana kusiya mpando wake basi, miyezi isanu ndi inayi Colvin. Pomwe Parks idalengezedwa kuti ndi heroine wolimbana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, nkhani ya a Claudette Colvin sanazindikire kwenikweni. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yake pomenya nkhondo yothetsa tsankho ku Montgomery mwina sichingadziwike, Colvin adathandizira kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wachibadwidwe mzindawu.

March 3. Patsikuli mu 1863, lamulo loyamba la malamulo a US linaperekedwa. Ilo liri ndi chigamulo chopereka mpukutu wosungira kuti ugule $ 300. Panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, US Congress inapereka ntchito yolemba boma yomwe inachititsa kuti anthu a ku America apange nkhondo yoyamba ya nkhondo ku America. Chiyesochi chimafuna kulembedwa kwa amuna onse pakati pa zaka za 20 ndi 45, kuphatikizapo 'alendo' omwe anali ndi cholinga chokhala nzika, ndi April 1st. Zowonongeka kuchokera pa zolembera zingagulidwe kwa $ 300 kapena kupeza choyimira chojambula. Chigamulochi chinayambitsa chipolowe chakupha mumzinda wa New York City, kumene otsutsa adakalipira kuti zoperekazo zidaperekedwa kwa anthu olemera kwambiri ku US, popeza palibe munthu wosauka amene angakwanitse kugula izi. Ngakhale Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni inaona choyamba cholembera cha nzika za US kuti achite nkhondo, bungwe la 1792 la Congress linkafuna kuti nzika zonse zamwamuna zigule mfuti ndi kujowina msilikali. Panalibe chilango cha kusagwirizana ndi ntchitoyi. Bungwe la Congress linaperekanso ufulu wochita nawo nkhondo m'kati mwa Nkhondo ya 1812, koma nkhondo inatha izi zisanachitike. Panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, boma la Confederate States of America linakhazikitsanso ndondomeko yovomerezeka ya usilikali. Anthu a ku America adayambanso kukonza usilikali panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi, ku 1940 kuti dziko la US likonzekere kulowerera nawo nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, komanso pa nkhondo ya Korea. Gulu lomaliza la usilikali la US linayambika pa nkhondo ya Vietnam.

March 4. Pa tsiku lino mu 1969, Union of Concerned Scientists (kapena UCS) inakhazikitsidwa. UCS ndi gulu loteteza sayansi yopanda phindu lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi asayansi komanso ophunzira ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chaka chomwecho, nkhondo ya Vietnam inali itakula ndipo Mtsinje wa Cuyahoga wonyansa kwambiri udayaka moto. Pokhumudwa ndi momwe boma la US limagwiritsira ntchito sayansi molakwika pomenya nkhondo komanso kuwononga chilengedwe, oyambitsa UCS adalemba lipoti lofuna kuti kafukufuku wasayansi achotsedwe pamaukadaulo ankhondo ndikuthana ndi mavuto azachuma komanso zachuma. Chikalata choyambitsa bungweli chimati chidapangidwa kuti "ayambe kuwunika kosavuta ndikupitilizabe mfundo zamaboma m'malo omwe sayansi ndi ukadaulo zilidi zofunikira kapena zotheka" ndikupanga "njira zothetsera ntchito zofufuzira kusiya kutsindika kwa ukadaulo wankhondo njira yothetsera mavuto aakulu a chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe. ” Bungweli limagwiritsa ntchito asayansi, azachuma, ndi mainjiniya omwe akuchita nawo zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo, komanso oyang'anira ndi othandizira. Kuphatikiza apo, UCS imayang'ana pa mphamvu zoyera komanso njira zachitetezo zachitetezo komanso zachilengedwe. Bungweli ladziperekanso kwambiri pakuchepetsa zida zanyukiliya. UCS idathandizira kukankhira nyumba yamalamulo yaku US kuti ivomereze Pangano Latsopano Lotsitsa Zida (New START) kuti achepetse zida zanyukiliya zaku US ndi Russia. Kuchepetsa kumeneku kumachepetsa zida zanyukiliya zochulukirapo. Mabungwe ambiri alowa nawo ntchitoyi, ndipo pali zambiri zoti zichitike.

March 5. Patsiku lino mu 1970, mgwirizano wa nyukiliya wosagwira ntchito unayamba kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa mayiko a 43. Panganoli pa kusapitirira kwa zida za nyukiliya, womwe umadziwika kuti Non-Proliferation Treaty kapena NPT, ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi cholinga choletsa kufalikira kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi ukadaulo wa zida, ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakugwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu mphamvu za nyukiliya. Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizanowu ukufuna kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu chokwaniritsa zida zanyukiliya komanso kuthana ndi zida zathunthu. Panganoli lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1970. Pa Meyi 11, 1995, mgwirizanowu udakulitsidwa mpaka kalekale. Mayiko ambiri atsatira NPT kuposa mgwirizano wina uliwonse wopewera zida zankhondo, womwe ndi umboni wofunikira panganoli. Mayiko 191 alowa mgwirizanowu. India, Israel, Pakistan, ndi South Sudan, mayiko anayi a United Nations, sanalowe nawo mu NPT. Panganoli limavomereza United States, Russia, UK, France, ndi China ngati mayiko asanu okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya. Mayiko ena anayi amadziwika kuti ali ndi zida za nyukiliya: India, North Korea, ndi Pakistan, omwe avomereza izi, ndi Israel, yomwe ikana kuyankhula za izi. Zipani za nyukiliya zomwe zikuchitika mgwirizanowu zikuyenera kutsatira "zokambirana mokhulupirika pazinthu zothandiza kuthana ndi zida zanyukiliya koyambirira komanso zida zanyukiliya." Kulephera kwawo kutero kwapangitsa mayiko omwe si a nyukiliya kuti achite mgwirizano watsopano oletsa zida za nyukiliya. Vuto lalikulu ngati pangano latsopanoli likhazikitsidwa lidzalimbikitsa mayiko anyukiliya kuti avomereze.

March 6. Patsiku lino mu 1967, Muhammad Ali adalamulidwa ndi Selective Service kuti apititse ku Msilikali wa US. Iye anakana, kunena kuti zikhulupiriro zake zachipembedzo zinamuletsa kuti aphe. Atatembenukira ku Islam mu 1964, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr anasintha dzina lake kukhala Muhammad Ali. Adzakhalabe mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse lapansi nthawi zitatu. Pa nkhondo ya ku America ku Vietnam ku 1967, Ali anakana kulowa usilikali. Chifukwa cha kukana kwake, Muhammad Ali anaweruzidwa kuti achoke pamsonkhanowo ndipo adagwetsedwa m'ndende zaka zisanu. Anaperekedwanso ndalama zokwana madola zikwi khumi ndipo analetsedwa ku bokosi kwa zaka zitatu. Ali anakwanitsa kupeŵa nthawi ya ndende, koma sanabwerenso ku mphete ya bokosi mpaka October wa 1970. Pa nthawi yonse Ali analetsedwa ku bokosi, adatsutsa nkhondo ku Vietnam pomwe adakonzekera kubwerera ku masewera a 1970. Anayesedwa kwambiri ndi anthu chifukwa chotsutsana ndi nkhondoyi momasuka, komabe anakhalabe wokhulupirika ku zikhulupiliro zake kuti kunali kolakwika kuukira anthu a ku Vietnam pamene Afirika ku America akuzunzidwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale Ali ankadziwika kuti anali ndi mphamvu komanso luso lolimbana ndi kumenya nkhondo, sanali wothandizira zachiwawa. Iye anatenga chikhalidwe cha mtendere mu nthawi yomwe zinali zoopsa ndi zowawa kuchita zimenezo.

March 7. Pa tsiku lino mu 1988, zinanenedwa kuti Atlanta Division wa Khoti Lachigawo la United States adalamula kuti gulu la mtendere liyenera kukhala ndi mwayi womwewo kwa ophunzira ku sukulu ya sekondale masiku ngati olemba usilikali. Chigamulochi, chomwe chinaperekedwa pa March 4, 1988, chinali kuyankha mlandu wa Atlanta Peace Alliance (APA) pofotokoza kuti Atlanta Board of Education inaphwanya ufulu woyamba ndi wachinayi pokonza ufulu mwa kukana anthu a APA chilolezo kuti apereke chidziwitso pa maphunziro ndi ntchito mwayi wokhudzana ndi mtendere kwa ophunzira m'masukulu onse a Atlanta. A APA ankafuna mwayi womwewo monga olemba usilikali kuti aike mabuku awo pamabwalo a zisukulu, ku ofesi zothandizira sukulu, ndi kutenga nawo mbali ku Ntchito za Achinyamata ndi Masiku Achinyamata. Pa August 13, 1986, Khotilo linagamula mokondweretsa APA ndipo linalamula Bungwe kuti lipereke APA mwayi womwewo woperekedwa kwa olemba usilikali. Komabe, Bungwe linapereka chigamulo, chomwe chinaperekedwa pa April 17, 1987. Nkhaniyi inayesedwa mu October 1987. Khotilo linanena kuti APA ili ndi ufulu wofananirana ndipo idapatsa Bungwe la Maphunziro kupereka mwayi wofanana wopereka ophunzira ku sukulu zapamwamba za Atlanta ndi zokhudzana ndi ntchito za kupanga mtendere komanso za usilikali poika mabuku pamabuku a sukulu ndi kusukulu maofesi otsogolera. Inanenanso kuti APA inali ndi ufulu wopita nawo ku Ntchito Zakale komanso kuti malamulo ndi malamulo omwe amaletsa kutsutsa ntchito zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamayambe kukambirana nawo chifukwa chotsutsa ufulu wawo.

March 8. Patsiku lino ku 1965, ku United States v. Seeger, Khoti Lalikulu la United States linawonjezera chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira. Mlanduwu anali utaperekedwa ndi anthu atatu omwe anati adakanidwa kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa chokana kulowa chipembedzo china. Kukana kwawo kunali kutengera malamulo omwe amapezeka mu Universal Military Training and Service Act. Malamulowa akunena kuti anthu akhoza kumasulidwa kulowa usilikali ngati "zikhulupiriro zawo kapena maphunziro awo awapangitsa kuti azilephera kupita kunkhondo kapena kulowa usilikali." Chikhulupiriro chimatanthauziridwa kutanthauza kukhulupirira "Wam'mwambamwamba." Kutanthauzira kwa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo kudalira tanthauzo la "Wam'mwambamwamba." M'malo mosintha malamulowa, Khotilo linasankha kufotokoza tanthauzo la “Wamkulukulu.” Khotilo linanena kuti "Munthu Wamkulukulu" ayenera kutanthauziridwa kutanthauza "mphamvu kapena chinthu, kapena chikhulupiriro, chomwe chimagonjetsedwa ndi ena onse kapena chomwe chimadalira chilichonse." Khotilo lidagamula kuti "kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima sikungosungidwa kwa iwo okha omwe amati amatsatira malangizo a munthu wapamwamba, komanso kwa iwo omwe malingaliro awo pankhani yankhondo achokera pachikhulupiriro chokwanira komanso chowona mtima chomwe chimakhala mu moyo wa malo ake anali malo ogwirizana ndi aja odzazidwa ndi Mulungu wa iwo ”amene anali okhululukidwa nthawi zonse. Kumasulira kwa mawuwa kunagwiritsidwanso ntchito kusiyanitsa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndi zandale, zachikhalidwe kapena zanzeru, zomwe siziloledwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito malinga ndi chikumbumtima chawo.

March 9. Patsiku lino ku 1945, United States inawombera Tokyo. Mabomba a napalm anapha anthu ochepa a ku Japan a 100,000, anavulaza milioni, nyumba zowonongeka, ndipo zinachititsa ngakhale mitsinje kuwira ku Tokyo. Izi zimaonedwa kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya nkhondo. Bomba la Tokyo linatsatiridwa kuthamanga kwa atomiki kuwononga Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, ndipo ankaganiza kuti kubwezera kwa adani a ku Japan kunkhondo ya Pearl Harbor. Olemba mbiri adapeza pambuyo pake kuti US sakudziwa chabe za kuthekera kwa Pearl Harbor, koma adaipsetsa. Amuna a US atanena kuti Hawaii ku 1893, kumanga nyumba ya nyanja ya US ku Pearl Harbor inayamba. A US adalimbikitsa chuma chake mwa kupereka zida kwa mitundu yambiri ikutsatira WWI, komanso pomanga maziko ambiri mwa iwo. Ndi 1941, a US anali kuphunzitsa China Air Force pamene ankawapatsa iwo ndi zida, nkhondo ndi mabomba ndege. Kudula zida zankhondo ku Japan pamene kumanga nkhondo ya China inali njira yomwe inakwiyitsa Japan. Kuopseza kuti dziko la US linalowerera ku Pacific linapitirizabe mpaka kazembe wa ku United States ku Japan atamva za kutha kwa Pearl Harbor, ndipo anadziwitsa boma lake kuti mwina miyezi khumi ndi iwiri isanakwane ku Japan. Usilikali unayamba kutchuka ku US pamene unakula ndipo unapereka mwayi kwa anthu a ku America mwa kupeza ndi kulimbikitsa nkhondo. Oposa a 405,000 a US anafera, ndipo oposa 607,000 anavulazidwa panthawi ya WWII, gawo limodzi la anthu oposa 60 kapena oposa ambiri omwe anamwalira. Ngakhale ziwerengero izi, Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo inakula, ndipo adatchedwanso Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku 1948.

March 10. On lero mu 1987 bungwe la United Nations linakana kuti chikumbumtima chawo chikanafuna kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha ufulu wawo. Kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima kumatanthauza kukana pa zifukwa zamakhalidwe kapena zachipembedzo kunyamula zida za nkhondo kapena kulowa usilikali. Kuzindikira uku kunakhazikitsa ufuluwu monga gawo la ufulu wamaganizidwe, chikumbumtima, ndi chipembedzo cha munthu aliyense. Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe la UN lalimbikitsanso mayiko omwe ali ndi mfundo zokakamiza kulowa usilikali kuti "aganize zopereka njira zosiyanasiyana kwa anthu omwe amakana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zomwe amakhulupirira zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zifukwa zomwe amakana kulowa usilikali, poganizira zomwe mayiko ena adakumana nazo pankhaniyi , ndi kuti asamayike anthu otsekeredwa m'ndende. ” Kuzindikira kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima, kumalola iwo omwe amawona kuti nkhondo ndiyolakwika komanso yonyansa kukana kutenga nawo mbali. Kuzindikira ufuluwu kumakhalabe ntchito. Ku United States msilikali amene akukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chake ayenera kukakamiza asitikaliwo kuti avomere. Ndipo kukana kumenya nkhondo sikuloledwa konse; wina akhoza kutsutsa nkhondo zonse. Koma kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira kufunika kwa ufulu kukukulirakulira, ndipo zipilala padziko lonse lapansi zimamangidwa kuti zizilemekeza anthu omwe amakana kulowa usilikali komanso tchuthi chokhazikitsidwa pa Meyi 15. Purezidenti wa US a John F. Kennedy adatsimikiza zakufunika kwa izi polemba izi kwa mnzake: "Nkhondo idzakhalapo mpaka tsiku lakutali lomwe munthu wokana kulowa usilikali ali ndi mbiri yofanana ndi yomwe wankhondo ali nayo masiku ano."

March 11. Pa tsiku lino ku 2004, anthu a 191 anaphedwa ndi mabomba a Al-Qaeda ku Madrid, Spain. Mmawa wa March 11^th, 2004, Spain adawona chigawenga chakupha kapena chosagonjetsa nkhondo m'mbiri yake yatsopano. Anthu a 191 anaphedwa ndipo oposa 1,800 anavulala pamene mabomba pafupifupi khumi anaphulika pa sitima zinayi zapamtunda komanso pa sitima zitatu za sitima pafupi ndi Madrid. Kuphulika kunayambitsidwa ndi zipangizo zopangidwa ndi manja, zopangidwa ndi zipangizo zosokoneza. Poyambirira, mabombawa ankaganiza kuti ndi ntchito ya ETA, gulu la Basque separatist lomwe limatchedwa gulu lachigawenga ndi United States ndi European Union. Gululo linatsutsa mwamphamvu ntchito za mabomba okwera sitima. Patangotha ​​masiku angapo pambuyo pochitika zipolopolo, gulu la zigawenga la Al-Qaeda linati ndilowetserako zidazi ndi uthenga woonera mavidiyo. Ambiri ku Spain komanso mayiko ochuluka padziko lonse lapansi adalangizidwa ngati kubwezera kuti dziko la Spain lilowe nawo nkhondo ku Iraq. Kuukira kumeneku kunachitikiranso masiku awiri okha chisankhulo chachikulu cha Chisipanishi chomwe anthu odana ndi nkhondo, Socialist, chotsogoleredwa ndi Pulezidenti Jose Rodriguez, adayamba kulamulira. Rodriguez anaonetsetsa kuti asilikali onse a ku Spain adzachotsedwa ku Iraq, ndipo omalizira awo adzachoka mu May of 2004. Pofuna kukumbukira anthu amene anazunzidwa mwankhanza, nkhalango ya chikumbutso inabzalidwa ku Park ya El Retiro ku Madrid, pafupi ndi imodzi mwa sitimayo. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lomwe mungayesere kuthetsa chiwawa.

March 12. Pa tsiku lino ku 1930 Gandhi adayamba Mchere wa Mchere. Mchitidwe wa Salt wa Britain unalepheretsa Amwenye kusonkhanitsa kapena kugulitsa mchere, mchere umene unali chakudya chachikulu cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Nzika za ku India zinkayenera kugula mchere mwachindunji kuchokera ku Britain omwe sanangotenga makampani a mchere okha komanso ankapereka msonkho wolemera. Mtsogoleri wodziimira payekha, Mohandas Gandhi, adawona kuti kunyalanyaza mcherewo ndi njira yowonetsera kuti Amwenye aphwanye malamulo a Britain mwa njira yopanda chiwawa. Pa March 12^th, Gandhi adachoka ku Sabarmati ndi 78 akutsatira ndikupita ku tauni ya Dandi ku Arabiya, komwe gululi lidzipangira mchere kuchokera kumadzi. Ulendo umenewu unali pafupi ndi 241 mailosi yaitali, ndipo panjira Gandhi adapeza anthu ambirimbiri akutsatira. Anthu sanamvere ku India konse, ndipo amwenye a 60,000 anamangidwa, kuphatikizapo Gandhi mwiniwake pa May 21st. Kusamvera malamulo kwapachiweniweni kunapitirira. Mu January wa 1931, Gandhi anatulutsidwa m'ndende. Anakumana ndi Viceroy wa ku India, Ambuye Irwin, ndipo adagwirizana kuti achoke pamsonkhano wa London pa tsogolo la India. Msonkhanowo sunakhale ndi zotsatira zomwe Gandhi ankayembekezera, koma atsogoleri a Britain adadziwa mphamvu yomwe bamboyu adali nayo pakati pa anthu a ku India komanso kuti sakanatha kufooka. Ndipotu kusagwirizana kwa anthu osagonjera ku India kunapitirizabe mpaka British akuvomereza ndipo India adamasulidwa ku ntchito yawo ku 1947.

March 13. Patsiku lino mu 1968, mitambo ya mpweya wa mitsempha inatuluka kunja kwa asilikali a United States a Dugway Proving Grounds ku Utah, kupha nyama ya 6,400 kufupi ndi Skull Valley. Dugway Proving Grounds idakhazikitsidwa mzaka za 1940 kuti apatse asitikali malo akutali kuti akayese zida. Masiku angapo izi zisanachitike, Asitikali anali atakwera ndege yodzaza ndi mpweya wamafuta m'chipululu cha Utah. Ntchito ya ndegeyo inali kupopera mpweya kumadera akutali a m'chipululu cha Utah, mayeso omwe anali gawo laling'ono pakufufuza komwe kumachitika zida zamankhwala ndi zida zankhondo ku Dugway. Mpweya wamafuta womwe unkayesedwa unkadziwika kuti VX, chinthu choopsa katatu poizoni ngati Sarin. M'malo mwake, dontho limodzi la VX limatha kupha munthu pafupifupi mphindi 10. Patsiku la mayeso, mphuno yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mpweya wamafuta idathyoledwa, kotero kuti ndegeyo itachoka bwalolo lidapitiliza kutulutsa VX. Mphepo yamphamvu inanyamula mpweyawo kupita ku Chigwa cha Chibade kumene nkhosa zikwi zambiri zinali kudyetsa. Akuluakulu aboma sagwirizana pa nambala yeniyeni ya nkhosa zomwe zafa, koma ndi pakati pa 3,500 ndi 6,400. Izi zitachitika, gulu lankhondo lidatsimikizira anthu kuti kufa kwa nkhosa zochuluka kwambiri sikukadatheka chifukwa cha madontho ochepa a VX opopera patali kwambiri. Izi zidakwiyitsa anthu ambiri aku America omwe adakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri ndi Asitikali komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mosasamala zida zowononga anthu ambiri.

March 14. Pa tsiku lino mu 1879 Albert Einstein anabadwa. Einstein, mmodzi wa malingaliro opangidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, anabadwira ku Württemberg, Germany. Anamaliza maphunziro ake ambiri ku Switzerland, kumene adaphunzitsidwa kukhala mphunzitsi mufizikiki ndi masamu. Atalandira diploma yake ku 1901, sanathe kupeza malo ophunzitsira ndipo adalandira udindo ngati wothandizira pa Swiss Patent Office. Anapanga ntchito yake yambiri yotchuka panthaŵi yake yaulere. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, Einstein adagwira nawo ntchito yayikuru mu Boma la Padziko Lonse. Anaperekedwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Boma la Israeli, koma adapereka mwayiwu. Ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri ndizo Chidziwitso chapadera cha mgwirizano, chiyanjano, chiphunzitso chachiwiri cha mgwirizano, chifukwa chiyani nkhondo ?, ndi Filosofi yanga. Ngakhale kuti zopereka za sayansi za Einstein zathandiza asayansi ena kupanga bomba la atomiki, iye mwiniwakeyo analibe gawo pa kupanga mabomba a atomiki atagwetsedwa ku Japan, ndipo kenako anadula kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse za atomiki. Komabe, ngakhale kuti anali ndi zikhulupiliro za moyo wake wonse, adalembera Purezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt m'malo mwa gulu la asayansi omwe anali ndi chidwi ndi zomwe America anachita pofufuza kafukufuku wa zida za atomiki, poopa kuti Germany adapeza zida zoterezi. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, Einstein adafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma ladziko lomwe lidzayendetsa makina a nyukiliya ndikuletsa nkhondo zam'tsogolo. Analimbikitsanso kuti dziko lonse lisalowe nawo nkhondo. Anamwalira ku Princeton, New Jersey ku 1955.

March 15. Patsiku lino ku 1970, aphungu a 78 adagwidwa pamayesero ovomerezedwa ndi Amwenye a ku America kuti atenge Fort Lawton, akuwuza mzinda wa Seattle kuti uwapatse malo omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa Achimereka Achimereka. Msonkhanowo unayambitsidwa ndi gulu la United Indians of All Tribes, lokonzedweratu ndi Bernie Whitebear. Otsutsa omwe adagonjetsa Fort Lawton, posindikiza asilikali a 1,100-acre ku Seattle's Magnolia, adatero chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa maiko a Native America ndi otsutsa ndi mavuto omwe anakumana nawo a "Indian Indian" akukula. Mu 1950s, boma la US linakhazikitsa ndondomeko yosamutsa anthu ambiri a ku India ku mizinda yambiri, powalonjeza ntchito yabwino komanso maphunziro abwino. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, mzinda wa Seattle unali wodziwa "vuto" la Amwenye akumidzi, komabe Achimereka anali adanyozedwa kwambiri mu ndale za Seattle ndipo anakhumudwa chifukwa chofuna kukambirana. Oyera, owuzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka Black Power, adaganiza zokonzekera ku Fort Lawton. Apa ochita zotsutsa adakumana ndi 392^nd Nkhondo ya Military Police yomwe inali ndi zida zankhanza. Amwenye omwe analipo anali "atanyamula" masangweji, matumba ogona, ndi ziwiya zophika. Amwenye Achimereka adagonjetsa kumbali zonse, koma kukumana kwakukulu kunachitika pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa malo omwe msilikali wa asilikali a 40 anafika pamalowa ndikuyamba kukokera anthu kupita kundende. Mu 1973 asilikali adapatsa malo ambiri, osati Achimereka Achimereka, koma kumudzi kuti adziwe Park.

March 16. Patsiku lino mu 1921, Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yadziko Anakhazikitsidwa. Bungwe ili ndi gulu la antimilitarist ndi la pacifist lomwe liri ndi mphamvu yaikulu padziko lonse ndi magulu oposa 80 ogwirizana m'mayiko a 40. Otsambitsa ambiri a bungwe lino adagonjetsedwa ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, monga mlembi woyamba wa WRI, Herbert Brown, amene adatumizidwa kundende zaka ziwiri ndi theka chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo. Gululi linkadziwika kuti War Resisters League, kapena WRL, ku United States kumene idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo ku 1923. WRI, yemwe likulu lake liri ku London, amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndizolakwa kwa anthu komanso kuti nkhondo zonse, ngakhale ziribe cholinga chawo, zimangotumikira zandale komanso chuma cha boma. Kuwonjezera apo, nkhondo zonse zimayambitsa kuwononga kwa chilengedwe, kuzunzika ndi imfa ya anthu, ndipo pamapeto pake mphamvu zatsopano za ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro. Gululi likuyesera kuthetsa nkhondo, kuyambitsa mipikisano yopanda malire yomwe ikuphatikiza magulu a anthu ndi anthu payekha potsiriza nkhondo. WRI ikuyendetsa mapulogalamu atatu akuluakulu kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake: Pulogalamu ya Ufulu Wopanda Ufulu, yomwe imalimbikitsa njira monga kukana kuteteza ndi kusagwirizanitsa, Ufulu Wopanda Kupha Mapulogalamu, omwe amathandiza anthu kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za usilikali ndi ntchito, Militization of Youth Program, yomwe imayesa kuzindikira ndi kutsutsa njira zomwe achinyamata a dziko akulimbikitsidwa kuti avomereze miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino monga nkhondo, ulemu, zachibadwa, kapena zosayenera.

March 17. Patsiku lino ku 1968 pa ulendo waukulu kwambiri wa nkhondo ku Vietnam ku Britain mpaka lero, anthu a 25,000 anayesa kulimbana ndi a Embassy ku America ku Grosvenor Square ku London. Chochitikacho chinayambika mwamtendere ndi mwamtundu, ndi anthu a 80,000 omwe anasonkhana kuti atsutsane ndi nkhondo ya United States ku Vietnam ndi thandizo la Britain kuti America alowe nawo pankhondo. Embassy ya ku United States inazungulira ndi mazana apolisi. Wolemba masewero ndi wotsutsa nkhondo wankhondo Vanessa Redgrave ndi omutsatira ake atatu adaloledwa kulowa mu ambassy kuti apereke chionetsero cholembedwa. Kunja, gulu la anthulo linaloledwa kulowa ku ambassy, ​​komabe iwo anakana kuimirira, kuponya miyala, kuwombera moto, ndi kusuta mabomba kwa apolisi. Ena mwa mboni zowona maso adanena kuti otsutsawo adagwiritsa ntchito chiwawa pambuyo poti "khungu" linayamba kulira malipoti a nkhondo. Pafupifupi maola anayi pambuyo pake, anthu pafupifupi 300 anamangidwa ndipo anthu a 75 anagonekedwa m'chipatala, kuphatikizapo apolisi a 25. Wotsogolera nyimbo ndi wothandizira a gulu lopambana la miyala The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger anali mmodzi mwa otsutsa pa Grosvenor Square lero, ndipo ena adakhulupirira kuti zochitikazo zinamulimbikitsa kulemba nyimbo Msewu Kulimbana ndi Mwamuna ndi Chifundo kwa Mdyerekezi. Panali nkhondo zambiri za ku Vietnam m'zaka zotsatira, koma palibe ku London komwe kunali kwakukulu kwambiri komwe kunachitika pa March 17^th . Zivomezi zazikulu zinatsata ku United States, ndipo asilikali otsiriza a US adachoka ku Vietnam ku 1973.

March 18. Pa tsiku lino mu 1644, nkhondo yachitatu ya Anglo-Powhatan inayamba. Nkhondo za Anglo-Powhatan zinali nkhondo zitatu zomwe zinagonjetsedwa pakati pa Amwenye a Powhatan Confederacy ndi olamulira a ku Virginia. Kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi ndi ziwiri kutha kwa nkhondo yachiwiri, panali mtendere wamtundu pakati pa Amwenye Achimereka ndi amwenye. Komabe, pa March 18^th 1644, ankhondo a Powhatan adapanga njira imodzi yomaliza kuchotsa gawo lawo la olankhula Chingerezi kamodzi. Amwenye Achimereka anatsogoleredwa ndi Chief Opechancanough, mtsogoleri wawo ndi mchimwene wake wamng'ono kwa Chief Powhatan omwe adayambitsa Powhatan Confederacy. Pafupi a 500 colonists anaphedwa panthawi yoyamba kuukira, koma nambalayi inali yaying'ono poyerekezera ndi kuukira ku 1622 yomwe inatenga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu okhulupirira coloni. Patadutsa miyezi ingapo, a Chingerezi adagonjetsa Opechancanough, omwe anali pakati pa 90 ndi 100 zaka panthawiyo, ndipo adamubweretsa ku Jamestown. Pano, msilikali amene adasankhira pamsana kumbuyo kwake adasankha yekha. Milandu pambuyo pake inapangidwira pakati pa wotsatira wa Chingerezi ndi Opechancanough Necotowance. Mipangano imeneyi inaletsa kwambiri malo a anthu a Powhatan, kuwatumizira ku malo ochepa kwambiri m'madera akummwera kwa mtsinje wa York. Mipanganoyi inalinganiziridwa ndi kukhazikitsa njira yochotsera Achimereka Achimwenye kuti asagonjetse olamulira a ku Ulaya kuti atenge dziko lawo ndi kulikhazikitsa asanawathandize ndikuwatsitsimutsanso.

March 19. Patsiku lino ku 2003, United States, pamodzi ndi mabungwe a mgwirizanowu anaukira Iraq. Purezidenti wa US a George W. Bush adalankhula pawayilesi yakanema kuti nkhondoyi "ikulanda dziko la Iraq, kumasula anthu ake, komanso kuteteza dziko ku ngozi zoopsa." Bush ndi ogwirizana naye ku Republican ndi Democratic nthawi zambiri amalungamitsa nkhondo yaku Iraq ponamizira kuti Iraq ili ndi zida za nyukiliya, zamankhwala, komanso zida zachilengedwe, ndikuti Iraq idalumikizidwa ndi al Qaeda - zomwe zidatsimikizira anthu ambiri aku US kuti Iraq idalumikizidwa ku milandu ya pa Seputembara 11, 2001. Malinga ndi njira zomwe asayansi amalemekeza kwambiri, nkhondoyi inapha anthu aku Iraq aku 1.4 miliyoni, inavulaza anthu 4.2 miliyoni, ndipo anthu mamiliyoni 4.5 akhala othawa kwawo. Anthu 1.4 miliyoni omwe anafa anali 5% ya anthu. Kuwukiraku kunaphatikizanso kuwomba ndege kwa 29,200, ndikutsatiridwa ndi 3,900 pazaka eyiti zikubwerazi. Asitikali aku US amalimbana ndi anthu wamba, atolankhani, zipatala, ndi maambulansi. Inagwiritsa ntchito mabomba a masango, phosphorous yoyera, uranium yatha, ndi mtundu watsopano wa napalm m'matawuni. Zolephera kubadwa, kuchuluka kwa khansa, ndi kufa kwa makanda kudakulirakulira. Madzi, malo opangira zimbudzi, zipatala, milatho, ndi magetsi zidawonongedwa, ndipo sizinakonzedwe. Kwa zaka zambiri, olandawo adalimbikitsa kugawikana pakati pa mafuko ndi magulu ampatuko komanso ziwawa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti dziko likhale lopatukana komanso kuponderezedwa kwa ufulu womwe anthu aku Iraq anali nawo ngakhale pansi pa apolisi ankhanza a Saddam Hussein. Magulu azigawenga, kuphatikiza lomwe limatchedwa ISIS, adadzuka ndikukula. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lomwe lingalimbikitse kubwezeredwa kwa anthu aku Iraq.

March 20. Patsiku lino mu 1983, anthu a 150,000, pafupifupi 1% a chiwerengero cha Australia, adagwira nawo pamisonkhano yotsutsana ndi nyukiliya. Gulu la zida za nyukiliya linayamba mu 1980s ku Australia, ndipo idapanda dziko lonse. Bungwe la People for Nuclear Disarmament linakhazikitsidwa mu 1981, ndipo mapangidwe ake adalimbikitsa utsogoleri wawo, makamaka ku Victoria komwe kagulu kanakhazikitsidwa. Gululi linali ndi anthu odzikonda okha komanso aphunzitsi odzipereka omwe anayamba kuyendetsa gulu la maphunziro a mtendere. Anthu a zida za nyukiliya amafuna kutseka kwa mabungwe a US ku Australia, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi mgwirizano wadziko la Australia ndi United States. Mabungwe ena apadziko lonse adadzakhala ndi zofanana zofanana ndi PND. Australia ili ndi mbiri yakale yotsutsa militi. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam ku 1970, anthu pafupifupi 70,000 adayenda ku Melbourne ndi 20,000 ku Sydney kutsutsana ndi nkhondo. Mu 80s, anthu a ku Australia adayesetsa kuthetsa zopereka za mtunduwu ku nkhondo za US nyukiliya. March 20^th Msonkhano wa 1983, womwe unachitika Lamlungu lisanadze Isitala, unkadziwika kuti "msonkhano wa" Lamlungu ", ndipo unayambitsa mtendere wambiri ndi zida za nyukiliya zomwe nzika za ku Australia zinali nazo. Msonkhano wa Lamlungu Lamlunguwu unapitiliza ku Australia m'ma 1980s. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwazowonjezereka kwa nyukiliya komwe kunawonekera m'mayesero awa, kufalikira kwa pulogalamu ya nyukiliya ya Australia inaletsedwa

March 21. Patsiku lino mu 1966, International Day for Discrimination of Racial Discrimination anasankhidwa ndi United Nations. Lero likuwonetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi zochitika ndi zochitika zomwe cholinga chake chikukopa anthu ku zotsatira zowononga komanso zovulaza za tsankho. Kuwonjezera apo, tsikuli limakhala chikumbutso kwa anthu onse omwe ali ndi udindo wawo kuyesa kuthetsa tsankho pakati pa moyo wonse monga nzika za dziko lonse lapansi lomwe likudalira kulekerera ndi kulandira mitundu ina kuti tipitirizebe kupulumuka. Masiku ano cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza achinyamata padziko lonse kuti amve maganizo awo ndi kulimbikitsa njira zamtendere zolimbana ndi tsankho komanso kulimbikitsa kulekerera m'madera awo, monga momwe bungwe la UN limanenera kuti kulimbikitsa mfundo za kulekerera ndi kuvomereza kwa achinyamata achinyamata lero njira zothandiza komanso zothandiza kuthetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa mitundu ndi tsankho. Lero lino linakhazikitsidwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pa zomwe zimatchedwa kuphedwa kwa Sharpeville. Panthawi yovuta imeneyi, apolisi anatsegula ndi kupha anthu a 69 pamtendere wotsutsana ndi malamulo a chiwawa pakati pa South Africa. UN idapempha mayiko apadziko lonse kulimbitsa cholinga chake chochotseratu mtundu uliwonse wa tsankho pamene adalengeza lero kuti awononge kuphedwa kwa 1966. UN akupitiriza kugwira ntchito polimbana ndi mitundu yonse ya kusagwirizana pakati pa mitundu ndi ndale zokhudzana ndi kusiyana pakati pa mitundu.

March 22. Patsiku lino mu 1980, anthu a 30,000 anayenda ku Washington, DC, motsutsana ndi kulembedwa kolemba kulemba. Potsutsa, nkhani za Kutsutsa News, Chokhazikitsidwa ndi Komiti Yotsutsa Nkhondo, chinagawidwa kwa oyimirira ndi otsogolera. NRC inakhazikitsidwa mu 1980 kukana kulembetsa kulemba, ndipo bungwe likugwira ntchito m'ma 1990 oyambirira. Mapepala a Kutsutsa News kufalikira kwa makamu omwe anafotokozedwa pa ndondomeko ya NRC yomwe idali kuti bungwe linali lotsegulidwa ku mitundu yonse ya kukana kukana, ngakhale chifukwa chokanirira chinali chokhazikika, chikhulupiliro, malingaliro, kapena zifukwa zina zomwe munthu angakhale nacho chifukwa chosakhulupirira kuti akuyenera kulowetsa zolemba. Ndondomeko yolembetsa ku United States inabwezeretsedwa ndi Purezidenti Carter ku 1980 monga gawo la "kukonzekera" kwa US kuti athe kulowerera mu Afghanistan. Pazionetsero padziko lonse lero ndi mu 1980, zizindikiro monga "Kuleka Kulembetsa" kapena "Sindidzalembetsa" zidawonedwa m'magulu a zikwi omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi ufulu wawo wokana kulembetsa kulemba. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lothandizira maofomu ena olembetsa kuti alowe mu kabuku kokonzanso ndikuzindikira kuti ufulu wokana kutenga nawo mbali m'nkhanza zowononga ndi zowonongeka ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu onse, popeza palibe yemwe ayenera kukakamizidwa kuti alowe nawo mu zochitika zoopsa ngati nkhondo.

March 23. Pa tsiku lino mu 1980 Bishopu bishopu Óscar Romero wa ku El Salvador anapereka ulaliki wake wotchuka wa mtendere. Adapempha asitikali aku Salvador ndi boma la El Salvador kuti zimvere malamulo apamwamba a Mulungu, ndikuti asiye kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso kuponderezana ndikupha. Tsiku lotsatira, Romero adalumikizana ndi ansembe pamwezi kuti aganizire za unsembe. Madzulo amenewo, adakondwerera Misa kuchipinda chaching'ono kuchipatala cha Divine Providence. Atamaliza ulaliki wake, galimoto yofiira inayima pamsewu kutsogolo kwa tchalitchicho. Munthu wamfuti adatsika, ndikuyenda pakhomo la chapempherolo, ndikuwombera. Romero anakhudzidwa mumtima. Galimoto idanyamuka. Pa Marichi 30, anthu oposa 250,000 ochokera padziko lonse lapansi adapita kumaliro ake. Pamwambowu, bomba la utsi linaphulika m'misewu pafupi ndi tchalitchi chachikulu ndipo kuwomberana kwa mfuti kunabwera kuchokera kuzinyumba zoyandikana nazo. Pakati pa 30 ndi 50 anthu anaphedwa ndi mfuti komanso kuponderezana komwe kunatsatira. A Mboni adanena kuti achitetezo aboma adaponya bomba m'gululo, ndipo omenyera nkhondo, atavala ngati anthu wamba, adawombera pakhonde kapena padenga la National Palace. Pomwe mfuti imapitilira, thupi la Romero linaikidwa m'manda pansi pa malo opatulika. United States, panthawi ya utsogoleri wa a Jimmy Carter ndi a Ronald Reagan, adathandizira kuti nkhondoyi ithe mwa kupereka zida ndi maphunziro kwa asitikali aboma la El Salvador. Mu 2010, bungwe la United Nations General Assembly linalengeza kuti pa 24 March ndi “Tsiku Lapadziko Lonse Lapansi la Ufulu Wokhudza Kuponderezedwa Kwambiri Kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ulemu wa Ozunzidwa.”

March 24. Patsikuli ku 1999, United States ndi NATO zinayamba masiku a 78 akupha bomba Yugoslavia. United States idakhulupirira kuti, mosiyana ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Crimea, Kosovo anali ndi ufulu wokhala. Koma United States sanafune kuti ichitike, monga Crimea, popanda anthu kuphedwa. M'magazini ya The Nation ya June 14, 1999, a George Kenney, omwe kale anali paofesi ya State Department ku Yugoslavia, anati: "Mtolankhani wosafikirika yemwe amayenda pafupipafupi ndi Secretary of State Madeleine Albright adauza [wolemba] izi, polumbira atolankhani kuti chinsinsi pazokambirana ku Rambouillet, wogwira ntchito ku Dipatimenti Yaboma adadzitama kuti United States 'idakweza mwadala malire kuposa momwe akuvomerezera Aserbia' ”kuti apewe mtendere. Bungwe la United Nations silinapereke chilolezo ku United States ndi mayiko amene ankagwirizana nawo ndi NATO kuti aphulitse bomba la Serbia mu 1999. Ngakhale bungwe la United States Congress silinaperekenso chilolezo chimenechi. A US adagwira nawo ntchito yayikulu yophulitsa bomba yomwe idapha anthu ambiri, kuvulaza ena ambiri, kuwononga zomangamanga, zipatala, ndi malo atolankhani, ndikupanga vuto la othawa kwawo. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kudakwaniritsidwa kudzera m'mabodza, zabodza, komanso kukokomeza za nkhanza, kenako ndikuzilungamitsa monga kuyankha nkhanza zomwe zidathandizira kupanga. Chaka chisanafike kuphulika kwa bomba anthu pafupifupi 2,000 adaphedwa, ambiri ndi zigawenga za Kosovo Liberation Army omwe, mothandizidwa ndi CIA, amafuna kuyambitsa yankho ku Serbia lomwe lingakope asitikali ankhondo aku Western. Ntchito yofalitsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi nkhanza zopitilira muyeso komanso zopeka pakuphedwa kwa Nazi. Panalidi nkhanza, koma zambiri zomwe zidachitika bomba litaphulika, zisanachitike. Ambiri mwa malipoti aku Western adasinthitsa kuwerengera nthawi.

March 25. Awa ndi Tsiku Ladziko Lonse la Chikumbutso cha Ozunzidwa ndi Akapolo a Atumiki a Transatlantic. Patsiku lino, timatenga nthawi kukumbukira amuna, akazi, ndi ana a 15 omwe anazunzidwa ndi malonda a akapolo a transatlantic kwa zaka zoposa 400. Milandu yachiwawa imeneyi nthawi zonse idzaonedwa ngati imodzi, kapena ayi, mdima wambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Malonda a akapolo a transatlantic ndi omwe ankalimbikitsidwa kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, monga momwe anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku Africa anachotsedwa mwakhama ku nyumba zawo ku Africa ndipo anasamukira ku madera ena a dziko lapansi, akufika pa sitima zochepa za akapolo kuzilumba ku South America ndi ku Caribbean Islands. Kuchokera ku 1501-1830, Afirika anayi adadutsa nyanja ya Atlantic ku Ulaya aliyense. Kusamuka uku kukuwonekerabe lero, ndi anthu ambiri a anthu a ku Africa akukhala ku America konse. Timalemekeza ndi kukumbukira lero anthu omwe adamva zowawa komanso omwe adafa chifukwa cha ukapolo wonyansa ndi wowawa. Ukapolo unathetsedwa mwamsanga ku United States mu February wa 1865, koma ukapolo wa defacto ndi kusankhana mitundu mwalamulo kunapitirira zaka zambiri zotsatira, pamene kusiyana kwa tsankho ndi tsankho kudakalipo mpaka lero. Zochitika zosiyanasiyana zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi patsikuli kuphatikizapo misonkhano ya chikumbutso ndi mailesi kwa iwo omwe anamwalira. Lero ndi mwayi wabwino wophunzitsa anthu, makamaka achinyamata, zotsatira za tsankho, ukapolo, ndi malonda a akapolo a transatlantic. Zochitika za maphunziro zikuchitika m'mayunivesite, ku makoleji, ndi ku mayunivesites. Mu 2015, chikumbutso chinamangidwa ku Likulu la United Nations ku New York City.

March 26. Patsiku lino mu 1979, mgwirizano wa mtendere wa Israeli ndi Aiguputo unasindikizidwa.  Pamsonkhano umene unachitikira ku White House, Pulezidenti waku Aigupto Anwar Sadat ndi Pulezidenti wa Israel Menachem Begin adasaina pangano la mtendere la Israeli-Egypt lomwe linali mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa Israeli ndi dziko la Aarabu. Pa mwambowu, atsogoleri onse ndi Purezidenti wa United States Jimmy Carter anapempherera kuti mgwirizano umenewu ubweretse mtendere weniweni ku Middle East ndikuthetsa chiwawa ndi nkhondo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1940s. Israeli ndi Aigupto anali akuchita nkhondo kuyambira nkhondo ya Aarabu ndi Israeli, yomwe idayambika pambuyo pa Israeli. Mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa Israeli ndi Igupto unali chifukwa cha miyezi yovuta kuyankhulana. Pansi pa mgwirizanowu, mayiko onse awiri adagwirizana kuthetsa chiwawa ndi nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizanowo. Aigupto adavomereza kuzindikira kuti Israeli ndi dziko ndipo Israeli adalolera kuchoka ku Peninsula ya Sinai yomwe adachokera ku Aigupto pa nkhondo ya masiku asanu ndi limodzi ku 1967. Chifukwa cha zomwe adachita polemba panganoli, Sadat ndi Begin adapatsidwa mphoto ya 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. Ambiri kudziko la Aarabu adakwiya kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wamtendere pamene adawona kuti ndikupereka, ndipo Eygpt adaimitsidwa ku League League. Mu Oktoba a 1981, Asilamu omwe adawatsutsa kwambiri anapha Sadat. Kulimbana pakati pa amitundu kudapanda popanda Sadat, komabe ngakhale mgwirizano, mikangano ikupitirirabe pakati pa mayiko awiri a Middle East.

March 27. Patsiku lino ku 1958, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev anakhala Pulezidenti wa Soviet Union. Dzulo lake lisanachitike, Khrushchev adapereka lingaliro lamayiko ena. Lingaliro lake loti mphamvu za nyukiliya zilingalira za zida zankhondo ndikusiya kupanga zida za nyukiliya lidalandiridwa bwino. Kutsatira kulankhulaku, Nduna Yowona Zakunja a Andrei A. Gromyko adavomereza kuti "kuletsa kuyesa zida za zida za nyukiliya ndi zida za nyukiliya" ndi gawo limodzi la malingaliro a Soviet. A Marshal Voroshilov, omwe anali tcheyamani wa Presidium ya Supreme Soviet, ananenanso kuti boma latsopanoli "likugwira ntchitoyi," komanso kuti anthu padziko lapansi amudziwa a Khrushchev kuti ndi "olimba mtima, osatopa ndi mtendere." Pomwe amafunsira ubale wamtendere ndi ma capitalist, Khrushchev adakhulupirirabe chikominisi. Inde, Cold War idapitilirabe muulamuliro wake pomwe ziwonetsero zaku Hungary zidaponderezedwa mwankhanza, Khoma la Berlin lidamangidwa, ndipo ndege yazondi yaku US yomwe ikuuluka ku Russia idazunzidwa ndipo woyendetsa ndegeyo adamangidwa. Kenako US idapeza zida zanyukiliya ku Russia ku Cuba. Khrushchev pamapeto pake adagwirizana zochotsa mivi pomwe Purezidenti wa US a John F. Kennedy adalonjeza kuti US sangaukire Cuba, komanso, mwachinsinsi, kuti ichotsa zida zonse za nyukiliya ku US ku Turkey. Khrushchev adadabwitsa dziko lapansi nthawi zambiri pokhazikitsa satelayiti yoyamba, ndi chombo choyamba mumlengalenga. Kulephera kwake kukopa mtsogoleri wachikomyunizimu, Mao Zedong waku China, kuti aganizire zankhondo zidamupangitsa kuti asamuthandize ku Soviet Union. Mu 1964, Khrushchev adakakamizidwa kuti atule pansi udindo, koma asanakambirane zoletsa zida za nyukiliya ndi US komanso United Kingdom.

March 28. Patsiku lino ku 1979, ngozi yowononga mphamvu ya nyukiliya inachitika ku Three Mile Island ku Pennsylvania. Gawo la pachimake limasungunuka mu chomera chachiwiri chomera. M'miyezi yotsatira ngoziyi, anthu aku US adachita ziwonetsero zambiri zotsutsana ndi zida za nyukiliya mdziko lonselo. Anthu aku US adauzidwa zabodza zambiri, zolembedwa ndi wotsutsa-nyukiliya Harvey Wasserman. Choyamba, anthu adatsimikizika kuti sipakhala kutulutsa kwa radiation. Mwachangu izo zinatsimikizira kuti zinali zabodza. Anthu adauzidwa kuti zotulutsidwa zikuyendetsedwa ndikuchita dala kuti muchepetse mavuto. Zonsezi zinali zabodza. Anthu adauzidwa kuti zotulutsazo "ndizochepa". Koma oyang'anira okwanira anali odzaza ndi osagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo Nuclear Regulatory Commission pambuyo pake adauza Congress kuti sikudziwa kuchuluka kwa radiation yomwe idatulutsidwa ku Three Mile Island, kapena komwe idapita. Ziwerengero zaboma zati mlingo wofanana kwa anthu onse m'derali ndi wofanana ndi x-ray imodzi pachifuwa. Koma amayi apakati salinso ndi X-ray chifukwa zakhala zikudziwika kuti mlingo umodzi ungathe kuwononga koopsa kwa mluza kapena mwana wosabadwa m'mimba. Anthu adauzidwa kuti palibe chifukwa choti achotse aliyense m'derali. Koma Kazembe wa Pennsylvania Richard Thornburgh ndiye anasamutsa amayi apakati ndi ana aang'ono. Tsoka ilo, ambiri adatumizidwa ku Hershey yapafupi, yomwe idakhululukidwa. Chiwerengero cha imfa ya makanda chidachulukirachulukira ku Harrisburg. Kafukufuku wa khomo ndi khomo m'derali adapeza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa khansa, khansa ya m'magazi, zovuta za kubadwa, mavuto apuma, kutaya tsitsi, zotupa, zotupa ndi zina zambiri.

March 29. Patsiku lino ku 1987 ku Nicaragua, asilikali a ku Vietnam a Mtendere adachokera ku Jinotega ndi ku Wicuili. Ankhondo akale omwe anali nawo paulendowu anali akuyang'anira mwachangu zoyesayesa za United States zothetsera dziko la Nicaragua popereka thandizo kwa zigawenga za Contras. Bungwe la Veterans for Peace lidakhazikitsidwa ku 1985 ndi omenyera nkhondo khumi aku US poyankha mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi wamanyukiliya komanso kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku US m'maiko osiyanasiyana aku Central America. Bungweli lidakula mpaka mamembala opitilira 8,000 pomwe United States idalanda Iraq ku 2003. Pomwe ma Veterans for Peace adakhazikitsidwa koyamba, amapangidwa makamaka ndi Asitikali Omenyera Asitikali aku US omwe adagwira nawo Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Nkhondo yaku Korea, Nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndi Gulf War. Amakhalanso ndi omenyera nkhondo nthawi yamtendere komanso osakhala ankhondo, koma yakula kutsidya kwa nyanja mzaka zaposachedwa ndipo ili ndi mamembala ambiri ku United Kingdom. Veterans for Peace Organisation imagwira ntchito molimbika kulimbikitsa njira zina zankhondo komanso zachiwawa. Bungweli latsutsa ndikupitilizabe kutsutsa mfundo zambiri zankhondo zaku US, NATO, ndi Israel, kuphatikiza zankhondo ndikuwopseza Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, ndi zina zambiri. Lero, mamembala a bungweli akupitilizabe kuchita nawo Ntchito zothandiza kubweretsa kumvetsetsa kwamitengo yoopsa yankhondo, ndipo zochuluka pantchito yawo yapano zimangoyang'ana nkhondo yomwe ikuwoneka ngati yopanda malire pazachiwopsezo. Bungweli limapanga ntchito zothandiza omenyera nkhondo obwerera, kutsutsa nkhondo zankhondo za drone, komanso kuyesetsa pantchito yolembedwa ndi asitikali kusukulu.

March 30. Patsiku lino mu 2003, anthu a 100,000 adayenda kudutsa ku Jakarta, likulu la Indonesia, kuti adziwe nkhondoyo ku Iraq, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa March 19, 2003. Unali msonkhano waukulu kwambiri wotsutsana ndi nkhondo womwe udachitikapo mdziko lachiSilamu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Tsikuli lidawonetsanso chiwonetsero choyamba chotsutsana ndi nkhondo ku China. Gulu la ophunzira akunja 200 adaloledwa kuguba kudutsa kazembe wa US ku Beijing akuyimba mawu odana ndi nkhondo. Ku Germany anthu 40,000 adapanga unyolo wautali makilomita 35 pakati pa mizinda ya Munster ndi Osnabrueck. Ku Berlin 23,000 adatenga nawo gawo pamsonkhano ku Tiergarten Park. Maulendo komanso misonkhano inachitikira ku Santiago, Mexico City, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Paris, Moscow, Budapest, Warsaw ndi Dublin, India ndi Pakistan. Malinga ndi wophunzira waku France Dominique Reynié, pakati pa 3 Januware ndi Epulo 12, 2003, anthu mamiliyoni 36 padziko lonse lapansi adachita nawo ziwonetsero 3,000 zotsutsana ndi nkhondo yaku Iraq. Ziwonetsero zazikuluzikulu panthawiyi zinali ku Europe. Roma adatchulidwa mu Guinness Book of Records kukhala ndi msonkhano waukulu kwambiri wotsutsana ndi nkhondo: anthu mamiliyoni atatu. Misonkhano ina yayikulu idachitika ku London (okonza maudindo adaika 2 miliyoni); Mzinda wa New York (375,000); ndi matauni ndi mizinda 60 kudutsa France (300,000). Kafukufuku wa Marichi 2003 a Gallup omwe adachitika m'masiku ochepa oyambilira pankhondo adawonetsa kuti 5% aku America adatenga nawo gawo pazionetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhondo kapena mwanjira zina adatsutsa nkhondo. Wolemba nkhani wa New York Times a Patrick Tyler ati misonkhano yayikuluyi "idawonetsa kuti panali maulamuliro awiri akulu padziko lapansi, United States komanso malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi".

March 31. Pa tsiku lino 1972, gulu la anthu linagwirizanitsa zida za nyukiliya ku Trafalgar Square ku London. Anthu oposa 500 amasonkhana pamtunda tsiku lomwelo kuti amve maganizo a mantha ndi kukhumudwa pa kuyesedwa kwa nyukiliya ndi atomiki zomwe zikuchitika ndi boma la Britain. Banki yakuda yakuda yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament kumbuyo kwa 1958 inabweretsedwa ku malowa asanayambe ulendo wa Easter wa 56 kuchokera ku London kupita ku Aldermaston, Berkshire. Dick Nettleton, mlembi wa Campaign, adakonzekera kuti adziwe kuti anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti magulu a kafukufuku wa atomiki anali kutsekedwa kuti adasamukira ku Aldermaston. Kusunthikaku kunachokera ku bungwe la kafukufuku wa zankhondo kuchokera ku Atomic Energy Commission kupita ku Ministry of Defense. Nettleton adanena kuti 81% ya ntchito ya Commissionyi inaphatikizapo kusintha kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi bomba la Britain. Ananenanso kuti asayansi adamuuza kuti amadera nkhawa za momwe ntchito zawo ziliri pokhapokha ngati kukakamizidwa ndi kufufuza kwa zidazi kunapitiliza. Apulotesitanti anayamba kuyendayenda kudera la Chiswick, kuyembekezera kupeza thandizo kuchokera kwa oyandikana nawo panjira pamene akupitiliza ku nyukiliya. Iwo ankayembekezera kuti apolisi amakhumudwa panthaŵi yomwe iwo anafika ku Aldermaston, koma adapezanso otsatila zikwi zitatu. Pamodzi, adayika makokosi akuda wakuda makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiri pazipata, chimodzi cha chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku mabomba a ku Japan. Iwo anasiyaponso Pulogalamu ya Nuclear Disarmament yokongoletsedwa ndi daffodils, chizindikiro cha chiyembekezo.

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

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Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.

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Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

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World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.