February

February 1
February 2
February 3
February 4
February 5
February 6
February 7
February 8
February 9
February 10
February 11
February 12
February 13
February 14
February 15
February 16
February 17
February 18
February 19
February 20
February 21
February 22
February 23
February 24
February 25
February 26
February 27
February 28
February 29

February 1. Patsiku lino ku 1960, ophunzira anayi akuda ochokera ku North Carolina Agricultural ndi Technical State University adakhala pansi pa sitolo ya chakudya cham'mawa ku sitolo ya Woolworth ku 132 South Elm Street ku Greensboro, North Carolina. Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, ndi Joseph McNeil, ophunzira ku North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, anakonza zoti azikhala mu Dipatimenti ya Woolworth. Pambuyo pake ophunzira anayi adadziwika kuti Greensboro Four chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo ndi kudzipatulira kuti athetse tsankho. Ophunzira anayi anayesera kuitanitsa chakudya pa chakudya chamadzulo cha Woolworth koma anakanidwa chifukwa cha mtundu wawo. Ngakhale zili choncho Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro kulamulira mu 1954, tsankho linali lodziwika ku South. A Greensboro Anayi adakhala pompikisano wa chakudya chamadzulo mpaka chakudyacho chitatsekedwa, ngakhale kuti sanakanidwe utumiki. Anyamatawo adabwerera kubwalo la Woolworth chakudya chamadzulo mobwerezabwereza ndi kulimbikitsa ena kuti alowe nawo. Pa February 5th, ophunzira a 300 adalowa nawo ku Woolworth. Zochita za ophunzira anayi wakuda adalimbikitsa anthu ena a ku America, makamaka ophunzira a ku koleji, ku Greensboro ndi kudutsa Jim Crow South kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali maofesi ndi zionetsero zina zomwe sizitsutsana. Chakumapeto kwa March, kayendetsedwe kosavomerezeka kotereka kanali kufalikira ku mizinda ya 55 ku 13, ndipo zochitika izi zinapangitsa kuyanjana kwa malo ambiri odyera kudera la South. Ziphunzitso za Mohandas Gandhi zinalimbikitsa anyamatawa kuti achite nawo ziwonetsero zopanda chiwawa, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale m'dziko lachiwawa ndi kuponderezana, kayendetsedwe kosasokonezeka kakhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zofunikira.

February 2. Patsiku lino ku 1779, Anthony Benezet anakana kulipira misonkho kuthandizira Nkhondo Yachivumbulutso. Pofuna kusunga ndi kulipira ndalama za Revolutionary War, Bungwe la Continental linapereka msonkho wa nkhondo. Anthony Benezet, yemwe ndi Quaker wamphamvu kwambiri, anakana kulipira msonkho chifukwa ndalamazo zinapereka ndalama. Benezet, pamodzi ndi Moses Brown, Samuel Allinson, ndi Quaker ena, adatsutsa mwamphamvu zankhondo zonse, ngakhale kuti ankawopsezedwa ku ndende komanso ngakhale kuphedwa chifukwa chokana kulipira msonkho.

Komanso tsiku lomweli mu 1932, msonkhano woyamba wokhudza zida za padziko lonse unatsegulidwa ku Geneva, Switzerland. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, League of Nations inasonkhana kuti apitirize mtendere wamtendere, koma United States inaganiza kuti asalowe nawo. Ku Geneva, League of Nations ndi United States anayesera kuthetsa nkhondo yofulumira yomwe inachitika ku Ulaya konse. Ambiri mwa anthu adagwirizana kuti Germany ikhale ndi zida zochepa poyerekeza ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya monga France ndi England; Komabe, Hitler wa Germany adachoka mu 1933 ndipo nkhanizo zinatha.

Ndipo tsiku lino mu 1990, Pulezidenti wa ku South Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk, adatsutsa magulu otsutsa. African National Congress kapena ANC inakhazikitsidwa ndilamulo ndipo yakhala gulu lalikulu ku South Africa kuyambira pamene 1994 idati ikugwira ntchito kudziko logwirizana, losagwirizana ndi fuko ndi demokalase. Mtsogoleri wa chipani cha ANC ndi Nelson Mandela, omwe anali amphamvu kwambiri, adagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuthetsa chisankho, ndipo adalola kuti bungwe la ANC lilowe nawo m'boma la South Africa.

February 3. Patsiku lino ku 1973, nkhondo makumi anayi ku Vietnam inatha pomaliza mgwirizanowu pamene pangano la cease-fire lolembedwa ku Paris mwezi watha unayamba kugwira ntchito. Vietnam idapirira nkhanza zosasokonezedwa kuyambira 1945, pomwe nkhondo yodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku France idayambika. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pa zigawo zakumpoto ndi kumwera kwa dzikolo idayamba dzikolo litagawidwa ndi Msonkhano waku Geneva mu 1954, pomwe "alangizi" ankhondo aku America adafika mu 1955. Kafukufuku wopangidwa mu 2008 ndi Harvard Medical School ndi Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation ku University of Washington akuti pafupifupi 3.8 miliyoni zankhondo zachiwawa zachitika chifukwa cha zomwe a Vietnamese amatcha Nkhondo yaku America. Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa anthu omwe amwalira anali nzika. Mamiliyoni owonjezera adamwalira pomwe United States idakulitsa nkhondoyo kupita ku Laos ndi Cambodia. Ovulala anali ochulukirachulukira, ndipo kuweruza ndi mbiri yaku chipatala ku South Vietnamese, gawo limodzi mwa atatu anali azimayi ndi kotala ana osakwana zaka 13. Ovulala aku US anali 58,000 ophedwa ndipo 153,303 anavulala, kuphatikiza 2,489 akusowa, koma omenyera nkhondo ambiri pambuyo pake amadzipha chifukwa chodzipha. Malinga ndi Pentagon, United States idawononga $ 168 biliyoni pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam (pafupifupi $ 1 trilioni mu 2016 ndalama). Ndalamazo zikadatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro kapena kulipira mapulogalamu omwe apangidwa posachedwa a Medicare ndi Medicaid. Vietnam sinasokoneze United States, koma - monga Pentagon Papers idavumbulutsira - boma la US lidapitilizabe nkhondo, chaka ndi chaka, makamaka "kupulumutsa nkhope".

February 4. Pa tsiku lino mu 1913, Rosa Parks anabadwa. Rosa Parks anali wotsutsa ufulu wa anthu ku African American, omwe makamaka anayambitsa Montgomery Bus Boycott kukana kupereka mpando kwa woyera, pamene akukwera basi. Rosa Parks amadziwika kuti "Dona Woyamba wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe" ndipo adagonjetsa Medal of the Freedom of Presidential Medal of Freedom chifukwa cha kudzipatulira kwake kulingana ndi kutha kwa tsankho. Mapaki anabadwira ku Tuskegee, Alabama, ndipo amazunzidwa nthawi zambiri ali mwana ndi oyandikana nawo woyera; Komabe adalandira diploma ya sekondale ku 1933, ngakhale kuti a 7% a Afirika Achimaliya anamaliza sukulu yapamwamba pa nthawiyo. Pamene Rosa Parks anakana kusiya mpando wake, adatsutsa tsankho la anthu omwe anali naye pafupi ndi malamulo osalungama a Jim Crow omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi maboma. Mwalamulo, Parks ankafunikanso kusiya mpando wake, ndipo anali wokonzeka kupita kundende kuti adziwonetse kudzipereka kwake ku chiyanjano. Patapita nthawi yaitali, anthu akuda a Montgomery adathetsa tsankho pa mabasi. Anatero popanda kuchitira zachiwawa kapena kudana kwambili. Mtsogoleri yemwe adatuluka m'gululi ndipo adayamba kutsogolera ntchito zina zambiri ndi Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Montgomery zingasinthidwe ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku malamulo osalungama ndi mabungwe opanda chilungamo masiku ano. Tikhoza kukulimbikitsani kuchokera ku Rosa Parks ndi omwe adayambitsa chikonzero chake kuti apititse patsogolo zifukwa za mtendere ndi chilungamo pano ndi tsopano.

February 5. Patsiku lino ku 1987, Agogo aakazi a mtendere adatsutsa pa tsamba la nyukiliya ya Nevada. Barbara Wiedner adayambitsa Grandmothers ku Peace International ku 1982 ataphunzira za zida za nyukiliya za 150 pafupi ndi nyumba yake ku Sacramento, California. Cholinga cha bungweli ndicho kuthetsa ntchito ndi umwini wa zida za nyukiliya kudzera mu zionetsero ndi zionetsero. Asenje asanu ndi limodzi a ku United States, kuphatikizapo Leon Panetta ndi Barbara Boxer, adagwira nawo ntchitoyi, pamodzi ndi ojambula Martin Sheen, Kris Kristofferson, ndi Robert Blake. Chionetsero chosagwirizana ndi zida za nyukiliya ku Nevada chinabweretsa chidwi chochuluka kwa mauthenga ndipo chidziwitso chake chinali kuyesedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya. Kuyesera zida za nyukiliya ku Nevada kunaphwanya malamulo ndipo kunayambitsa chiyanjano cha US ndi Soviet Union, kulimbikitsa zida zowonjezera zida za nyukiliya. Paziwonetsero, osakanikirana osiyana siyana a ndale, ochita masewera, amayi okalamba, ndi ena ambiri anatumiza uthenga kwa Purezidenti Ronald Reagan ndi boma la US kuti mayesero a nyukiliya sakuvomerezeka, ndipo nzika zimenezi siziyenera kuikidwa mumdima chifukwa cha zochita za boma lawo. Uthenga wina unatumizidwa kwa anthu wamba pambaliyi: ngati kagulu kakang'ono ka agogo aakazi angakhudzidwe ndi ndondomeko ya boma pamene akukonzekera komanso akugwira ntchito, ndiye mutha. Tangoganizani momwe tingakhalire ndife ngati tonse tinkagwira ntchito limodzi. Zikhulupiriro zowonongeka kwa nyukiliya zagonjetsedwa, koma zida zatsala, ndipo kufunika kwa kayendedwe kowonjezereka koti zichotsedwe kumakula chaka chilichonse.

February 6. Pa tsiku lino mu 1890, Abdul Ghaffar Khan anabadwa. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, kapena Bacha Khan, anabadwira ku India akulamulidwa ndi Britain kupita ku banja lolemera. Bacha Khan anali ndi moyo wapamwamba kwambiri kuti apange bungwe lopanda chitetezo, lomwe linatchedwa "Red Shirt Movement," lomwe linapatulira ufulu wa Indian. Khan anakumana ndi Mohandas Gandhi, wotsutsana ndi anthu osamvera malamulo, ndipo Khan anakhala mmodzi mwa alangizi ake apamtima, ndipo anakhazikitsa ubwenzi womwe ukanatha mpaka kuphedwa kwa Gandhi ku 1948. Bacha Khan adagwiritsa ntchito kusamvera kwa anthu osamvera pofuna kulandira ufulu kwa Pastuns ku Pakistan, ndipo adagwidwa kangapo chifukwa cha zochita zake molimba mtima. Monga Muslim, Khan adagwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo chake kuti alimbikitse gulu laufulu ndi lamtendere, pomwe anthu osauka kwambiri amathandizidwa kuti apite patsogolo. Khan adadziwa kuti kusamvera malamulo kumabweretsa chikondi ndi chifundo pamene kupanduka kumangotengera chilango chokhwima ndi chidani; Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda malire, ngakhale zovuta nthawi zina, ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopanga kusintha m'dziko. Ufumu wa Britain unkaopa zomwe Gandhi ndi Bacha Khan anachita, monga momwe zinasonyezera kuti panthawi ya mtendere wa 200, apulotesitanti osamenyana anaphedwa mwankhanza ndi apolisi a ku Britain. Misala ya ku Kissa Khani Bazaar inasonyeza kuti nkhanza za Akhrithani zimakhala zachiwawa ndipo zinawonetsa chifukwa chake Bacha Khan anamenyera ufulu. Poyankha ku 1985, Bacha Khan adati, "Ndimakhulupirira kuti palibe mtendere ndipo ndimanena kuti palibe mtendere kapena mtendere umene udzatsikira pa dziko lapansi mpaka chisanakhalepo, chifukwa chisangalalo ndi chikondi ndipo chimakhala chilimbikitso mwa anthu."

February 7. Patsikuli, a Thomas More adabadwa. Saint Thomas More, wafilosofi Wachikatolika wa Chingerezi ndi wolemba mabuku, anakana kuvomereza Tchalitchi Chatsopano cha Anglican ku England, ndipo adadula mutu chifukwa cha chiwembu ku 1535. Thomas More adalembanso Utopia, buku lofotokoza chilumba chongopeka chokha chomwe chimadzidalira ndipo chimagwira ntchito popanda mavuto. Zambiri zimasanthula zamakhalidwe m'bukuli pokambirana zotsatira za machitidwe abwino. Adalemba kuti aliyense amalandira mphotho kuchokera kwa Mulungu chifukwa chakuchita zabwino komanso zilango zomwe adachita mwankhanza. Anthu amtundu wa Utopian anali ogwirizana komanso amakhala mwamtendere wina ndi mnzake popanda chiwawa kapena ndewu. Ngakhale anthu tsopano akuwona gulu la Utopian lomwe a Thomas More adalifotokoza ngati chinthu chosatheka, ndikofunikira kuyesetsa kukhala pamtendere wamtunduwu. Dziko lapansi silili mwamtendere komanso lopanda chiwawa; Komabe, ndikofunikira modabwitsa kuti muyesetse kukhazikitsa dziko lamtendere, lopanda tanthauzo. Vuto loyamba lomwe liyenera kugonjetsedwa ndimachitidwe ankhondo amitundu yonse. Ngati titha kupanga fayilo ya world beyond war, gulu lodziwikiratu lidzawoneka ngati lachilendo ndipo mayiko azitha kuyang'ana kupezera nzika zawo zotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pomanga magulu ankhondo. Anthu wamba sayenera kungotayidwa ngati chinthu chosatheka; M'malo mwake, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholinga chogwirizana ndi maboma apadziko lonse lapansi komanso anthu wamba. A Thomas More adalemba Utopia kusonyeza mavuto omwe analipo mdziko lonse. Ena asinthidwa. Ena amafunika kukhala.

February 8. Pa tsiku lino mu 1690, kuphedwa kwa Schenectady kunachitika. Kuphedwa kwa Schenectady kunali kuukira mudzi wina wa Chingerezi makamaka amayi ndi ana omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu la asilikali a ku France ndi amwenye a Algonquian. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika panthawi ya nkhondo ya King William's, yomwe imadziŵikanso kuti Nkhondo ya Zaka zisanu ndi Ziŵiri, pambuyo pozunzidwa kwambiri ndi mayiko a ku India ndi English. Otsutsawo anawotcha nyumba m'mudzi wonsewo ndipo anaphedwa kapena kuikidwa m'ndende pafupifupi aliyense m'deralo. Pafupifupi, anthu a 60 anaphedwa pakati pa usiku, kuphatikizapo akazi a 10 ndi ana a 12. Wopulumuka wina, pamene anavulala, adachoka ku Schenectady kupita ku Albany kukauza ena zomwe zinachitika m'mudziwu. Chaka chilichonse pokondwerera kupha anthu, mtsogoleri wa Schenectady akukwera pamahatchi kuchokera ku Schenectady kupita ku Albany, kutenga njira yomweyo yomwe wopulumukayo anatenga. Chikumbutso cha pachaka ndi njira yofunikira kuti nzika zitha kumvetsa zoopsa za nkhondo ndi chiwawa. Amuna, akazi, ndi ana osalungama anaphedwa popanda chifukwa chilichonse. Dera la Schenectady silinakonzedwe kuti liukiridwe, komanso sanathe kudziteteza ku French ndi Algonquians. Kupha kumeneku kukanapewedwera ngati mbali ziwirizi sizinachitikepo; Komanso, izi zikusonyeza kuti nkhondo imapweteka aliyense, osati okha omwe akumenyana kutsogolo. Mpaka nkhondo itatha, idzapitirizabe kupha osalakwa.

February 9. Pa tsiku lino mu 1904, nkhondo ya Russia ndi Japan inayamba. Pa nthawi yonse ya 19^th ndi 20 oyambirira^th Zaka mazana ambiri, Japan, pamodzi ndi mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, adayesa kulamulira mbali zochepa za Asia. Monga ulamuliro wa ku Ulaya, dziko la Japan lidzadutsa dera ndikukhazikitsa boma lachisawawa lomwe lidzagwiritsire ntchito anthu ammudzi ndikupanga katundu kuti lipindule dziko lachilendo. Dziko lonse la Russia ndi Japan linapempha kuti dziko la Korea likhale pansi pa ulamuliro wawo, zomwe zinayambitsa mikangano pakati pa mayiko awiri pa chilumba cha Korea. Nkhondoyi sinali yovuta kuti ufulu wa Korea ukhale wovomerezeka; mmalo mwake, kunali nkhondo ndi mphamvu ziwiri kunja kuti ziwononge tsogolo la Korea. Nkhondo zopondereza zachikatolika monga iyiyi mayiko omwe anawonongedwa monga Korea alionse pandale komanso mwakuthupi. Korea idzapitiriza kuyambitsa mikangano kupyolera mu nkhondo ya Korea mu 1950. Japan inagonjetsa Russia mu nkhondo ya Russo-Yapanishi ndipo inagonjetsa chigawo cha Korea mpaka 1945 pamene United States ndi Soviet Union anagonjetsa a ku Japan. Pafupifupi, anthu pafupifupi 150,000 anafa pamapeto a nkhondo ya Russia ndi Japan, kuphatikizapo imfa ya 20,000 yandale. Nkhondo yowonongekayi inakhudzanso dziko la Korea la coloni kuposa anthu ozunza chifukwa silinagonjedwe m'mayiko a Japan kapena Russia. Ku Coloni kukupitirirabe masiku ano ku Middle East, ndipo United States imayesayesa kulimbana ndi nkhondo zowonjezereka mwa kupereka zida zothandizira magulu ena. M'malo moyesetsa kuthetsa nkhondo, United States ikupitirizabe kupereka zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi.

February 10. Patsiku lino ku 1961, Voice of Nuclear Disarmament, podiyo ya pirate, inayamba kugwira ntchito m'mphepete mwa nyanja pafupi ndi Great Britain. Sitimayi inayendetsedwa ndi Dr. John Hasted, wasayansi wa atomi ku London University, katswiri wa nyimbo ndi wailesi pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Wolengeza, Lynn Wynn Harris, anali mkazi wa Dr. John Hasted. Dr. Anachita mgwirizano ndi katswiri wa masamu ndi katswiri wafilosofi Bertrand Russell ku Komiti ya Nuclear Disarmament, gulu lomwe linatsatira nzeru za Gandhi za kusamvera malamulo kwa anthu osamvera. Voice of Nuclear Disarmament idasindikizidwa pa audio channel ya BBC pambuyo pa 11 m'ma 1961-62. Inalimbikitsidwa ku London ndi Komiti Yachiwawa ya 100 pomwe idalimbikitsa anthu kuti alowe nawo pamisonkhano yawo. Bertrand Russell anasankha kukhala purezidenti wa Komiti ya Zida za Nyukiliya kuti akhale Pulezidenti wa Komiti ya 100. Komiti ya 100 inachititsa ziwonetsero zazikulu zomwe zimakhalapo pa February 18, 1961 kunja kwa ofesi ya chitetezo ku Whitehall, kenako ku Trafalgar Square ndi ku Low Loch Polaris. Izi zinayambidwa ndi kumangidwa ndi kuyesedwa kwa mamembala a 32 a Komiti ya 100, omwe maofesi awo adagonjetsedwa ndi mabungwe apadera a Nthambi, ndipo mamembala asanu ndi amodzi akutsogolera anaimbidwa mlandu wopanga chiwembu pansi pa lamulo lovomerezeka. Ian Dixon, Terry Chandler, Trevor Hatton, Michael Randle, Pat Pottle, ndi Helen Allegranza adapezedwa ndi mlandu ndikuikidwa m'ndende mu February 1962. Komitiyo idasokonekera m'makomiti a m'dera la 13. Komiti ya London ya 100 inali yogwira ntchito kwambiri, ikuyambitsa magazini ya dziko, Ntchito Yothandiza Mtendere, mu April 1963, kenako The fundo, 1964.

February 11. Pa tsiku lino mu 1990, Nelson Mandela adamasulidwa kundende. Iye adagwira nawo ntchito yayikulu pamapeto omaliza a tsankho ku South Africa. Akuluakulu a US Central Intelligence Agency athandizidwa, Nelson Mandela anamangidwa chifukwa chomunamizira, ndipo adakhala m'ndende kuchokera ku 1962-1990; Komabe, adakhalabe mtsogoleri komanso mtsogoleri weniweni wa kayendetsedwe kake ka HIV. Zaka zinayi atatulutsidwa kundende, adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti waku South Africa, kumulola kupititsa malamulo atsopano, kupanga ufulu wofanana pakati pa anthu akuda ndi azungu. Mandela adalephera kubwezera ndikutsatira choonadi ndi chiyanjanitso cha dziko lake. Anati adakhulupirira kuti chikondi chikhoza kugonjetsa choipa ndipo aliyense ayenera kutenga nawo gawo polimbana ndi kuponderezana ndi chidani. Malingaliro a Mandela angathe kufotokozedwa mwachidule m'nkhani yotsatirayi: "Palibe munthu amene amadana ndi munthu wina chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu lake, kapena chikhalidwe chake, kapena chipembedzo chake. Anthu ayenera kuphunzira kudana, ndipo ngati angaphunzire kudana, iwo angaphunzitsidwe kukonda, chifukwa chikondi chimabwera mwachibadwa kwa mtima wa munthu kusiyana ndi chosiyana. "Kuti athetse nkhondo ndikupanga gulu lodzala ndi mtendere, payenera kukhala akhale olimbikitsa monga Nelson Mandela omwe ali ofunitsitsa kupereka moyo wawo wonse chifukwa cha izi. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lochita chikondwerero chopanda chiwawa, zokambirana, chiyanjanitso, ndi chilungamo chobwezeretsa.

February 12. Patsikuli mu 1947, nthawi yoyamba yokhala ndi mtendere yamakina ku United States inachitika. Pali maganizo omwe anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kutsutsana ndi ndondomekoyi kunayamba mu nkhondo ya Vietnam; Zoonadi, ambiri amatsutsa kulembedwa kwa usilikali kuyambira pamene inayamba mu Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe ya ku America. Akuti anthu a 72,000 amatsutsana ndi zolembazo pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo, ambiri mwa anthu omwewo adaima ndikuwotcha makalata awo. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse idatha ndipo panalibe ndondomeko yatsopano yatsopano, koma kuwotcha makalata awo anali ndemanga ya ndale. Padziko lonse asilikali a nkhondo a 500 a nkhondo zonse za padziko lonse adawotcha makadi awo ku New York City ndi Washington, DC kuti asonyeze kuti sakanachita nawo kapena kuvomereza kuti chiwawa chinachitidwa ndi asilikali a US. Ambiri mwa asilikaliwa adakana mbiri yakale ya zachiwawa ku America ndi mayiko ena kuzungulira dziko la United States. Dziko la United States lakhala likulimbana ndi nkhondo kuyambira 1776, ndipo ndilo dziko lodziwika kwambiri ndi chiwawa. Koma zochita zosavuta monga kuwotcha makhadi amavomereza mphamvu ya boma la US kuti nzika sizidzalandira dziko nthawi zonse mu nkhondo. United States pakalipano pankhondo, ndipo nkofunikira kuti nzika zipeze njira zopanga zosalongosoka zosankhulira zosagwirizana ndi zochita za boma lawo.

February 13. Pa tsiku lino mu 1967, atanyamula zithunzi zambiri za ana a Napalmed Vietnamese, mamembala a 2,500 a gulu la Women Strike for Peace anagonjetsa Pentagon, akufuna kuti awone "akuluakulu omwe amatumiza ana athu ku Vietnam." Atsogoleri mkati mwa Pentagon poyamba adatseka zitseko ndipo anakana kulola ma Protestors mkati. Atapitiriza kuyesetsa, potsirizira pake adaloledwa mkati, koma sanapereke msonkhano wawo ndi akuluakulu omwe adafuna kukomana nawo. M'malo mwake, anakumana ndi a congressman omwe sanapereke yankho. Gulu la Women Strike for Peace linapempha mayankho kuchokera ku bungwe lomwe silingamveke bwino, kotero iwo adaganiza kuti inali nthawi yomenyera nkhondo ku Washington. Lero ndi ena, boma la United States linakana kuvomereza kwake kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya woipa pa milandu yolimbana ndi a Vietnamese. Ngakhale ndi zithunzi za ana a Vietnamese otchedwa napalmed, ulamuliro wa Johnson unapitirizabe kuimbidwa mlandu ku North Vietnamese. Boma la United States linanamizira nzika zake kuti lipitirizebe zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo yolimbana ndi chikomyunizimu," ngakhale kuti sichiwona zotsatira ndi ziwonongeko zoopsa kwambiri. Bungwe la Women Strike for Peace linazindikira kuti nkhondo ya ku Vietnam ndi yopanda phindu ndipo inkafuna yankho lenileni la momwe nkhondoyi idzatha. Kunama ndi chinyengo zinapangitsa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Otsutsawa ankafuna mayankho kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma ku Pentagon, koma atsogoleri a usilikiti anapitiriza kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wakupha ngakhale kuti panali umboni wochuluka. Komabe choonadi chinatuluka ndipo sichikatsutsaninso.

February 14. Patsiku lino mu 1957, msonkhano wachikhristu wa Southern Leadership (SCLC) unakhazikitsidwa ku Atlanta. Msonkhano Waukulu wa Utsogoleri wa Chikhristu unayamba miyezi yowerengeka pambuyo pa dongosolo la basi la Montgomery lomwe linasankhidwa ndi Montgomery Bus Boycott. SCLC inauziridwa ndi malo otchedwa Rosa Park ndipo ikutsogoleredwa ndi anthu monga Martin Luther King Jr. amene adatumikira monga wosankhidwa. Ntchito yomwe bungweli likupitiriza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zionetsero zosagwirizana ndi zipolowe ndi zomwe zimachitika pofuna kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi kuthetsa tsankho. Kuwonjezera apo, SCLC imafuna kufalitsa Chikhristu monga zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yopangira malo amtendere kwa anthu onse ku United States. SCLC yakhala ikuvutikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamtendere zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha mu mayiko osamalidwa, ndipo zakhala zopambana kwambiri. Kudakali tsankho pakati pa anthu, zachikhalidwe ndi zomangamanga, ndipo dziko silili lofanana, koma pakhala pali chitukuko chachikulu mwa kusuntha kwa anthu a ku Africa. Mtendere si chinthu chomwe chidzachitike m'dziko lathu popanda atsogoleri ngati SCLC akuchita kuti apange kusintha. Pakalipano, pali mitu ndi magulu onse ogwirizana ku United States, omwe sali ochepa ku South. Anthu angagwirizane ndi magulu monga SCLC, omwe amalimbikitsa mtendere kupyolera mu chipembedzo ndipo akhoza kupanga kusiyana kwenikweni mwa kupitiriza kuchita zinthu zoyenera. Mabungwe achipembedzo monga SCLC achita mbali yochepetsera kusankhana ndi kulimbikitsa malo amtendere.

February 15. Patsikuli ku 1898, sitima ya ku America yotchedwa USS Maine inawomba padoko ku Havana, ku Cuba. Akuluakulu a ku United States ndi nyuzipepala, ena mwa iwo anali akuyang'ana poyera chifukwa choyambitsa nkhondo kwazaka zambiri adanyoza Spain, ngakhale kuti panalibe umboni uliwonse. Spain idapempha kufufuza payekha ndikudzipereka kutsata chisankho cha wina aliyense wotsutsa chipani. Dziko la United States linasankha kuthamangira kunkhondo imene silingakayikire kuti dziko la Spain linali lolakwa. Kafukufuku wa US wakuposa zaka 75 wapita mochedwa, monga momwe analiri ndi US Naval Academy pulofesa Filipo Alger pa nthawiyo (mu lipoti lomwe linaletsedwa ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo Theodore Roosevelt) kuti Maine pafupifupi ndithu kunayambika ndi kuphulika kwa mkati ndi mwangozi. Kumbukirani Maine ndi Gehena ndi Spain anali mfuu yankhondo, yolimbikitsidwabe ndi zikumbukiro zambiri zomwe zidawonetsa zidutswazo ku United States mpaka lero. Koma ku gehena ndi zowona, mphamvu, mtendere, ulemu, komanso anthu aku Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, ndi Guam zinali zenizeni. Ku Philippines, anthu 200,000 mpaka 1,500,000 amwalira ndi chiwawa komanso matenda. Zaka zana limodzi ndi zisanu pambuyo pa tsiku la Maine adagwa, dziko lapansi linatsutsa kuzunzidwa kumeneku kunatsogoleredwa ndi US ku Iraq tsiku lalikulu kwambiri la chionetsero cha anthu m'mbiri. Chifukwa chake, mayiko ambiri ankatsutsa nkhondo, ndipo bungwe la United Nations linakana kulandira. Dziko la United States linapitirizabe, kuphwanya malamulo. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lophunzitsira dziko lonse za mabodza a nkhondo ndi kukana nkhondo.

February 16. Patsikuli mu 1941, kalata yomwe abusa adawerenga m'mipukutu yonse yaku Norway idalimbikitsa osonkhanawo kuti "ayime chilili, otsogozedwa ndi mawu a Mulungu… ndikukhala okhulupirika pachikhulupiriro chanu." Kumbali yake, Mpingo udapereka moni kwa otsatira ake onse "mwachimwemwe cha chikhulupiriro ndi kulimbika mtima mwa Ambuye ndi Mpulumutsi wathu." Kalatayo inali yosonkhezera anthu a ku Norway kuti akane kulanda boma la Lutheran State Church ku Norway, pambuyo poti dziko la Germany linaukira dzikolo pa April 9, 1940. Tchalitchichi chinachitanso zinthu zina pofuna kuthana ndi zipolowe za chipani cha Nazi. Lamlungu la Pasaka, 1942, chikalata chomwe Mpingo udatumiza kwa abusa onse chimawerengedwa mokweza pafupifupi mipingo yonse. Wotchedwa “Foundation of the Church,” umalimbikitsa abusa onse kuti atule pansi udindo wawo ngati minisitala wa State Church - zomwe mpingo umadziwa kuti zitha kuwazunza ndi kuwatsekera m'ndende. Koma njirayi idagwira. Abusa onse atasiya ntchito, anthu adawathandiza mwachikondi, mokhulupirika, ndi ndalama, kukakamiza akuluakulu achipembedzo a Nazi kusiya mapulani owachotsa kumaparishi awo. Atasiya ntchitoyi, State Church idathetsedwa ndipo tchalitchi chatsopano cha Nazi chidakhazikitsidwa. Mpaka pa Meyi 8, 1945, ndikudzipereka kwa asitikali aku Germany, pomwe mipingo yaku Norway ingabwezeretsedwe ku mbiri yawo. Komabe, kalata ya abusa yomwe inkawerengedwa m'mapulatifomu aku Norway zaka zopitilira zinayi idachita gawo lofunikira. Idawonetsanso kuti anthu wamba atha kuyembekezeredwa kuti apeze kulimba mtima kukana kuponderezedwa ndikuteteza zomwe amawona kuti ndizofunikira pamunthu wawo.

February 17. Pa tsiku lino mu 1993, atsogoleri a ophunzila a 1989 ku China adamasulidwa. Ambiri adagwidwa ku Beijing komwe ku 1949, pa Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong adalengeza "People's Republic" pansi pa boma la chikomyunizimu. Kufunikira kwa demokarasi yowona kunakula kwa zaka makumi anayi mpaka anthu a Tiananmen, Chengdu, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi'an, Changsha, ndi madera ena adasokoneza dziko lapansi monga ophunzira zikwizikwi anaphedwa, akuvulala, kapena / kapena kumangidwa. Ngakhale kuti dziko la China linayesa kuletsa makinawo, ena analandira mayiko osiyanasiyana. Fang Lizhi, pulofesa wa astrophysics, anapatsidwa chilolezo ku US, ndipo anaphunzitsidwa ku yunivesite ya Arizona. Wang Dan, mbiri yakale ya Peking University ya 20 wazaka zapakati pa 1998, adamangidwa kawiri, anatengedwa ukapolo ku XNUMX, ndipo adakhala wofufuzira alendo ku Oxford, ndipo anali pulezidenti wa Chinese Constitutional Reform Association. Chai Ling, wophunzira wazaka za 23 wazaka zapitazo atatha miyezi khumi akubisala, anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Harvard Business School, ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wogwira ntchito popanga ma intaneti pa mayunivesite. Wu'er Kaixi, Wotsutsa wa njala wa zaka 21 anadzudzula Premier Li Peng pa televizioni ya dziko lonse, anathawira ku France, kenako anaphunzira zachuma ku Harvard. Liu Xiaobo, wolemba mabuku amene anayambitsa "Charter 08," manifesto yopempha ufulu wa munthu payekha, ufulu wa kulankhula, ndi chisankho chamagulu ambiri, chinachitikira pamalo osadziwika pafupi ndi Beijing. Han Dongfang, wogwira ntchito ya sitima ya 27 wa zaka zapitazo amene anathandiza kukhazikitsa Beijing Autonomous Workers 'Federation ku 1989, mgwirizano woyamba wodziimira ku China, anagwidwa ndi kutengedwa ukapolo. Han anapulumuka ku Hong Kong, ndipo anayamba China Labor Bulletin kuteteza ufulu wa ogwira ntchito ku China. Mwamunayo wa videotaped wotseka mzere wa akasinja sanazindikirepo.

February 18. Patsikuli mu 1961, wazaka za 88 wa ku Britain, wolemba mbiri, dzina lake Bertrand Russell, adayendetsa anthu ena a 4,000 kupita ku Trafalgar Square ku London, komwe kunakambidwa milandu yotsutsa kubwerako ku America ku Makoma a Polaris. Kenako asilikaliwa anapita ku Bungwe la Chitetezo ku Britain, kumene Russell analembera uthenga wotsutsa kumakomo. Chiwonetsero chotsatira chomwe chinatsatiridwa mumsewu, chomwe chinatenga pafupifupi maola atatu. Chikondwerero cha February chinali choyamba chokonzedwa ndi gulu latsopano la otsutsa-nuke, "Komiti ya 100," yomwe Russell anali atasankhidwa purezidenti. Komitiyi inasiyanasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku UK akhazikitsa Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, yomwe Russell adasiya kukhala purezidenti. Mmalo mokonzekera maulendo osavuta a mumsewu ndi othandizira okhala ndi zizindikiro, cholinga cha Komiti chinali kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu ndi chidwi-kupeza zochitika zachindunji zopanda chisokonezo cha anthu osamvera. Russell adalongosola zifukwa zake zoti akhazikitse Komiti m'nkhani ina Watsopano wa Mayiko mu February 1961. Mwa zina anati: "Ngati onse omwe sagwirizana ndi mfundo za boma atenga nawo mbali pazionetsero zazikulu zakumvera boma atha kupangitsa boma kukhala lopanda nzeru ndikukakamiza anthu omwe amati ndi olamulira kuti avomereze zomwe zingapangitse kuti anthu akhale ndi moyo. ” Komiti ya 100 idachita chiwonetsero chothandiza kwambiri pa Seputembara 17, 1961, pomwe idatseka bwino mitu ya pier pamadzi oyenda pansi pamadzi a Holy Loch Polaris. Pambuyo pake, komabe, zinthu zingapo zidapangitsa kuchepa kwachangu, kuphatikiza kusiyanasiyana pazolinga zazikulu za gululi, kukulitsa kumangidwa kwa apolisi, komanso kutenga nawo mbali pamakampeni okhudzana ndi nkhani zina kupatula zida za nyukiliya. Russell yemweyo adasiya Komiti mu 1963, ndipo bungwe lidasokonekera mu Okutobala 1968.

February 19. Patsiku lino ku 1942, panthawi imene dziko la Germany linkagwira ntchito ku Norway, aphunzitsi a ku Norwegian anayamba ntchito yotsutsana ndi njira ya maphunziro a dziko la Nazi. Chotsatiracho chinakhazikitsidwa ndi wogwira ntchito wamkulu wa Nazi dzina lake Vidkun Quisling, ndiye Pulezidenti wosankhidwa ndi Nazi-Purezidenti wa Norway. Malinga ndi lamuloli, mgwirizano wa aphunzitsiwo unalipo ndipo aphunzitsi onse analembedwanso ndi February 5, 1942 ndi bungwe latsopano la Norway Teachers Union lomwe linatsogoleredwa ndi Nazi. Aphunzitsiwo anakana kuopedwa, koma adanyalanyaza tsiku lomaliza la February 5. Iwo adatsatira kutsogolera gulu lachinsinsi la chipani cha Nazi ku Oslo, lomwe linapereka aphunzitsi onse mwachidule zomwe angagwiritse ntchito kulengeza kukana kwawo kumagwirizana ndi zomwe a Nazi amafuna. Aphunzitsi amayenera kukopera ndi kutumizira mawuwo ku boma la Quisling, dzina lawo ndi adiresi yawo. Pofika mwezi wa February 19, 1942, ambiri a aphunzitsi a ku 12,000 ku Norway anachita zomwezo. Yankho la ku Quisling loopsya linali lakuti boma la Norway likhale lotsekedwa kwa mwezi umodzi. Komabe, izi zinapangitsa makolo okwiya kulemba makalata a 200,000 otsutsa boma. Aphunzitsi okhawo ankasokoneza magulu awo pokhapokha, ndipo mabungwe apadziko lapansi adalandira malipiro kwa mabanja a aphunzitsi oposa 1,300 omwe anamangidwa ndi kumangidwa. Pogwirizana ndi kulephera kwawo kukamenya sukulu za ku Norway, olamulira a Fascist adamasula aphunzitsi onse omwe anali m'ndende mu November 1942, ndipo maphunziro adabwezeretsedwa ku Norway. Njira yothetsera nkhanza yosagonjetsa inali yokhoza kuthetsa mapangidwe opondereza a mphamvu yogwira ntchito yoopsa.

February 20. Patsiku lino mu 1839, Congress inapereka lamulo lomwe linaletsa ku District of Columbia. Chigawo cha lamulocho chinayambitsidwa ndi kulira kwapadera pampando wachiwiri wa 1838 ku Bladensburg Dueling Grounds yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Maryland, pafupi ndi malire a DC. Pa mpikisanowo, munthu wina wotchuka wa Congress wotchedwa Maine, dzina lake Jonathan Cilley, adawomberedwa ndi munthu wina wa Congress, William Graves waku Kentucky. Kuweruzidwaku kunkawoneka ngati koopsa, osati chifukwa chakuti kutengapo katatu kwa moto kunali koyenera kuthetsa, koma chifukwa chakuti wopulumuka, Graves, sanayang'ane naye. Iye adalowa mu duwa ngati choyimira kuti atsimikize mbiri ya bwenzi lake, mkonzi wa nyuzipepala ya New York dzina lake James Webb, yemwe Cilley adamutcha kuti ndi woipa. Nyumba ya Oimirayo inasankha kuti asamatsutse Graves kapena ena awiri a Congressmen omwe analipo pa duel, ngakhale kuti kudana kunali kale kutsutsana ndi malamulo ku DC komanso m'mayiko ambiri ndi madera. M'malo mwake, linapereka chikalata chomwe "chikanaletsa kupereka kapena kuvomereza m'dera la District of Columbia, chovuta kulimbana ndi chigamulo, ndi chilango chake." Pambuyo pofika pamsonkhano wa Congress, chiwerengerocho chinali choletsedwa ndi boma kunyoza, koma sizinapangitse kwenikweni kuthetsa mwambowu. Monga momwe adakhalira nthawi zonse kuchokera ku 1808, a duelist anapitiriza kukumana pamalo a Bladensburg ku Maryland, makamaka mumdima. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, komabe, kugonjetsedwa kunayamba kutayika ndipo kunachepa mofulumira ku US. Zotsiriza za makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuphatikizapo zidindo za ku Bladensburg zinagonjetsedwa ku 1868.

February 21. Patsikuli mu 1965, mtumiki wa Muslim-African American komanso wofuna kulanda ufulu wa anthu, Malcolm X, adaphedwa ndi mfuti pamene adakonzekera kulumikizana ndi bungwe la Afro-American Unity (OAAU). anafuna kubwezeretsanso anthu a ku America ndi chikhalidwe chawo cha ku Africa ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa chuma chawo. Polimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu kwa anthu akuda, Malcolm X anafotokoza malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Monga membala wa Nation of Islam, adatsutsa oyera a Amerika kukhala "ziwanda" ndipo adalimbikitsa kusiyanitsa mitundu. Mosiyana ndi Martin Luther King, adalimbikitsa anthu akuda kuti adzipitirire "mwa njira iliyonse yofunika." Asanatuluke ku Nation of Islam, adatsutsa bungwe chifukwa cha kukana kulimbana ndi chizunzo cha anthu akuda komanso kugwirizanitsa ndi ndale zakuda. kukweza ufulu wakuda. Potsiriza, atatha kutenga nawo mbali mu 1964 Hajj ku Makka, Malcolm adafika pakuwona kuti mdani weniweni wa African African sanali mtundu woyera, koma tsankho. Anali ataona Asilamu a "mitundu yonse, kuchokera ku mabala a buluu mpaka a ku Africa akuda," akukambirana mofanana ndipo adatsimikizira kuti chisilamu ndicho chofunikira kuti athetse mavuto a mafuko. Ambiri amaganiza kuti Malcolm anaphedwa ndi anthu a mtundu wa American Nation of Islam (NOI) omwe adawagonjetsa chaka chimodzi. NOI omwe anali kumuopseza adamupha, ndipo atatu a NOI anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Komabe, awiri mwa anthu atatu omwe akuphawo akhala akukhalabe osalakwa, ndipo kafukufuku wazaka zambiri akhala akukayikira pa mlandu womwewo.

February 22. Patsiku lino ku 1952, Utumiki Wachilendo ku North Korea unayimba mlandu wa asilikali a US akugwetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku North Korea. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yaku Korea (1950-53), asitikali aku China ndi aku Korea anali atadwala matenda akupha modzidzimutsa otsimikiza kuti ndi nthomba, kolera, ndi mliri. Anthu makumi anayi ndi anayi omwe adamwalira kale anali atapezeka ndi matenda a meningitis. A US adakana kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yachilengedwe, ngakhale mboni zambiri zowona zidabwera kuphatikiza mtolankhani waku Australia. Atolankhani apadziko lonse lapansi adayitanitsa kafukufuku wapadziko lonse lapansi pomwe US ​​ndi anzawo adapitilizabe kunena kuti izi ndi zabodza. A US adapempha kuti bungwe la International Red Cross lifufuze kuti athetse kukayikira kulikonse, koma Soviet Union ndi anzawo adakana, adatsimikiza kuti US ukunama. Pomaliza, World Peace Council idakhazikitsa International Scientific Commission for the Facts Concerning Bacterial Warfare ku China ndi Korea ndi asayansi odziwika, kuphatikiza katswiri wodziwika bwino waku Britain komanso sayansi yamachimo. Kafukufuku wawo adathandizidwa ndi mboni zowona, madotolo, ndi andende anayi aku America aku Korea omwe adatsimikizira kuti US idatumiza nkhondo zachilengedwe kuchokera kuma eyapoti aku Okinawa okhala ku America kupita ku Korea kuyambira 1951. Lipoti lomaliza, mu Seputembara 1952, lidawonetsa kuti US ikugwiritsa ntchito zida zamoyo, ndipo International Association of Democratic Lawyers idalengeza zotsatirazi mu "Lipoti Lamilandu Yaku US ku Korea." Ripotilo lidawulula kuti US idatenga zoyeserera zakale zaku Japan zomwe zidawunikidwa poyesa kochitidwa ndi Soviet Union mu 1949. Panthawiyo, US idati mayeserowa ndi "mabodza oyipa komanso opanda maziko." Achijapani, komabe, adapezeka olakwa. Ndipo, momwemonso US

February 23. Pa tsiku lino mu 1836, nkhondo ya Alamo inayamba ku San Antonio. Nkhondo ya ku Texas inayamba mu 1835 pamene gulu la Angol-American ndi a Tejanos (osakaniza a Mexico ndi Amwenye) adagonjetsa San Antonio yomwe inali pansi pa ulamuliro wa ku Mexican, kudzinenera kuti dziko la "Texas" ndi boma lodziimira. Mkulu wa Mexico dzina lake Antonio Lopez wa Santa Anna anaitanidwa, ndipo adaopseza asilikali kuti "sadzatengera akaidi." Mtsogoleri wa ku America, dzina lake Sam Houston, adawauza kuti abwerere ku San Antonio ngati osachepera 200 anali ochuluka kwambiri ndi asilikali a 4,000 Asilikali a ku Mexico. Gululo linatsutsa, pothawirako mmalo mwa amonke osungidwa a ku Franciscan omwe anakhazikitsidwa ku 1718 wotchedwa The Alamo. Patangotha ​​miyezi iwiri, pa February 23, 1836, asilikali mazana asanu ndi limodzi a ku Mexican anamwalira pankhondo pamene adapha ndi kupha anthu okwanira zana ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu kudza atatu. Ankhondo a ku Mexico adayika matupi a anthu awa kunja kwa Alamo. General Houston analembetsa gulu lankhondo la anthu omwe anaphedwa pankhondo yawo kuti adzilamulire okha. Mawu oti "Kumbukirani Alamo" adakhala kuitanirana kwa asilikali a Texas, ndipo zaka khumi pambuyo pa nkhondo za US ku nkhondo yomwe idabala gawo lalikulu kwambiri kuchokera ku Mexico. Pambuyo pa kupha anthu ku Alamo, asilikali a Houston anagonjetsa asilikali a ku Mexico mwamsanga ku San Jacinto. Mu April wa 1836, Mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Velasco unasainidwa ndi General Santa Anna, ndipo Republic latsopano la Texas linalengeza ufulu wake kuchokera ku Mexico. Texas sanakhale mbali ya United States mpaka December wa 1845. Icho chinakula mu nkhondo yotsatira.

February 24. Patsiku lino ku 1933, Japan anachoka ku League of Nations. League idakhazikitsidwa ku 1920 ndi chiyembekezo chokhazikitsa bata padziko lonse kutsatira Msonkhano Wamtendere ku Paris womwe udathetsa Nkhondo Yadziko I. Mamembala oyamba anali: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia , Denmark, El Salvador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Siam, Spain , Sweden, Switzerland, South Africa, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, ndi Yugoslavia. Mu 1933, League idatulutsa lipoti lopeza kuti Japan idalakwitsa pomenya nkhondo ku Manchuria, ndikupempha kuti gulu lankhondo laku Japan lichoke. Woimira ku Japan Yosuke Matsuoka adatsutsa zomwe lipotilo lapeza ponena kuti: "... Manchuria ndi athu ndi ufulu. Werengani mbiri yanu. Tinachira Manchuria kuchokera ku Russia. Tazipanga zomwe zili lero. ” Anatinso Russia ndi China zidabweretsa "nkhawa yayikulu," ndipo dziko la Japan "lidakakamizika kunena kuti Japan ndi mamembala ena a ligi ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazomwe zingachitike pobweretsa mtendere ku Far East." Ananenanso kuti Manchuria inali nkhani ya moyo ndi imfa ku Japan. "Japan yakhala ndipo yakhalabe maziko achitetezo, bata ndi kupita patsogolo ku Far East." Adafunsa, "Kodi anthu aku America angavomereze kulamulira kwa Panama Canal Zone; kodi aku Britain angalole kuti izi zitheke ku Egypt? ” A US ndi Russia adapemphedwa kuti ayankhe. Ngakhale anali kuthandizidwa, a US, omwe adaphunzitsa Japan zamatsenga, sanalowe nawo League of Nations.

February 25. Patsikuli mu 1932, wotchuka wotchuka wa Britain, wachikazi, mlaliki, ndi wolemba milandu wachikhristu Maude Royden adalemba kalata ku London Daily Express. Ogwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu ochita nawo chidwi awiri, kalatayo inakonza zomwe zikanakhala zoyambitsa chisokonezo cha mtendere m'zaka za m'ma 2000. Malinga ndi mawu ake, Royden ndi anzake awiriwo amatsogoleredwa ndi "Amuna Amtendere" a ku Britain omwe amamuna ndi akazi a ku Britain, komwe amayesa kuthetsa nkhondo ya asilikali achi China ndi Japan mwa kudzidula pakati pawo. Kulimbana pakati pa mbali ziwirizo kunapitiliranso, patapita kanthawi kochepa potsatira nkhondo ya Manchuria ndi magulu a ku Japan mu September, 1931. Nthawi ina kale, Royden adayambitsa lingaliro la "Nkhondo Yamtendere" mu ulaliki kwa mpingo wake ku mpingo wa London Congregational. Kumeneko iye anali atalalikira kuti: "Amuna ndi akazi omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi udindo wawo ayenera kudzipereka kuti adziike okha osagwirizana pakati pa ankhondowo." Iye anatsindika kuti pempho lake linali kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe, ndipo odziperekawo ayenera kupempha League of Nations kutumiza iwo osasamalidwa ku zochitika za nkhondo. Pamapeto pake, a Royden adanyalanyaza ndi League of Nations ndipo adayimilira m'nkhaniyi. Koma, ngakhale kuti Asilikali a Mtendere sanaphatikize, amuna ndi akazi ena a 800 adadzipereka kuti alowe nawo, ndipo bungwe lamtendere la asilikali linakhazikitsidwa lomwe linakhalabe lolimba kwa zaka zingapo. Kuwonjezera apo, lingaliro la Royden la zomwe iye amachitcha "mantha a mtendere" analandira maphunziro pamaphunziro awo pakapita nthawi monga dongosolo la zotsatira zonse zomwe zatulukapo ndi zomwe tsopano zikudziwika kuti ndi "zida zankhondo zopanda chitetezo."

February 26. Patsikuli mu 1986, Corazon Aquino adatenga mphamvu pambuyo pa kupanduka komwe kunalibe Ferdinand Marcos ku Philippines. Marcos, Purezidenti Wosankhidwa ku Philippines mu 1969, adaletsedwa nthawi yachitatu, ndipo mwamwano adalengeza malamulo omenyera nkhondo olamulira asitikali, kutha kwa Congress, ndikumangidwa kwa omutsutsa. Wotsutsa wake wotchuka, Senator Benigno Aquino, adakhala m'ndende zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri asanakumane ndi vuto la mtima. Adaimbidwa mlandu wabodza wakupha, kuweruzidwa, ndikuweruzidwa kuti aphedwe pomwe United States idalowererapo. Pamene adachiritsidwa ku US, Aquino adaganiza zobwerera ku Philippines kukachotsa Marcos pamphamvu. Ntchito ndi zolemba za Gandhi zidamulimbikitsa kuti asachite zachiwawa ngati njira yabwino yogonjetsera Marcos. Pamene Aquino adabwerera ku Philippines mu 1983, adawomberedwa ndi apolisi. Imfa yake idalimbikitsa othandizira masauzande ambiri omwe adayenda m'misewu kufuna "Chilungamo kwa Onse Omenyedwa Ndi Zandale Komanso Zauchifwamba Zachimuna!" Corazon Aquino wamasiye wa Benigno, adakonza msonkhano ku Malacanang Palace patsiku lokumbukira mwezi umodzi kuphedwa kwa Aquino. Pamene Marines adathamangitsidwa m'gululo, owonetsa mwamtendere okwana 15,000 adapitiliza ulendo wawo kuchokera kunyumba yachifumu kupita ku Mendiola Bridge. Mazana anavulala ndipo khumi ndi mmodzi anaphedwa, komabe ziwonetserozi zidapitilira mpaka Corazon atapikisana nawo kukhala purezidenti. A Marcos atati apambana, a Corazon adalimbikitsa anthu kusamvera boma mdziko lonse, ndipo 1.5 miliyoni adayankha ndi "Triumph of the People Rally." Patatha masiku atatu, United States Congress idadzudzula chisankhocho, ndipo idavota kuti muchepetse thandizo lankhondo mpaka Marcos atasiya ntchito. Nyumba yamalamulo yaku Philippines idachotsa zotsatira zachisankho, ndikulengeza Purezidenti wa Corazon.

February 27. Patsikuli ku 1943, Gestapo ya Nazi ku Berlin inayamba kuzungulira amuna achiyuda omwe anakwatiwa ndi akazi omwe si achiyuda, komanso ana awo aamuna. Pafupifupi pafupifupi 2,000, amunawa ndi anyamata adakhazikitsidwa kumalo achitetezo achiyuda ku Rosenstrasse (Rose Street), podikirira kutumizidwa kumisasa yakufupi pafupi. Mabanja awo "osakanikirana", sakanakhoza kudziwa panthawi yomwe amunawa sangakumane ndi zomwezi monga momwe masauzande a Ayuda aku Berlin adasamutsira kundende ya Auschwitz. Chifukwa chake, ochulukirachulukira wokhala ndi akazi ndi amayi, mabanja amasonkhana tsiku lililonse kunja kwa chipani kuti akachite chionetsero chachikulu chokha cha nzika za Germany mu nkhondo yonse. Akazi a akapolo achiyuda adayimba, "Tipatseni amuna athu." Alonda aku Nazi atayang'anitsitsa mfuti pagulu la anthu, izi zimayimba mokuwa kuti, “Wopha, wakupha, wakupha….” Poopa kuti kuphedwa kwa azimayi mazana achijeremani pakati pa Berlin kungayambitse chisokonezo pakati pa zigawo zambiri za anthu achijeremani, Nduna ya Nazi ku Propaganda Joseph Goebbels adalamula kuti amasule amuna achiyuda okwatirana. Podzafika pa Marichi 12, amuna onse kupatula 25 mwa amuna 2,000 omwe adamangidwa anali atamasulidwa. Masiku ano, dera la Rosenstrasse silikupezekanso, koma chikumbukiro chosema kuti "Kupewa kwa Akazi "kunakhazikitsidwa ku paki yapafupi ku 1995. Mawu ake amati: "Mphamvu za kusamvera malamulo, mphamvu ya chikondi, zimathetsa chiwawa chauchidakwa. Tipatseni ife amuna athu mmbuyo. Akazi anali ataima pano, akugonjetsa imfa. Amuna achiyuda anali omasuka. "

February 28. Patsikuli mu 1989, a Kazakhs 5,000 ochokera kosiyanasiyana adachita msonkhano woyamba wa Nevada-Semipalatinsk Antinuclear Movement - yomwe idatchulidwa kuti iwonetse mgwirizano ndi ziwonetsero zaku US zotsutsana ndi kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya pamalo a Nevada. Pamapeto pamsonkhano, okonza Kazakh adagwirizana pa ndondomeko yothetsera kuyesa kwa nyukiliya ku Soviet Union ndipo adakhazikitsa cholinga chotsirizira zida za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi. Pulogalamu yawo yonse inafalikira ngati pempho ndipo mwamsanga analandira zoposa milioni. Bungwe la Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union linapempha kuti nzika zokhudzidwa nazo ziwonetsedwe zowononga zida za nyukiliya ku malo a Semipalatinsk, dera la Soviet Union. Kazakhstan. Ngakhale kuti kuyesa kwa nyukiliya kumtunda kwapadera kunathetsedwa mu mgwirizano wa US / Soviet wolembedwa mu 1963, kuyesedwa kwapansi kunavomerezedwa ndipo kunapitiliza pa malo a Semipalatinsk. Pa February 12 ndi 17, 1989, zipangizo zamagetsi zowonongeka zimachokera ku malowa, kuika moyo wawo pachiswe m'madera ozungulira kwambiri. Makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe anachita ndi kayendetsedwe ka Nevada-Semipalatinsk, Supreme Soviet, pa August 1, 1989, adafuna kuti pakhale kuyesedwa kwa mayiko onse a United States ndi Soviet Union. Ndipo mu August 1991, Pulezidenti wa Kazakhstan adatseka mosamalitsa malo a Semipalatinsk ngati malo a kuyesa kwa nyukiliya ndipo adatsegulira anthu ofuna kuwatsitsimutsa. Mwazifukwa izi, maboma a Kazakhstan ndi Soviet Union anakhala oyamba kutseka malo oyesa magetsi a nyukiliya paliponse padziko lapansi.

February 29. Patsikuli lachiwombankhanga ku 2004, United States inagwidwa ndi kuika Purezidenti wa Haiti. Ili ndi tsiku loyenera kukumbukira kuti chidziwitso chakuti demokrasi sichimenyana ndi demokrasi sichimvera chizoloŵezi cha demokarasi ya ku America ikuukira ndi kugonjetsa demokalase zina. Msilikali wina wa ku America dzina lake Luis G. Moreno pamodzi ndi asilikali apolisi a ku United States anakumana ndi pulezidenti wotchuka wa Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, komwe amakhala kumayambiriro kwa February 29th. Malingana ndi Moreno, moyo wa Aristide unali utawopsezedwa ndi otsutsa a Haiti, ndipo adathawira kwawo. Tsiku la Aristide linasokoneza kwambiri. Aristide adanena kuti iye ndi mkazi wake adagwidwa ndi asilikali a US monga gawo la boma limene linapatsa mphamvu magulu otsogoleredwa ndi US Aristide omwe anatengedwa ukapolo ku Africa, ndipo adayankhula ndi anthu ambiri a US African American. Maxine Waters, a congresswoman a ku California, adatsimikizira kuti Aristide adanena kuti: "Dziko lapansi liyenera kudziwa kuti ndilo kupikisana. Ndinagwidwa. Ndinakakamizidwa kutuluka. Ndi zomwe zinachitika. Sindinasiye ntchito. Sindinapite mwa kufuna kwawo. Ndinakakamizidwa kuti ndipite. "Wina, Randall Robinson, yemwe anali mkulu wa bungwe la TransAfrica-ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wolengeza ufulu wa anthu, adatsimikizira kuti" pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwademokera "" adagwidwa "ndi United States" [US] anatsutsa kupondereza, "akuwonjezera," Ichi ndi chochititsa mantha kuganizira. "Zotsutsana ndi zochita za US zinanena ndi Congressional Black Caucus, ndipo nthumwi za Haiti ku US zinawatsogolera kumasulidwa komaliza kwa Purezidenti Aristide patatha zaka zitatu, komanso kuti adziwe kuti dziko la United States linali lolakwa.

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World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.