December
December 1
December 2
December 3
December 4
December 5
December 6
December 7
December 8
December 9
December 10
December 11
December 12
December 13
December 14
December 15
December 16
December 17
December 18
December 19
December 20
December 21
December 22
December 23
December 24
December 25
December 26
December 27
December 28
December 29
December 30
December 31
December 1. Patsikuli, pulezidenti wa 1948 Costa Rica adalengeza cholinga cha dzikoli kuthetsa asilikali ake. Purezidenti Jose Figueres Ferrar alengeza za mzimu watsopanowu m'mawu omwe amalankhula tsiku lomwelo kuchokera kulikulu lankhondo ladziko, Cuartel Bellavista, ku San Jose. Mophiphiritsira adamaliza mawu ake ndikuphwanya khoma ndikupereka makiyi a nyumbayo kwa nduna ya zamaphunziro. Masiku ano malo akale ankhondo ndi nyumba yosungiramo zojambulajambula. Ferrar adati, "yakwana nthawi yoti Costa Rica abwerere pachikhalidwe chake chokhala ndi aphunzitsi ambiri kuposa asirikali." Ndalama zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa usilikali, tsopano zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, osati maphunziro okha, koma zaumoyo, zoyeserera zachikhalidwe, zothandiza anthu, zachilengedwe, komanso apolisi opereka chitetezo chamabanja. Zotsatira zake ndikuti anthu aku Costa Rica ali ndi mwayi wophunzira kuwerenga 96%, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo zaka 79.3 - malo apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi kuposa aku United States - malo osungira anthu ndi malo opulumukira omwe amateteza kotala la malo onse, zida zamagetsi zozikika kwathunthu pazomwe zingapangidwenso, ndipo ili pa nambala 1 ndi Happy Planet Index poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa 108 ndi United States. Pomwe mayiko ambiri ozungulira Costa Rica akupitilizabe kugulitsa zida zankhondo ndipo akhala akuchita nawo mkangano wamkati mwa mayiko ndi malire, Costa Rica sinatero. Ndi chitsanzo chabwino kuti imodzi mwanjira zabwino kwambiri zopewera nkhondo ndi kusakonzekera imodzi. Mwina enafe titha kujowina "Switzerland of Central America" ndikulengeza lero kuti ali ndi "Tsiku Lothana ndi Asitikali."
December 2. Patsikuli mu 1914 Karl Liebknecht anapanga voti yokha yolimbana ndi nkhondo ku parliament ya Germany. Liebknecht anabadwira ku 1871 ku Leipzig monga wachiŵiri mwa ana asanu. Bambo ake anali membala woyambitsa bungwe la Social Democratic Party (kapena SPD). Pamene abatizidwa, Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Engels anali abatizidwa ake. Liebknecht anakwatiwa kawiri, mkazi wake wachiwiri wa ku Russia, ndipo anali ndi ana atatu. Mu 1897, Liebknecht anaphunzira malamulo ndi chuma ndipo adaphunzira nawo Magna komanso laude ku Berlin. Cholinga chake chinali kuteteza Marxism. Liebknecht anali kutsogolera kutsutsana ndi WWI. Mu 1908, ali m'ndende chifukwa cha zolemba zake zotsutsana ndi nkhondo, adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wa Prussia. Pambuyo povotera kuti ngongole ya usilikali idzapereke ndalama mu August 1914 - chisankho chokhazikika ku chipani chake - Liebknecht, pa December 2nd, ndiye yekha membala wa Reichstag kuti avotere zowonjezera ngongole za nkhondo. Mu 1916, adachotsedwa ku SPD ndipo adayambitsidwa ndi Rosa Luxemburg ndi ena a Spartacus League zomwe zimafalitsa mabuku ofotokoza. Anamangidwa panthawi ya chiwonetsero cha nkhondo, Liebknecht anaweruzidwa kuti apite kundende zaka zinayi, komwe adakhala mpaka atakhululukidwa mu October 1918. Pa 9th wa November adalengeza Freie Sozialistische Republik (Free Socialist Republic) kuchokera khonde la Berliner Stadtschloss. Pambuyo pa kupsyinjika kwa Spartacus kukwiya ndi mazana akuphedwa, pa 15th a Januware Liebknecht ndi Luxemburg adamangidwa ndikuphedwa ndi mamembala a SPD. Liebknecht anali m'modzi mwa andale ochepa omwe adatsutsa zakuphwanya ufulu wa anthu mu ufumu wa Ottoman.
December 3. Patsiku lino mu 1997 pangano loletsera migodi ya nthaka linasindikizidwa. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lomwe mungapemphe kuti mayiko ochepa omwe akugwira ntchito azilemba ndi kuvomereza. Cholinga cha "Preamble to the Ban" ndicho cholinga chake chachikulu: "Ndikufunitsitsa kuthetsa kuvutika ndi kuwonongeka kumeneku chifukwa cha migodi ya anti-personnel yomwe imapha kapena kuvulaza anthu ambiri sabata iliyonse, makamaka anthu osalakwa komanso opanda chitetezo komanso makamaka ana ..." Mu Ottawa , Canada, nthumwi zochokera ku mayiko a 125 zinakumana ndi Lloyd Axworthy, Pulezidenti Wachilendo ku Canada, ndi Pulezidenti Jean Chretien kuti asayine mgwirizano woletsera zida izi zomwe Chretien anafotokoza kuti ndi "kuthetsa pang'onopang'ono." Zida za nkhondo zapitazo zidakhala m'mayiko a 69 ku 1997 , kupitiriza zoopsa za nkhondo. Ntchito yothetsa mliri umenewu inayamba zaka 6 zapitazo ndi International Komiti ya Red Cross, ndi mtsogoleri wachibadwidwe wa anthu a ku America, Jody Williams yemwe anayambitsa International Campaign Kuteteza Mitunda, ndipo anathandizidwa ndi Princess Princess wa ku Wales. Maiko oyang'anira milandu kuphatikizapo United States ndi Russia anakana kusaina panganolo. Poyankha, Pulezidenti Wachilendo Axworthy adanena chifukwa china chochotsera migodi chinali kulimbikitsa ulimi m'mayiko monga Afghanistan. Dr. Julius Toth wa gulu lothandizira zachipatala bungwe la Doctors Without Borders linati "Ndikofunika kuti mayiko amenewo aganizirenso zolinga zawo zosasayina. Ngati iwo angakhoze kulingalira kwa ana omwe ine ndikuyenera kuthana nawo pamene ine ndikugwira ntchito mu maiko okhala ndi amputees ndi ozunzidwa ndi migodi iyi ndibwino kuti abwere ndi chifukwa chabwino choti asakhale pa mzere. "
December 4. Patsikuli mu 1915, Henry Ford adanyamuka kupita ku Ulaya kuchokera ku Hoboken, New Jersey, pamtunda wotchedwa Peace Ship. Potsutsidwa ndi omenyera mtendere a 63 ndi olemba nkhani a 54, cholinga chake chinali chothetsa kutha kwa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Monga Ford adawona, nkhondo yachitsulo ikuluikulu sinagwire ntchito koma imfa ya anyamata ndi kupindula akale . Atatsimikiza mtima kuchita kanthu kena, anakonza zopita ku Oslo, Norway, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko, anayamba kukonzekera msonkhano wa mayiko a ku Ulaya omwe salowerera ndale ku The Hague zomwe zidzakakamiza atsogoleri a mitunduyi kuti azikhala mwamtendere. Pokhala m'chombo, komabe, mgwirizano unasokonezeka mwamsanga. Nkhani ya Purezidenti Wilson akuitanira kuti amange anthu ndi zida za nkhondo ya US kuti ikhale yowonongeka ndi anthu opondereza kwambiri. Kenaka, pomwe sitimayo idafika ku Oslo pa December 19, omenyerawo adapeza ochepa okha othandizira kuti alandireni. Patsiku la Khirisimasi, Ford akuoneka kuti adawona zolemba pamtambo ndipo anapha chipani cha Peace Ship crusade. Pofuna kulandira matenda, anadutsa sitimayi yomwe inakonzedweratu ulendo wopita ku Stockholm ndipo anapita panyumba kunyumba ya Norway. Pomalizira pake, mtendere wamtendere unali wotsika mtengo wa Ford pafupifupi madola mamiliyoni theka ndipo adamupeputsa pang'ono. Komabe, zikhoza kufunsidwa ngati kupusa komwe kunayesedwa kwa iye kunali koyenera. Kodi idakagona ndi Ford, yemwe adadziwonetsa yekha kuti alephera kumenyana ndi moyo? Kapena ndi atsogoleri a ku Ulaya omwe anatumiza asilikali a 11 kuphedwa kwawo pankhondo popanda chifukwa kapena cholinga choyera?
December 5. Patsikuli mu 1955 phiri la Montgomery Bus Boycott linayamba. Mlembi wa chaputala chakumaloko cha National Association for the Advancement of Colors People (NAACP) Rosa Parks, nzika yotchuka yamzinda wopatukana kwambiri ku Alabama, adakana kupereka mpando wake wamabasi kwa woyenda woyera masiku anayi m'mbuyomu. Anamangidwa. Pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya nzika zakuda za Montgomery sizinasiyirepo mabasi, ndipo kunyanyalaku kunapanga nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kunyanyalaku kunalumikizidwa ndi Montgomery Improvement Association ndi Purezidenti wawo, Martin Luther King Jr. Ili linali "Tsiku la Masiku" ake. Pamsonkhano womwe amayi Parks adamangidwa, a King adati, mwa njira yomwe amalankhula, akuti "agwira ntchito molimbika mtima komanso molimba mtima kuti apeze chilungamo pamabasi," kuti ngati akulakwitsa, Khothi Lalikulu komanso Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino anali olakwika, ndipo "Ngati talakwitsa, Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse akulakwitsa." Ziwonetsero ndikuwanyanyala kunatenga masiku 381. King adaweruzidwa pamlandu wopondereza bizinesi yovomerezeka pomwe magalimoto adakonzedwa; nyumba yake inaphulitsidwa ndi bomba. Kunyanyalaku kudatha ndi Khothi Lalikulu ku US kuti kusankhana m'mabasi aboma sikutsutsana ndi malamulo. Kunyanyala kwa Montgomery kunawonetsa kuti ziwonetsero zopanda chiwawa zitha kuthana ndi tsankho ndipo zinali zitsanzo zamakampeni ena akumwera omwe adatsatira. King adati, "Khristu watiwonetsa njirayo, ndipo Gandhi ku India adawonetsa kuti zitha kugwira ntchito." King adapitiliza kuthandiza kutsogolera ntchito zina zambiri zosachita zachiwawa. Kunyanyalaku ndichitsanzo chabwino cha momwe kusachita zachiwawa kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kosatha komwe nkhanza sizingachitike.
December 6. Patsikuli mu 1904 Theodore Roosevelt anawonjezera ku Chiphunzitso cha Monroe. Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chinayankhulidwa ndi Purezidenti James Monroe ku 1823, mu uthenga wake wapachaka ku Congress. Chifukwa chodandaula kuti dziko la Spain likhoza kulanda dziko la South America, ndipo dziko la France likulumikizana nalo, adalengeza kuti dziko la Western Hemisphere lidzatetezedwa ndi United States, ndipo mayiko onse a ku Ulaya amayesa kulamulira mtundu uliwonse wa Latin America adzaonedwa ngati chiwawa motsutsana ndi United States. Ngakhale poyambirira anali mawu ochepa, ichi chinakhala mwala wapangodya wa US kudziko lina, makamaka pamene Pulezidenti Theodore Roosevelt anawonjezera Roosevelt Corollary poyankha mavuto ku Venezuela. Izi zinati dziko la United States lingalowetse mkangano pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi mayiko a Latin America kuti akwaniritse milandu ya ku Ulaya, osati kulola anthu a ku Ulaya kuti azichita mwachindunji. Roosevelt adanena kuti dziko la United States liyenera kukhala "mphamvu yamapolisi yapadziko lonse" kuthetsa kusamvana. Kuchokera pano, Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chikanamveka ngati chovomerezeka kuchitapo kanthu kwa US, osati kungopewera ku Ulaya ku Latin America. Chilungamo ichi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'zaka zotsatira za 20 ku Caribbean ndi Central America. Anasiyidwa mu 1934 ndi Purezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt, koma sizinatheke. Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chakhala chikuchitika kwa zaka makumi angapo, monga momwe United States yapha, inagonjetsa, ikuwombera, komanso kuphunzitsidwa imfa. Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chinanenedwa mpaka lero ndi atsogoleri a US omwe akufunitsitsa kugonjetsa kapena kulamulira maboma kummwera. Ndipo amamvetsetsa ku Latin America ngati chidziŵitso cha msilikali kuti chiposa ndi ulamuliro.
December 7. Pa tsiku limeneli ku 1941, asilikali a ku Japan anaukira mabungwe a US ku Philippines ndi ku Hawaii ku Pearl Harbor. Kupita kunkhondo sizinali lingaliro latsopano mu Roosevelt White House. A FDR ayesa kunamizira anthu a US za sitima za US kuphatikizapo Gulu ndi Kerny, omwe anali kuthandiza ndege zaku Britain kutsata sitima zapamadzi zaku Germany, koma zomwe Roosevelt adanamizira kuti zidamuwombera mosalakwa. Roosevelt ananamizanso kuti anali ndi mapu achinsinsi a Nazi omwe akukonzekera kulanda South America, komanso pulani yachinsinsi ya Nazi yosinthira zipembedzo zonse ndi Nazi. Ndipo komabe, anthu aku United States sanagule lingaliro loti apite kunkhondo ina mpaka Pearl Harbor, pomwe Roosevelt anali atakhazikitsa kale ntchitoyo, adatsegula National Guard, adapanga Gulu Lankhondo Lalikulu m'nyanja ziwiri, ogulitsa ogulitsa owononga akale kupita ku England posinthana ndi malo ake ku Caribbean ndi Bermuda, ndipo - masiku 11 okha asanaukiridwe mosayembekezereka, ndipo masiku asanu FDR isanayembekezere - adalamula mwachinsinsi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mndandanda wa anthu aku Japan ndi Japan- Munthu waku America ku United States. Pa Ogasiti 18th Churchill adauza nduna yake, "Purezidenti adanena kuti amenya nkhondo koma osalengeza," ndipo "zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zikakamize." Ndalama, ndege, ophunzitsa, komanso oyendetsa ndege amaperekedwa ku China. Kuletsedwa kwachuma kunakhazikitsidwa ku Japan. Kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US kudakulitsidwa kuzungulira Pacific. Pa Novembala 15, Chief of Staff a George Marshall adauza atolankhani kuti, "Tikukonzekera kumenya nkhondo ndi Japan."
December 8. Patsikuli mu 1941, Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin anapanga voti yokha yolimbana ndi US kulowa m'Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Jeanette Rankin adabadwira ku Montana mu 1880, mwana wamkulu kwambiri mwa ana asanu ndi awiri. Anaphunzira ntchito zachitukuko ku New York ndipo posakhalitsa adakhala wokonzekera azimayi azimayi. Atabwerera ku Montana, anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito kwa amayi suffrage, ndipo adathamangira chisankho monga Progressive Republican. Mu 1916 adakhala mkazi woyamba komanso yekhayo m'Nyumba ya Oyimilira. Voti yake yoyamba mnyumbayo idatsutsana ndi US kulowa nawo nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Mfundo yoti sanali yekha idanyalanyazidwa. Ananyozedwa chifukwa choti analibe malamulo andale chifukwa chokhala mkazi. Atagonjetsedwa mu 1918, adakhala zaka makumi awiri mphambu ziwiri zotsatira akugwira ntchito m'mabungwe amtendere ndikukhala moyo wosalira zambiri. Mu 1940, ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, adapambananso pamisankho ngati Republican. Voti yake yoti "ayi" yotsutsana ndi kulengeza nkhondo ku Japan idabwera tsiku lotsatira kuphulika kwa bomba ku Pearl Harbor komwe kudapangitsa anthu aku US omwe kale anali odziletsa kuti alowe kunkhondo. Pambuyo pake adalemba kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziletso ku Japan mu 1940 kudali kopanda chidwi, kochitidwa ndikuyembekeza kuukiridwa, lingaliro lomwe tsopano ndi lodziwika. Anthu adamuukira. Patatha masiku atatu, adachoka m'malo mokomera voti yaku Germany ndi Italy. Sanathamangiranso Congress koma anapitilizabe kukhala wankhondo, ndikupita ku India komwe amakhulupirira kuti Mahatma Gandhi alonjeza mtundu wamtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi. Adatsutsa mwamphamvu Nkhondo ku Vietnam. Rankin adamwalira ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zitatu mu 1973.
December 9. Pa tsiku ili mu 1961 Nazi Msilikali wa SS Adolf Eichmann anapezeka ndi mlandu wa milandu ya nkhondo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu 1934 adasankhidwa kuti agwire ntchito yoyang'anira zochitika zachiyuda. Ntchito yake inali yothandizira kupha Ayuda komanso zolinga zina, ndipo anali ndiudindo woyang'anira "mayankho omaliza" Anayang'anira bwino kuzindikira, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kunyamula Ayuda kupita komwe akupita ku Auschwitz ndi kumisasa ina yowonongera. Pambuyo pake amatchedwa "wokonza mapulani a Nazi." Ngakhale Eichmann adagwidwa ndi asitikali aku US kumapeto kwa nkhondo, adapulumuka mu 1946 ndipo adakhala zaka zambiri ku Middle East. Mu 1958, iye ndi banja lake adakhazikika ku Argentina. A Israeli anali ndi nkhawa zakubadwa komwe kumakulira mdziko latsopanolo osadziwa zachipongwe ndipo anali ndi chidwi chowaphunzitsa iwo komanso dziko lonse lapansi za izi. Ogwira ntchito zachinsinsi ku Israeli adamanga Eichmann ku Argentina mosavomerezeka mu 1960 ndipo adapita naye ku Israel kuti akaweruzidwe pamaso pa oweruza atatu apadera. Kumangidwa kotsutsana ndi kuyesedwa kwa miyezi inayi kudapangitsa a Hannah Arendt kuti anene zomwe amatcha kuti kuphwanya choyipa. Eichmann adakana kuchita zolakwa zilizonse, nati ofesi yake idangoyendetsa mayendedwe okha, ndikuti adangokhala kazembe kutsatira malamulo. Eichmann anaweruzidwa ndi milandu yankhondo komanso milandu yolakwira anthu. Pempho linakanidwa; adaphedwa popachikidwa pa June 1, 1962. Adolph Eichmann ndi chitsanzo kwa dziko lapansi la nkhanza zosankhana mitundu komanso nkhondo.
December 10. Patsikuli mu 1948, bungwe la United Nations linalandira Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Izi zinapanga Tsiku la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe. Chigamulochi chinali kuyang'ana ku nkhanza za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Bungwe la UN Commission on Human Rights, loyendetsedwa ndi Eleanor Roosevelt, adalemba chikalatachi zaka ziwiri. Ili ndilo lipoti loyamba la mayiko omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "ufulu waumunthu." Chidziwitso cha Ufulu wa Anthu chili ndi nkhani za 30 zolemba ndondomeko yeniyeni yandale, ndale, zachuma, zachikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe zomwe zikuwonetsera mkhalidwe wa ufulu, ulemu, ndi mtendere wa United Nations . Mwachitsanzo, ikuphimba ufulu wa moyo, ndi kuletsa kwa ukapolo ndi kuzunza, ufulu wa malingaliro, maganizo, chipembedzo, chikumbumtima, ndi mgwirizano wamtendere. Anapitsidwanso popanda dziko linalake, koma abwenzi ochokera ku USSR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, ndi South Africa. Mayiko ovomerezeka adawona kuti izi zidasokoneza ulamuliro wawo, ndipo mfundo za Soviet zinapereka mwayi wapamwamba pankhani zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe pomwe mgwirizano wamayiko a West adalimbikitsa kufunika kwa ufulu ndi ndale. Pozindikira ufulu wa zachuma, Declaration inati "Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo wabwino wokhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso labwino la iye yekha ndi banja lake." Pamapeto pake, chikalatacho chinakhala chosagwirizanitsa ndipo chikuwoneka , osati monga lamulo, koma ngati chiwonetsero cha makhalidwe abwino komanso ngati chikhalidwe chofala cha anthu onse ndi mitundu yonse. Ufuluwu wagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mgwirizano, mgwirizano wa zachuma, malamulo okhudza ufulu waumunthu, ndi mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi.
December 11. Patsikuli mu 1981, kupha koipitsitsa m'mbiri yamakono ya Latin America kunachitika ku El Salvador. Ophawo adaphunzitsidwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi boma la United States, lomwe limatsutsa maboma amanzere ndi maboma odziyimira pawokha poletsa dziko lapansi ku chikominisi. Ku El Salvador United States idapatsa boma lopondereza zida, ndalama, komanso kuthandizira andale pamtengo wokwana madola miliyoni miliyoni patsiku. Ntchitoyi kumadera akutali a El Mozote idachitidwa ndi gulu lankhondo lodziwika bwino la Atlacatl lomwe adaphunzitsidwa ku gulu lankhondo lotchedwa US Army School of the America. Ozunzidwa anali zigawenga komanso ma campesinos omwe amayang'anira madera ambiri akumidzi. Asitikali a Atlacatl adawafunsa mafunso, kuwazunza ndikuwapha amunawo, kenako adatenga azimayiwa, kuwawombera atawagwirira, ndikuphwanya mimba za amayi apakati. Anadula khosi la anawo, kuwapachika m'mitengo, ndikuwotcha nyumba. Anthu eyiti anaphedwa, ana ambiri. Mboni zochepa zidathawa. Pasanathe milungu isanu ndi umodzi, zithunzi zamitunduyi zidasindikizidwa ku New York ndi Washington. United States idadziwa koma sinachite chilichonse. Lamulo lokhululukirana ku El Salvador linalepheretsa kufufuza zaka zotsatira. Pambuyo pazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zakufukula m'manda, mu Okutobala 2012, zaka zopitilira makumi atatu kuchokera ku El Mozote, Khothi la UN-American lapeza kuti El Salvador ali ndi mlandu wakupha, kubisa, komanso kulephera kufufuza pambuyo pake. Malipiro kwa mabanja omwe apulumuka anali ochepa. M'zaka zotsatira, El Salvador inali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu ophedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kupatula nthawi yophunzira ndikutsutsa zoopsa zomwe zachitika pakali pano m'maiko ena.
December 12. Patsikuli mu 1982, akazi a 30,000 amagwirizanitsa manja kuti azungulira pazitali makilomita asanu ndi anayi a asilikali a US ku Greenham Common ku Berkshire, England. Cholinga chawo chodziwonetsera okha chinali "kuvomereza maziko," motero "kutsutsana ndi chiwawa ndi chikondi." Greenham Common base, yotsegulidwa ku 1942, idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi British British Air Force ndi US Army Air Force panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse . Pa Cold War yotsatira, idalandiridwa ku US kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi US Strategic Air Command. Mu 1975, Soviet Union inagwiritsa ntchito zida zogwiritsira ntchito zolimbitsa thupi zosiyana siyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe dziko la NATO linkachita kuti liwopseza chitetezo cha Western Europe. Poyankha, NATO inakhazikitsa ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito zowonjezereka zogwiritsa ntchito 500 pamtunda wa nyukiliya ku North Europe ndi 1983, kuphatikizapo zida za 96 zoyenda ku Greenham Common. Akazi oyambirira akutsutsa ndondomeko ya NATO inachitika mu 1981, pamene akazi a 36 adayenda ku Greenham Common ku Cardiff, Wales. Pamene chiyembekezo chawo chotsutsana ndi ndondomekoyi ndi akuluakulu a boma sankanyalanyazidwa, amayiwo adadzimangirira okha ku mpanda pamtunda, adakhazikitsa Peace Camp komweko, ndipo adayamba zomwe zinatsutsana ndi zida za nyukiliya za 19. Pamapeto a Cold War, Greenham Common Army maziko adatsekedwa mu September 1992. Komabe, chiwonetsero chosatha kumeneko chochitidwa ndi amayi makumi zikwi amakhalabe ofunikira. Mu nthawi ya nkhawa zowopsa za nyukiliya, imatikumbutsa kuti kuwonetsa moyo kwa anthu ambiri kumapereka njira zabwino zowunikira polojekiti yotsutsana ndi moyo wa asilikali / mafakitale.
December 13. Patsikuli mu 1937 asilikali a ku Japan adagwiririra ndi kupha akazi osachepera a 20,000 a Chitchaina. Asilikali achijapani anagwira Nanjing, ndiye likulu la dziko la China. Pa milungu isanu ndi iwiri iwo anapha anthu wamba ndi omenyana ndi kupha nyumba. Amagwiririra pakati pa 20,000 ndi akazi a 80,000 ndi ana, kudula amayi omwe ali ndi amayi oyembekezera, ndipo amawakonda akazi omwe ali ndi timitengo ndi zipika. Chiwerengero cha imfa sichidziwika, mpaka 300,000. Malemba anawonongedwa, ndipo chigawenga chikadali chifukwa cha mavuto pakati pa Japan ndi China. Kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiriridwa ndi kugonana monga zida za nkhondo kwalembedwa m'nkhondo zambiri zankhondo kuphatikizapo Bangladesh, Cambodia, Cyprus, Haiti, Liberia, Somalia, Uganda, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, komanso South America. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa mitundu. Mu Rwanda, atsikana omwe ali ndi pakati adasokonezedwa ndi mabanja awo komanso midzi yawo. Ena anasiya ana awo; ena adadzipha. Chigololo chimasokoneza malo omwe anthu amatha kukhala nawo, ndipo kuphwanya ndi kupweteka kumaphatikizapo mabanja onse. Atsikana ndi amayi nthawi zina amakakamizidwa kuchita uhule ndi kugulitsa, kapena kugonana pofuna kubwezera chakudya, nthawi zina ndi kuphatikiza kwa maboma ndi akuluakulu a usilikali. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, akazi adatsekeredwa ndi kukakamizidwa kukwanitsa kugwira ntchito. Amayi ambiri a ku Asia ankachita nawo uhule pa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Kugonana kumayambitsa vuto lalikulu m'misasa ya othawa kwawo komanso anthu ogwidwa kwawo. Mayesero a Nuremberg adatsutsa kugwiriridwa monga mlandu wotsutsa anthu; maboma ayenera kuyitanidwa kukakamiza malamulo ndi miyambo ya makhalidwe ndikupatsanso uphungu ndi ntchito zina kwa ozunzidwa.
December 14. Patsikuli mu 1962, 1971, 1978, 1979, ndi 1980, kuyezetsa mabomba a nyukiliya kunkachitika ku United States, China, ndi USSR. Tsiku limeneli ndi chitsanzo chosasinthika chomwe chinapangidwa kuchokera ku mayeso odziwika bwino a nyukiliya. Kuchokera ku 1945 mpaka ku 2017, panali mayeso a nyukiliya a 2,624 padziko lonse lapansi. Mabomba a nyukiliya oyambirira anagonjetsedwa ndi United States ku Nagasaki ndi Hiroshima, ku Japan, ku 1945, zomwe tsopano zikuwonedwa ngati mayesero oyambirira a nyukiliya, popeza palibe amene adadziwa momwe angakhalire amphamvu. Anthu ophedwa ndi ovulala mu Hiroshima ndi 150,000 ndi Nagasaki, 75,000. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse inachitikira. Panthaŵi ya Cold War, ndipo kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo, United States ndi Soviet Union zakhala zikulamulira kwambiri m'nkhondo ya nyukiliya yapadziko lonse. Amayi a US apanga mayesero a nyukiliya a 1,054, otsatiridwa ndi USSR omwe apanga mayeso a 727, ndi France ndi 217. Mayesero afanso ndi UK, Pakistan, North Korea, ndi India. Israeli akudziwikanso kuti ali ndi zida za nyukiliya, ngakhale kuti sanavomereze, ndipo akuluakulu a ku United States ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chinyengo chimenechi. Mphamvu za zida za nyukiliya zawonjezeka kwambiri pa nthawi, kuchokera ku mabomba a atomiki kupita ku mabomba a thermonuclear hydrogen, ndi zida za nyukiliya. Masiku ano, mabomba a nyukiliya ali ndi nthawi 3,000 yamphamvu kwambiri pamene bomba linagwera Hiroshima. Mphamvu yolimbana ndi nyukiliya yakhala ikuthandizira kusokoneza mgwirizano ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu, kuphatikizapo Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty ya 1970 ndi Nuclear Ban Treaty yomwe inayamba kusonkhanitsa ku 2017. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti mayiko okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya asanalolere kuletsa, ndipo chidwi cha ma TV chachoka pamsasa wawo.
December 15. Patsikuli mu 1791 Bill of Rights ya US inavomerezedwa. Ku United States ili ndi tsiku la Bill of Rights. Panali kukangana kwakukulu ponena za kulembera malamulo ndi kukwaniritsa lamulo la Constitution, lomwe limafotokoza ndondomeko ya boma, koma potsiriza linayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1789, ndi kumvetsa kuti Bill of Rights adzawonjezeredwa. Malamulo angasinthidwe ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi atatu-anayi a mayiko. Malamulo khumi oyambirira a malamulo a dziko la United States ndi Bill of Rights, omwe amavomerezedwa zaka ziwiri mutakhazikitsidwa. Chidziwitso chimodzi chodziwika ndi Choyamba, chomwe chimateteza ufulu wa kulankhula, kufalitsa, kusonkhana, ndi chipembedzo. Chigwirizano Chachiwiri chasandulika kukhala ndi ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti, koma poyamba adayankha ufulu wa maiko kuti akonze magulu. Malemba oyambirira a Chigwirizano Chachiwiri anaphatikizapo kuletsedwa kwa gulu la asilikali (lomwe likupezeka mu malire a zaka ziwiri pa gulu la nkhondo lomwe lili m'malemba apamwamba a Constitution). Zojambulajambula zinaphatikizaponso kulamulira usilikali pazankhondo, komanso ufulu wokana usilikali chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali. Kufunika kwa zigawenga kunali kuwiri: kupha nthaka kwa Amwenye Achimereka, ndi kuumiriza ukapolo. Chisinthikocho chinasinthidwa kuti chilembere ku zigawenga za boma, osati msilikali wa federal, pa chikhalidwe cha boma chomwe chinaloleza ukapolo, omwe oimira onsewo ankawopa akapolo opandukira akapolo ndi kumasulidwa kwa akapolo kupyolera mu ntchito ya usilikali. Lamulo Lachitatu limalepheretsa munthu aliyense kuti alandire asilikari m'nyumba zawo, chizoloŵezi chomwe chimasinthidwa ndi mabungwe ambirimbiri osatha. Chachinayi kupyolera pachisanu ndi chitatu chonchi, monga Choyamba, chiteteze anthu ku nkhanza za boma, koma kawirikawiri akuphwanyidwa.
December 16. Patsikuli mu 1966 Pangano la Padziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachikhalidwe ndi Ndale (ICCPR) idasankhidwa ndi UN General Assembly. Inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1976. Kuyambira mwezi wa December 2018, mayiko a 172 adalonjeza pangano. Pangano la Padziko Lonse pa Economic Economic and Cultural Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ndipo ICCPR imadziwika kuti International Bill of Rights. ICCPR ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku mabungwe onse a boma ndi othandizira, ndi maboma onse a boma ndi aderalo. Article 2 imatsimikizira kuti ufulu wovomerezeka mu ICCPR udzapezeka kwa aliyense m'mayiko omwe adalandira pangano. Article 3 imapereka ufulu wofanana wa amuna ndi akazi. Pakati pa ufulu wina wotetezedwa ndi ICCPR ndi: ufulu wa moyo, kumasuka kuzunzidwa, kumasuka ku ukapolo, ku msonkhano wamtendere, chitetezo cha munthuyo, ufulu wa kuyenda, kuyanjana pamaso pa milandu, ndi kuweruza mwachilungamo. Zotsatira ziwiri zosankha zimanena kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu womvedwa ndi Komiti ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, ndi kuthetsa chilango cha imfa. Komiti Yoona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe imayang'anitsitsa malipoti ndi kuyankha zodandaula ndi malingaliro awo ku dziko. Komiti imasindikizanso ndemanga zowonjezera ndi kutanthauzira kwake. Bungwe la American Civil Liberties Union linapereka mndandanda wa zochitika mu January 2019 ku Komiti za kuphwanya ku United States, monga: malire a malire a US-Mexico, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera kupha, National Security Agency, ndi chilango cha imfa. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kuti mudziwe zambiri za ICCPR ndikuchita nawo mbali.
December 17. Patsikuli mu 2010, kudzidzimvera kwa Mohamed Bouazizi ku Tunisia kunayambitsa Masika a Arabiya. Bouazizi adabadwa mu 1984 m'mabanja osauka omwe ali ndi ana asanu ndi awiri komanso bambo wopeza omwe akudwala. Anagwira ntchito kuyambira zaka khumi ngati wogulitsa mumsewu ndipo anasiya sukulu kuti azisamalira banja lake, amalandira ndalama pafupifupi $ 140 pamwezi pogulitsa zokolola zomwe adalowera ngongole kuti agule. Iye anali wodziwika, wotchuka, ndi wowolowa manja ndi zokolola zaulere kwa osauka. Apolisi amamuzunza ndipo amayembekeza ziphuphu. Malipoti okhudza izi adatsutsana, koma abale ake ati apolisi amafuna kuwona chilolezo cha wogulitsa, chomwe sanafune kuti agulitse pa ngolo. Mayi wina wachikazi anamumenya mbama kumaso, anamulavulira, anatenga zida zake, nanyoza abambo ake omwe anamwalira. Omuthandizira amamumenya. Mzimayi akumunyoza adamupangitsa manyazi ake. Adayesa kuwona kazembe, koma adakanidwa. Atakhumudwitsidwa kwathunthu, adadzithira mafuta, ndikudziwotcha. Patatha masiku 1987, anamwalira. Pamodzi ndi ziwonetsero zokwiya mumsewu, anthu zikwi zisanu adapita kumaliro ake. Kafukufuku adathera pomwe wapolisi wamkazi yemwe adamunyoza adamangidwa. Magulu amafuna kuti boma la Purezidenti wachinyengo, Ben Ali, alamulire kuyambira XNUMX. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuthana ndi ziwonetserozi kunadzudzula mayiko ena, ndipo patadutsa masiku khumi Bouazizi atamwalira, Ben Ali adakakamizidwa kuti atule pansi udindo ndikunyamuka ndi banja lake. Ziwonetsero zidapitilira ndi boma latsopano. Ziwonetsero zopanda ufulu zomwe zimadziwika kuti Arab Spring zinafalikira ku Middle East, pomwe anthu ambiri anali kuguba kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse m'mbiri yake. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kuti mukonzekere kukana zopanda chilungamo kuchitiridwa zopanda chilungamo.
December 18. Patsikuli mu 2011, dziko la United States linati linathetsa nkhondo yake ku Iraq, yomwe siidatha, ndipo idakhazikika mwa mtundu umodzi kuyambira chaka cha 1990. Purezidenti wa United States George W. Bush adasindikiza mgwirizano kuti asilikali a US achoke ku Iraq ndi 2011, ndipo adayamba kuwachotsa ku 2008. Barack Obama, yemwe analowa m'malo mwake monga pulezidenti, adalimbikitsa kuthetsa nkhondo ku Iraq ndipo akukweza kuti ku Afghanistan. Anasunga theka lachiwiri la lonjezolo, magulu atatu a US ku Afghanistan. Obama adafuna kusunga zikwi zambiri za asilikali ku Iraq kupitirira nthawi yomaliza koma pokhapokha ngati Nyumba yamalamulo ya Iraq idzawapatsa chitetezo chazolakwa zomwe angachite. Nyumba yamalamulo inakana. Obama adachotsa asilikali ambiri, koma atatha kubwezeretsa asilikali ambirimbiri, adakalibe vutoli. Panthawiyi chisokonezo chimene chinayambika pa nkhondo ya 2003, nkhondo ya 2011 ku Libya, komanso kulimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa olamulira ankhanza ku dera lonseli ndi zigawenga ku Siriya zinayambitsa chiwawa komanso kuwonjezeka kwa gulu lomwe linatchedwa ISIS chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa nkhondo ku United States ku Syria ndi Iraq. Nkhondo yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi US ku Iraq m'zaka zapitazo 2003 inapha anthu oposa milioni a Iraqi, malinga ndi kufufuza kwakukulu komwe kunachitika, kuwononga zowonongeka, kuyambitsa matenda, matenda othawa kwawo, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kupha anthu, kupha anthu. United States idatsanulira madola triliyoni imodzi kuti ndalama zowonjezereka zogwira nkhondo zitheke pachaka kwa zaka zambiri zotsatila 2001, kudzipusitsa yekha momwe magulu a magulu a September 11th akanatha kulota.
December 19. Patsikuli mu 1776 a Thomas Paine adalemba nkhani yawo yoyamba ya "American Crisis". Iyamba "Izi ndi nthawi zomwe zimayesa miyoyo ya anthu" ndipo inali yoyamba mwa timapepala tawo 16 pakati pa 1776 ndi 1783 munthawi ya Revolution ya America. Adafika ku Pennsylvania kuchokera ku England ku 1774, ambiri osaphunzira, ndikulemba ndikugulitsa zolemba zoteteza lingaliro ladziko. Anadana ndi ulamuliro m'njira iliyonse, adadzudzula "nkhanza zaulamuliro waku Britain" ndikuthandizira kusinthaku ngati nkhondo yachilungamo komanso yoyera. Adalimbikitsa kuba kwa a Loyalists, adalimbikitsa kupachikidwa kwawo, ndikuyamikira ziwawa zomwe zimachitikira asitikali aku Britain. Paine adalongosola m'mawu osavuta, ndikupanga mabodza abwino ankhondo. Pokana zovuta, adati, "Sindikugwira mawu; chifukwa chake, ndimaganizira nthawi zonse. ” Ena amakhulupirira kuti kudzudzula kwake kwa anzeru ena kumawonetsa kusaphunzira kwake. Anabwerera ku Great Britain mu 1787 koma malingaliro ake sanalandiridwe. Kuthandiza kwake mwachangu ku French Revolution kumatanthauza kuti adaimbidwa mlandu wopandukira boma ndikukakamizidwa kuthawa ku England kupita ku France asanamangidwe ndikuweruzidwa. France inagwa mu chisokonezo, mantha, ndi nkhondo, ndipo Paine anamangidwa pa nthawi ya Terror koma pomalizira pake anasankhidwa ku National Convention mu 1792. Mu 1802, Thomas Jefferson adayitanitsa Paine kubwerera ku United States. Paine anali ndi malingaliro opita patsogolo kwambiri pa boma, ogwira ntchito, azachuma, komanso achipembedzo - amadzipezera adani ambiri. Paine adamwalira ku New York City mu 1809 ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi Abambo Oyambitsa a United States. Ili ndi tsiku lowerenga ndi malingaliro ovuta.
December 20. Pa tsiku lino mu 1989 United States inaukira Panama. Kuwombera, pansi pa Purezidenti George HW Bush, kunkatchedwa Operation Just Chifukwa, kunayambitsa asilikali a 26,000, ndipo inali nkhondo yayikuru ku United States kuyambira nkhondo ya Vietnam. Zolingazo zinali kubwezeretsa kwa pulezidenti Guillermo Endara, omwe adasankhidwa ndi ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni khumi a US, ndipo omwe adaikidwa ndi Manual Noriega, ndikugwira Noriega pa milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Noriega adalipira ndalama za CIA kwa zaka makumi awiri, koma kumvera kwake ku United States kunali kusokonekera. Zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale nkhondoyi, zinaphatikizapo kuyendetsa dziko la US Panama Canal, kulumikiza maziko a asilikali a US, kupeza thandizo kwa ankhondo a US ku Nicaragua ndi kwina kulikonse, kupaka Pulezidenti Bush ngati mtsogoleri wa maso m'malo mogulitsa, kugulitsa zida, wotchedwa Vietnam Syndrome, kutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri a ku United States sakufuna kuthandiza nkhondo zowonjezereka. Kufikira ku 4,000 anthu a Panamani anamwalira "kothamanga" kumeneku ku Gulf War. Panama inakhazikitsa chuma cholimbikitsana chifukwa cha zokopa alendo, malo opereka chithandizo, Panama Canal, malo othawa pantchito, malo olembetsera fayilo, msonkho wa msonkho, makampani opanga makampani, mabanki akumayiko ena, mtengo wapatali wa moyo, komanso mtengo wapatali wa nthaka. Panama imadziwika kuti ndi ndalama zonyansa, ziphuphu zandale, ndi cocaine trans transments. Kulikusowa kwa ntchito, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka kwambiri, ndi 40% ya anthu osauka. Anthu amakhala m'nyumba zosakwanira ndipo samapezeka kuchipatala kapena zakudya zabwino. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kuti tiganizire za yemwe amapindula zofunkha za nkhondo ndipo amene akukumana ndi zotsatira zake.
December 21. Patsikuli mu 1940, kukonzekera kupha moto kwa Tokyo ndi United States kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi China. Kutatsala milungu iwiri kuti papite chaka ku Japan asanaukire Pearl Harbor, Unduna wa Zachuma ku China Soong ndi a Colonel Claire Chennault, omwe apuma pantchito ku US Army, adakumana mchipinda chodyera cha Secretary of Treasure ku America a Henry Morgenthau kuti akonzekere kuwombera likulu la Japan. Colonel, yemwe anali kugwira ntchito ku China, anali kuwalimbikitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito oyendetsa ndege aku America kuti aphulitse bomba ku Tokyo kuyambira 1937. Morgenthau adati atulutsa amuna ku US Army Air Corps ngati aku China angawalipire $ 1,000 pamwezi . Soong anavomera. US idapatsa China ndege ndi ophunzitsa, kenako oyendetsa ndege. Koma kuphulitsa moto ku Tokyo sikunachitike mpaka usiku wa Marichi 9-10, 1945. Mabomba owopsa adagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mkuntho woyaka moto udawononga ma 16 mamailosi amzindawu, udapha anthu pafupifupi 100,000, ndikusiya anthu miliyoni akusowa pokhala . Anali bomba lowononga kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, lowononga kwambiri kuposa Dresden, kapena ngakhale bomba la atomiki lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan kumapeto kwa chaka chatha. Kumene kuphulitsa bomba kwa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki kwalandiridwa chidwi ndi kuweruzidwa, kuwonongedwa kwa US kwa mizinda yoposa makumi asanu ndi limodzi yaku Japan bomba lisanachitike. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mizinda yophulitsa mabomba yakhala ikuluikulu pankhondo zaku US. Zotsatira zake ndizovulala zambiri koma ovulala ochepa aku US. Ili ndi tsiku labwino lomwe mungaganizire kufunika kwa miyoyo ya anthu omwe si a US.
December 22. Patsikuli mu 1847, Congressman Abraham Lincoln adatsutsa Purezidenti James K. Polk chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo ku Mexico. Polk adanenetsa kuti Mexico idayambitsa nkhondoyo "pokhetsa magazi aku America panthaka yaku America." Lincoln adafuna kuti awonetsedwe komwe kumenyera nkhondo ndipo adati asitikali aku US alowa m'malo omwe anali ovomerezeka ku Mexico. Anadzudzulanso a Polk chifukwa cha "chinyengo chachinyengo" chokhudza komwe kunayambika nkhondo komanso poyesera kuwonjezera gawo ku US. Lincoln adavota motsutsana ndi lingaliro loti nkhondoyi ndiyabwino, ndipo patatha chaka adathandizira yomwe idadutsa pang'ono, kulengeza kuti nkhondoyi ndi yosemphana ndi malamulo. Chaka chotsatira nkhondoyi inatha ndi Pangano la Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Panganoli lidakakamiza boma la Mexico kuti livomereze kulanda Alta California ndi Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico ndi United States. Izi zidawonjezera ma 525,000 ma kilomita kupita kudera la US, kuphatikiza malo omwe amapanga zonse kapena zigawo za Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, ndi Wyoming. United States idalipira madola 15 miliyoni ndikuletsa ngongole ya $ 3.5 miliyoni. Mexico ivomereza kutayika kwa Texas ndipo idalandira Rio Grande ngati malire ake akumpoto. Kukula kwakukulu kwa madera a United States kudachitika kudzera mu kulanda kwa Texas mu 1845, kukambirana Mgwirizano wa Oregon ndi Great Britain mu 1846, komanso kutha kwa nkhondo yaku Mexico ndi America. Nkhondoyo idawonedwa ku US ngati chigonjetso, koma idadzudzulidwa chifukwa chakuvulala kwa anthu, mtengo wazandalama, komanso kuponderezana. Kutsutsa nkhondo kwa Lincoln sikunamulepheretse kulowa mu White House, komwe, monga apurezidenti ambiri, adawasiya.
December 23. Patsikuli mtsogoleri wa 1947 Truman adakhululukira 1,523 ya osindikizira a nkhondo a padziko lonse a 15,805. Okhululukidwa nthawi zonse akhala akuyamika mafumu ndi mafumu. Ku United States ku 1787, pa Constitutional Convention, mphamvu yachisomo inapatsidwa kwa Pulezidenti waku America. Mu 1940, Selection Training and Service Act yaperekedwa. Amuna onse pakati pa zaka 21 ndi 45 anayenera kulembetsa kuti ayambe kulemba. Nkhondoyo itatha, chiwerengero cha amuna omwe anamangidwa chifukwa chokana kulembedwa, kulephera kulembetsa, kapena kulephera kukumana ndi chiyeso chochepa chotsutsa chikumbumtima chawo cha 6,086. Chiwerengero cha zoperewera sichinali chodziwikiratu, koma mu 1944, Army inalembera chiwerengero cha 63 zoperewera kwa amuna onse a 1,000 pantchito yogwira ntchito. Truman anakana kupereka chikhululukiro chomwe chikanakhululukira aliyense, ndipo mmalo mwake adatsata mwambo kuchokera ku First World War: kukhululukidwa kosankhidwa. Zotsatira za chikhululuko chidzakhala kubwezeretsa ufulu wadziko ndi ndale. Mu 1946, Truman adatchula gulu la mamembala atatu kuti aone ngati anthu amene amakhulupirira kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira. Bwaloli linalimbikitsa okhululukidwa kwa osungira olemba 1,523 okha. Bungweli linanena kuti palibe chikhululukiro cha iwo omwe "adzipanga kukhala anzeru komanso oyenerera kuposa anthu kuti adziwe udindo wawo kuti ateteze mtunduwo." Mu 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt anapempha Truman kuti akambirane milandu yonseyi, koma Truman anakana, kunena kuti amuna omwe anali nawo "anali amantha kapena osokoneza." Koma ku 1952, Truman adakhululukira anthu omwe adatumikira ku nkhondo nthawi yamtendere, komanso onse othawa mtendere kuchokera ku nkhondo.
December 24. Patsikuli ku 1924 Costa Rica adalamula kuti achoke ku League of Nations kuti atsutsane ndi Chiphunzitso cha Monroe. Pangano la League of Nations, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa panthawi yomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 1920, linanena za ziphunzitso ngati njira yotsimikizira kuti "mtendere ukhalebe" ngakhale kuti maiko ambiri a Latin America sanawone kuti Chiphunzitso cha Monroe chiri kuchita kotero. Chiphunzitso cha Monroe, chomwe chinapangidwa mu 1823, chidasuliridwa kuti chikhale chida choteteza zofuna za US ku America ngakhale kuti zikutanthauza kuti akukana mayiko omwe ali ndi ufulu wodzisankhira okha. Chimodzi mwa zilembo zowonjezereka zotsatiratu chiphunzitso cha Monroe chinali Roosevelt Corollary ya 1904, yomwe inavomereza poyera kulamulira kwa America ku America. The Roosevelt Corollary inasintha mosapita m'mbali Chiphunzitso cha Monroe kuchokera ku china chosagwirizana ndi mphamvu za ku Ulaya ku America kuti chilowe mwachangu ndi United States. Ena otsutsa ndondomekoyi amakhulupirira kuti inali gawo la "katundu woyera" kuti achite mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi chipembedzo. Roosevelt adanena kuti "kulakwitsa kosatha, kapena kutayika komwe kumabweretsa kuthetsa chiyanjano pakati pa anthu otukuka" adapereka US chivomerezo chogwiritsa ntchito "mphamvu yamapolisi yapadziko lonse" malinga ndi kutanthauzira kwake kwa Chiphunzitso cha Monroe. Wopanda tsankholi, pamodzi ndi zofuna zachuma za US, adayambitsa kale njira yopangira maulendo ku Hawaii, Cuba, Panama, Dominican Republic, Honduras, ndi Nicaragua pomwe dziko la Costa Rica linasankha ku 1924.
December 25. Patsikuli mu 1914, m'madera angapo kumbali ya Western Front mu nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, asilikali a ku Britain ndi a Germany anaika manja awo ndikukwera m'mipando yawo kuti akonze maulendo a tchuthi ndi kukondwera ndi mdani. Ngakhale kuti maboma a maiko olimbana nawo adanyalanyaza ma Papa awiri a Benedict XV kuti adziwonetsere kusakhalitsa kwa khirisimasi kanthawi, asilikaliwo adanena kuti ndizosavomerezeka. Kodi chinawachititsa kuchita chiyani? N'kutheka kuti, atatha kuthetsa mavuto ndi kuopsa kwa nkhondo ya kumpoto kwa France, iwo adayamba kuzindikira zovuta zawo ndi asilikali a adani omwe anali pamitunda yayitali. Khalidwe "lokhala ndi moyo" limakhala likudziwonetsera kale kuti "kulimbana ndi kuthetsa" ndi mdani "nthawi yamtendere" pakati pa nkhondo. Ndipotu, akuluakulu a asilikali kumbali zonse ziwiri ankasokonezeka chifukwa chofuna kupha adani awo, motsogoleredwa ndi British January ndi January 1915 kuti apange milandu yowonongeka motsatira chilango choopsa. Pachifukwa ichi, Truce ya Khirisimasi ya 1914 inaliyesa kwa nthawi yaitali kuti inali yochitika. Komabe, umboni wolembedwa mu 2010 ndi wolemba mbiri wachi Germany, Thomas Weber, akuwonetsa kuti matepi ambiri a Khirisimasi omwe amapezekamo amachitsidwanso mu 1915 ndi 1916. Chifukwa chake, akukhulupirira, chiri chokhudzana ndi chakuti, pambuyo pa nkhondo, asilikali omwe apulumuka nthawi zambiri amamva chisoni kwambiri moti anasonkhezeredwa kuthandiza asilikali omwe anavulazidwa kumbali inayo. Asirikali anapitirizabe kuchita chisangalalo cha Khirisimasi kumene akanatha, chifukwa chakuti anthu awo, omwe anali atapanga nkhondo, ankakhalabe omvera ku mwayi waukulu wa chikondi ndi mtendere.
December 26. Pa tsiku lino mu 1872 Norman Angell anabadwa. Kukonda kuwerenga kunayambitsa kulumikiza kwake kwa Mill Mutu wa Ufulu ali ndi zaka 12. Anaphunzira ku England, France, ndi Switzerland asanapite ku California ku 17. Anayamba kugwira ntchito ku St. Louis Globe-Democrat, ndi San Francisco Mbiri. Monga mlembi, anasamukira ku Paris ndipo adakhala wachiwiri watsopano Mtumiki wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndiye operekera othandizira Éclair. Iye analengeza za nkhondo ya Spain ndi America, nkhani ya Dreyfus, ndi Boer War anatsogolera Angell ku bukhu lake loyamba, Kukonda dziko la pansi pa zida Zitatu: Kukhudzidwa Kwambiri pa Ndale (1903). Pamene akusindikiza kope la Paris la Lord Northcliffe Daily Mail, Angell anasindikiza bukhu lina Optical Illusion ku Ulaya, zomwe adaziwonjezera mu 1910 ndikutchulidwanso Kukula Kwambiri. Nthano ya Angell pa nkhondo yomwe inafotokozedwa m'ntchito yake inali yakuti mphamvu ya usilikali ndi ndale inali njira yopezera chitetezo chenichenicho, ndipo sizingatheke kuti dziko lina lilandire wina. Wamkulu nkhambakamwa adasinthidwa nthawi yonse ya ntchito yake, kugulitsa makope oposa 2, ndipo anasinthidwa m'zinenero za 25. Anagwira ntchito kukhala membala wa pulezidenti, ndi Komiti Yadziko lonse yotsutsana ndi nkhondo ndi fascism, pa Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ya League of Nations Union, komanso monga Purezidenti wa Abyssinia Association, akufalitsa mabuku makumi anai, kuphatikizapo Masewera a Ndalama (1928), Anthu Osawona Osapha (1932), Nkhondo Yathu Yoteteza Zathu (1934), Mtendere ndi Olamulira Olamulira? (1938) ndi Izi zili choncho (1951) pa mgwirizano monga maziko a chitukuko. Angell anagwidwa mu 1931, ndipo analandira Nobel Peace Prize mu 1933.
December 27. Patsikuli ku 1993 Belgrade Akazi a Black anachitira chipwirikiti cha Chaka Chatsopano. Chikomyunizimu Yugoslavia chinali ndi mayiko a Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro ndi Macedonia. Prime Minister Tito atamwalira mu 1980, magawano adayamba ndikulimbikitsidwa pakati pa mafuko komanso okonda dziko. Slovenia ndi Croatia zidalengeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha mu 1989, zomwe zidadzetsa mkangano ndi gulu lankhondo laku Yugoslavia. Mu 1992 nkhondo idabuka pakati pa Asilamu aku Bosnia ndi ma Croat. Kuzingidwa kwa likulu, Sarajevo, zidatenga miyezi 44. Anthu 10,000 adamwalira ndipo azimayi 20,000 adagwiriridwa pakugawaniza mafuko. Asitikali aku Bosnia aku Serre adalanda Srebrenica ndikupha Asilamu. NATO yaphulitsa ma Bosb Serb. Nkhondo idayamba ku 1998 ku Kosovo pakati pa zigawenga zaku Albania ndi Serbia, ndipo NATO idayambanso kuphulitsa bomba, ndikuwonjezera imfa ndi chiwonongeko pomwe akuti ikumenya nkhondo yotchedwa yothandiza anthu. Amayi akuda akuda mkati mwa nkhondo zovuta komanso zowonongekazi. Kumenya nkhondo ndi udindo wawo, "kukonda kwawo zauzimu komanso kusankha ndale." Pokhulupirira kuti azimayi nthawi zonse amateteza kwawo polera ana, kuthandizira opanda mphamvu, ndikugwira ntchito osalipidwa pakhomo, akuti "Timakana mphamvu yankhondo ... kupanga zida zankhondo zophera anthu ... ulamuliro wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, dziko , kapena kunena za wina. ” Anakonza ziwonetsero zambiri munthawi yamapeto ndi pambuyo pa nkhondo za ku Balkan, ndipo ali achangu padziko lonse lapansi ndi zokambirana ndi misonkhano, komanso ziwonetsero. Amayambitsa magulu amtendere azimayi ndipo alandila UN ndi akazi ena ambiri komanso mphotho zamtendere ndikusankhidwa. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kuyang'ana kumbuyo kunkhondo ndikufunsa zomwe zikadachitidwa mosiyana.
December 28. Patsikuli ku 1991, boma la Philippines linauza United States kuti achoke kumtsinje wake wa Subic Bay. Akuluakulu a ku America ndi a Philippine adakwaniritsa mgwirizanowu pachilimwe chomwe chidachitika kuti chigwirizanitse ndalama zokwana $ 203 miliyoni pachaka. Koma mgwirizanowu unakanidwa ndi Senate ya ku Philippine, yomwe inachititsa kuti asilikali a ku United States akhalepo m'dzikoli ngati malo okhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe chadziko lachilendo komanso kuchitira umboni ku ulamuliro wa ku Philippines. Boma la Philippines linasandulika Subic Bay kukhala gawo la zamalonda la Subic Freeport Zone, lomwe linapanga ntchito zatsopano za 70,000 m'zaka zake zoyambirira. Mu 2014, komabe dziko la United States linayambanso kulowa usilikali m'dzikoli mothandizidwa ndi mgwirizano wolimbikitsana wa chitetezo. Chigwirizanocho chimapangitsa US kuti amange ndi kuyendetsa malo pazilumba za Philippines kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mayiko onse awiri kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu za dziko la kwawo kuti zidziteteze pazowopsya zakunja. Chosowa chotero ndi chokayikitsa, komabe. Dziko la Philippines silinayang'ane ndi ngozi yowonongeka, kuukira, kapena kugwira ntchito kulikonse-kuphatikizapo ku China, yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndi Philippines kuti ikule chuma cha South China Sea mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano umene umalepheretsa kuchitapo kanthu kwa US. Zowonjezereka, zikhoza kufunsa ngati dziko la US lingathe kukhalabe ndi asilikali m'mayiko oposa 80 ndi madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti ziopsezo zapolisi zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi ndale komanso zolemba zapadera, US ndi malo abwino komanso osungidwa bwino kuchokera ku zoopsa zenizeni zakunja ndipo alibe ufulu wotsutsa zoopsa zoterozo monga apolisi odzipangira okha padziko lapansi.
December 29. Patsikuli mu 1890, asilikali a ku United States anapha amuna, akazi, ndi ana a 130-300 Sioux ku Misala Yowonongeka. Imeneyi inali imodzi mwakumapeto kwa mikangano yambiri pakati pa boma la US ndi mayiko achimereka ku 19th Kuwonjezeka kwakumadzulo kwa United States. Mwambo wachipembedzo wotchedwa Ghost Dance unali wolimbikitsa kutsutsa, ndipo a US anazindikira kuti akuopseza kuukira kwakukulu. A US anali atapha mtsogoleri wotchuka wa Lakota Sitting Bull pofuna kumugwira ndi kuthetsa kuvina. Ena Lakota ankakhulupirira kuti kuvina kudzabwezeretsa dziko lawo lakale ndipo kuvala chomwe chimatchedwa "malaya amtundu" kudzawateteza kuti asawombere. The Lakota, ogonjetsedwa ndi njala, anali kupita ku Pine Ridge. Iwo anaimitsidwa ndi mahatchi a US 7th, omwe anawatengera ku Wounded Knee Creek, ndipo anazunguliridwa ndi mfuti zazikulu zothamanga. Nkhaniyi ndi yakuti kuwombera kunathamangitsidwa, kaya ndi Lakota kapena msilikali wa ku America sakudziwika. Kupha kunkhwima ndi kosalephereka kunabuka. Chiwerengero cha Lakota wakufa chikutsutsana, koma zikuonekeratu kuti osachepera theka la omwe anaphedwa anali amayi ndi ana. Uwu unali nkhondo yomaliza pakati pa asilikali a federal ndi Sioux mpaka 1973, pamene a American Indian Movement adagonjetsa Wounded Knee masiku a 71 kuti atsimikizire zomwe zikuchitika patsikulo. Mu 1977, Leonard Peltier anaweruzidwa kupha anthu awiri a FBI kumeneko. Bungwe la US Congress linapereka chigamulo chodandaula chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa 1890 patatha zaka zana, komabe dziko la United States likunyalanyaza kwambiri chiyambi cha malamulo oyambitsa nkhondo ndi kuyeretsa mafuko.
December 30. Patsikuli mu 1952 Tuskegee Institute inanena kuti 1952 ndi chaka choyamba m'zaka 71 zosunga kuti palibe wina amene adalumikizidwa ku US-kuzindikira kosautsa komwe sikukanakhala kuyesa nthawi. (Lynching yomaliza ku US idachitika m'zaka za zana la 21.) Ziwerengero zoziziritsa sizinatanthauze zowopsa pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zakupha mopanda chilungamo kwa anthu. Lynching, yomwe imakonda kuchitidwa ndi magulu achiwawa, ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino chazinthu zomwe anthu amakhulupirira kuti sangakhulupirire "ena," "osiyana". Lynching ndi fanizo laling'ono pamiyambo ingapo yokhudza pafupifupi nkhondo zonse m'mbiri ya anthu, zomwe zakhala zikuwonetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu amitundu, zipembedzo, mafuko, andale, kapena mafilosofi. Ngakhale sizinali kudziwika kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, kulanda anthu ku United States, komwe kudakula kuyambira pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni mpaka mzaka za zana la 20, anali mlandu wofuna mpikisano. Oposa 73% mwa anthu pafupifupi 4,800 omwe anazunzidwa ku US anali African-American. Ma Lynchings anali makamaka-ngakhale osati okha-chodabwitsa chakumwera. Zowonadi, mayiko 12 akumwera okha ndi omwe anapha anthu 4,075 aku Africa-America kuyambira 1877 mpaka 1950. Anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi mwa anthu omwe amachita izi sanapatsidwe chilango ndi boma kapena aboma wamba. Palibe chomwe chingakhale chofanizira kuti anthu alephera kuthandizana popewa zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi, monga kuwononga chilengedwe kapena nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi kuposa momwe United States Congress yalephera kukhazikitsa lamulo lonena kuti apalamula mlandu mpaka Disembala, 2018, patatha zaka 100 ndikuyesera.
December 31. Patsikuli, anthu ambiri padziko lonse amakondwerera kutha kwa chaka ndi kuyamba kwa latsopano. Kawirikawiri, anthu amapanga zosankha kapena kudzipereka kuti akwaniritse zolinga zapadera chaka choyamba. World BEYOND War yakhazikitsa Chidziwitso cha Mtendere chomwe timakhulupirira kuti chimathandizanso ngati chisankho chatsopano cha chaka chatsopano. Lonjezo ili lamtendere kapena lonjezo lamtendere likupezeka pa intaneti ku worldbeyondwar.org ndipo lasainidwa ndi anthu masauzande ambiri komanso mabungwe pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi. Declaration ili ndi ziganizo ziwiri zokha, ndipo yonse imati: "Ndikumvetsetsa kuti nkhondo ndi zankhondo zimatipangitsa kukhala osatetezeka m'malo motiteteza, kuti amapha, kuvulaza komanso kuvulaza akulu, ana ndi makanda, kuwononga chilengedwe, kuwononga chilengedwe ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndikuwononga chuma chathu, kuthana ndi zinthu zina zotsimikizira moyo. Ndikudzipereka kutenga nawo mbali ndikuthandizira zoyesayesa zankhanza zothetsa nkhondo zonse ndikukonzekera nkhondo ndikupanga bata lokhazikika komanso lamtendere. ” Kwa aliyense amene akukayikira gawo lililonse la chilengezochi - Kodi ndizowona kuti nkhondo zimatiika pachiwopsezo? Kodi nkhondo imawonongadi chilengedwe? Kodi nkhondo siyopeka kapena yofunikira kapena yopindulitsa? - World BEYOND War yakhazikitsa tsamba lathunthu kuyankha mafunso awa. Ku worldbeyondwar.org pali mindandanda ndi mafotokozedwe abodza okhulupilira za nkhondo ndi zifukwa zomwe tikufunikira kuthetsa nkhondo, komanso kampeni yomwe munthu atha kutenga nawo mbali pokwaniritsa cholingachi. Osasaina chikole mwamtendere pokhapokha mutatanthauza. Koma chonde tanthauzirani! Onani worldbeyondwar.org Chaka chabwino chatsopano!
Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.
Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.
Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.
Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.
Audio wojambulidwa ndi Tim Pluta.
Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.
Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music Gwiritsani ntchito chilolezo kuchokera “Mapeto a Nkhondo,” lolemba Eric Colville.
Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.
Zojambula za Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.
