October

October 1
October 2
October 3
October 4
October 5
October 6
October 7
October 8
October 9
October 10
October 11
October 12
October 13
October 14
October 15
October 16
October 17
October 18
October 19
October 20
October 21
October 22
October 23
October 24
October 25
October 26
October 27
October 28
October 29
October 30
October 31

October 1. Patsiku lino ku 1990, United States inathandizira kuukirira ku Rwanda ndi asilikali a Uganda omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi ophedwa a US. A US adathandizira kuwukira kwawo Rwanda zaka zitatu ndi theka. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kukumbukira kuti ngakhale nkhondo sizingaletse kuphana, zitha kuyambitsa. Mukamatsutsa nkhondo masiku ano mudzamva mawu awiriwa: "Hitler" ndi "Rwanda." Chifukwa chakuti Rwanda idakumana ndi vuto losowa apolisi, zotsutsanazo zikuti, Libya kapena Syria kapena Iraq ziyenera kuphulitsidwa bomba. Koma Rwanda idakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndi zankhondo, osati vuto losowa zankhondo. Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN, a Boutros Boutros-Ghali, ananenanso kuti "kupha anthu ku Rwanda ndi 1 mwa anthu aku America!" Chifukwa chiyani? Eya, United States inachirikiza kuukira kwa Rwanda pa October 1990, 1994. Africa Watch (pambuyo pake inadzatchedwa Human Rights Watch / Africa) inakokomeza ndikudzudzula kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndi Rwanda, osati nkhondo. Anthu omwe sanaphedwe adathawa olandawo, zomwe zidabweretsa mavuto othawa kwawo, kuwononga ulimi, komanso kuwononga chuma. A US ndi a Kumadzulo adanyamula zotenthetsazi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zovuta zina kudzera mu World Bank, IMF, ndi USAID. Chidani chinawonjezeka pakati pa Ahutu ndi Atutsi. Mu Epulo 6, purezidenti wa Rwanda ndi Burundi adaphedwa, makamaka ndi wopanga nkhondo wothandizidwa ndi US komanso Purezidenti wa Rwanda Paul Kagame. Chiwawa komanso chisokonezo chimodzi chokha chimatsatira kuphedwa kumeneku. Pamenepo, ogwira ntchito mwamtendere, othandizira, zokambirana, kupepesa, kapena kuweruzidwa mwalamulo atha kukhala atathandizira. Mabomba sakanakhala nawo. A US adakhala kumbuyo mpaka Kagame atatenga mphamvu. Adzatenga nkhondoyo kupita ku Congo, komwe XNUMX miliyoni amwalira.

October 2. Patsikuli chaka chilichonse UN International Day of Non-Violence ikuwonetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Zakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 ndi ndondomeko ya UN General Assembly, Tsiku Lopanda Chiwawa linagwirizanitsa mwadala tsiku la kubadwa kwa Mahatma Gandhi, yemwe adatsutsa kwambiri kuti anthu sanamvere malamulo a boma omwe adatsogolera India ku ufulu wawo kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa Britain ku 1947. Gandhi ankaona kuti palibe nkhanza "mphamvu yoposa yomwe anthu ali nayo ... yamphamvu kuposa chida champhamvu kwambiri cha chiwonongeko chokonzedwa ndi nzeru za munthu." Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kutenga kwake kwa mphamvu imeneyo kunali kwakukulu kuposa momwe ankagwiritsira ntchito kuthandiza kuthandizira ufulu wa dziko lake. Gandhi adadziwanso kuti kusagwirizana ndi nkhanza n'kofunika kwambiri kuti ukhale ndi ubale wabwino pakati pa anthu a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, kukulitsa ufulu wa amayi, ndi kuchepetsa umphawi. Kuyambira pa imfa yake ku 1948, magulu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, monga odana ndi nkhondo ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku boma ku US, agwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda chiwawa pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwa ndale kapena kusintha kwa anthu. Zomwe zachitidwa zimaphatikizapo zionetsero ndi kukopa, kuphatikizapo maulendo ndi mavuli; kusagwirizanirana ndi bungwe lolamulira; komanso zopanda chinyengo, monga kuikapo ndi kubisala, kutilepheretsa zochita zopanda chilungamo. Poganizira za kukhazikitsa tsiku lachiwawa, bungwe la UN linatsimikizira kufunika kwa chikhalidwe chonse chosakhala chiwawa komanso kuthandizira kupeza chikhalidwe cha mtendere, kuleza mtima, ndi kumvetsetsa. Kupititsa patsogolo zomwezo pa Tsiku la Kusalana, anthu, maboma, ndi mabungwe omwe si a boma padziko lonse lapansi amapereka zokambirana, zokambirana, ndi zochitika zina zomwe zimaphunzitsa pophunzitsa momwe njira zopanda chiwawa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbikitsa mtendere pakati ndi pakati pa mayiko.

October 3. Patsikuli mu 1967, amuna oposa 1,500 ku United States adabwezeretsera makalata awo ku boma la US kuwonetsa koyamba "nkhondo" ya Vietnam. Chionetserocho chinakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu lotsutsa-anti-drafting lotchedwa "The Resistance," lomwe, limodzi ndi magulu ena otsutsa nkhondo omwe amatsutsa nkhondo, akhoza kuyambitsa "zolembera" zina zochepa asanatuluke. Komabe, mtundu wina wa kukonzera-makadi ovomerezeka unayambira mu 1964 yomwe inali kudzatsimikizira kuti ndi yotalirika komanso yopindulitsa. Uku kunali kutentha kwa makadi, makamaka pa zionetsero zopangidwa ndi ophunzira a yunivesite. Chifukwa chochita manyazi, ophunzira anayesetsa kuti apitirize kukhala ndi moyo wawo atatha maphunziro awo, m'malo mokakamizidwa kuti awaike pa chiopsezo pa zomwe ambiri ankaona kuti ndi nkhondo yonyansa. Chiwonetserocho chinasonyeza kulimbika mtima ndi kukhudzidwa mtima, pamene US Congress inapereka lamulo mu August 1965, kenako idakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu, lomwe linawononga mapulani a makadi. Zoona, komabe, amuna owerengeka sanaweruzidwe ndi mlanduwu, monga kuwotcha makhadi-makhadi sanawoneke ngati ntchito yowonongeka, koma chifukwa cha kukana nkhondo. Momwemo, zithunzi zosawerengeka za kutenthedwa ndi kusindikiza pa TV zikuthandizira kutsutsa maganizo a anthu potsutsana ndi nkhondo mwa kufotokoza momwe zinasiyanitsira kukhulupirika kwachikhalidwe. Kuwotcha kunathandizanso kuti zisokoneze luso la US Selective Service System kuti likhalebe ndi mphamvu zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito makina a nkhondo ku US ku Vietnam ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Mwa njirayi, nawonso, anathandiza kubweretsa nkhondo yosalungama mpaka mapeto.

October 4. Pa tsiku limeneli chaka chilichonse, Tsiku la Phwando la St. Francis la Assisi likuwonetsedwa ndi Akatolika Achikristu padziko lonse lapansi. Atabadwira ku 1181, Francis ndi mmodzi wa akuluakulu a Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, amene adayambitsa chipembedzo chawo chachikulu, ndi woyera yemwe adadziwika patatha zaka ziwiri ataphedwa mu 1226. Komabe, ndiko kumvetsetsa kwa Francis kuti munthuyu ndizochokeradi pazoonadi komanso zojambula za nthano-zomwe zikupititsa patsogolo miyandamiyanda ya anthu a zikhulupiriro zosiyana, kapena ayi, kutsata kutsogolera kwake pakuyesa ndi kuyesetsa kukweza miyoyo ya anthu ena ndi zinyama. Francis adatsogolera moyo wodzipereka kwambiri kwa anthu osauka komanso odwala. Koma, popeza adapeza kudzoza kwake m'chilengedwe, mnofu, ndi zinthu zosavuta, anali wokhudzidwa mtima komanso wokhoza kuyanjana ndi ana, okhometsa misonkho, alendo, ndi Afarisi. Mu nthawi yake ya moyo, Francis adawatsogolera iwo omwe ankafuna moyo waphindu ndi utumiki. Tanthauzo lake kwa ife lerolino sali ngati chithunzi, koma poonetsa njira yotseguka, kulemekeza chirengedwe, chikondi cha nyama, ndi ulemu ndi mtendere ndi anthu ena onse. Chidziwitso chonse cha ulemu wa Francis pa moyo chikuwonetsedwa ndikuti bungwe la UNESCO, bungwe la United Nations lodzipereka kuti likhazikitse mtendere kudzera mu mgwirizano wapadziko lonse mu Education, Sciences, ndi Culture, inasankha Tchalitchi cha St. Francis ku Assisi malo olowa dziko lonse lapansi. Bungwe la UN linapeza mzimu wachikondi ku Francis, ndipo akufuna kuti amange mtendere padziko lapansi kuchokera ku maziko ake m'mitima ya amuna ndi akazi.

October 5. Patsikuli mu 1923, wolemba boma wa ku America Philip Berrigan anabadwira ku Two Harbors, ku Minnesota. Mu October 1967, Berrigan, ndiye wansembe wa Katolika Katolika, adalumikizana ndi amuna ena atatu pa zochitika ziwiri zoyamba zosaiŵalika zotsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam. "Baltimore Four," monga momwe gululi linatchulidwira, amawatsanulira okha ndi nkhuku zawo pa zolemba za Selective Service zomwe zinalembedwa ku Baltimore Customs House. Patangotha ​​miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, Berrigan anaphatikiza amuna ndi akazi asanu ndi atatu, kuphatikizapo mchimwene wake Daniel, yemwe anali wansembe komanso wotsutsa nkhondo, kuti apereke mafomu a 1-A m'mafeleti a waya kuchokera ku Catonsville, malo ake oyimika. Kumeneko, otchedwa "Catonsville Nine" adaika mafayili akuyaka, akugwiritsa ntchito, kachiwiri, mophiphiritsa. Izi zinapangitsa kuti abale onse a Berrigan adzike ndipo anatsutsana pa nkhani ya nkhondo m'mabanja onse a dzikoli. Filipo Berrigan anatsutsa nkhondo yonse monga "temberero motsutsana ndi Mulungu, banja laumunthu, ndi dziko lenilenilo." Chifukwa cha zochita zake zambiri zotsutsana ndi nkhondo, iye analipira zaka khumi ndi chimodzi m'ndende pa moyo wake wonse . Komabe, zaka zotayikazo zinamuthandiza kumvetsetsa bwino, zomwe adazilemba m'buku lake la 1996, Kulimbana Nkhondo ya Mwanawankhosa"Ndikuwona kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa dziko lapansi mkati mwa zipata za ndende ndi kunja," a Berrigan adalemba. "Makoma a ndende miliyoni miliyoni sangatiteteze, chifukwa zowopsa zenizeni - wankhondo, umbombo, kusalingana kwachuma, nkhanza, nkhanza za apolisi - zili panja, osati mkati, mwa ndende." Ngwazi yamphamvu iyi ya world beyond war adamwalira pa Disembala 6, 2002, ali ndi zaka 79.

October 6. Patsikuli mu 1683, mabanja khumi ndi atatu a Quaker ochokera ku Rhineland kudera lakumadzulo kwa Germany anafika ku doko la Philadelphia pambuyo pa ulendo wa 75 tsiku loyenda ulendo wa 500-ton schooner Concord. Mabanjawo adazunzidwa chifukwa chazipembedzo mdziko lawo kutsatira zipolowe za Reformation, ndipo, potengera malipoti, amakhulupirira kuti dziko latsopano la Pennsylvania liziwapatsa minda komanso ufulu wachipembedzo womwe angafune. Bwanamkubwa wake, a William Penn, amatsatira mfundo zaku Quaker za ufulu wachikumbumtima komanso wamtendere, ndipo adalemba chindapusa chaufulu chomwe chimatsimikizira ufulu wachipembedzo. Kusamukira kwamabanja aku Germany kudakonzedwa ndi mnzake wa Penn a Francis Pastorius, wogwirizira waku Germany pakampani yogula malo ku Frankfurt. Mu Ogasiti 1683, a Pastorius adakambirana ndi Penn kuti agule gawo lina kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Philadelphia. Osamukawo atafika mu Okutobala, adawathandiza kukhazikitsa komweko komwe kumadziwika kuti mudzi wa "Germantown". Kukhazikika kumeneku kudakula bwino, popeza nzika zake zidamanga mphero za nsalu m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndikumalima maluwa ndi ndiwo zamasamba m'minda yawo yamahekitala atatu. Pambuyo pake a Pastorius adakhala meya wa tawuni, kukhazikitsa njira zamasukulu ndikulemba chigamulo choyamba ku United States chotsutsana ndi ukapolo wanyumba. Ngakhale kuti chigamulocho sichinatsatiridwe ndi zochitika zenizeni, chinakhazikika m'dera la Germantown lingaliro loti ukapolo umatsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro zachikhristu. Pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pake, ukapolo unatha mwalamulo ku United States. Komabe, umboni ukupitilizabe kunena kuti zonyansa zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa sizingathetsedwe mpaka mfundo ya Quaker yoti zochita zonse ziyenera kumangidwa ndi chikumbumtima chamakhalidwe zivomerezedwa konsekonse.

October 7. Patsikuli mu 2001, United States inagonjetsa Afghanistan ndipo inayamba imodzi mwa nkhondo zale kwambiri m'mbiri ya US. Ana anabadwa atangoyamba kumenyana ndi dziko la US ndipo adafera mbali ya Afghanistan. Ili ndi tsiku labwino kukumbukira kuti nkhondo zimaletsedwa mosavuta kuposa kutha. Ameneyo akanatha kuletsedwa. Pambuyo pa kuzunzidwa kwa 9 / 11, United States inapempha kuti a Taliban apereke kuganiza kuti anali Osama Bin Laden. Mogwirizana ndi miyambo ya Afghanistani, a Taliban anapempha umboni. A US anawayankha ndi chiwonongeko. Anthu a ku Taliban adaphwanya pempholi kuti apereke umboni ndipo adakambirana zoti abwerere ku mayiko ena ku Bin Laden, mwina amene angasankhe kumutumizira ku US. A US adayankha kuti atangoyamba kuponya mabomba ndikuukira dziko lomwe silinayende Iwo, akupha woyamba mwa anthu zikwizikwi za anthu omwe adzafa mu nkhondo ya 9 / 11. Poganizira za chifundo cha padziko lonse pambuyo pa 9 / 11, United States mwina inalandira ufulu wa UN kuti achite nkhondo, ngakhale kuti panalibe chivomerezo chovomerezeka. A US sanavutike kuyesa. A US adachoka ku UN komanso ngakhale ku NATO, koma adagwiritsanso ntchito mphamvu yake yovomerezeka yotchedwa "Operation Enduring Freedom." Potsirizira pake, a US adasiyidwa yekha kuti apitirize kuyesetsa kuti apange atsogoleri a nkhondo nkhondo yowonjezereka yomwe inatayika chikhalidwe china cha tanthawuzo kapena chilungamitso. Ndithudi ndi tsiku labwino kukumbukira kuti nkhondo imaletsedwa mosavuta kuposa kutha.

October 8. Patsikuli mu 1917, wolemba ndakatulo Wachichewa Wilfred Owen adatumizira amayi ake mapepala apamtima omwe amatha kukhalapo m'chinenero cha Chingerezi. Chifukwa cha ndakatulo ya Chilatini yomwe imamasuliridwa kuti "Chokoma ndi Kuyenerera Ndicho," ndakatuloyi imasiyanitsa zochitika za Owen zomwe zimakhala zowawa komanso zochititsa mantha ngati msilikali mu Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse ndi nkhanza za nkhondo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ode lolembedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma Horace. M'masulidwe, mzere woyamba wa ndakatulo ya Horace imati: "Kukoma ndi koyenera kuti ndifere dziko lako." Owen's deflation wa kunyengerera kotereku kale akupezeka mu uthenga womwe anatumiza amayi ake ndi kulembedwa koyamba kwa ndakatulo yake: "Apa ndi ndakatulo ya gesi, "anatero sardonically. Mu ndakatulo, momwe Horace imatchulidwa kuti "bwenzi langa," Owen amavomereza zoopsya za nkhondo ya gasi monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera pa nkhani ya msilikali mmodzi yemwe sangathe kutenga maski ake pa nthawi. Iye analemba kuti:
Ngati mungamve, pa jolt iliyonse, magazi
Bwerani kumbali ya mapapu owonongeka ndi chisanu,
Zonyansa ngati khansara, zowawa ngati zowonda
Za zoipa, zilonda zosachiritsika ku malirime osalakwa, -
Bwenzi langa, simungaziuze ndi zoposa zoterezi
Kwa ana okonda ulemerero wina wonyansa,
Wakale wabodza: ​​Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
Maganizo a Horace ndibodza, chifukwa chenicheni cha nkhondo chimasonyeza kuti, kwa msilikali, kufa kwa dziko lake kulibe "kokoma ndi koyenera." Koma, wina angafunse, Nanga bwanji nkhondoyo? Kodi kupha ndi kupunduka kwa anthu ambiri kumakhala kolemekezeka?

October 9. Patsikuli mu 1944, zopempha zoti bungwe loyambitsa nkhondo liziyenda bwino kuti likhale losangalala ndi League of Nations linaperekedwa ku mayiko onse apadziko lapansi kuti aphunzire ndi kukambirana. Zolingazo zinapangidwa ndi nthumwi zochokera ku China, Great Britain, USSR ndi United States, omwe adasonkhanitsa milungu isanu ndi iwiri m'mbuyomo ku Dumbarton Oaks, nyumba yaumwini ku Washington, DC Ntchito yawo inali kupanga mapulani a bungwe latsopano bungwe lapadziko lonse, kuti lidziwike ngati United Nations, lomwe lingalandiridwe mokwanira komanso limasunga mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse. Kuti izi zitheke, pempholi linanena kuti mayiko omwe adziko amalowetsa zida zankhondo kuti athandize bungwe la Security Council, lomwe lingatengere njira zothandizira kupewa ndi kuchotsa mantha kapena zochitika zankhondo. Njirayi idakali yofunikira kwambiri pa zomwe bungwe la United Nations linakhazikitsa, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu October 1945, koma mbiri yake yothandiza kuthetsa nkhondo kapena kuthawa yakhala ikukhumudwitsa. Vuto lalikulu lakhala ngati mphamvu yotsutsa anthu asanu okhazikika a Security Council-US, Russia, Britain, China, ndi France-zomwe zimawathandiza kukana chisankho chilichonse chomwe chingasokoneze zofuna zawo. Kwenikweni, bungwe la United Nations lakhala lopanda malire poyesetsa kukhazikitsa mtendere mwa njira zomwe zimagonjetsa zofuna za mphamvu osati za umunthu ndi chilungamo. N'kutheka kuti nkhondo idzawonongedwa pamene mayiko akuluakulu a dziko lapansi amavomereza kuti ziwonongeko zawo zonse ndi zomangamanga zikhazikitsidwa zomwe mgwirizano umenewo ukhoza kusinthidwa.

October 10. Pa tsiku limeneli mu 1990, msungwana wazaka wa 15 wa ku Kuwaiti anachitira umboni pamaso pa Congressional Human Rights Caucus kuti, pa ntchito yake yodzipereka ku chipatala cha Kuwait al-Adan, adawona asilikali a Iraq akuwombera ana ambiri kunja, ndikuwasiya kuti "afe pamtando." Nkhani ya mtsikanayo inali bomba. Anabwereza mobwerezabwereza ndi Purezidenti George HW Bush kuti athandizire kuthandizira anthu pazowopsa zankhondo zaku US zomwe zakonzedwa mu Januware 1991 kuthamangitsa asitikali aku Iraq ku Kuwait. Pambuyo pake, zinaululidwa kuti mboni wachichepere wachichepere anali mwana wamkazi wa kazembe wa Kuwaiti ku US Umboni wake unali wopangidwa ndi kampani yaku US PR yomwe kafukufuku wawo m'malo mwa boma la Kuwaiti adawulula kuti kulipira "mdani" nkhanza inali njira yabwino yopezera chithandizo pagulu pankhondo yomwe inali kugulitsa kovuta. Asitikali aku Iraq atathamangitsidwa ku Kuwait, kafukufuku wapa network ya ABC kumeneko adatsimikiza kuti ana akhanda asadabadwe adamwaliradi pantchitoyi. Choyambitsa, komabe, chinali chakuti madotolo ndi manesi ambiri aku Kuwaiti adathawa m'malo awo - osati kuti asitikali aku Iraq adang'amba ana aku Kuwait kuchokera ku makina awo ndikuwasiya kuti afere pansi pa chipatala. Ngakhale zidavumbulutsidwa izi, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu aku America ambiri akuwona "nkhondo yabwino" yomenyedwa mu 1991 ndi Iraq. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akuwona kuukira kwa Iraq mu 2003, chifukwa lingaliro lawo, "zida zowonongera," zidakhala zabodza. M'malo mwake, mikangano yonseyi ikuwonetsanso kuti nkhondo zonse ndi zabodza.

Lolemba lachiwiri mu October ndi Tsiku la Columbus, tsiku limene mbadwa za anthu a ku America zinapeza kuti anthu a ku Ulaya anaphedwa. Ili ndi tsiku labwino mbiri ya phunziro.

October 11. Pa tsiku limeneli mu 1884, Eleanor Roosevelt anabadwa. Monga Mkazi Woyamba wa ku United States kuchokera ku 1933 mpaka 1945, ndipo mpaka imfa yake ku 1962, adayika mphamvu ndi mphamvu zake pofuna kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso ufulu wa anthu. Mu 1946, Purezidenti Harry Truman adasankha Eleanor Roosevelt ngati nthumwi yoyamba yaku US ku United Nations, komwe adakhala pampando woyamba wa UN Commission on Human Rights. Paudindowu, adathandizira pakupanga ndikuyang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa UN 1948 Declaration of Human Rights, chikalata chomwe iye ndi akatswiri amaphunziro osiyanasiyana adathandizira. Malingaliro awiri ofunikira amatsimikizira mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chikalatacho: ulemu wabwinobwino wa munthu aliyense, ndi tsankho. Pofuna kutsatira mfundozi, Declaration ili ndi zolemba za 30 zomwe zili ndi mndandanda wazonse zokhudzana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndale, zachuma, zachikhalidwe, komanso chikhalidwe. Ngakhale chikalatacho sichili chomangiriza, oganiza ambiri odziwa zambiri amawona kufooka uku ngati kuphatikiza. Imalola Chikalatacho kuti chikhale ngati poyambira pakukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zamalamulo pamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, ndikuthandizira kulimbikitsa kuvomereza konse kwa lingaliro la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Eleanor Roosevelt adagwira ntchito mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake kuti alandire ndikukhazikitsa ufulu wofotokozedwayo, ndipo tsopano ndi cholowa chake chosatha. Zomwe amathandizira pakupanga mawonekedwe ake zikuwonetsedwa m'malamulo amitundu yambiri komanso bungwe losintha malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake, Purezidenti Truman mu 1952 adalengeza a Eleanor Roosevelt "Dona Woyamba Padziko Lonse Lapansi."

October 12. Patsikuli mu 1921, League of Nations inakwaniritsa chigamulo choyamba cha mtendere, a Upper Silesia amakangana. Ili linali tsiku la chikwangwani kuti anzeru athetse gulu lankhanza. Kukhazikika kwachikhalidwe kunalamulira kwakanthawi. Bungwe lomwe lidapangidwa kuti limange milatho ya umphumphu wamtendere lidayamba kulowa mgululi padziko lonse lapansi League of Nations inali bungwe laboma lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha Msonkhano Wamtendere ku Paris. League idakhazikitsidwa koyambirira ngati bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhazikitsa bata. Zolinga zoyambirira za Leagueyi zidaphatikizapo kupewa nkhondo kudzera munthawi zonse zachitetezo ndi zida zankhondo, ndikukhazikitsa mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi pokambirana ndi kuweruza. Lolembedwa pa Januware 10, 1920 ndipo likulu lawo ku Geneva, Switzerland, zoyambira zake zinali kukhazikitsa Pangano la Versailles, lothetsa mwalamulo nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, mu 1919. Ngakhale mkanganowu ukupitilira kuti League ikugwira ntchito bwanji, idalidi ndi ambiri kupambana pang'ono m'ma 1920, ndikuthetsa mikangano, kupulumutsa miyoyo ndikupanga maziko a zomwe zidzatsatire mu 1945, United Nations. Ponena za Mkangano wa Silesia zidachitika nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha ndipo inali nkhondo yapakati pa Poland ndi Germany. Pomwe palibe mgwirizano womwe udawoneka ngati ukugwira ntchito, chigamulocho chidaperekedwa ku League of Nations yomwe yangoyamba kumene. Lingaliro la League lidavomerezedwa ndi onse awiri mu Okutobala 1921. Lingaliro ndi kuvomereza kwawo zidapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala mwamtopola kuposa nkhanza ndipo zidapereka chiyembekezo kuti tsiku lina mayiko adzadalira zokambirana ndikumvetsetsa motsutsana ndi ziwawa ndi chiwonongeko.

October 13. Patsikuli ku 1812, magulu a asilikali a ku New York anakana kuwoloka mtsinje wa Niagara kupita ku Canada kuti akalimbikitse asilikali ndi asilikali nthawi zonse kuti amenyane ndi a British omwe amati nkhondo ya Queenston Heights. Miyezi inayi mu Nkhondo ya 1812, nkhondoyo inakonzedwa kuti ikwaniritse imodzi mwa nkhondo zitatu za Canada zomwe zinakonzedweratu kuti zikhazikitse maziko a kulanda Montreal ndi Quebec. Zolinga za nkhondozo zinaphatikizapo kutha kwa malonda ku malonda a US ndi France ndi kutseka zochititsa chidwi ku British Navy of seamen ku zombo za ku America, komanso kugonjetsa Canada ndi kuwonjezera ku United States. Nkhondo ya Queenston Heights inayamba bwino kwa Achimereka. Asilikali oyendayenda adadutsa mtsinje wa Niagara kuchokera mumzinda wa Lewiston mumzinda wa New York ndipo adadzikhazika pamtunda waukulu pamwamba pa tauni ya Queenston. Poyamba asilikaliwo anatha kuteteza malo awo, koma patapita nthawi, iwo sakanatha kugonjetsa mabungwe a Britain ndi amwenye awo popanda kulimbikitsa. Komabe, ochepa mumzinda wa New York, gulu lalikulu la asilikali olimbikitsa ku Lewiston, anali okonzeka kuwoloka mtsinjewo ndi kuwathandiza. M'malomwake, iwo adatchula zigawo zalamulo zomwe iwo amakhulupirira kuti zimafuna kuti aziteteza dziko lawo, osati kuthandiza United States kuti iwononge dziko lina. Popanda kuthandizira, otsala omwe anatsala pang'ono kupita ku Queenston Heights posakhalitsa anazunguliridwa ndi a British, omwe adadzipereka. Ichi chinali chotsatira mwinamwake chizindikiro cha nkhondo yonse. Pomwe anthu ambiri amawononga, sanathe kuthetsa mikangano imene ikanatha kuthetsedwa kupyolera mu zokambirana.

October 14. Pa tsiku limeneli mu 1644, William Penn anabadwira ku London, England. Ngakhale anali mwana wa msirikali wodziwika bwino wa gulu lankhondo laku Anglican ku Britain, a Penn adakhala Quaker ali ndi zaka 22, ndikuyamba kutsatira mfundo zomwe zimaphatikizapo kulolerana zipembedzo zonse komanso mafuko komanso kukana kunyamula zida. Mu 1681, a King Charles II aku England adalipira ngongole yayikulu kuchokera kwa abambo omwe adamwalira a Penn pomupatsa William gawo loyambilira kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa New Jersey, kuti adzatchulidwe kuti Pennsylvania. Pokhala kazembe wake wachikoloni mu 1683, a Penn adakhazikitsa dongosolo la demokalase lomwe limapereka ufulu wonse wachipembedzo, kukopa ma Quaker komanso alendo ochokera ku Europe amtundu uliwonse wosagwirizana. Kuyambira 1683 mpaka 1755, mosiyana kwambiri ndi madera ena aku Britain, nzika zaku Pennsylvania zidapewa mikangano ndikusungabe ubale wapamtima ndi mayiko osatenga malo awo popanda chindapusa komanso osawapatsa mowa. Kulekerera zipembedzo komanso mafuko kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi dzikolo kotero kuti ngakhale a Native Tuscaroras aku North Carolina adasunthidwa kutumiza amithenga kumeneko ndikupempha chilolezo chokhazikitsa khothi. Kupewa nkhondo ku Pennsylvania kumatanthauzanso kuti ndalama zonse zomwe zikadagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenyera nkhondo, ma forts, ndi zida zankhondo zidalipo m'malo mwake kuti apange koloniyo ndikumanga mzinda wa Philadelphia, womwe mu 1776 udapitilira Boston ndi New York kukula. Pomwe olamulira amasiku amenewo anali kumenyera nkhondo kuti azilamulira kontrakitala, Pennsylvania idachita bwino kwambiri kuposa oyandikana nawo omwe amakhulupirira kuti pakufunika nkhondo kuti ikule. M'malo mwake, anali akututa zipatso za kulolerana ndi mtendere zomwe adazibzala William Penn pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo.

October 15. Patsikuli mu 1969, anthu okwana 2 miliyoni a ku America adagwirizana nawo potsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Yakhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi ntchito yokonzekera ntchito ya tsiku limodzi padziko lonse, ndipo imadziwika ngati "Kusokoneza Mtendere," chikhulupilirochi ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya US. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1969, anthu otsutsa nkhondoyo anali kukula mofulumira. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku Vietnam ndi ena a asilikali a 45,000 US anali ataphedwa kale. Ndipo, ngakhale panthawiyi-Pulezidenti Nixon adalimbikitsa ndondomeko yolonjezedwa yothetsa nkhondo, ndipo atayamba kale kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali a US, hafu milioni idapitilizidwira ku Vietnam mu nkhondo zomwe zimawoneka zopanda pake kapena zachiwerewere. Poyambitsa maphunziro a Moratorium, anthu ambiri a ku Middle America ndi a zaka zapakati pa dziko lonse lapansi, nthawi yoyamba adalowa nawo ku koleji ndi achinyamata pofotokoza kutsutsana ndi nkhondo pamisonkhano, misonkhano yachipembedzo, misonkhano, ndi misonkhano. Ngakhale kuti magulu ang'onoang'ono a othandizira nkhondo adawonetsanso maganizo awo, Moratorium inali yofunika kwambiri pozindikira kukanika kwa ndondomeko ya nkhondo ya boma ndi mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America Purezidenti adawona kuti ndi "Wodzichepetsa Womwe". posunga kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka nkhondo. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za imfa ndi chiwonongeko, dziko la US linathetsa chigamulo chake chochita nkhondo kumadera onse akumwera chakum'maŵa kwa Asia mwa kulemba zizindikiro za mtendere wa Paris mu January 1973. Kulimbana pakati pa Vietnamese okha, komabe, anapitiriza mpaka April 1975. Saigon anagwa ku North Vietnamese ndi asilikali a Viet Cong, ndipo dzikoli linagwirizanitsidwa ndi boma la Chikomyunizimu ku Hanoi monga Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

October 16. Tsikuli mu 1934 limayambitsa kuyambika kwa Peace Pledge Union, bungwe lakale kwambiri la padziko lonse ku Great Britain. Chilengedwe chake chinayambika ndi kalata mu Manchester Guardian yolembedwa ndi wolemba mbiri wodziwika bwino, wansembe waku Anglican, komanso wopembedzera wankhondo wapadziko lonse lapansi dzina lake Dick Sheppard. Kalatayo idalimbikitsa amuna onse azaka zosankha kuti atumize a Sheppard positi yomwe ikufotokoza kudzipereka kwawo "kusiya nkhondo osathandizanso wina." Pasanathe masiku awiri, amuna 2,500 adayankha, ndipo, kwa miyezi ingapo yotsatira, bungwe latsopano lolimbana ndi nkhondo lomwe lili ndi mamembala 100,000 lidayamba. Idayamba kudziwika kuti "The Peace Pledge Union," chifukwa mamembala ake onse adalandira lonjezo ili: "Nkhondo ndiyolakwira anthu. Ndikusiya nkhondo, motero ndatsimikiza mtima kuti sindimathandizira nkhondo iliyonse. Ndikufunanso kuti ndithandizire kuchotsa zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo. ” Kuyambira pachiyambi, Peace Pledge Union yakhala ikugwira ntchito pawokha, kapena ndi mabungwe ena amtendere ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, kutsutsa nkhondo ndi zankhondo zomwe zimayambitsa. Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zosagwirizana ndi nkhondo, Union ikupitiliza maphunziro kuntchito, mayunivesite, ndi madera akumidzi. Cholinga chawo ndikutsutsa machitidwe aboma, machitidwe, ndi mfundo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo zothandiza pakuthandizira zachitetezo cha dziko. Potsutsa, The Peace Pledge Union imanena kuti chitetezo chokhazikika chitha kuchitika pokhapokha ufulu wa anthu ukalimbikitsidwa ndi chitsanzo, osati mokakamiza; zokambirana zikakhala pamgwirizano; ndipo pomwe ndalama zandalama zithandizidwira kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo ndikumanga mtendere kwakanthawi.

October 17. Patsikuli mu 1905, Czar Nicholas II wa ku Russia, akulimbikitsidwa ndi olemekezeka oopa ndi alangizi apamwamba, adatulutsa "Manifesto ya Oktoba" yomwe inalonjeza kusintha kwapadera chifukwa cha chiwonongeko cha dziko lonse cha antchito ena a 1.7 miliyoni ochokera ku mafakitale onse ntchito. Chigamulocho chinayambira mu December 1904, pamene ogwira ntchito zitsulo ku St. Petersburg anagawira pempho lomwe linafunikanso masiku ochepa ogwira ntchito, malipiro apamwamba, universal suffrage, ndi msonkhano wa boma wosankhidwa. Zomwezo posakhalitsa zinachititsa kuti anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito ku Russia ayambe kugwira ntchito yolemba zida za 135,000. Pa January 9, 1905, gulu la ogwira ntchito, limodzi ndi anthu ambiri omwe akuyenda ku 100,000 omwe anali okhulupirika kwa Mfumu, ankafuna kupemphera ku Winter Palace ku St. Petersburg. M'malo mwake, anawomberedwa ndi mfuti kuchokera kwa alonda achifumu oopsa, ndipo mazana angapo anaphedwa. Mu chiyanjano, Nicholas Wachiwiri adalengeza kuti adalandira bungwe latsopano la uphungu. Koma ntchito yake inalephera, makamaka chifukwa antchito a fakitale sadzatengedwa kukhala amembala. Icho chinakhazikitsa maziko a "Great October Strike," yomwe inalema dzikoli. Ngakhale kuti idatha kuchepetsedwa ndi a Manifesto ya Mfumukazi ya October, yomwe inalonjeza msonkhano wodzisankhira komanso ntchito zabwino, antchito ambiri, olowa manja, anthu osauka, ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono sanasangalale kwambiri. M'zaka zikubwera, kusintha kwa ndale ku Russia sikudzakhalanso chizindikiro cha kusagwirizana. Izi zikanawatsogolera ku Russia Revolution ya 1917, yomwe inaphwanya ulamuliro wa mfumu ya chifumu ndi kuika Bolsheviks opondereza. Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri zapachiweniweni, nkhondoyi idzawonongedwa ndi ulamuliro wa chipani cha Chikomyunizimu komanso kupha mfumu ndi banja lake.

October 18. Patsikuli ku 1907, gulu lachiwiri la Msonkhano Wachigwirizano wa Hague wokhudzana ndi khalidwe la nkhondo linasindikizidwa pa msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa mtendere womwe unachitikira ku The Hague ku Netherlands. Potsata ndondomeko yoyamba ya mgwirizano wa mayiko ndi mauthenga omwe analumikizana ku The Hague ku 1899, Msonkhano wa Hague wa 1907 ndi umodzi mwa mawu oyambirira okhudza nkhondo ndi milandu ya nkhondo mu lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga chachikulu pamisonkhano yonseyi chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa khoti lapadziko lonse pofuna kukakamiza anthu kuti azitsutsana pamayiko osiyanasiyana. Khama limeneli linalephera, komabe ngakhale kuti bungwe lofuna kukangana linakhazikitsidwa. Pamsonkhano Wachiwiri wa Hague, kuyesa kwa Britain kupeleka malire pa zida zidalephera, koma malire pa nkhondo zankhondo adapitiliza. Zonsezi, Msonkhano wa Hague wa 1907 sunaphatikizepo pang'ono ku 1899, koma msonkhano wa maulamuliro akuluakulu apadziko lonse unathandizira pambuyo pake kuyesera kwa 20th pa mgwirizano wa mayiko. Mwa izi, chofunika kwambiri chinali Kellogg-Briand Chigwirizano cha 1928, chomwe chilemba cha 62 chinalonjeza kuti sichidzagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kukonza "mikangano kapena mikangano ya chikhalidwe chilichonse kapena chiyambireni ..." Chigwirizano cha cholinga cha kuthetseratu nkhondo chikhalire chovuta kwambiri , osati chifukwa cha nkhondo yowonongeka, koma chifukwa chakuti anthu omwe akufunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kuti apindule ayenera kumakonzekera kubwera patsogolo. Cholinga chimenecho chimayambitsa malingaliro achiwawa omwe amachititsa kuti makhalidwe abwino ayambe kutsogolo. M'malo mokwaniritsa zosowa zaumunthu komanso kuthandizira chilengedwe, anthu amalandira ndalama zambiri poyesa ndi kuyesa zida zogwira mtima, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri zachilengedwe.

October 19. Patsikuli mu 1960, Martin Luther King Jr. anamangidwa ndi owonetsa ophunzira a 51 panthawi yotsutsana ndi tsankho ku "Magnolia Room," chipinda cha tiyi chic ku Rich's Department Store ku Atlanta, Georgia. Wokhalamo anali mmodzi wa ambiri ku Atlanta omwe anali atauziridwa ndi gulu lakuda la Atlanta Student Movement, koma chipinda chokongola cha Magnolia chinathandizira kusonyeza chifukwa cha kuphatikiza. Inali malo a Atlanta, komanso mbali ya South Cultural Jim Crow. Anthu a ku America amakhoza kugula ku Rich, koma samayesa zovala kapena kutenga tebulo mu Malo a Magnolia. Pamene oyimilira adachita zomwezo, adaimbidwa mlandu wotsutsana ndi lamulo lomwe lidafuna kuti anthu onse achoke pakhomo pawokha. Anthu omwe anamangidwa onsewa adamasulidwa ku ukapolo kapena adawatsutsa, kupatula Martin Luther King. Anakhala ndi chigamulo cha miyezi inayi kumsasa wa anthu ku Georgia chifukwa choyendetsa galimoto ku boma chifukwa chotsutsana ndi lamulo la "anti-lawless" lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kuti lichepetse sitima zamadzulo. Mtsogoleri wa pulezidenti John Kennedy adatsogolera mwatsatanetsatane kuti Mfumu imasulidwe, koma pangakhale pafupifupi chaka chimodzi chotsutsa ndi Ku Klux Klan zotsutsana nazo ku Atlanta musanayambe ntchito zamalonda. Kufanana kwa mafuko onse ku United States kunalibe kukwaniritsidwa ngakhale zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Koma, poyankha pa chikumbutso cha Atlanta Student Movement, Lonnie King, wothandizira mgwirizanowu komanso mwiniwake wa Magnolia Room, anasonyeza chiyembekezo. Anapitirizabe kupeza chiyembekezo chothandizira kufanana kwa mafuko m'midzi ya ophunzira. Iye anati, "Maphunziro, nthawi zonse akhala akuvuta kuti apite patsogolo, ndithudi ku South."

October 20. Patsiku lino mu 1917, Alice Paul adayambitsa ndende ya miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri chifukwa chotsutsa mwachangu kuti suffrage. Wobadwa mu 1885 m'mudzi wa Quaker, Paul adalowa ku Swarthmore ku 1901. Adapita ku University of Pennsylvania kuti akaphunzire zachuma, sayansi yandale, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ulendo wopita ku England udatsimikizira chikhulupiriro chake kuti mayendedwe a suffrage kunyumba ndi akunja anali nkhanza zazikulu kwambiri zomwe sizinachitike. Pomwe amalandila madigiri ena atatu azamalamulo, Paul adapereka moyo wake kuwonetsetsa kuti azimayi amaloledwa mawu ndikumawoneka ngati nzika zofanana. Ulendo wake woyamba ku Washington, DC, unachitika madzulo a Woodrow Wilson mu 1913. Gulu la suffrage lidanyalanyazidwa, komabe lidatsogolera zaka zinayi zokakamiza anzawo, kupempha, kuchita kampeni, ndikukulitsa mayendedwe. Pamene WWI idayandikira, Paul adalamula kuti asanafalikire demokalase kunja, boma la US liyenera kukalankhula kunyumba. Iye ndi otsatira ake khumi ndi awiri, "Silent Sentinels," adayamba kunyanyala ku White House Gates mu Januware wa 1917. Akaziwo nthawi zina anali kuzunzidwa ndi amuna, makamaka omenyera nkhondo, pomalizira pake amangidwa, ndikuikidwa m'ndende. Ngakhale kuti nkhondoyi inali pamutu wankhani, mawu ena azachisoni omwe adawonetsedwa ndi gulu la suffrage adathandizira kwambiri pazifukwa zawo. Ambiri omwe adamenyera njala kundende anali kudyetsedwa mokakamizidwa mwankhanza; ndipo Paul anali atatsekeredwa m'chipinda cha amisala. Pomaliza Wilson adavomera kuthandiza azimayi a suffrage, ndipo milandu yonse idachotsedwa. Paul adapitilizabe kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, komanso Equal Rights Amendment, ndikuyika zoyeserera m'moyo wake wonse mwamtendere.

October 21. Patsikuli mu 1837, Asilikali a ku United States anawombera nkhondo ndi Amwenye a ku Seminole mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Chochitikacho chinachitika chifukwa cha kukana kwa Seminoles ku Indian Removal Act ya 1830, yomwe inapatsa boma la US mphamvu kuti atsegule nthaka kwa olowa azungu pochotsa mafuko asanu akumpoto kummawa kwa Mississippi kupita ku Indian Territory ku Arkansas ndi Oklahoma. Pamene Seminoles anatsutsa, Asilikali a ku America anapita ku nkhondo kuti akawachotsere. Komabe, mu nkhondo yapadera mu December 1835, asilikali okonza 250 Seminole, amatsogoleredwa ndi msilikali wotchuka Osceola, anagonjetsa msilikali wa asilikali a 750 US. Kugonjetsedwa kumeneko ndi kupambana kwa Osceola kupitilirapo kunayambitsa chimodzi mwazochititsa manyazi kwambiri m'mbiri ya nkhondo ya US. Mu October 1837, asilikali a US anagwira Osceola ndi 81 mwa omutsatira ake, ndipo analonjeza zokambirana za mtendere, anawatsogolera pansi pa mbendera yoyera ya nsomba ku Fort Augustine. Atafika kumeneko, Osceola adakwera kundende. Popanda mtsogoleri wawo, ambiri a mtundu wa Seminole adasamukira ku Western Indian Territory nkhondo isanathe ku 1842. Sizinapitirire mpaka 1934, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Indian Reorganization Act, kuti boma la United States lidabwereranso kuchotsa chidwi cha anthu ozunguza a dziko la Indian. Reorganization Act, yomwe ikugwiranso ntchito, ili ndi mfundo zomwe, pamaso pawo, zingathandize Amwenye Achimereka kumanga moyo wotetezeka kwambiri pokhala ndi miyambo yawo ya mafuko. Zidakali kuonekeratu, ngakhale kuti boma lidzapereka chithandizo chothandizira kuti masomphenyawo akhale oona.

October 22. Patsikuli mu 1962, Pulezidenti John Kennedy adalengeza ku ailesi yakanema kwa anthu a ku United States kuti boma la US linatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mabomba a nyukiliya a Soviet ku Cuba. Purezidenti wa Soviet Nikita Khrushchev adapatsa mwayi wopanga zida zanyukiliya ku Cuba nthawi yachilimwe ya 1962, kuti ateteze mnzake wogwirizana ndi zomwe zingachitike ku US ndikutsutsana ndi kupambana kwa US mu zida za nyukiliya zazitali komanso zapakati ku Europe. . Ndi chitsimikiziro cha zida zankhondo, a Kennedy adalamula kuti a Soviet awachotse ndikuwatumizira zida zawo zonse zoyipa ku Cuba kwawo. Analamulanso kuti asitikali apamadzi azungulira ku Cuba kuti asatenge zida zina zilizonse zankhondo. Pa Okutobala 26, US idachitanso zina zowonjezera kukonzekeretsa gulu lake lankhondo pamlingo wokhoza kuthandizira nkhondo yankhondo yankhondo. Mwamwayi, chisankho chamtendere chidakwaniritsidwa posachedwa - makamaka chifukwa zoyesayesa zopeza njira zidayambira ku White House ndi Kremlin. Attorney General Robert Kennedy adalimbikitsa Purezidenti kuyankha makalata awiri omwe a Soviet Premier anali atatumiza kale ku White House. Woyamba adapempha kuti achotse zida zankhondo posinthana ndi lonjezo la atsogoleri aku US kuti asalande Cuba. Wachiwiri adaperekanso zomwezo ngati US ivomerezanso kuchotsa zida zake zankhondo ku Turkey. Mwalamulo, US idavomereza mawu a uthenga woyamba ndikungonyalanyaza wachiwiriwo. Mwamseri, komabe, Kennedy adavomereza kuti atulutse zida zankhondo zaku US ku Turkey, lingaliro lomwe lidathetsa Crisis Missile Crisis pa Okutobala 28.

October 23. Patsikuli mu 2001, ndondomeko yaikulu idatengedwera kuthetsa mkangano umodzi wotsutsana kwambiri wampatuko m'mbiri yamakono. Kuyambika mu 1968, makamaka a Roma Katolika ndipo makamaka a chipani cha Chiprotestanti ku Northern Ireland anachita zaka zoposa makumi atatu za nkhanza zosadziwika bwino zotchedwa "The Troubles." Anthu a dzikoli ankafuna kuti boma la Britain likhale mbali ya Republic of Ireland, ankafuna kukhalabe mbali ya United Kingdom. Mu 1998, mgwirizano wa Lachisanu Wabwino unapanga maziko a ndondomeko yandale yokhudzana ndi kugwirizana kwa magawo pakati pa magulu awiri ogwirizana. Chigwirizanocho chinaphatikizapo pulogalamu ya "kudzikonza" -kutumizira apolisi, oweruza, ndi mphamvu zina kuchokera ku London kupita ku Belfast-ndipo akuti magulu amphamvu omwe ali ndi mbali zonsezi amayamba njira yothetsera zida zonse. Poyamba, asilikali a Irish Republican Army (IRA) sanafune kudzigawanitsa chuma chomwe chinapindulitsa chifukwa cha dziko. Koma, pakulimbikitsidwa kwa nthambi yake ya ndale, Sinn Fein, ndikuzindikira kuti kulibe mphamvu kwake, bungweli linalengezedwa pa Oktoba 23, 2001 kuti lidzayambanso kutaya zida zonse zosagonjetsedwa. Sipanakhalenso September 2005 kuti IRA idagwilitsila zida zake zomaliza, ndipo kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2007, kusokonezeka kwa ndale kunapangitsa London kukhazikitsa lamulo lolamulila ku Northern Ireland. Komabe, ndi 2010 magulu angapo a ndale ku Northern Ireland ankalamulira mwamtendere pamodzi. Mosakayikira, chinthu chofunikira pa zotsatira zake chinali chisankho cha IRA chokana kuyesetsa kwake kupititsa patsogolo chifukwa cha a Republic Irish ogwiririra.

October 24. Patsikuli, Tsiku la United Nations likudziwika pachaka padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuwonetsa tsiku lovomerezeka la UN lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1945. Tsikuli limapereka mwayi wokondwerera mndandanda wa UN wolimbikitsa mtendere padziko lonse, ufulu waumunthu, chitukuko cha zachuma, ndi demokarase. Tikhoza kuyamikila zinthu zambiri zomwe tapanga, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kupulumutsa miyoyo ya mamiliyoni a ana, kuteteza ozoni wa dziko lapansi, kuthandizira kuthetsa kapangidwe ka nthomba, ndi kukhazikitsa gawo la pangano la 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, owonetsa ambiri a UN adanena kuti bungwe la UN lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano, lomwe limapangidwa makamaka ndi oyimilira ofesi ya nthambi iliyonse, silingatheke kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akukumana ndi mavuto omwe ali nawo padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo akuyitanitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa msonkhano wa pulezidenti wa bungwe la UN, womwe umapangidwa makamaka ndi nthumwi kuchokera kumsonkhano wachigawo kapena wachigawo. Thupi latsopano likhoza kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akukumana nawo monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kusatetezeka kwa chakudya, ndi ugawenga, komanso kumathandizira mgwirizano wa ndale ndi zachuma komanso kupititsa patsogolo demokarasi, ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo. Kuyambira pa August 2015, pempho lapadziko lonse la kukhazikitsidwa kwa msonkhano wa bungwe lamilandu la UN linasindikizidwa ndi a 1,400 omwe adakhalapo ndi apulezidenti ochokera m'mayiko a 100. Kupyolera pamsonkhano wotere, nthumwi zomwe zimayimilira kumalo awo, kuphatikizapo ena kunja kwa boma, zidzasamalira kayendetsedwe ka mayiko; amagwira ntchito monga mgwirizano pakati pa nzika zadziko, mabungwe a anthu, ndi UN; ndi kupereka liwu lalikulu kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono, achinyamata, ndi amwenye. Chotsatiracho chidzakhala bungwe la UN lomwe likuphatikizana, mothandizidwa kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto padziko lonse.

October 25. Patsikuli mu 1983, gulu la asilikali a 2,000 US linalowa mu Grenada, dziko laling'ono la Caribbean kumpoto kwa Venezuela komwe kuli anthu ochepa kuposa 100,000. Poteteza poyera izi, Purezidenti Ronald Reagan adatchulapo chiwopsezo chomwe boma la Grenada la Marxist lachita kuti anthu pafupifupi zikwi chikwi aku US azikhala pachilumbachi - ambiri mwa iwo anali ophunzira pasukulu yake yazachipatala. Mpaka pasanathe sabata limodzi, Grenada anali akulamulidwa ndi a leftist a Maurice Bishop, omwe adalanda mphamvu ku 1979 ndikuyamba kupanga ubale wapamtima ndi Cuba. Pa Okutobala 19, komabe, Marxist wina, a Bernard Coard, adalamula kuti Bishop aphedwe ndikulamulira boma. Asitikali olimbana nawo atakumana ndi chitsutso chosayembekezereka kuchokera kwa asitikali aku Grenadia ndi mainjiniya aku Cuba, Reagan adalamula asitikali ena aku US aku 4,000. Pasanathe sabata limodzi, boma la Coard lidalandidwa ndikuchotsedwa ndi lina lovomerezeka ku United States. Kwa anthu ambiri aku America, izi sizingatanthauze mtengo wake m'madola ndi miyoyo yankhondo ina yaku US kuti akwaniritse cholinga chandale. Ena amadziwanso kuti, kutatsala masiku awiri kuti awononge, a US State department anali akudziwa kale kuti ophunzira azachipatala ku Granada sanali pachiwopsezo. Makolo a ophunzira 500 anali atalembera Purezidenti Reagan kuti asaukire, atamva kuti ana awo ali omasuka kuchoka ku Granada nthawi iliyonse akafuna. Komabe, monga maboma aku US kale komanso kuyambira pamenepo, oyang'anira a Reagan adasankha nkhondo. Nkhondo itatha, Reagan adadzitamandira chifukwa choyambirira "kubwerera" kwa chikominisi kuyambira pomwe Cold War idayamba.

October 26. Patsikuli ku 1905, Norway adalandira ufulu wake kuchokera ku Sweden popanda kupita ku nkhondo. Kuyambira mu 1814, dziko la Norway linali litakakamizidwa kuti likhale “mgwirizano” ndi Sweden, zotsatira zake chifukwa chogonjetsedwa kwa Sweden. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dzikolo linali pansi paulamuliro wa mfumu ya Sweden, koma limasunga malamulo ake ndi malamulo ngati boma lodziyimira pawokha. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, zokonda zaku Norway ndi Sweden zidakulirakulira, makamaka popeza zimakhudzana ndi malonda akunja komanso mfundo zowolowa manja zaku Norway. Maganizo okonda dziko lako adayamba, ndipo, mu 1905, referendum yadziko lonse lapansi idathandizidwa ndi anthu oposa 99% aku Norway. Pa Juni 7, 1905, nyumba yamalamulo yaku Norway idalengeza kuti mgwirizano waku Norway ndi Sweden watha, zomwe zidadzetsa mantha ambiri kuti nkhondo pakati pa mayiko awiriwa iyambanso. M'malo mwake, nthumwi zaku Norway ndi Sweden zidakumana pa Ogasiti 31 kuti akambirane za kusiyana kovomerezeka. Ngakhale andale odziwika akumapiko akumanja aku Sweden amakonda kuchita zinthu mwamakani, mfumu yaku Sweden idakana mwamphamvu kuyika pachiwopsezo nkhondo ina ndi Norway. Chifukwa chachikulu chinali chakuti zotsatira za referendum yaku Norway zidatsimikizira maulamuliro akulu aku Europe kuti gulu lodziyimira pawokha ku Norway lidalidi. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mfumu iope kuti Sweden ikadakhala yokhayokha poyipondereza. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe dziko lomwe lidafuna kukulitsa chidani mu linalo. Pa Okutobala 26, 1905, mfumu yaku Sweden idasiya zomwe zidzukulu zake zidayika pampando wachifumu waku Norway. Ngakhale kuti Norway idakhalabe nyumba yamalamulo posankha kalonga waku Danish kuti adzalowe m'malo, motero, kudzera mwa gulu la anthu opanda magazi, dziko lodziyimira lokha koyamba kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 14.

October 27. Patsiku limeneli ku 1941, milungu isanu ndi umodzi asanawononge dziko la Japan pa Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anapereka liwu lonse la wailesi la "Navy Day" lomwe linanamizira kuti mabomba okwera pansi a Germany anali osasunthika anayambitsa zombo zankhondo zamtendere ku US kumadzulo kwa Atlantic. M'malo mwake, zombo zaku US zakhala zikuthandiza ndege zaku Britain kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi, potengera malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Pazifukwa zokomera anthu ena komanso dziko lawo, cholinga chenicheni cha Purezidenti pokwaniritsa zodzinenera zake chinali kulimbikitsa kudana ndi anthu ku Germany zomwe zingakakamize Hitler kuti amenye nkhondo ku US Roosevelt mwiniyo sankafuna kuyambitsa nkhondo ku Germany, monga anthu aku US zikuwoneka kuti analibe chilako lako. Purezidenti, komabe, anali ndi ace mmwamba. A US atha kupita kunkhondo ndi mnzake waku Germany, Japan, ndikupanga maziko olowera nawo kunkhondo ku Europe. Chinyengo chinali kukakamiza Japan kuti iyambe nkhondo yomwe anthu aku US sakananyalanyaza. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira mu Okutobala 1940, US idachitapo kanthu kuphatikiza kuphatikiza zombo zankhondo zaku US ku Hawaii, ndikuumiriza kuti achi Dutch akane kutenga mafuta aku Japan, ndikulowa nawo Great Britain poletsa malonda onse ndi Japan. Mosalephera, pasanathe chaka, pa Disembala 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor adaphulitsidwa bomba. Monga nkhondo zonse, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi inali yabodza. Komabe, patatha zaka makumi ambiri, idadziwika kuti "Nkhondo Yabwino" - momwe chifuniro chabwino cha US chidapitilira mphamvu za olamulira a Axis. Nthano imeneyi yakhala ikulamulira anthu ambiri ku US kuyambira pamenepo ndipo imalimbikitsidwa pa Disembala 7 lililonse pazikondwerero m'dziko lonselo.

October 28. Tsiku ili mu 1466 limasonyeza kubadwa kwa Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch Christian humanist amadziwika kuti ndi katswiri wamkulu wa kumpoto kwa Renaissance. Mu 1517, Erasmus analemba buku lonena za kuipa kwa nkhondo yomwe ikupindulitsa lero. Mwachidule Chidandaulo cha Mtendere, bukhuli limalankhula ndi mawu a "Mtendere," khalidwe lodziwika ngati mkazi. Mtendere umapangitsa kuti, ngakhale kuti amapereka "gwero la madalitso onse aumunthu," amanyansidwa ndi anthu omwe "amapita ku chiyeso chosayenerera mu chiwerengero." Magulu osiyanasiyana monga akalonga, ophunzira, atsogoleri achipembedzo, komanso anthu wamba Zikuwoneka kuti ndizosazindikira kuti nkhondo yovulaza ingawabweretsere iwo. Anthu amphamvu adalenga nyengo yomwe imalankhula kuti chikhululukiro chachikhristu chimaonedwa kuti ndi achipandu, pomwe kulimbikitsa nkhondo kumasonyeza kukhulupirika kwa mtunduwu ndikudzipereka ku chimwemwe chake. Anthu ayenera kunyalanyaza kubwezera Mulungu wa Chipangano Chakale, Mtendere ukulengeza, ndi kukonda Mulungu wamtendere wa Yesu. Ndilo Mulungu amene amadziwa zoyambitsa nkhondo pakufuna mphamvu, ulemerero, ndi kubwezera, ndi maziko a mtendere mu chikondi ndi kukhululukidwa. "Mtendere" pomalizira pake umapereka kuti mafumu apereke mayankho awo kwa anzeru ndi opanda tsankho. Ngakhale ngati mbali iliyonse ikuona kuti chiweruzo chawo sichiri chosalungama, sikudzakhalanso kuvutika kochuluka kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nkhondo zomwe zinagonjetsedwa mu nthawi ya Erasmus zimakhala zowawa ndi kupha okha omwe adalimbana nawo. Zotsutsa zake za nkhondo zimakhala zolemetsa kwambiri m'nthawi yathu yamakono ya nyukiliya, pamene nkhondo iliyonse ingathe kupha moyo wathu padziko lapansi.

October 29. Patsikuli mu 1983, azimayi a ku Britain a 1,000 adadula zigawo za mipanda yozungulira ndege ya Greenham kunja kwa Newbury, England. Ovekedwa ngati mfiti, odzaza ndi "ma cardigans wakuda" (ma code for bakt cutters), akaziwo adayambitsa chiwonetsero cha "Halloween Party" motsutsana ndi dongosolo la NATO kuti asinthe ndegeyo kuti ikhale nyumba ya asilikali 96 Tomahawk yomwe inayambitsidwa mitsinje ya nuclear cruise. Mipolisi yokha inakonzedweratu kufika mwezi wotsatira. Mwa kudula zigawo za mipanda ya ndege, amayi adatanthawuza kufotokozera zosowa zawo kuti aphwanye "Wall Wall" yomwe inawalepheretsa kufotokoza nkhawa zawo za zida za nyukiliya kwa akuluakulu a usilikali ndi ogwira ntchito. Koma "Party ya Halloween," komabe, inali imodzi chabe mwa zionetsero zotsutsana ndi nyukiliya zomwe a British ku Greenham Common anachita. Adayamba kuyenda mu August 1981, pamene gulu la akazi a 44 linayenda 100 mailosi ku Greenham kuchokera ku Cardiff City Hall ku Wales. Atafika, anayi anadzimangirira okha kunja kwa mpanda wa ndege. Pambuyo pa mtsogoleri wa dziko la US atalandira kalata yawo yotsutsa ndondomeko yotumizira manda, adaitanira amayiwo kuti akamange msasa kunja kwa maziko. Iwo mwachangu anachita zimenezo, posintha ziwerengero, zaka zina zotsatira za 12, zochitika zotsutsa zomwe zinkagwirizana ndi omutsatira a 70,000. Potsata mikangano yoyamba ya zida za US-Soviet yomwe inasainidwa ku 1987, amayiwo anayamba pang'ono kuchoka m'munsi. Pulogalamu yawoyi inatha ku 1993, atachotsako mafomu omalizira a Greenham ku 1991, ndipo zaka ziwiri zikutsutsa zida za nyukiliya. Gawo la Greenham palokha linasokonezeka mu chaka cha 2000.

October 30. Patsikuli mu 1943, chomwe chimatchedwa Four Power Declaration chinasindikizidwa ndi United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, ndi China pamsonkhano ku Moscow. Lamuloli lidakhazikitsa dongosolo lamphamvu zinayi lomwe lingakhudze mayiko apadziko lapansi pambuyo pa nkhondo. Inapereka mayiko anayi ogwirizana mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kuti apitilizebe kumenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi Axis mpaka magulu ankhondo onse atavomera kudzipereka kwathunthu. Lamuloli lidalimbikitsanso kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwamabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi okonda mtendere omwe adzagwire ntchito mofanana kuti asunge bata ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale masomphenyawa adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa United Nations patadutsa zaka ziwiri, Chidziwitso Chachinayi cha Power Power chikuwonetsanso momwe nkhawa zakudzikonda zingasokoneze mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndikuwononga zoyesayesa zothetsa mikangano yopanda nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, Purezidenti Roosevelt wa ku America adauza Prime Minister waku Britain Churchill mwachinsinsi kuti Lamuloli "silingasokoneze zisankho zomaliza pazokhudza dziko lapansi." Lamuloli lidasiyanso zokambirana zilizonse zankhondo yapadziko lonse itatha, makamaka ntchito yosunga mtendere yopanda zida. Ndipo United Nations idapangidwa mosamala ndi mphamvu zapadera, kuphatikiza veto, yamayiko ochepa okha. Chidziwitso Chachinayi Cha Mphamvu chimayimira chiyembekezo chakuchoka kuzinthu zenizeni zankhondo yoopsa popititsa patsogolo masomphenya amitundu yapadziko lonse olamulidwa ndi kulemekezana ndi mgwirizano. Koma zidawululiranso momwe malingaliro amphamvu zadziko amafunikirabe kusintha kuti abweretse dera lotere ndi a world beyond war.

October 31. Patsikuli mu 2014, Mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, adakhazikitsa bungwe lodziimira payekha kuti lipange lipoti lofufuza ntchito za mtendere wa UN ndikulimbikitsa kusintha komwekufunika kuti zithandize kuthetsa zosowa za anthu padziko lapansi. Mu June 2015, gulu la 16 linapereka lipoti lake kwa Mlembi Wamkulu, yemwe, ataphunzira mosamala, adapititsa ku General Assembly ndi Security Council kuti akambirane ndi kukhazikitsidwa. Mwachidule, chikalatachi chimapereka malingaliro a momwe ntchito za mtendere "zingathandizire ntchito [za UN] kuti zisawononge mikangano, kukwaniritsa ndondomeko zandale, kuteteza anthu, ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere." Mutu wina wakuti "Essential Shifts for Peace Operations," lipoti likuti "Ntchito ya bungwe la United Nations ndi mayiko ena padziko lonse lapansi ndi kuika chidwi pa mayiko onse, kulimbikitsa komanso kuthandizira zothandizira maiko kuti apange chisankho chofuna kubwezeretsa mtendere, mayendedwe ogonjetsa chisokonezo, ndi kukwaniritsa chidwi chokwanira chiwerengero cha anthu, osati ochepa chabe. "Komabe, mavesi ena amachenjeza kuti ntchitoyi ikhoza kuyendetsedwa bwino ngati ikudziwika kuti mtendere wamuyaya sungathe kupitilira kapena kuthandizidwa ndi zida zankhondo ndi zamakono. M'malo mwake, "chikhalidwe cha ndale" chiyenera kukhala chisonyezero cha njira zonse zothetsera mikangano, kukhazikitsa mgwirizano, kuyang'anira mapeto, kuthandizira kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wamtendere, kuyendetsa mikangano yachiwawa, ndi kuyesetsa kuchita khama kuti pakhale mtendere. Ngati ziwonetsedweratu mwakhama padziko lapansi, malingaliro operekedwa mu lipoti la 2015 UN pa Ntchito Zamtendere lingapangitse kuti mayiko apadziko lapansi ayambe kuvomereza mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, mmalo mwa gulu lankhondo, monga njira yatsopano yothetsera mikangano.

Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.

Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.

Pitani kumawu omvera.

Pitani pa lembalo.

Pitani pazithunzi.

Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.

Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.

Audio wojambulidwa ndi Tim Pluta.

Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.

Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

Music Gwiritsani ntchito chilolezo kuchokera “Mapeto a Nkhondo,” lolemba Eric Colville.

Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.

Zojambula za Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.