January
January 1
January 2
January 3
January 4
January 5
January 6
January 7
January 8
January 9
January 10
January 11
January 12
January 13
January 14
January 15
January 16
January 17
January 18
January 19
January 20
January 21
January 22
January 23
January 24
January 25
January 26
January 27
January 28
January 29
January 30
January 31
January 1. Lero ndi Tsiku la Chaka Chatsopano komanso Tsiku Lamtendere Padziko Lonse Lapansi. Lero kuyambanso kupitiliza kwa kalendala ya Gregory, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Papa Gregory XIII mu 1582 ndipo lero ndi kalendala yaboma yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi. Lero likuyamba mwezi wa Januware, wopatsidwa dzina la Janus, mulungu wazipata ziwiri ndi kusintha, kapena Juno, Mfumukazi ya milungu, mwana wa Saturn, komanso mkazi komanso mlongo wa Jupiter. Juno ndi mtundu wankhondo wa mulungu wamkazi wachi Greek Hera. Mu 1967 Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinalengeza kuti Januware 1 kukhala Tsiku Lamtendere Padziko Lonse Lapansi. Ambiri omwe si Akatolika amapitanso pamwambowu kukondwerera, kulimbikitsa, kuphunzitsa, ndikusokoneza mtendere. M'miyambo yayikulu yakusankha kwa Chaka Chatsopano, apapa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Tsiku la Mtendere Padziko Lonse polankhula ndi kufalitsa ziganizo zothandiza kusunthira dziko lapansi mumtendere, komanso kulimbikitsa zifukwa zina zingapo. Tsiku la Mtendere Padziko Lonse pa Januware 1 sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi International Day of Peace, lokhazikitsidwa ndi United Nations mu 1982 ndipo limachitika chaka chilichonse pa Seputembara 21. Otsatirawa amadziwika bwino, mwina chifukwa sanayambitsidwe ndi chipembedzo chimodzi, ngakhale mawu oti "Mayiko" m'dzina lake anali ofooka kwa iwo omwe amakhulupirira kuti mayiko amalepheretsa mtendere. Tsiku la Mtendere Padziko Lonse silofanana ndi Lamlungu Lamtendere lomwe limabwera ku England ndi Wales Lamlungu lomwe likhala pakati pa Januware 14 ndi 20. Kulikonse komanso aliyense amene tili padziko lapansi, titha kusankha kuthetsa lero kuti tichite mtendere.
January 2. Patsiku lino ku 1905, msonkhano wa Industrial Unionists ku Chicago unapanga Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), yotchedwa The Wobblies, ntchito yothandizira kupanga mgwirizano waukulu wogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. A Wobblies adalimbikitsa ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, ufulu wachibadwidwe, chilungamo chachitukuko, komanso mtendere. Masomphenya awo amakumbukiridwa munyimbo zomwe adapanga ndikuimba. Wina ankatchedwa Akhristu pa Nkhondo ndipo anaphatikizaponso mawu akuti: “Pitani asirikali achikhristu! Njira yantchito ndiyowonekera; Aphe anzako achikhristu, kapena aphedwe nawo. Ochita zachiwerewere akutulutsa mphukira yosalala, Mulungu pamwambapa akukuyitanani kuti mubere, ndi kugwiririra ndi kupha. Machitidwe anu onse ayeretsedwa ndi Mwanawankhosa kumwamba; Ngati mumakonda Mzimu Woyera, pitani muphe, pempherani, ndipo mufe. Pitani patsogolo, asilikari achikhristu! Kung'amba ndi kung'amba ndi kumenya! Lolani Yesu wofatsa adalitse dynamite yanu. Zigaza za zigawenga zokhala ndi zotchinga, manyowa; anthu omwe samayankhula lilime lanu amayenera temberero la Mulungu. Phwanya zitseko za nyumba iliyonse, anamwali okongola agwira; gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu zanu ndi ufulu wanu wopatulika kuti muwachitire zomwe mukufuna. Pitani patsogolo, asilikari achikhristu! Kuwononga zonse zomwe mumakumana nazo; Pondani ufulu wamunthu pansi pamapazi opembedza. Tamandani Ambuye yemwe chikwangwani chake cha dollar chimasindikiza mpikisano womwe amakonda kwambiri! Pangani zinyalala zakunja kulemekeza mtundu wanu wachisomo. Khulupirirani chipulumutso chonyodola, khalani zida zankhanza; Mbiri idzanena za inu: 'Gulu la opusa omwe awononga mulungu!' ”Zaka zopitilira zana kuchokera pomwe nyimboyi idalembedwa, kumvetsetsa kwamanyazi kwazimiririka pang'ono, ndipo zowonadi kuti palibe Akhristu omwe amatenga nawo mbali pankhondo.
January 3. Patsiku lino ku 1967, Jack Ruby, woweruza woweruza wa pulezidenti John F. Kennedy, yemwe amaphedwa, Lee Harvey Oswald, adamwalira kundende ya Texas. Ruby anaweruzidwa kuti aphe Oswald masiku awiri Kennedy atawomberedwa pomwe Oswald anali mmanja mwa apolisi. Ruby anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe; komabe chigamulo chake chidapemphedwa, ndipo adapatsidwa mlandu watsopano ngakhale kuti kuwomberako kunachitika pamaso pa apolisi ndi atolankhani akujambula zithunzi. Pomwe tsiku loyesa mlandu watsopano wa Ruby linali kukhazikitsidwa, akuti adamwalira ndi chifuwa cham'mapapo chifukwa cha khansa yam'mapapo yomwe sinazindikiridwe. Malinga ndi zomwe sizinatulutsidwe ndi National Archives mpaka Novembala 2017, a Jack Ruby adauza kazitape wa FBI kuti "ayang'ane zozimitsa moto" patsiku lomwe Purezidenti John F. Kennedy adaphedwa, ndipo anali mdera lomwe kuphedwa kunachitika. Ruby anakana izi pakuzengedwa mlandu kwake, ponena kuti anali kuchita zinthu zosonyeza kukonda kwambiri dziko lake popha Oswald. Lipoti lovomerezeka la Warren Commission la 1964 linamaliza kuti Oswald kapena Ruby sanakhale nawo pachiwembu chachikulu chofuna kupha Purezidenti Kennedy. Ngakhale zili zomveka bwino, lipotili silinathetse kukayikira komwe kwachitika. Mu 1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations idamaliza mu lipoti loyambirira kuti Kennedy "mwina adaphedwa chifukwa chakuchita chiwembu" chomwe mwina chidakhudza owombera angapo komanso umbanda wolinganiza. Zotsatira za komitiyi, monga a Warren Commission, zikupitilizabe kutsutsana. Malingaliro a Purezidenti wachichepere kwambiri ku US adamupangitsa kukhala wodziwika kwambiri komanso wosowa kwambiri: "Bwererani kunkhondo ndipo fufuzani njira yamtendere," adatero.
January 4. Patsiku lino mu 1948, dziko la Burma (lotchedwanso Myanmar) linadzimasula palokha ku Britain ndipo linakhala boma lodziimira payekha. A British anali atamenyana nkhondo zitatu ndi Burma m'zaka za 19th, ndipo gawo lachitatu la 1886 linapanga Burma chigawo cha British India. Rangoon (Yangon) inadzakhala likulu ndi doko lotanganidwa pakati pa Calcutta ndi Singapore. Amwenye ambiri ndi Chinese adadza ndi British, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe kunayambitsa mavuto, ziwawa, ndi zionetsero. Ulamuliro wa Britain, ndi kukana kuchotsa nsapato polowera anthu achikunja, amatsenga a Buddhist amatsutsa. Rangoon University inapanga zida zotsutsana, ndipo wophunzira wa malamulo aang'ono, Aung San, anayambitsa "Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League" (AFPFL), ndi "People's Revolutionary Party" (PRP). Panali San, pakati pa ena, omwe anatha kukambirana za ufulu wa Burma kuchokera ku Britain ku 1947 ndikukhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bungwe logwirizana la Burma. San anaphedwa asanadziwe ufulu. Mwana wamkazi wamng'ono wa San Aung San Suu Kyi anapitiriza ntchito yake ku demokalase. Mu 1962, asilikali a ku Burma adatenga boma. Inapheranso ophunzira a 100 omwe amachitira chipolowe mwamtendere ku yunivesite ya Rangoon. Mu 1976, ophunzira a 100 anamangidwa atakhala pansi mosavuta. Suu Kyi anagwidwa, koma adalandira Nobel Peace Prize ku 1991. Ngakhale kuti asilikali adakali amphamvu ku Myanmar, Suu Kyi adasankhidwa kukhala a State Counselor (kapena nduna yaikulu) ku 2016, mothandizidwa ndi Burmese National League for Democracy. Suu Kyi wakhala akudzudzula padziko lonse lapansi poyang'anira kapena kulola asilikali achi Burma kuti aphe mazana a amuna, akazi, ndi ana a mtundu wa Rohingya.
January 5. Patsiku lino ku 1968, Antonin Novotny, wolamulira wa Stalinist wa Czechoslovakia, adasankhidwa kukhala mlembi woyamba wa Alexander Dubcek, yemwe ankakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu chikhoza kupindula. Dubcek inathandizira chikomyunizimu, komabe inayambitsa ufulu wolankhula mmasinthidwe ogwirizanitsa mgwirizano, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Nthawi imeneyi imadziwika kuti "Spring Prague." Soviet Union inagonjetsa Czechoslovakia; atsogoleri otsogolera anatengedwa kupita ku Moscow, ndipo adalowetsedwa ndi akuluakulu a Soviet. Kusintha kwa Dubcek kunachotsedwa, ndipo Gustav Husak yemwe anamutsata m'malo mwake anayambanso kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wachikomyunizimu. Izi zinabweretsa zionetsero zazikulu m'dziko lonselo. Ma wailesi, nyuzipepala, ndi mabuku omwe anafalitsidwa panthaŵiyi, monga Garden Party ndi Memorandamu ya Vaclav Havel analetsedwa, ndipo Havel anamangidwa zaka pafupifupi zinayi. Ophunzira zikwizikwi ankakhala ndi mtendere wamasiku anayi ku sukulu zapamwamba ndi makoleji kudutsa dziko lonse, ndipo mafakitale amawatumizira chakudya mogwirizana. Zochitika zina zopweteka ndi zoopsa zinachitika. Mu Januwale 1969, Jan Palach wophunzira wa koleji adayatsa moto ku Wenceslas Square kuti awonetsere ntchito ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. Imfa yake inakhala yofanana ndi Spring Prague, ndipo maliro ake adakhala chiwonetsero china chotsutsa. Wophunzira wina wachiwiri, Jan Zajíc anachita zomwezo pamtunda, ndipo wina wachitatu, Evžen Plocek, adamwalira ku Jihlava. Pamene maboma a Chikomyunizimu anali kuthamangitsidwa kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, maumboni a Prague anapitiriza mpaka December 1989 pamene boma la Husak linavomereza. Dubcek adatchedwanso woyang'anira wa nyumba yamalamulo, ndipo Vaclav Havel anakhala pulezidenti wa Czechoslovakia. Kubweretsa chikomyunizimu ku Czechoslovakia, kapena Prague "Chilimwe," kunatenga zaka zoposa makumi awiri zotsutsa.
January 6. Patsiku lino ku 1941, Purezidenti Franklin Delano Roosevelt analankhula mawu omwe anawamasulira kuti "Ufulu Zinayi," zomwe adati adalinso ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kufotokoza; ufulu wa chipembedzo; kumasuka ku mantha; ndi kumasuka ku kusowa. Kulankhula kwake kunali kwa ufulu wa nzika zamayiko onse, komabe nzika zaku United States komanso zakumayiko ena zikuvutikabe m'malo onse anayiwa. Nawa ena mwa mawu omwe Purezidenti Roosevelt adati patsikuli: "M'masiku akutsogoloku, omwe tikufuna kuteteza, tikuyembekezera dziko lapansi lokhazikitsidwa ndi ufulu wofunikira wa anthu anayi. Choyamba ndi ufulu wolankhula ndi kulankhula - kulikonse padziko lapansi. Chachiwiri ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense kupembedza Mulungu m'njira yake - kulikonse padziko lapansi. Lachitatu ndi ufulu wosowa - womwe, womwe umamasuliridwa mmawu adziko lonse lapansi, umatanthauza kumvetsetsa kwachuma komwe kudzapezera mtundu uliwonse moyo wamtendere wathanzi kwa nzika zake - kulikonse padziko lapansi. Chachinayi ndi ufulu wamantha - womwe, potanthauzira mawu apadziko lonse lapansi, ukutanthauza kuchepa kwa zida padziko lonse lapansi motere kotero kuti palibe dziko lomwe lingakhale lochitira nkhanza mnansi aliyense - kulikonse padziko lapansi…. Malingaliro apamwambawo sangakhale ndi mathero kupatula chigonjetso. ” Masiku ano boma la US limaletsa ufulu woyamba kusintha. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti mayiko ena akunja akuwona US ngati chiopsezo chachikulu pamtendere. Ndipo US ikutsogolera mayiko onse olemera muumphawi. Ufulu Wachinayi udakali wofunikirabe.
January 7. Patsiku lino mu 1932, Boma la United States, Henry Stimson, adapereka Chiphunzitso cha Stimson. United States inali itapemphedwa ndi League of Nations kuti ichitepo kanthu pazowukira zaku Japan ku China. Stimson, mothandizidwa ndi Purezidenti Herbert Hoover, adalengeza zomwe zimatchedwanso chiphunzitso cha Hoover-Stimson, motsutsana ndi US pomenya nkhondo ku Manchuria. Chiphunzitsochi, choyamba, chinati United States silingavomereze mgwirizano uliwonse womwe ungasokoneze ulamuliro kapena kukhulupirika kwa China; ndipo chachiwiri, kuti sichizindikira kusintha kulikonse komwe kungapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo. Mawuwa adatengera kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo kudzera mu 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact yomwe pamapeto pake idathetsa kuvomerezeka ndi kuzindikira kugonjetsedwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. United States idavutika pambuyo pa nkhondo ya WWI pomwe nzika zake zidalimbana ndi kupsinjika komwe kudachitika ku Wall Street, kulephera kwamabanki ambiri, kusowa ntchito, komanso mkwiyo waukulu wankhondo. A US anali osakayika kuti adzalowa nkhondo yatsopano posachedwa ndipo anakana kuthandizira League of Nations. Chiphunzitso cha Stimson chakhala chikufotokozedwa ngati chosagwira ntchito, chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa Shanghai ndi achi Japan patatha milungu itatu, komanso nkhondo zomwe zidachitika ku Europe zomwe zimakhudza mayiko ena omwe sanasamale zamalamulo. Olemba mbiri ena amakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitsochi chinali chodzikonda, ndipo chimangotanthauza kuti azingogulitsa nthawi ya Kusokonezeka Kwakukulu osakhalabe mbali. Kumbali inayi, pali akatswiri a mbiri yakale komanso akatswiri azamalamulo omwe amazindikira kuti kukhazikika kwamakhalidwe andale padziko lonse lapansi kunapangitsa kuti Stimpson Doctrine ikhale yothandiza pakupanga malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi pankhani yankhondo ndi zotsatira zake.
January 8. Patsikuli, AJ Muste (1885 - 1967), waku America wobadwira ku Dutch, adayamba moyo wake. AJ Muste anali mmodzi mwa atsogoleri omwe sankachita nawo zachiwawa m'nthaŵi yake. Poyamba monga mtumiki mu tchalitchi cha Dutch Reformed, adakhala wolemba zachikhalidwe komanso wogwira ntchito, ndipo anali mmodzi mwa oyambitsa komanso woyang'anira woyamba wa Brookwood Labor College ku New York. Mu 1936, adadzipereka yekha ku chikhalidwe chake ndipo adalimbikitsa mphamvu zake zotsutsa nkhondo, ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wandale, ndi zida. Anagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Fellowship of Reconciliation, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), ndi League Resisters League, ndipo adakhala mkonzi wa Kuwombola magazini. Anapitiliza ntchito yake yamtendere pankhondo yaku US ku Vietnam; Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, adapita ku North Vietnam ndi gulu la atsogoleri achipembedzo ndipo adakumana ndi mtsogoleri wachikomyunizimu Ho Chi Minh. AJ Muste anali kulemekezedwa kwambiri komanso kusiririka pagulu lachitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa chokhoza kulumikizana ndi anthu azaka zonse komanso azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, kuti amvetsere ndikusinkhasinkha pamalingaliro onse, komanso atalikire mtunda pakati pazandale zosiyanasiyana. AJ Muste Memorial Institute idakhazikitsidwa mu 1974 kuti cholowa cha AJ chikhalebe chamoyo mwa kuthandizira kosagwirizana ndi gulu lachiwawa lakusintha kwachuma. Bungweli limasindikiza timapepala ndi mabuku onena za chiwawa, limapereka ndalama zothandizira kumayiko akutali ku US komanso padziko lonse lapansi, ku "Peace Pentagon" ku New York City. Mu mawu a Muste: “Palibe njira ya mtendere; mtendere ndiye njira. ”
January 9. Patsiku lino ku 1918, a US anamenyana nkhondo yomalizira ndi Amwenye Achimwenye ku Battle of Bear Valley. Amwenye a Yaqui adayendetsedwa kumpoto chifukwa cha nkhondo yawo yayitali ndi Mexico, ndikuwoloka malire pafupi ndi malo ankhondo ku Arizona. Yaquis nthawi zina amagwira ntchito ku minda ya zipatso ku US, kugula zida ndi malipiro awo, ndikuwabwezeretsa ku Mexico. Patsiku lopwetekalo, asitikali adapeza kagulu kakang'ono. Kulimbana kunatha mpaka Yaqui wina atayamba kugwedeza manja ake kuti adzipereke. Yaquis khumi adagwidwa, ndikuuzidwa kuti afole pamanja pamutu pawo. Mkuluyo adayimirira, koma manja ake anali mchiuno. Manja ake atakwezedwa mokakamiza, zimawoneka kuti akungoyesa kugwira m'mimba mwake. Anali atavutika ndi kuphulika komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi chipolopolo choyatsa makatiriji atakulungidwa m'chiuno mwake, ndipo adamwalira tsiku lotsatira. Wina wogwidwa anali mwana wazaka khumi ndi chimodzi yemwe mfuti yake inali yayitali ngati yayitali. Gulu lolimba mtima lidathandizira kuti lalikulu lithe kuthawa. Omwe adagwidwawo adatengedwa kupita ku Tucson kukayesedwa. Adakwanitsa kukopa chidwi cha asirikali paulendowu molimba mtima komanso mwamphamvu. Pozenga mlandu, woweruza adachotsa milandu yonse yazaka khumi ndi chimodzi, ndikuwalamula enawo enanso masiku 30 okha kundende. Colonel Harold B. Wharfield analemba kuti: "Chilangocho chinali chabwino kwa a Yaquis omwe akanathamangitsidwa kupita ku Mexico ndipo akanatha kuphedwa ngati opanduka."
January 10. Pa tsiku lino mu 1920 League of Nations inakhazikitsidwa. Linali bungwe loyamba padziko lonse lapansi lokhazikitsidwa kuti lisungitse bata padziko lonse lapansi. Sanali malingaliro atsopano. Zokambirana pambuyo pa nkhondo za Napoleon zidatsogolera ku Geneva ndi Hague Convention. Mu 1906, Theodore Roosevelt, yemwe analandila Mphoto ya Nobel anapempha kuti pakhale “Mgwirizano wa Mtendere.” Kenako, kumapeto kwa WWI, aku Britain, aku France ndi US adakonza zokambirana za konkriti. Izi zidapangitsa kuti kukambirana ndikuvomereze "Pangano la League of Nations" ku Msonkhano wa Mtendere ku Paris ku 1919. Pangano, lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri chitetezo chazonse, kuthetsa zida zankhondo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi pokambirana ndi kuweruza, ndiye kuti adaphatikizidwa Pangano la Versailles. Mgwirizanowu unkalamulidwa ndi General Assembly ndi Executive Council (yotsegulidwa ndi maulamuliro akulu okha). Pomwe kuyambika kwa WWII, zinali zowonekeratu kuti League yalephera. Chifukwa chiyani? Malamulo: Zosankha zinafunikanso kusankha voti ya Executive Council. Izi zinapatsa mamembala a Msonkhano kukhala veto yabwino. umembala: Mitundu yambiri sinalowe nawo. Panali mamembala oyambitsa 42 ndipo 58 pachimake. Ambiri amauwona ngati "Mgwirizano wa Omenyedwa." Germany sinaloledwe kulowa. Maboma achikomyunizimu sanalandiridwe. Ndipo zodabwitsa, United States sinayanjane nawo. Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson, womuthandizira, sanathe kuzidutsa ku Senate. Kulephera kukakamiza zosankha: Mgwirizanowu unadalira opambana a WWI kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake. Iwo ankafuna kuchita zimenezo. Zolinga zolimbana: Kufunika kochita zida zankhondo kumayesedwa ndi zoyesayesa zowononga zida. Mu 1946, pambuyo pa zaka 26 zokha, League of Nations inalowetsedwa ndi United Nations.
January 11. Patsiku lino ku 2002, ndende ya Guantanamo Bay ya ndende inayamba kugwira ntchito ku Cuba. Poyambirira kuti cholinga chake chikhale "chilumba cha kunja kwa lamulo" kumene uchigawenga umakayikira kuti ungamangidwe popanda kuchitidwa ndi kukambirana popanda kuletsedwa, ndende ndi asilikali ku Guantánamo Bay ndi zolephera zoopsa. Guantánamo yakhala chizindikiro cha kupanda chilungamo, nkhanza, ndi kunyalanyaza lamulo. Popeza kuti ndendeyo inatseguka, pafupifupi amuna a 800 adutsa m'maselo ake. Kuwonjezera pa ndende yosaloledwa, ambiri akhala akuzunzidwa ndi mankhwala ena achiwawa. Ambiri akhalapo popanda mlandu kapena mayesero. Akaidi ambiri akhala akuchitidwa zaka zambiri atatulutsidwa kuti apulumutsidwe ndi asilikali a ku United States, omwe amatsatiridwa mu chigamulo chimene palibe boma la boma lomwe lafuna kuti liwathetse kuphwanya ufulu wawo. Guantánamo yakhala yoipa pa mbiri ndi chitetezo cha United States ndi chida cholembera magulu monga ISIS omwe azivala akaidi awo ku GITMO orange. Purezidenti wa ku United States ndi mabungwe ake kwazaka zambiri akhala asanagwiritse ntchito mphamvu kuti athe kumangidwa kosatha komanso pafupi ndi Guantánamo. Guantanamo kutseka njira yoyenera kumafuna kumangidwa kosatha kosatha popanda chiyeso kapena mayesero; kusamutsira anthu omangidwa omwe asinthidwa kuti apititse; ndi oyang'anira omangidwa omwe ali ndi umboni wa zolakwa mu makhoti a milandu ku federal ku United States. Mabungwe a US federal amachititsa kuti milandu yokhudzana ndi uchigawenga ikhale yaikulu kwambiri. Ngati wosuma mlandu sangathe kuyika mlandu kwa mkaidi, palibe chifukwa choti munthu apitirize kumangidwa, kaya ku Guantánamo kapena ku United States.
January 12. Patsiku lino ku 1970 Biafra, dera lopanda malire kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Nigeria, linapereka ku Federal Army, motero limathetsa nkhondo ya ku Nigeria. Nigeria, yemwe kale anali dziko la Britain, adalandira ufulu ku 1960. Nkhondo iyi yamagazi ndi yopatukana inali chifukwa cha ufulu wodziimira makamaka pa zofuna za mphamvu zamakoloni. Nigeria inali mndandanda wosiyana wa mayiko odziimira. Pa nthawi ya utsogoleri wa dzikoli, idaperekedwa ngati zigawo ziwiri, kumpoto ndi kumwera. Mu 1914, chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka chuma, kumpoto ndi kumwera zinalumikizana. Nigeria ili ndi magulu atatu: Igbo kum'mwera chakum'mawa; Hausa-Fulani kumpoto; ndi Yoruba kumwera chakumadzulo. Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti adali ochokera kumpoto, dera lambiri. Kusiyana kwa m'madera kunapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa dziko lonse. Kusamvana kunayambika pa chisankho cha 1964. Pakati pa milandu yochulukirapo, anthu osankhidwawo adasankhidwa. Mu 1966, apolisi akuluakulu adayeserera. Aguiyi-Ironsi, mkulu wa asilikali a ku Nigeriya ndi Igbo, adatsutsa ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko. Patadutsa miyezi 6, akuluakulu a kumpoto anawombera. Yakubu Gowon, wakumpoto, anakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko. Izi zinapangitsa kuti agwirizane ndi kumpoto. Kufikira ku 100,000 Igbo anaphedwa ndipo miliyoni adathawa. Pa May 30, 1967, ndi Igbo, adalengeza Chigawo chakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Independent Republic of Biafra. Boma la Military linamenya nkhondo kuti liyanjanenso dzikoli. Cholinga chawo choyamba chinali kutenga Port Harcourt ndi kuyang'anira minda ya mafuta. Blockades inatsatira, zomwe zinayambitsa njala yaikulu ndi njala ya anthu oposa 2 miliyoni Biafran. Zaka makumi asanu pambuyo pake, nkhondo ndi zotsatira zake zikhale zowonjezereka za mkangano woopsa.
January 13. Patsiku lino ku 1991, Soviet Special Forces inagonjetsa chithunzithunzi cha televizioni ndi wailesi ya Lithuanian, kupha 14 ndi kuvulaza 500 monga akasinja omwe anatsogoleredwa ndi anthu ambiri osamangidwa omwe akuyang'anira nsanja pofuna kuteteza ufulu wa Lithuanian. Bungwe Lalikulu la Lithuania linapempha dziko lonse kuti lizindikire kuti Soviet Union inagonjetsa dziko lawo lolamulira, ndipo anthu a ku Lithuania ankafuna kuti azikhala okhaokha. Lithuania idalengeza ufulu wawo ku 1990. Pulezidenti wa ku Kilithuania adapititsa mwamsanga lamulo lothandiza bungwe la boma ku ukapolo kuchitika kuti bungwe liyenera kukhala lolepheretsedwa ndi asilikali a Soviet. Boris Yeltsin, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa dziko la Russia, adayankha kuti akutsutsa, ndipo adapempha akuluakulu a ku Russia kuti adziwe kuti izi ndizoletsedwa, ndipo adawauza kuti aganizire za mabanja awo omwe atsala pakhomo. Ngakhale kuti iye ndi Mikhail Gorbachev anakana kuchita nawo kanthu, kuzunzidwa kwa Soviet ndi kuphedwa kunapitirira. Anthu ambiri a ku Lithuania anayesa kuteteza TV ndi radio. Mabanki a Soviet adathamangitsa anthu. Asilikali a Soviet anagonjetsa ndi kutsegula TV. Koma sitima yaing'ono ya TV inayamba kufalitsa m'zinenero zambiri kuti dziko lidziwe. Gulu lalikulu la anthu linasonkhana kuti liteteze nyumba ya Supreme Council, ndipo asilikali a Soviet anabwerera. Kudandaula kwa dziko lonse kunatsatira. Mu February, anthu a Lithuania adavomereza kwambiri ufulu wawo. Pamene Lithuania idalandira ufulu wawo, zinaonekeratu kuti kuukira kwa ankhondo kunali kosakonzekera ufulu wochulukitsa ufulu wa kulankhulana.
January 14. Pa tsiku lino mu 1892 Martin Niemöller anabadwa. Anamwalira mu 1984. M'busa wachipulotesitanti ameneyu yemwe anali mdani wolimba wa Adolf Hitler adakhala zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zomaliza zaulamuliro wa Nazi m'misasa yachibalo, ngakhale anali wokonda kwambiri dziko lawo. Niemöller mwina amakumbukiridwa bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha mawu oti: "Choyamba adabwera kudzakhala a Socialist, ndipo sindinayankhule chifukwa sindinali wa Socialist. Kenako adabwera kudzagwira ntchito Union Tradeists, ndipo sindinayankhule chifukwa sindinali Trade Unionist. Kenako adadzitengera Ayuda, ndipo sindinayankhule chifukwa sindinali Myuda. Kenako anabwera kudzandilondera, ndipo panalibe aliyense wondilankhulira. ” Niemöller anamasulidwa ku Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Laku Germany Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse itachitika, adaganiza zotsata mapazi a abambo ake polowa seminare. Niemöller anadziwika kuti anali mlaliki wachikoka. Ngakhale apolisi adamuchenjeza, adapitilizabe kulalikira motsutsana ndi zoyesayesa zaboma zosokoneza matchalitchi komanso zomwe amawona ngati zachikunja cholimbikitsidwa ndi a Nazi. Zotsatira zake, Niemöller adamangidwa mobwerezabwereza ndikuikidwa m'ndende yapadera pakati pa 1934 ndi 1937. Niemöller adatchuka kunja. Adapereka nkhani yotsegulira pamsonkhano wa 1946 wa Federal Council of Churches ku United States ndipo adayenda ndikulankhula zambiri zakuzindikira kwa Germany pansi pa Nazi. Pakatikati mwa 1950s, Niemöller adagwira ntchito ndi magulu angapo apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza World Council of Churches, pamtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi. Dziko la Niemöller lokonda dziko la Germany silinasunthe pomwe ankanyoza magawano aku Germany, akunena kuti amakonda mgwirizano ngakhale utakhala pansi pa Chikomyunizimu.
January 15. Pa tsiku lino mu 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. anabadwa. Moyo wake unathera mwadzidzidzi pa April 4th, 1968, pamene anaphedwa ku Memphis, Tennessee. Wokha yemwe sanali pulezidenti kuti akhale ndi tchuthi la dziko la United States lodzipereka mwaulemu wake, ndipo yekhayo yemwe sanali pulezidenti anakumbukiridwa ndi chipilala chachikulu ku Washington, DC, Dr. King's "Ndili ndi masomphenya" kulankhula, Phunziro la Nobel Peace Prize, ndi "Kalata Yochokera ku Birmingham Jail" ndi limodzi mwa malembo olemekezeka kwambiri ndi zolembedwa mu Chingerezi. Kuwongolera kuchokera ku chikhulupiliro chake chonse chachikristu ndi ziphunzitso za Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. King adatsogolera gulu lakumapeto kwa 1950s ndi 1960s kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano wa malamulo ku African America ku United States. Pa zaka zochepa zoposa zaka 13 za utsogoleri wake wamakono a American Civil Rights Movement, kuyambira December, 1955 kufikira April 4, 1968, Achimereka adapitapo patsogolo kwambiri kuti amitundu akhale ofanana ku America kusiyana ndi zaka za 350 zapitazo. Dr. King amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa atsogoleri akuluakulu omwe sali okhudzidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale ena akulengeza ufulu ndi "njira iliyonse yofunikira," Martin Luther King, Jr. anagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za mawu ndi zochita zosatsutsa, monga zionetsero, kukonza malo, komanso kusamvera anthu kuti akwanitse zolinga zooneka ngati zosatheka. Anapitiriza kutsogolera ntchito zofanana ndi za umphaŵi, ndi nkhondo zamayiko, nthawi zonse kusunga kukhulupirika kwake. Kulimbana kwake ndi nkhondo ku Vietnam, ndi kulimbikitsa kusuntha kupitirira tsankho, nkhondo, ndi kukonda chuma kumapitiriza kulimbikitsa anthu ofuna mtendere ndi chilungamo kufunafuna mgwirizano wadziko lonse lapansi.
January 16. Patsiku lino ku 1968, Abbie Hoffman ndi Jerry Rubin anayambitsa Youth International Party (Yippies), tsiku limodzi Pulezidenti Lyndon Baines Johnson atapereka kalata yake ya United States kuti adziwitse kuti US akugonjetsa nkhondo ku Vietnam. A Yippies anali mbali ya gulu lofalitsa nkhondo lazaka za m'ma 1960 mpaka 70 zomwe zidachokera pagulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Onse awiri a Hoffman ndi a Rubin anali m'gulu la nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo yomwe idachitika pa Pentagon mu Okutobala 1967, pomwe a Jerry Rubin adatcha "cholumikizira ndale za Yippie." Hoffman ndi Rubin adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya "Yippie" pantchito yawo yolimbana ndi nkhondo komanso yotsutsana ndi capitalist, yolumikizidwa ndi oimba ngati Country Joe ndi Fish, komanso olemba ndakatulo / olemba ngati Allen Ginsberg omwe adatchulapo malingaliro a Hoffman pazanthawi zovuta: "[Hoffman] anati ndale zidasanduka zisudzo komanso zamatsenga, kwenikweni, kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zifanizo kudzera pawailesi yakanema ndizomwe zidasokoneza komanso kupusitsa anthu ku United States, kuwapangitsa kuti avomere nkhondo yomwe sanakhulupirire. ” Ziwonetsero ndi ziwonetsero zambiri za Yippies zidaphatikizapo imodzi ku Democratic National Convention ku 1968 komwe adalumikizidwa ndi a Black Panthers, Ophunzira a Democratic Society (SDS) ndi National Mobilization Committee to War the War in Vietnam (the MOBE). Phwando lawo la Moyo ku Lincoln Park, kuphatikiza kusankhidwa kwa nkhumba yotchedwa Pigasus ngati omwe adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti, zidapangitsa kuti a Hoffman, Rubin, ndi mamembala ena azigawidwe. Otsatira a Yippies adapitilizabe kuchita ziwonetsero zawo zandale, ndikutsegula Museum ya Yippie ku New York City.
January 17. Patsiku lino ku 1893, opindula a US, amuna amalonda, ndi Marines anagonjetsa ufumu wa Hawaii ku Oahu, kuyamba chida chachikulu cha boma lachiwawa ndi loopsya padziko lonse lapansi. Mfumukazi yaku Hawaii, a Lili'uokalani, adayankha ndi mawu otsatirawa kwa Purezidenti Benjamin Harrison: "Ine Lili'uokalani, Mwa chisomo cha Mulungu, komanso pansi pa Constitution ya Ufumu waku Hawaii, Mfumukazi, ndikutsutsana ndi aliyense zomwe ndachita motsutsana ndi ine ndekha komanso Boma loyendetsera dziko la Hawaiian Kingdom ndi anthu ena omwe akuti akhazikitsa boma lokhazikika la Ufumuwu… kuti apewe kugundana ndi asitikali, mwinanso kutayika kwa moyo, ndimachita izi motsutsana, ndipo motengeka ndi mphamvuzo ndikupatsani mphamvu zanga kufikira nthawi yomwe Boma la United States lidzaperekedwa, litasintha zomwe woimirawo adachita ndikundibwezeretsa kuulamuliro womwe ndikunena kuti ndikulamulira boma pazilumba za Hawaiian."James H. Blount anamutcha Special Commissioner, kutumizidwa kukafufuzira, ndi kufotokozera zomwe adapeza pa kutenga. Blount adatsimikiza kuti United States inali yoweruza mwachindunji kuti boma la Hawaii ligonjetsedwe mosavomerezeka, ndipo machitidwe a boma la United States adaphwanya malamulo a mayiko komanso dziko la Hawaii. Zaka zana zitapita, tsiku lino mu 1993, Hawaii inakhala ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu chotsutsana ndi ntchito ya US. Anthu a ku America adapempha kuti apepese, povomereza kuti a Hawaii "sanasunthire ufulu wawo wotsutsa." Amwenye a ku Hawaii akupitirizabe kulimbikitsa ufulu wa ku Hawaii kuchokera ku United States, komanso ku US.
January 18. Pa tsiku lino, mu 2001, awiri Mamembala a gulu lachindunji, Mitsinje ya Trident, adamasulidwa pambuyo poimbidwa mlandu wowononga British HMS Kubwezera yomwe inali ndi kotala la zida zanyukiliya ku Britain. Sylvia Boyes, 57, wa West Yorkshire, ndi River, omwe kale anali Keith Wright, 45, wa Manchester, adavomereza kuti akutsutsa HMS Kubwezera ali ndi nyundo ndi nkhwangwa pa doko ku Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, mu Novembala 1999. Awiriwa adakana chilichonse, komabe, ponena kuti zomwe akuchita ndizoyenera chifukwa zida za nyukiliya ndizosaloledwa ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Mfundo zinanso zandale zokhudzana ndi zida zanyukiliya zidapangitsa kuti khothi livomereze kuti anthu wamba akukhumudwa ndikukakamizidwa kuchitapo kanthu. Mneneri wa Trident Plowshares adawonjezeranso kuti: "Tsopano pakhala chitsanzo kuti anthu aku England azitsatira chikumbumtima chawo ndikulengeza kuti Trident ndi yosaloledwa." Zochita zam'mbuyomu ku Britain zomwe zidawapangitsa kuti awononge mlandu wa Trident Plowshares zidaphatikizaponso milandu yomwe idasumidwa mu 1996 pomwe khothi ku Liverpool Crown Court lidawachotsera azimayi awiri omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wowononga ndege yankhondo ya Hawk pafakitale yaku Britain Aerospace. Mu 1999, sheriff ku Greenock, Strathclyde, adapeza azimayi atatu akuimbidwa mlandu wowononga zida zamakompyuta zapamadzi zapamadzi zonyamula sitima zapamadzi ku Loch Goil wopanda mlandu. Ndipo mu 2000, azimayi awiri omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wopopera zida zankhondo pa zida zankhondo za nyukiliya adamasulidwa ku Manchester, ngakhale kuti wozenga milandu pambuyo pake adakakamiza kuti aweruzidwenso. Kulephera kwa kudzipereka kwa maboma panjira zamtendere wapadziko lonse kwasiya anthu wamba padziko lonse lapansi akuwopa nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya, ndipo alibe chikhulupiriro chochepa m'maboma awo kuti achepetse ngozi.
January 19. Patsiku lino mu 1920, poyang'aniridwa ndi zipolowe zapachiweniweni, gulu laling'ono linayima, ndipo American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) inabadwa. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi, kunali mantha kuti Revolution ya Chikomyunizimu ku Russia idzafalikira ku United States. Monga momwe zimakhalira pamene mantha akuposa kukangana komveka, ufulu waumwini unapereka mtengo. Mu November 1919 ndi January 1920, zomwe zinadziwika kuti "Palmer Raids," Attorney General Mitchell Palmer adayamba kuzungulira ndi kutulutsa anthu omwe amatchedwa "anthu ochita zachiwawa." Anthu zikwizikwi anamangidwa opanda chilolezo ndipo popanda chivomerezo chokhazikitsa malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo kufufuza ndi kulanda, kuzunzidwa mwankhanza, ndi kuchitidwa muzoipa. A ACLU amawatsutsa, ndipo asintha kuchokera zaka zochepa kuchokera ku gulu laling'ono kupita ku mtsogoleri wa dziko lino yemwe ali ndi ufulu wotsatiridwa ndi malamulo a US. Iwo amateteza aphunzitsi mu Zolemba nkhani mu 1925, anamenyana ndi maiko a Japanese Achimerika ku 1942, adagwirizanitsa NAACP ku 1954 mu nkhondo yamalamulo kuti aphunzire mofanana Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro, ndipo adateteza ophunzira omwe anamangidwa chifukwa chotsutsa nkhondo ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam. Amapitiriza kulimbana ndi ufulu wolera, ufulu wa kubereka, kufanana, chinsinsi komanso kusalowerera ndale, ndipo akutsogolera nkhondoyi kuti athetse kuzunza ndikufunanso kuti anthu omwe amavomereze. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 100, ACLU yathandiza kuteteza ndi kusunga ufulu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense wotsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo a dziko la United States. ACLU yatenga nawo mbali milandu ya Supreme Court kuposa bungwe lirilonse, ndipo ndilo lalikulu kwambiri lovomerezeka ndi bungwe lalamulo.
January 20. Patsiku lino mu 1987, Terry Waite, mtsogoleri wapadera wa Attorney wa Canterbury, adatengedwa ku Lebanon. Anali komweko kuti akambirane zakumasulidwa kwa akaidi akumadzulo. Waite anali ndi mbiri yochititsa chidwi. Mu 1980 adakambirana bwino zakutulutsidwa kwa akapolo ku Iran. Mu 1984 adakambirana bwino zakutulutsidwa kwa akapolo ku Libya. Mu 1987 sanachite bwino. Akukambirana, iyemwini adagwidwa. Pa Novembala 18, 1991, pasanathe zaka zisanu pambuyo pake, iye ndi ena adamasulidwa. Waite adavutika kwambiri ndipo adalandiridwa kunyumba ngati ngwazi. Komabe, zomwe adachita ku Lebanoni mwina sizomwe zimawoneka. Pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti asanapite ku Lebanon adakumana ndi Lt. Colonel Oliver North. Kumpoto kudafuna ndalama ku Contras ku Nicaragua. US Congress idaletsa izi. Iran idafuna zida koma idaletsedwa. Kumpoto anakonza zoti zida zankhondo zipite ku Iran posinthana ndi ndalama zotumizidwa ku Contras. Koma Kumpoto kunkafunika chivundikiro. Ndipo aku Irani amafunikira inshuwaransi. Ogwidwa adzasungidwa mpaka mikono itaperekedwa. Terry Waite adzawonetsedwa ngati munthu yemwe adakambirana kuti amasulidwe. Palibe amene angawone mgwirizano wamanja utabisika kumbuyo. Kaya Terry Waite adadziwa kuti akusewera sizikudziwika. Komabe, kumpoto ankadziwa. Mtolankhani wofufuza wina wanena kuti wogwira ntchito ku National Security Council adavomereza kuti North "idathamangitsa Terry Waite ngati nthumwi." Nkhani yochenjeza iyi ikutsindika kufunika, ngakhale kwa omwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino komanso zolinga zabwino, kuti atetezedwe kuti asagwilitsidwe ntchito mosazindikira.
January 21. Patsiku lino mu 1977, Pulezidenti waku United States Jimmy Carter, pa tsiku lake loyamba monga pulezidenti, anakhululukira nthawi yonse ya Vietnam yomwe inalembera anthu a ku Vietnam. A US adatsutsa amuna a 209,517 akuphwanya malamulo a malamulo, pamene wina 360,000 sanaweruzidwe mwalamulo. Atsogoleri asanu apitayo anali kuyang'anira zomwe a Vietnamese amachitcha nkhondo ya America, ndipo United States imatcha nkhondo ya Vietnam. Awiri mwa atsogoleriwa adasankhidwa pa malonjezano a kuthetsa nkhondo, adalonjeza kuti sanasunge. Carter adalonjeza kuti adzapereka chikhululuko kwa anthu omwe athawa dzikoli kapena kuthawa kulemba. Iye mwamsanga anasunga lonjezo limenelo. Carter sanawakhululukire anthu omwe anali mamembala a asilikali a ku United States ndi omwe anali atachoka, kapena wina aliyense amene ankati anachita chiwawa monga protester. Pafupifupi a 90 peresenti ya iwo omwe adachoka ku United States kuti asamalowe usilikali kupita ku Canada, monga momwe ambiri adasinthira. Boma la Canada linaloleza izi, monga kale linaloleza anthu kuthawa ukapolo mwa kudutsa malire ake. Pafupifupi olemba a 50,000 olemba mabuku amakhazikika kwathunthu ku Canada. Pomwe bungweli linatha mu 1973, mtsogoleri wa 1980 Carter anabwezeretsa lamulo loti aliyense wazaka 18 wazaka zolembera azilembapo. Masiku ano ena amawona kusowa kwa lamuloli kwa akazi, kuwamasula iwo kuopsezedwa kuti akakamizidwa kupita ku nkhondo, monga chisankho. . . motsutsana ndi akazi, pamene ena amaona zofunikira kuti amuna akhale malo osokonezeka. Ngakhale panalibe ndondomeko yoti athawire, zikwi zathawa usilikali wa US m'zaka za 21st.
January 22. Pa tsiku lino mu 2006, Evo Morales inakhazikitsidwa monga Purezidenti wa Bolivia. Anali pulezidenti woyamba wa dziko la Bolivia. Ali mlimi wa coca wachinyamata, Morales anali atachita nawo zionetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuthandizira ufulu wamtundu wakulima ndikupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito tsamba la High Andes tsamba la coca. Mu 1978 iye adalumikizana ndipo adadzuka kukhala wolemekezeka mu ogwira ntchito kumudzi. Mu 1989 adayankhula pa chochitika chokumbukira kupha anthu a alimi a coca 11 ndi ogwira ntchito ku Rural Area Mobile Patrol Unit. Tsiku lotsatira omenyana amamenya Morales mmwamba, akumusiya kumapiri kukafa. Koma adapulumutsidwa ndi kukhala ndi moyo. Ichi chinali kusintha kwa Morales. Anayamba kuganiza kuti akhale gulu lankhondo komanso akuyambitsa nkhondo yomenyana ndi boma. Pamapeto pake, anasankha osakhala achiwawa. Anayamba mwa kukhazikitsa phiko la ndale la mgwirizanowu. Ndi 1995 iye anali mtsogoleri wa Movement for Socialism chipani (MAS) ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala Congress. Ndi 2006 anali Purezidenti wa Bolivia. Utsogoleri wake unayang'ana kutsata ndondomeko zochepetsera umphawi ndi kulemba, kulemba chilengedwe, kuteteza boma (Bolivia ali ndi anthu ambiri ammudzi), komanso kulimbana ndi mphamvu za mayiko a United States ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Pa April 28, 2008, adapempha bungwe la United Nations Permanent Forum Zokhudza Maiko Athu ndi Malamulo a 10 kuti apulumutse Planet. Lamulo lake lachiwiri linati: "Tilankhule ndi KUYAMBIRA nkhondo, yomwe imabweretsa phindu kwa maufumu, zosamalidwa, komanso mabanja ena, koma osati kwa anthu. . . . "
January 23. Patsikuli mu 1974, Egypt ndi Israeli anayamba kusokoneza mphamvu zomwe zathetsa nkhondo yothetsera nkhondo pakati pa mayiko awiri mu Yom Kippur War. Nkhondoyo idayamba mu Okutobala 6, tsiku loyera lachiyuda la Yom Kippur, pomwe asitikali aku Egypt ndi Syria adayambitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Israeli pokhulupirira kuti apambana gawo lomwe adataya pankhondo yachiarabu ndi Israeli ya 1967. Kuchotsedwa kwa Asitikali aku Israeli ndi Aigupto adalamulidwa ndi Mgwirizano Wapakati wa Sinai womwe udasainidwa ndi mayiko awiriwa masiku asanu asanafike, pa Januware 18, 1974, motsogozedwa ndi Msonkhano Wothandizidwa ndi UN wa Geneva Conference wa 1973. Lidapempha Israeli kuti achoke m'malo Kumadzulo kwa Suez Canal yomwe idakhalapo kuyambira pomwe moto udatha mu Okutobala 1973, ndikubwereranso mamailosi angapo ku Sinai kutsogolo chakum'mawa kwa ngalande kuti malo olamulidwa ndi UN akhazikitsidwe pakati pa magulu ankhondowo. Kukhazikikaku kudasiya Israeli kuti ayang'anire dera lonse la Sinai, ndipo mtendere wonse udakalipo. Ulendo waku Novembala 1977 wopita ku Yerusalemu ndi Purezidenti wa Egypt Anwar el-Sadat zidapangitsa zokambirana zazikulu chaka chotsatira ku Camp David ku US Kumeneko, mothandizidwa ndi Purezidenti Jimmy Carter, Sadat ndi Prime Minister wa Israeli a Menachem Start adagwirizana pomwe onse Sinai ikabwezeretsedwanso ku Egypt komanso kulumikizana pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Mgwirizanowu udasainidwa pa Marichi 26, 1979, ndipo pa Epulo 25, 1982, Israeli adabwezeretsa gawo lomaliza la Sinai ku Egypt.
January 24. Patsikuli mu 1961, North Carolina inagwa mabomba awiri a hydrogen pamene B-52G inanyamula gulu la anthu asanu ndi atatu. Ndegeyi inali mbali ya ndege zamakono za Strategic Air Command zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa panthawi ya nkhondo yozizira yolimbana ndi Soviet Union. Mmodzi mwa khumi ndi awiri, ndegeyi inali gawo la kuthawa kwina ku Nyanja ya Atlantic pamene mwadzidzidzi anataya mafuta. Anthu ogwira ntchitoyi anayesera kuti apite ku Seymour Johnson Air Force Base ku Goldsboro, North Carolina, chisanatulukire anthu asanu kuchoka pa ndege ndi parachute, anayi omwe anapulumuka, ndipo ena awiri anafera ndege. Mabomba awiri a MK39 thermonuclear anamasulidwa ndi kuphulika, nthawi iliyonse 500 yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa imene inagwera Hiroshima, Japan. Malipoti oyambirira a asilikali akuti mabomba anali atalandidwa, sanamvere, ndipo malo otetezekawo. Kwenikweni, bomba lina linatsika ndi parachute ndipo linapulumutsidwa ndi imodzi yokha kapena sikisi kuti ipewe chitetezo. Bomba lina linakhala lopanda mphamvu kwambiri, koma linatsika popanda parachute ndipo linasweka pang'ono pa zotsatira. Ambiri a iwo akhalabe mpaka lero pansi pansi pa mathithi pomwe iwo anafika. Miyezi iwiri yokha kenako, ndege ina B-52G inagwa pafupi ndi Denton, North Carolina. Awiri mwa anthu asanu ndi atatu a anthu ogwira ntchitowa adapulumuka. Moto unkawonekera kwa ma 50 mailosi. Mawindo anawombera kunja kwa nyumba za 10 mailosi kuzungulira. Asilikali adati ndegeyo inalibe mabomba a nyukiliya, koma inanenanso kuti ndegeyi idafika ku Goldsboro.
January 25. Patsikuli mu 1995, mthandizi wapereka perezidenti wa ku Russia Boris Yeltsin chikwama. Mmenemo, pulogalamu yamagetsi yamagetsi idawonetsa kuti chida chomwe chidaponyedwa mphindi zinayi m'mbuyomu kufupi ndi Nyanja ya Norway chikuwoneka kuti chikuloza ku Moscow. Zowonjezera zinawonetsa kuti chida chankhondo chinali chida chapakatikati choperekedwa ndi asitikali a NATO kumadzulo kwa Europe ndikuti njira yake yothamangirako inali yogwirizana ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa sitima yapamadzi yaku America. Anali udindo wa Yeltsin kusankha pasanathe mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi kuti ayambitse kubwezera mwachangu zida zanyukiliya zaku Russia zomwe zitha kuwombera padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe amafunika kuchita ndikungosindikiza mabatani angapo pansi pazenera. Mwamwayi, komabe, potengera kulumikizana koopsa ndi General Staff waku Russia, yemwe anali ndi "mpira wanyukiliya" wake, zidawonekeranso mwachangu kuti mseu woponyedwawo sukadapita nawo kudera la Russia. Panalibe chowopseza. Zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa kale ndi rocket yochokera ku Norway yomwe idapangidwa kuti iphunzire za aurora borealis. Norway idadziwitsa mayiko asadachitike ntchitoyi, koma ku Russia, izi sizinafike kwa oyang'anira. Kulephera kumeneku ndi chimodzi mwa zikumbutso zambiri m'mbiri yaposachedwa zakusagwirizana bwino, kulakwitsa kwa anthu, kapena kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito kumatha kubweretsa tsoka ladzidzidzi la nyukiliya. Yankho labwino kwambiri pamavuto lingakhale kuthetsa zida zonse za nyukiliya. Pakadali pano, kuchotsa zida zanyukiliya pamalo ochezera, monga amalimbikitsira asayansi ambiri komanso omenyera ufulu wawo, zingawoneke ngati njira yapakatikati.
January 26. Patsiku lino, Pulezidenti wa Russia, dzina lake Boris Yeltsin, adalengeza kuti dziko lake likufuna kuletsa kugonjetsa mizati ya ku America yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mizinda ya US ndi mabungwe ake. Mawuwa asanachitike ulendo woyamba wa Yeltsin kukhala Purezidenti ku US, komwe amakakumana ku Camp David ndi Purezidenti George HW Bush. Pamsonkano ndi atolankhani womwe udachitika pa 1 February, atsogoleri awiriwa adalengeza kuti mayiko awo alowa munthawi yatsopano ya "ubwenzi komanso mgwirizano. " Komabe, poyankha funso la mtolankhani wonena za kulephera kwa Yeltsin, Purezidenti Bush adakana kupangitsa US kuti ibwerenso mowirikiza. M'malo mwake, adangonena kuti Secretary of State James Baker apita ku Moscow mkati mwa mweziwo kukakhazikitsa zokambirana zina zankhondo. Kuwonetsa nthawi yatsopano yolengeza zaubwenzi ku US / Russia, zokambiranazo zidakhala zopindulitsa. Pa Januware 3, 1993, a Bush ndi a Yeltsin adasaina pangano lachiwiri la Strategic Arms Reduction (START II), lomwe limaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto angapo obwezeretsanso odziyimira pawokha (MIRVs) - yense atanyamula mutu wake wankhondo - pamiyendo yabolokosi yapakatikati. Mgwirizanowu udavomerezedwa ndi US (mu 1996) ndi Russia (mu 2000), koma kubwerera m'mbuyo mu ubale wa US / Russia kudalepheretsa kuti izigwire ntchito. Kuphulika kwa bomba lotsogozedwa ndi US ku NATO kwa omwe akugwirizana nawo ku Russia ku Kosovo ku 1999 kudasokoneza chidaliro cha Russia pakukondwera ndi America, ndipo pomwe US idatulutsa Mgwirizano wa Anti-Ballistic Missile mu 2002, Russia idayankha pochoka ku START II. Mwayi wosaiwalika wofunafuna zida zonse za zida za nyukiliya potero udawonongeka, ndipo, lero, mayiko onsewa akupitilizabe kulimbana ndi zida za nyukiliya m'malo omwe akukhalamo.
January 27. Patsiku lino ku 1945, msasa waukulu kwambiri wa Nazi wa Nazi wa Nazi unawamasulidwa ndi Soviet Red Army yomwe imakumbutsa tsiku lino ngati Tsiku Lachikumbutso Padziko Lonseation in Memory of Victims of Holocaust. Liwu lachi Greek, Holocaust, kapena "nsembe yamoto," likadali liwu logwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuponyedwa kwa anthu masauzande mazana ambiri m'misasa yakuphedwa kuti aphedwe nawo m'zipinda zamagesi. Anazi atayamba kulamulira ku Germany mu 1933, Ayuda opitilira 1945 miliyoni amakhala m'maiko omwe akanalandidwa kapena kulandidwa ndi a Nazi ku Germany pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Pofika 6, Ayuda pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ndi anthu ena 200,000 miliyoni anali ataphedwa ngati gawo la "Final Solution" ya Nazi. Ngakhale Ayuda amawoneka ngati onyozeka, komanso owopseza kwambiri ku Germany, sanali okhawo omwe adazunzidwa ndi Nazi. Pafupifupi 200,000 Aromani (Gypsies), Ajeremani 1945 olumala m'maganizo kapena mwakuthupi, akaidi akumayiko aku Soviet Union, ndi ena masauzande ambiri nawonso anazunzidwa ndikuphedwa kwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Cholinga cha Nazi kwa zaka zambiri chinali kutulutsa Ayuda, osati kuwapha. United States ndi ogwirizana akumadzulo kwazaka zambiri adakana kulandira othawa kwawo achiyuda ambiri. Kuzunza koopsa kwa Ayuda ndi Anazi sikunali konse konse kwazofalitsa zakumadzulo zankhondo mpaka nkhondo itatha. Nkhondoyo idapha anthu kangapo omwe adaphedwa m'misasa, ndipo sanachite nawo kazitape kapena gulu lankhondo kuti athetse zoopsa za a Nazi. Germany idadzipereka ku Allies mu Meyi XNUMX, ndikumasula iwo omwe anali m'misasa.
January 28. Patsikuli mu 1970, Chikondwerero cha Zima Chamtendere chidachitikira ku Madison Square Garden ku New York City kukweza ndalama zotsutsana ndi zandale. Ichi chinali chochitika choyamba choyimba chomwe chidapangidwa ndi cholinga chokhacho chopeza ndalama zotsutsana ndi nkhondo. Phwando Lachisanu la Mtendere lidapangidwa ndi Peter Yarrow wa Peter Paul ndi Mary; Phil Friedmann, yemwe adagwirapo ntchito yakusankha Purezidenti kwa Senator Eugene McCarthy; ndi Sid Bernstein, woimba nyimbo wotchuka yemwe adabweretsa ma Beatles ku United States. Ena mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi a rock, jazz, blues ndi folk, kuphatikizapo Blood Sweat ndi Misozi, Peter Paul ndi Mary, Jimi Hendrix, Richie Havens, Harry Belefonte, Voices of East Harlem, the Rascals, Dave Brubeck, Paul Desmond, Judy Collins ndi wopanga tsitsi. Peter Yarrow ndi Phil Friedmann adatha kutsimikizira asangalatsi kuti apereke nthawi yawo ndi zisudzo. Kuchita izi kunali kopambana poyerekeza ndi Woodstock, yomwe idachitika miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomu, pomwe ambiri mwaomwemonso adalimbikira kulipidwa. Kupambana kwa Chikondwerero cha Mtendere ku Zima kudatsogolera Yarrow, Friedmann, ndi Bernstein kuti apange Phwando la Mtendere la Chilimwe ku Shea Stadium ku New York. Unachitika pa Ogasiti 6, 1970 kuyika 25th kukumbukira kwa kugwa kwa bomba la atomiki ku Hiroshima, ntchito yoyamba ya chida cha atomiki. Mwa kuwonetsa kuti zochitika za nyimbo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga chidwi, kugwirizana ndi ndalama, Zikondwerero za Mtendere zinakhala chitsanzo cha zikondwerero zambiri zopindulitsa zomwe zatsatira, monga Concert ya Bangladesh, Farm Aid ndi Live Aid.
January 29. Patsiku lino mu 2014, dziko la 31 Latin America ndi Caribbean linalengeza kuti ndi malo amtendere. Kulengeza kwawo kunapangitsa Latin America ndi Caribbean kukhala malo amtendere potengera kulemekeza mfundo ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza UN Charter ndi mapangano ena. Adalengeza kuti "akudzipereka kosatha pothetsa kusamvana mwa njira zamtendere ndi cholinga chothamangitsa kuopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mdera lathu." Adalamulira mayiko awo kuti "asalowerere, mwachindunji kapena ayi, pankhani zamkati mwa Boma lililonse ndikutsatira mfundo zoyendetsera dziko, ufulu wofanana komanso kudziyimira pawokha kwa anthu." Adanenanso kuti "kudzipereka kwa anthu aku Latin America ndi ku Caribbean kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pawo komanso ndi mayiko ena mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwawo munjira zawo zandale, zachuma, zachikhalidwe kapena chitukuko, kuti akhale olekerera ndikukhala limodzi mwamtendere monga anansi anu enieni. ” Adapatsa mayiko awo "kulemekeza kwathunthu ... ufulu wosasunthika wadziko lililonse wosankha ndale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe, monga chofunikira kuti pakhale bata pakati pa mayiko." Adadzipereka "kukulitsa m'dera lamakhalidwe amtendere, mwa zina, malinga ndi mfundo za Chikalata cha United Nations Chonena za Chikhalidwe cha Mtendere. ” Iwo adatsimikiziranso kudzipereka kwamayiko awo kupitiliza kulimbikitsa zida zanyukiliya ngati cholinga choyambirira ndikuthandizira pomenyera nkhondo zida zonse, kulimbikitsa kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro pakati pa mayiko. ”
January 30. Patsiku lino ku 1948, Mohandas Gandhi, mtsogoleri wa gulu la Indian Independence Movement against British rule, anaphedwa. Kupambana kwake pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro okaniza kukana kumapangitsa kuti awonedwe ngati "Tate wa Fuko Lake," komanso amamuwona ngati bambo wachitetezo chachiwawa. Mohandas amatchedwanso "Mahatma," kapena "wodzipereka." Tsiku la "Sukulu Yopanda Chiwawa ndi Mtendere" (DENIP) idakhazikitsidwa ku Spain pokumbukira tsiku lino mu 1964. Amadziwikanso kuti World kapena International Day of Non-Violence and Peace, ndi mpainiya, wosachita boma. , osagwirizana ndi boma, osachita boma, odziyimira pawokha, aulere komanso ongodzipereka a Non-Violent and Pacifying Education, yomwe imachitika m'masukulu padziko lonse lapansi momwe aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amisinkhu yonse komanso ochokera kumayiko onse akuitanidwa . DENIP imalimbikitsa maphunziro okhazikika komanso mogwirizana, kulolerana, mgwirizano, kulemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe, osachita zachiwawa komanso mtendere. M'mayiko omwe ali ndi kalendala ya Kummwera kwa Dziko Lapansi, holideyi imatha kuchitika pa Marichi 30. Uthenga wake woyambira ndi "Chikondi cha Padziko Lonse, Kupanda Chiwawa ndi Mtendere. Chikondi Chapadziko Lonse chiposa chiwawa, ndipo Mtendere uposa nkhondo. ” Uthenga wophunzitsira zamaphunziro izi moyenera uyenera kukhala wodziwika bwino ndipo utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwaulere likulu lililonse la maphunziro kutengera kaphunzitsidwe kake. Amzanga a DENIP ndi anthu omwe, povomereza kukula kwa chikondi cha aliyense payekhapayekha, osachita zachiwawa, kulolerana, mgwirizano, kulemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi mtendere pamwamba pazomwe amatsutsana nazo, amalimbikitsa kufalikira kwa mfundo zomwe zidalimbikitsa tsikuli.
January 31. Patsiku lino mu 2003, Purezidenti wa United States George W. Bush ndi nduna yaikulu ya Britain Tony Blair anakumana ku White House. Purezidenti Bush adapempha njira zingapo zoyambitsa nkhondo ku Iraq, kuphatikiza kujambula ndege ndi zikwangwani za United Nations ndikuyesera kuti ziwombedwe. A Bush adauza Blair kuti: "A US akuganiza zouluka ndege zakuzindikira za U2 zokhala ndi chivundikiro chomenya nkhondo ku Iraq, chojambulidwa mu mitundu ya UN. Ngati Saddam adzawombera, akanakhala wolakwa. ” A Bush adauza a Blair kuti "nkuthekanso kuti atuluke munthu wopandukira yemwe angafotokozere pagulu za Saddam WMD, komanso kuthekera kwakanthawi koti Saddam aphedwe." Blair adalonjeza UK kuti atenge nawo mbali pankhondo ya Bush ku Iraq, komabe anali kukakamiza Bush kuti ayesetse bungwe la United Nations kuti livomereze. "A Second Security Council Resolution," a Blair adauza Bush, "apereka inshuwaransi motsutsana ndi zomwe sizingachitike mwadzidzidzi komanso mayiko akunja." A Bush adatsimikizira a Blair kuti "United States iyenera kuyesetsa kwathunthu kuti apeze lingaliro lina ndipo 'ipotoza mikono' komanso 'kuwopseza'." Koma a Bush ati akalephera, "apitanso kunkhondo." Blair adalonjeza Bush kuti anali "wolimba mtima ndi Purezidenti ndipo ali wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse chomwe chingafunike kuti athetse zida za Saddam." M'maulosi ena omwe adalemba, a Blair adati "amaganiza kuti mwina sipadzakhala nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pa magulu achipembedzo ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana" ku Iraq. Kenako a Bush ndi a Blair adachita msonkhano ndi atolankhani pomwe adati akuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti apewe nkhondo.
Mtenderewu Almanac umakudziwitsani mayendedwe ofunikira, kupita patsogolo, ndi zovuta zina panjira yolimbikitsa mtendere yomwe yachitika tsiku lililonse la chaka.
Gulani chosindikiza, Kapena PDF.
Mtenderewu Almanac uyenera kukhala wabwino chaka chilichonse mpaka nkhondo zonse zithe ndipo mtendere ukhazikika. Phindu kuchokera pakugulitsa zosindikiza ndi mitundu yamakono ya PDF zimathandizira pa World BEYOND War.
Zolemba zomwe zimapangidwa ndikusinthidwa ndi David Swanson.
Audio wojambulidwa ndi Tim Pluta.
Zinthu zolembedwa ndi Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, ndi Tom Schott.
Malingaliro amitu yoperekedwa ndi David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
Music Gwiritsani ntchito chilolezo kuchokera “Mapeto a Nkhondo,” lolemba Eric Colville.
Nyimbo zamagetsi ndikusakaniza lolemba Sergio Diaz.
Zojambula za Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ndi gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa bata lamtendere. Tili ndi cholinga chodziwitsa anthu za chithandizo chotchuka chothetsa nkhondo ndikupititsa patsogolo chithandizochi. Timalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kupewa kupewa nkhondo iliyonse koma kuthetsa bungwe lonse. Timayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe chankhondo ndi imodzi yamtendere momwe njira zosagwirizana zazipembedzo zimathetsa magazi.
