Kuchokera pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse kupita ku Vietnam ndi Syria, mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zambiri amakhala mbali ya nkhondo monga mabomba ndi zipolopolo.
Mwa Barbara McCarthy, Al Jazeera
Adolf Hitler anali wopanda pake ndipo kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa Anazi kumapereka tanthauzo latsopano ku mawu oti 'nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo'. Koma sanali okhawo. Zolemba zaposachedwa zaulula kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi gawo limodzi la mikangano monga zipolopolo; nthawi zambiri amatanthauzira nkhondo m'malo mokhala mozungulira pambali pawo.
M'buku lake Kulimbitsa, Wolemba wa ku Germany Norman Ohler akulongosola momwe dziko lachitatu linalili ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo cocaine, heroin komanso makamaka crystal meth, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense kuchokera kwa asilikari kupita kwa amayi ndi antchito.
Choyambirira chinasindikizidwa mu German monga Der totale Rausch (Kukwera Kwathunthu), bukhuli limafotokoza mbiri ya nkhanza ndi Adolf Hitler ndi anthu ake ndipo amamasula zomwe zasungidwa zosungidwa za Dr. Theodor Morell, dokotala yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa mtsogoleri wa Germany komanso kwa bwanamkubwa wachi Italy Benito Mussolini.
"Hitler anali Fuhrer pakumwa kwake mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndizomveka, chifukwa cha umunthu wake wopitilira muyeso, "akutero Ohler, akuyankhula kuchokera kunyumba kwake ku Berlin.
Buku la Ohler litatulutsidwa ku Germany chaka chatha, nkhani ina m'nyuzipepala ya Frankfurter Allgemeine inalemba izi funso: “Kodi misala ya Hitler imamveka bwino mukamamuwona ngati wopanda pake?”
"Inde ndi ayi," Ohler akuyankha.
Hitler, yemwe thanzi lake lamaganizidwe ndi thupi lake lakhala gwero la malingaliro ambiri, amadalira jakisoni wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa "mankhwala odabwitsa" a Eukodol, omwe amapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito chisangalalo - ndipo nthawi zambiri amawapangitsa kuti asapange ziganizo zomveka - komanso cocaine, zomwe adayamba kuzitenga pafupipafupi kuyambira 1941 kupita mtsogolo kuti athane ndi matenda kuphatikiza kupwetekeka m'mimba, kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso ng'oma ya khutu.
"Koma tonse tikudziwa kuti adachita zinthu zambiri zokayikitsa izi zisanachitike, chifukwa chake simungathe kuimba mlandu mankhwala osokoneza bongo pachilichonse," akutero Ohler. "Izi zatero, adathandizira kuti amwalire."
M'buku lake, Ohler adafotokoza momwe, kumapeto kwa nkhondo, "mankhwalawa adasunga mtsogoleri wamkuluyo asasokoneze".
"Dziko lapansi likhoza kumangokhala phulusa komanso phulusa lomuzungulira, ndipo zomwe adachita zidawononga mamiliyoni a anthu miyoyo yawo, koma Fuhrer adawona kuti ali ndi chifukwa chomveka pomwe chisangalalo chake choyambirira chidayamba," adalemba.
Koma zomwe zikukwera ziyenera kubwera pansi ndipo pamene zipangizo zinathamangira kumapeto kwa nkhondo, Hitler anapirira, mwa zina, serotonin yoopsa, kuchotsa mano, kupweteka kwamtima, kuthyola kwa impso ndi kusocheretsedwa, Ohler akufotokoza.
Kuwonongeka kwa maganizo ndi thupi lake m'masabata ake otsiriza ku Fuhrerbunker, a subterranean pobisalira mamembala achipani cha Nazi, Ohler atero, atha kukhala kuti adachokera ku Eukodol m'malo mwa Parkinson monga momwe amakhulupirira kale.
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Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse
Kunena zoona, ndikuti pamene chipani cha Nazi chinalimbikitsa kukhala ndi moyo wabwino wa Aryan, iwo analibe kanthu kokha kodzisuka okha.
Pa Republic of Weimar, mankhwala osokoneza bongo anali kupezeka mosavuta mumzinda wa Germany, Berlin. Koma, atalandira mphamvu ku 1933, chipani cha Nazi chinawachotsa.
Kenaka, mu 1937, iwo adayesa mankhwala ochepetsa mankhwala a methamphetamine Pervitin- cholimbikitsa chomwe chimatha kupangitsa anthu kukhala ogalamuka ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, ndikuwapangitsa kumva kukhala achisangalalo. Iwo amapanganso mtundu wa chokoleti, Hildebrand, yomwe inali ndi 13mg ya mankhwala - zochulukirapo kuposa mapiritsi abwinobwino a 3mg.
Mu July 1940, kuposa miliyoni 35 Mlingo wa 3mg wa Pervitin wochokera ku fakitale ya Temmler ku Berlin anatumizidwa ku gulu lankhondo la Germany ndi Luftwaffe panthawi ya ku France.
"Asilikari anali maso kwa masiku angapo, akumayenda osayimilira, zomwe sizikanachitika zikadapanda kuti crystal meth inde, pakadali pano, mankhwala osokoneza bongo adakhudza mbiri," akutero Ohler.
Amati kupambana kwa chipani cha Nazi pankhondo ya France ndi mankhwalawa. “Hitler anali wosakonzekera nkhondo ndipo nsana wake unali kukhoma. Wehrmacht sinali yamphamvu ngati ma Allies, zida zawo zinali zopanda ntchito ndipo anali ndi asitikali mamiliyoni atatu okha poyerekeza ndi mamiliyoni a Allies. ”
Koma ali ndi zida za Pervitin, Ajeremani adadutsa m'madera ovuta, osagona kwa 36 kwa maola 50.
Chakumapeto kwa nkhondo, pamene Ajeremani anali kutayika, katswiri wamasitolo Gerhard Orzechowski Anapanga cocaine chewing chingamu yomwe ingalole kuti oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi a munthu mmodzi akhalebe maso kwa masiku kumapeto. Ambiri amatha kusokonezeka maganizo chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwalawa pokhala patali m'kati mwa nthawi yaitali.
Koma pomwe fakitale ya Temmler yopanga Pervitin ndi Eukodol inali bombed ndi ogwirizana nawo mu 1945, zidawonetsa kutha kwa chipani cha Nazi - komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa Hitler.
Inde, si a Nazi okha omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Oyendetsa ndege oyendetsa ndege nawonso anapatsidwa ma amphetamines kuti akhalebe ogalamuka ndikuwunika nthawi yayitali pamaulendo apandege, ndipo ma Allies anali ndi mankhwala awoawo - Benedrine.
Mbiri Yakale ya Military Laurier mu Ontario, Canada, muli malemba omwe akusonyeza kuti asilikali ayenera kumwa 5mg kwa 20mg ya sulfate ya Benedrine maola asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo akuganiza kuti mapiritsi a XMUMX miliyoni amphetamine amadyedwa ndi Allies panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. A Paratroopers akugwiritsira ntchito panthawi ya D-Day landings, pamene amadzi a ku America adadalira pazirombo za Tarawa ku 72.
Ndiye nchifukwa ninji olemba mbiri amangolemba za mankhwala osokoneza bongo mpaka pano?
"Ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri samvetsetsa momwe mankhwala osokoneza bongo aliri amphamvu," Ohler akuwonetsa. “Zitha kusintha tsopano. Sindine munthu woyamba kulemba za iwo, koma ndikuganiza kupambana kwa bukuli kukutanthauza… [mabuku] amtsogolo ndi makanema onga Kugwa atha kumvera kwambiri nkhanza zomwe zimachitika Hitler. ”
Wolemba mbiri ya zamankhwala waku Germany Dr Peter Steinkamp, yemwe amaphunzitsa ku yunivesite ya Ulm, ku Germany, akukhulupirira kuti zikufika pompano chifukwa "ambiri omwe akukhudzidwa ndi akufa".
"Das Boot, kanema waku U-boti waku Germany kuyambira 1981 atatulutsidwa, idawonetsa oyang'anira oyendetsa bwato la U-ngalawa atamwa moledzeretsa. Izi zidadzetsa mkwiyo pakati pa omenyera nkhondo ambiri omwe amafuna kuwonetsedwa ngati oyera, "akutero. "Koma tsopano popeza anthu ambiri omwe adamenya nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse alibenso, titha kuwona zambiri zakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, osati pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, koma Iraq ndi Vietnam nawonso."
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Zoonadi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunayambira kwambiri kuposa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.
Mu 1200BC, ansembe a Pre-Inca Chavin ku Peru adapatsa anthu awo mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti athe kupezamphamvu pa iwo, pamene Aroma ankalima opiamu, komwe Emperor Marcus Aurelius anali wotchuka addicted.
Ma "berserkers" a Viking, omwe adatchedwa "penyani malaya”Ku Old Norse, yomenyedwa modzidzimutsa ngati dziko, mwina chifukwa chotenga bowa wa" matsenga "ndi nthomba. Wolemba mbiri yakale komanso wolemba ndakatulo ku Iceland Snorri Stuluson (AD1179 mpaka 1241) adawafotokoza "ngati amisala ngati agalu kapena mimbulu, amaluma zishango zawo, ndipo anali olimba ngati zimbalangondo kapena ng'ombe zamphongo".
Posachedwapa, buku la Dr. Feelgood: Nkhani ya dokotala yemwe adakhudza mbiri yakale pochiza ndi kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuphatikizapo Purezidenti Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, ndi Elvis Presley, ndi Richard Lertzman ndi William Birnes, akunena kuti US Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa Purezidenti John F Kennedy pafupifupi zinayambitsa Nkhondo Yachitatu Padziko Lonse msonkhano wa masiku awirindi mtsogoleri wa Soviet Nikita Krushcher mu 1961.
Nkhondo ya Vietnam
M'buku lake lotchedwa Shooting up, wolemba ku Poland a Lukasz Kamienski akufotokoza momwe asitikali aku US amayendetsa asitikali awo mwachangu, ma steroids, ndi mankhwala opha ululu "kuwathandiza kuthana ndi nkhondo yayitali" munkhondo ya Vietnam.
Lipoti la House Select Committee on Criminal ku 1971 linapeza kuti pakati pa 1966 ndi 1969, asilikali 225 miliyoni mapiritsi othandiza.
“Kuperekera mphamvu kwa asitikali kunathandizira kufalikira kwa zizolowezi za mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa, chifukwa amphetamine, monga omenyera nkhondo ambiri, adakulitsa nkhanza komanso kukhala tcheru. Ena adakumbukira kuti liwiro litatha, adakwiya kwambiri mpaka kumva ngati akufuna kuwombera 'ana m'misewu', "a Kamienski adalemba mu The Atlantic mu Epulo 2016.
Izi zikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ambiri amkhondo a nkhondo imeneyo anavutika chifukwa cha vuto lachisokonezo chosautsa. Kukonzekera kwa Nkhondo za ku Vietnam ku Vietnam phunziro lofalitsidwa mu 1990 limasonyeza kuti 15.2 peresenti ya asilikali aamuna ndi a 8.5 mwa amayi azimayi omwe anakumana ndi nkhondo ku Southeast Asia anadwala PTSD.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku JAMA Psychiatry, nyuzipepala yapadziko lonse ya akatswiri a zachipatala, akatswiri, ndi kafukufuku asayansi odwala matenda a maganizo, thanzi labwino, sayansi ya khalidwe, ndi madera amodzi, 200,000 anthu akuvutikabe ndi PTSD zaka pafupifupi 50 pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Vietnam.
Mmodzi wa awa ndi John Danielski. Anali mu Marine Corp ndipo anakhala miyezi 13 ku Vietnam pakati pa 1968 ndi 1970. Mu Oktoba, adatulutsa buku lothandizira anthu odwala matenda a Johnny Come Crumbling Home: ndi PTSD.
"Ndidabwera kunyumba kuchokera ku Vietnam mu 1970, koma ndidakali ndi PTSD ngati anthu ena ambiri - sichitha. Ndili ku Vietnam mu 1968 m'nkhalango, anyamata ambiri omwe ndidakumana nawo amasuta udzu ndikudya ma opiate. Tidamweranso mwachangu m'mabotolo abulauni, "akutero, akuyankhula patelefoni kuchokera kunyumba kwake ku West Virginia.
"Amuna ankhondo anali kupeza zolimbikitsa ndi mapiritsi amitundu yonse ku Saigon ndi Hanoi, koma komwe tinali, timangomwa liwiro. Idabwera ndi botolo lofiirira. Ndikudziwa kuti izi zimapangitsa anthu kukhala osasangalala ndipo amatha kukhala komweko masiku angapo. ”
“Zachidziwikire, amuna enawa adachita zinthu zopanda nzeru kunjaku. Zinali ndi chochita ndi mankhwalawa. Kuthamanga kunali kovuta kwambiri kotero kuti anyamatawa akamabwera kuchokera ku Vietnam anali ndi vuto la mtima pa ndege ndikufa. Adzakhala mukutuluka koteroko - ndegeyo ikadakhala ngati maola 13 opanda mankhwalawa. Ingoganizirani kumenya nkhondo ku Vietnam kenako kupita kunyumba ndikufera pobwerera, ”akutero Danielski.
"Amfhetamine imakulitsa kugunda kwa mtima wanu ndipo mtima wanu umaphulika," akufotokoza.
M'nkhani yake ku Atlantic, Kamienski adalemba kuti: "Vietnam idadziwika kuti nkhondo yoyamba ya zamankhwala, yotchedwa chifukwa kuchuluka kwamankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komwe sikunachitikepo m'mbiri ya America."
Danielski akufotokoza kuti: "Titabwerera kunalibe othandizira. “Aliyense anatida. Anthu amatinena kuti ndife opha ana. Ntchito zakale zankhondo zidasokonekera. Panalibe upangiri pakumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndiye chifukwa chake anthu ambiri adadzipha pomwe adabwerera. Pa 70,000 Ankhondo akadzipha okha kuyambira ku Vietnam, ndipo 58,000 anafa kunkhondo. Palibe khoma lachikumbutso kwa iwo. ”
“Kodi pali kugwirizana pakati pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi PTSD?” Akufunsa. “Zowonadi, koma kwa ine gawo lovuta linali kudzipatula komwe ndimamva ndikabweranso. Palibe amene amasamala. Ndidangokhala chidakwa komanso chidakwa, ndipo ndidayamba kuchira mu 1998. Ntchito zasintha tsopano, koma omwe anali asirikali akale omwe adatumikira ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan akudzipha okha - ali ndi chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka. "
Nkhondo ku Syria
Posachedwa, mikangano yaku Middle East yawona kuwonjezeka kwa Captagon, amphetamine yomwe akuti ikuyambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Syria. Novembala watha, mapiritsi miliyoni 11 adagwidwa ndi akuluakulu aku Turkey kumalire a Syria ndi Turkey, pomwe mu Epulo miliyoni 1.5 anagwidwa ku Kuwait. M'nyuzipepala ya BBC yotchedwa Syria's War mankhwala kuyambira Seputembara 2015, wogwiritsa ntchito wina akuti akuti: "Panalibenso mantha pomwe ndidatenga Captagon. Sugona kapena kutseka maso, kuyiwala za izi. ”
Ramzi Haddad ndi dokotala wazamisala ku Lebanoni komanso woyambitsa malo osokoneza bongo otchedwa Skoun. Akufotokoza kuti Captagon, "yomwe imapangidwa ku Syria", yakhala ikuzungulira "kwanthawi yayitali - zaka zoposa 40".
“Ndawona momwe mankhwalawa amakhudzira anthu. Apa ndikutchuka kwambiri m'misasa ya othawa kwawo yodzaza ndi othawa kwawo aku Syria. Anthu amatha kugula kwa ogulitsa mankhwalawa kwa madola angapo, ndiye ndiotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa mankhwala a cocaine kapena chisangalalo, ”adatero Haddad. "Kwa kanthawi kochepa zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala osangalala komanso opanda mantha komanso kuwapangitsa kuti asamagone pang'ono - oyenera pomenya nkhondo, koma m'kupita kwanthawi imabweretsa matenda amisala, matenda amisala komanso matenda amtima."
Calvin James, munthu wa ku Ireland yemwe ankagwira ntchito monga mankhwala ku Syriaiye Kurdish Red Crescent, akuti ngakhale sanakumane ndi mankhwalawa, wamva kuti ndiwotchuka pakati pa omenya nkhondo ndi Islamic State of Iraq komanso gulu lankhondo la Levant, lotchedwa ISIL kapena ISIS.
“Mutha kudziwa momwe anthu amawonekera. Nthawi ina tidakumana ndi membala wa ISIS yemwe anali munyamula anthu ndi ana asanu ndipo adavulala kwambiri. Amawoneka ngati sanazindikire ndipo adandifunsa madzi, anali wamisala kwambiri, ”akutero James. “Mnyamata wina adayesanso kudziphulitsa, koma sizinathandize ndipo anali wamoyo. Apanso, amawoneka kuti sanazindikire zowawa kwambiri. Analandila chipatala pamodzi ndi anthu ena onse. ”
A Gerry Hickey, makhansala ku Ireland omwe amakhala osokoneza bongo, sanadabwe ndi zomwe apeza posachedwa.
"Kusokeretsa ndi gawo lamaphunziro ndipo opiates amakhala osokoneza bongo kwambiri chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala odekha ndikuwapatsa chinyengo. Chifukwa chake, ali oyenerera bwino kwa oyenda pansi, oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi komanso zigawenga zaposachedwa, ”akutero.
"Makabati amakonda kupeputsa magulu awo ankhondo nthawi yankhondo kuti bizinesi yakupha anthu isakhale yosavuta, pomwe iwowo amatenga mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuti athetse vuto lawo lamanyazi, megalomania komanso chinyengo."
"Sindingadabwe ngati bomba lomwe likudzipha lili ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo," akuwonjezera.
"Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikuti, sikuti anthu amangotaya malingaliro pakapita kanthawi, komanso thanzi lawo limayamba kuwonongeka pambuyo poti akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, makamaka omwe amayamba kumwa mankhwalawa atakwanitsa zaka 40."
Ngati Hitler anali atasiya ntchito m'masabata omaliza ankhondo, sizingakhale zachilendo kuti agwedezeke komanso kuzizira, akufotokoza. “Anthu akasiya kusuta amadzidzimuka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amamwalira. Ayenera kukhala ndi mankhwala ena panthawiyo. Zimatenga milungu itatu kuti zisinthidwe. ”
"Nthawi zonse ndimakhala wokayika pang'ono anthu akafunsa, 'Ndikudabwa kuti amapeza kuti mphamvu," akutero. "Usayang'anenso kwina."
Aritcle idapezeka koyamba pa Al Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/feature/2016/10/history-war-drugs-vikings-nazis-161005101505317.html
