Akuluakulu a White House, State Department ndi Pentagon akusungabe kuti kuukira kwa drone ndi cholinga cholimbana ndi zigawenga za Al-Qaeda m'mayikowa ndikuphwanya malo awo achitetezo; komabe, ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti ambiri mwa ozunzidwa ndi Magalimoto Opanda Ndege Osayendetsedwa omwe atumizidwa kuderali ndi anthu wamba. Bureau of Investigative Journalism posachedwapa yawulula kuti pakati pa 2004 ndi 2015, pakhala ziwonetsero za 418 zolimbana ndi Pakistan yokha, zomwe zidapha anthu 2,460 mpaka 3,967, kuphatikiza anthu wamba 423. Ndi pomwe magwero ena amaika chiwerengero cha anthu wamba ku Pakistan pazaka 11 pa 962.
Womenyera mtendere waku America komanso wokamba nkhani akuuza Fars News Agency kuti njira ya drone sinali cholakwika chomwe Purezidenti Bush adachita, koma chinali "mlandu" womwe adapanga ndipo Purezidenti Obama adapitiliza.
Malinga ndi a Brian Terrell, wazaka 58, boma la US sikuti limangopha anthu osalakwa chifukwa cha ziwopsezo za drone, koma kuyika chitetezo chake pachiwopsezo ndikuchepetsa mbiri yake pagulu.
"Zowona kuti kumenyedwa kwa ndege za US ndi chida cholembera anthu ku Al-Qaeda ndi nkhani yabwino kwa opindula pankhondo, ngakhale ndizowopsa kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi chitetezo cha US komanso mtendere ndi bata la zigawo zomwe zikuchitika. ,” iye anatero.
"M'malo mopanga zida kuti achite nkhondo, US tsopano ikuchita nkhondo kuti ipange zida zambiri," adatero Terrell.
Brian Terrell amakhala ndipo amagwira ntchito pa famu yaing’ono ku Maloy, Iowa. Wayenda kumadera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi kukachita zolankhula pagulu, kuphatikiza ku Europe, Latin America, ndi Korea. Adayenderanso Palestine, Bahrain, ndi Iraq ndipo adabwerako kuulendo wake wachiwiri ku Afghanistan mwezi watha wa February. Iye ndi wogwirizira wa Voices for Creative Non-Violence komanso wotsogolera zochitika pa Nevada Desert Experience.
FNA inalankhula ndi Bambo Terrell za ndondomeko ya asilikali a boma la US ndi khalidwe lake pazovuta zomwe zachitika ku Middle East, kuukira kwa drone ndi cholowa cha "War on Terror". Zotsatirazi ndizolemba zonse za zokambiranazo.
Q: Kuwukira kwa ndege za US ku Pakistan, Somalia ndi Yemen kwasokoneza kwambiri anthu wamba m'maikowa, ngakhale zikunenedwa kuti kampeni ya drone ikufuna kulunjika komwe kuli malo a Al-Qaeda. Kodi boma la US lakwanitsa kukwaniritsa cholingachi potumiza ma drones osayendetsedwa ndi anthu kumadera omwe ali osauka kale komanso osatukuka?
Yankho: Ngati zolinga zakumenyedwa kwa ndege zaku US zikadakhala kuti ziwononge Al-Qaeda ndikubweretsa bata kumadera omwe akuwukiridwa, ndiye kuti kampeni ya drone iyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti ndiyolephera. Nabeel Khoury, wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa mission ku Yemen kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2007, adati "potengera mtundu wa Yemen, US imapanga adani pafupifupi XNUMX mpaka XNUMX kwa gulu lililonse la AQAP [al Qaeda ku Arabia Peninsula] lomwe limaphedwa ndi ma drones" ndi malingaliro awa amagawidwa ndi akazembe ambiri akale komanso akuluakulu ankhondo omwe adakumana nawo m'derali.
Asanapume pantchito mu 1960, Purezidenti wa United States Eisenhower anachenjeza za kubwera kwa "gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale" lomwe likupitilirabe. Phindu lomwe mabungwe azamabungwe amapeza popanga zida zankhondo anali kukula mosalingana ndi chuma ndipo adachenjeza kuti izi zimapereka chilimbikitso choyambitsa mikangano. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, phindu lakula limodzi ndi chikoka chamakampani pamasankho komanso kuwongolera makampani pazofalitsa. Mantha a Purezidenti Eisenhower kaamba ka mtsogolo ndi zenizeni masiku ano.
M'malo mopanga zida kuti achite nkhondo, dziko la US tsopano likuchita nkhondo kuti lipange zida zambiri. Zowona kuti ma drone aku US ndi chida cholembera anthu ku Al-Qaeda ndi nkhani yabwino kwa opindula pankhondo, ngakhale ndizowopsa kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi chitetezo cha US komanso mtendere ndi bata la zigawo zomwe zikuchitika.
Mu February chaka chino, mwachitsanzo, kusinthidwa kwa mgwirizano wa US Navy kwa $ 122.4 miliyoni ku Raytheon Missile Systems Co. , mphamvu zamalamulo kapena zanzeru zakuukira kumeneko. Chilungamo chokhacho chofunikira paziwopsezo zakuphazi, zikuwoneka, ndikuti amagulitsa zida zoponya.
Q: Mu Okutobala 2013, gulu la mayiko a United Nations, motsogozedwa ndi Brazil, China ndi Venezuela, lidachita ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi kutumizidwa kwa ziwopsezo zapamlengalenga motsutsana ndi mayiko odzilamulira ndi boma la Obama. Mtsutso ku UN inali nthawi yoyamba pomwe kuvomerezeka kwa US kugwiritsa ntchito ndege zoyendetsedwa patali ndi mtengo wake waumunthu kudakambidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Christof Heyns, mtolankhani wapadera wa bungwe la United Nations pa nkhani ya kupha anthu mopanda tsankho, mwachidule kapena mwachisawawa anachenjeza za kuchuluka kwa ma UAV pakati pa mayiko ndi magulu achigawenga. Mukuchita chiyani pamkangano womwe ukupitilirawu wokhudzana ndi malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito ma drones komanso kuti mayiko ayamba kunena zotsutsa mchitidwe wowopsawu?
Yankho: Dziko lililonse limagwiritsa ntchito maloya kuti apereke zifukwa za zomwe dzikolo likuchita, ngakhale zitakhala zonyansa bwanji, koma palibe mtsutso weniweni wokhudzana ndi kuvomerezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones kuukira kapena kuyang'anira mayiko omwe US ili pankhondo. Mfundo yovomerezeka ndi yoti mphamvu yakupha isanagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi munthu yemwe siali msilikali pabwalo lankhondo, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti "akuopseza kuti adzachita zachiwawa" motsutsana ndi America. Izi zitha kupereka malingaliro olakwika kuti kuyesetsa kuchita kampeni yoyendetsa ndegeyi motsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, mu February 2013, Dipatimenti Yoona za Chilungamo ku United States, "Lawfulness of Lethal Operation Yoyang'aniridwa ndi Mzika ya US Yemwe Ndi Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Al-Qa'ida kapena Associated Force," idatulutsidwa zomwe zikufotokozera zatsopano za kayendetsedwe ka boma. ndi matanthauzo osinthasintha a liwu lakuti “imminent.” “Choyamba,” ikutero, “mkhalidwe woti mtsogoleri wantchito apereke chiwopsezo ‘choyandikira’ cha kuukira dziko la United States mwachiwawa sichimafuna kuti United States ikhale ndi umboni wotsimikizirika wakuti kuukira kwachindunji kwa anthu a ku United States ndi zokonda kudzachitika m’dzikolo. m'tsogolo muno."
Udindo wa boma la US ndikuti ukhoza kupha aliyense kulikonse kaya amadziwika kapena ayi, ngati "makhalidwe awo" kapena "siginecha" zikugwirizana ndi za munthu yemwe akhoza kuopseza nthawi iliyonse mtsogolomu. . "Siginecha" ya chiwopsezo chomwe chikubwera "ndi mwamuna wazaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 40," atero kazembe wakale wa US ku Pakistan, Cameron Munter. "Kumva kwanga kuti ndikulimbana ndi munthu m'modzi ndi munthu wina - chabwino, chump yemwe adapita kumsonkhano." Mkulu wina wa dipatimenti ya boma adati CIA ikuwona "anyamata atatu akuchita ma jacks odumphira," bungweli likuganiza kuti ndilo. kampu yophunzitsira zauchigawenga.
N’zoonekeratu kuti palibe umboni walamulo wotsimikizira kuti kupha anthuwa ndizochitika zankhondo zovomerezeka. Asilikali akamachita zinthu popanda lamulo, amakhala gulu lachigawenga kapena gulu la anthu. Kaya ozunzidwa ndi drone amadziwika ndipo amadziwika bwino - izi sizichitika kawirikawiri - kapena zokayikitsa chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo kapena "kuwonongeka kwachikole," amuna, akazi ndi ana omwe amaphedwa mwangozi, izi siziri chabe kugunda kwa zigawenga kapena kuyendetsa galimoto mwakuwombera. Pamene gulu la anthu osayeruzika lapha munthu chifukwa choganiziridwa kuti ndi wolakwa popanda kuzengedwa mlandu, [pamenepo] kumatchedwa lynching. Zina mwa zophwanya malamulo ndi zikhalidwe za anthu ndizochita "kugunda kawiri," pomwe ma drones amayandama pamwamba pa omwe adazunzidwa ndikumenya oyamba omwe amayankha omwe amathandizira ovulala ndi akufa, kutsatira malingaliro akuti aliyense abwera Thandizo la munthu amene anali kutsatira khalidwe lokayikitsa likutsatiranso khalidwe lokayikitsa.
Chigawenga chinanso chomwe chikuyambitsa pulogalamuyi ndikuti nthawi zambiri ziwawa za drone zimachitika ndi asitikali ovala yunifolomu potsatira malamulo a CIA, ndikudutsa maulamuliro wamba.
Monga atumizidwa ndi US, ma drones akuwonetsa kuti ndi zida zodzitchinjiriza pang'ono kapena zopanda, zothandiza kupha, koma "zopanda ntchito m'malo otsutsana," adavomereza mkulu wa Air Force's Air Combat Command zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Mwina tingatsutse kuti ngakhale kukhala ndi zida zotere n’koletsedwa.
Kupha kumeneku ndi kuphana chabe. Ndizochitika zoopsa. Iwo ndi milandu. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ena padziko lonse lapansi komanso ku US akulankhula ndikuyesera kuwathetsa.
Q: Ben Emmerson, mtolankhani wapadera wa bungwe la United Nations pa nkhani za ufulu wa anthu ndi zolimbana ndi uchigawenga ananena mu lipoti lakuti pofika mu October 2013, dziko la United States linali litamenyedwa ndi ndege zokwana 33, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu wamba aphedwe mophwanya malamulo a mayiko. Kodi bungwe la United Nations ndi mabungwe ogwirizana nawo atha kuchititsa United States kukhala ndi mlandu, kapena kodi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi sadzatsatiridwa pankhaniyi?
A: Ili ndi funso lofunikira, sichoncho? Ngati dziko la US silinayimbidwe mlandu pamilandu yake, kodi UN ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi ali ndi chikhulupiriro chotani? Kodi malamulo a mayiko angagwiritsidwe ntchito bwanji ku dziko lililonse?
Ukadaulo wa drone umalola kuti zigawenga zankhondo zichitike pakati pa madera aku America- ngati ozunzidwawo ali ku Yemen, Pakistan kapena Afghanistan, olakwawo ali pomwe pano kunyumba ndikuwaletsa ndiudindo wazamalamulo akumaloko. Supremacy Clause ya Article VI ya Constitution ya US imati: “…Mapangano onse opangidwa, kapena omwe adzapangidwe, pansi pa Ulamuliro wa United States, adzakhala Lamulo lalikulu kwambiri la Dziko; ndipo Oweruza m’boma lililonse adzakhala omangidwa ndi chimenecho, Chilichonse cha m’Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko kapena Malamulo a Boma lililonse kutsutsana nawo.” Ndamangidwa ndikuchita zionetsero mopanda chiwawa m'malo opangira ma drone ku Nevada, New York ndi Missouri ndipo palibe woweruza yemwe adawonapo kuti izi ndi zomveka ngati kuyesa kuletsa umbanda. Asanandigamule kuti ndikakhale m’ndende miyezi isanu ndi umodzi chifukwa cha mlandu waung’ono wa kuphwanya malamulo, woweruza wina wa boma ananena kuti, “Malamulo a m’nyumba nthaŵi zonse amangoyendera malamulo a mayiko!”
Kulola US kuthawa kupha kumawopseza bata ndi chitetezo kunyumba komanso kunja.
Funso: Akuluakulu ena a UN achenjeza kuti ukadaulo ukugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika ngati njira ya "polisi padziko lonse lapansi". Boma la US lakulitsa ntchito zake za drone m'zaka zaposachedwa ndikutenga magalimoto osayendetsa ndege kupita kumadera monga Iraq, Libya ndi Gaza Strip. Ngakhale pakhala pali milandu yoti ma drones aku America adawulukira pamlengalenga waku Iran. Kodi izi sizingapangitse kukayikirana pakati pa United States ndi mayiko omwe ali m'derali omwe mayiko awo akuzunzidwa ndi ndege?
Yankho: Lingaliro la dziko lililonse lomwe likutenga gawo la "upolisi padziko lonse lapansi" likuvutitsa palokha, makamaka ngati dzikolo lawonetsa kusagwirizana ndi malamulo monga momwe US idachitira. Kugunda kwa Drone, Guantanamo, Abu Ghraib, kuzunzidwa, kuyesa zida za nyukiliya m'mayiko omwe akugwirizana nawo, zonsezi zimakayikira udindo wa apolisi a dziko la US.
A US amayang'anira dziko lonse lapansi mofanana ndi momwe amachitiranso misewu yawo. Boma la federal likuukira zida, ngakhale magalimoto okhala ndi zida ndi akasinja, kupita ku dipatimenti ya apolisi m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi yaying'ono ndipo apolisi amaphunzitsidwa kuwona anthu omwe akuyenera kuwateteza ndikuwatumikira ngati adani.
Pokhala ndi anthu ochepera 5% padziko lonse lapansi, US ili ndi akaidi opitilira 25% padziko lonse lapansi ndipo anthu omwe ali mndende amakhala ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maofesi apolisi ku US nthawi zambiri amamanga ndipo nthawi zambiri amapha nzika zaku America m'misewu yaku America potengera "mbiri yamitundu," yomwe imangokhala mtundu wapanyumba wa "signature". Anyamata amtundu wina akhoza kuphedwa potengera "makhalidwe awo" ku Baltimore monga ku Waziristan.
Gawo lalikulu la asitikali otsalira aku US ndi makontrakitala ku Afghanistan ali komweko kuti aphunzitse apolisi aku Afghanistan! Zodabwitsa za izi zitha kutayika kwa aku America, koma osati pagulu lapadziko lonse lapansi.
Q: Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti 74% ya Pakistanis, makamaka kutsatira kuchulukira kwa ziwopsezo za drone pansi pa Purezidenti Obama, amawona United States ngati mdani. Izi ndi pamene boma la Pakistan likugwirizana ndi United States mu ndondomeko ya "War on Terror". Kodi kampeni ya drone ili ndi chikoka pagulu la United States m'maiko omwe amakhala mutu wa zida zoponya ndege zosayendetsedwa?
Yankho: Pogwirizana ndi US mu "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga," Pakistan yakhala ikutsutsana ndi kuphedwa kwa ma drone ndipo yalamula mobwerezabwereza US kuti awaletse. Chaka chatha, bungwe la UN lidavomereza chigamulo, chomwe chinaperekedwa pamodzi ndi Pakistan, Yemen ndi Switzerland, motsutsana ndi kumenyedwa kwa drone, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Boma la Boma la Islamabad likunena kuti liyenera kuuza anthu aku Pakistan kuti akutsutsa ziwonetserozi, koma mobisa amavomereza. Kodi chingatanthauze chiyani kuti boma lipereke chilolezo chachinsinsi kwa aliyense kuchita chilichonse? Komabe, zochulukirapo, kuti boma lipereke chilolezo kwa gulu lankhondo lakunja kugwiritsa ntchito mlengalenga wake kupha nzika zake mwachidule? Kaya izi ndi zoona kapena ayi, kuti US igwire ntchito zakupha mkati mwa Pakistan motsutsana ndi zomwe boma lawo likufuna ndikuwukira ulamuliro wa Pakistan ndikuwononga mabungwe ake. Zachidziwikire, izi zili ndi chikoka choyenera pagulu la US m'maiko omwe akumenyedwa ndi ma drone komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
Q: Nthawi zambiri, mukuganiza bwanji za ndalama zomwe boma la US likuchita pa Nkhondo Yachigawenga? Unali gulu lomwe Purezidenti Bush adayambitsa, ndipo ngakhale Purezidenti Obama adazitsutsa pamikangano yapurezidenti wa 2007, adapitilizabe zomwe adachita m'malo mwake, kuphatikiza kutenga nawo gawo kwankhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan ndikusunga malo otsekera kunja komwe omwe akukayikira zauchigawenga. kusungidwa. Purezidenti Obama anali atadzudzula Mr. Maganizo anu ndi otani pa zimenezo?
A: Mu kampeni ya 2008, Barack Obama adauza msonkhano ku Iowa, dera lomwe ndikukhala, kuti pangakhale kofunikira "kuwonjezera" bajeti yankhondo kupyola zolemba zomwe bungwe la Bush lidakhazikitsa. Mtengo wokweza bajeti yankhondo yomwe yaphulika kale imatengedwa ndi anthu osauka kwambiri kuno ndi kunja. Mwanjira zingapo, Obama adasaina asanasankhidwe kuti apitiliza ndondomeko zoyipa za Bush. Ndondomekozi sizinali "zolakwa" pamene Bush adazikhazikitsa, zinali zolakwa. Kuwasunga sikulakwa tsopano.
Dziko la US silingathetse mavuto ake apakhomo kapena kupeza chitetezo chamkati, komanso silingathe kuchitapo kanthu pa mtendere wa dziko lapansi popanda kukonzanso zofunikira zake ndikutsatira zomwe Dr. Martin Luther King adatcha "kusintha kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe."
Mafunso ndi Kourosh Ziabari
