Dongosolo lachitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi: njira ina yosinthira nkhondo. 2016 edition. Olemba akulu: Kent Shifferd, Patrick Hiller, David Swanson, ndi malingaliro ochokera kwa ena ambiri. World Beyond War, 2016, 88 pp., US $16.97 (papepala), kutsitsa kwaulere kwa digito, ISBN 978-0-9980859-1-3
Adawunikiridwa ndi Patricia Mische, wolembedwanso kuchokera Pulogalamu Yadziko Lonse Yophunzitsa.
Dongosolo lachitetezo padziko lonse lapansi ikufotokoza mwachidule malingaliro ofunikira othetsera nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa njira zina zopezera chitetezo chapadziko lonse zomwe zakhala zikupita patsogolo pazaka makumi asanu zapitazi.
Ikunena kuti zida za nyukiliya ndi zida zina zowononga anthu ambiri zimawononga moyo wa anthu komanso zachilengedwe ndipo motero zimapangitsa kuti nkhondo zisathe. Komanso, kuchulukirachulukira kwa zigawenga ndi anthu ena omwe si a boma pochita ziwawa za anthu ambiri kumapangitsa kuti njira zoyendetsera boma zikhale zosakwanira. Mkhalidwe wa nkhondo wasintha; nkhondo sizilinso kokha kapena ngakhale makamaka makamaka pakati pa mayiko. Motero, mayiko okhawo sangatsimikizire mtendere ndi chitetezo. Mabungwe atsopano akufunika omwe ali padziko lonse lapansi ndipo akuphatikizapo mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi maboma omwe akugwira ntchito limodzi kuti atetezedwe.
Lipotilo likunenanso kuti mtendere wokhazikika ndi wotheka komanso njira ina yachitetezo yofunikira kuti iupeze. Komanso, sikoyenera kuyambira pachiyambi; zambiri za maziko a njira ina yachitetezo zilipo kale.
Zigawo zazikulu za chitetezo chodziwika bwino zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ntchitoyi ndi izi:
- Yang'anani pa zomwe zimafanana m'malo mongoyang'ana zachitetezo cha dziko (zothetsera zopambana)
- Kusunthira kumalo osayambitsa chitetezo;
- Pangani gulu lankhondo lopanda chiwawa, lokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu wamba;
- Kuthetsa maziko ankhondo;
- Pewani zida za nyukiliya ndi zida wamba pakuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono, ndikuthetsa malonda a zida;
- Kutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones ankhondo;
- Letsani zida zakunja;
- Kuthetsa kuukira ndi ntchito;
- Sinthani ndalama zankhondo kukhala zosowa za anthu wamba;
- Konzaninso zochita zauchigawenga; gwiritsani ntchito mayankho opanda chiwawa m'malo mwake, monga zida zankhondo, chithandizo chamagulu a anthu, zokambirana zomveka, utsogoleri wabwino wophatikizana, kuyanjanitsa, kukangana, zothetsera milandu, maphunziro ndi kugawana chidziwitso cholondola, kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe, kubwezeretsa anthu othawa kwawo, chitukuko chokhazikika ndi chitukuko chachuma, ndi zina zotero;
- Aphatikizepo amayi popewa nkhondo ndi kumanga mtendere;
- Kusintha ndi kulimbikitsa bungwe la United Nations ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi;
- Limbikitsani Khoti Lachilungamo Padziko Lonse (Khoti Lapadziko Lonse) ndi Khoti Lamilandu Padziko Lonse;
- Kulimbikitsa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi;
- Limbikitsani kutsatiridwa ndi mapangano omwe alipo padziko lonse lapansi ndikupanga zatsopano pomwe pakufunika;
- Kukhazikitsa Mabungwe Owona ndi Kuyanjanitsa;
- Pangani chuma chadziko lonse chokhazikika komanso chokhazikika
- Democratize International Economic Institutions (World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank);
- Pangani Nyumba Yamalamulo Yadziko Lonse;
- Khazikitsani Chikhalidwe Chamtendere;
- Limbikitsani ntchito zachipembedzo zamtendere;
- Limbikitsani utolankhani wamtendere (utolankhani wankhondo / chiwawa);
- Kufalitsa ndi kulipirira maphunziro a mtendere ndi kafukufuku wamtendere;
- Nenani "Nkhani Yatsopano" yozikidwa mu kuzindikira kozama ndi kumvetsetsa kwa Dziko Lapansi monga kwathu wamba komanso tsogolo logawana.
Lipotilo limaphatikizanso gawo lomwe limatsutsa nthano zakale zankhondo (mwachitsanzo, "Sizingatheke kuthetsa nkhondo", "Nkhondo ili m'majini athu", "Takhala ndi nkhondo nthawi zonse", "Ndife dziko loyima", "nkhondo zina". zili bwino", "chiphunzitso cha nkhondo yolungama," "Nkhondo ndi kukonzekera nkhondo kumabweretsa mtendere ndi bata", "Nkhondo imatiteteza", "Nkhondo ndiyofunika kupha zigawenga", "Nkhondo ndi yabwino kwa chuma").
Ndipo imaphatikizapo gawo la njira zofulumizitsa kusintha kuchokera kunkhondo kupita ku njira ina yotetezera, kuphatikizapo maukonde ndi kumanga kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu.
Lipotilo likuphatikizidwa ndi mawu omveka bwino a olemba, oganiza bwino ndi ochita zokhudzana ndi malingalirowa. Lilinso ndi mfundo zosonyeza kufunika kwa njira zina, zosonyeza kupita patsogolo kumene kwachitika kale ndi zifukwa za chiyembekezo.
Njira zonsezi ndi zoyamikirika komanso zofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo chokwanira. Koma si ambiri amene panopa akugwira ntchito ndi amene ali ndi ulamuliro. Izi zili choncho chifukwa iwo omwe ali ndi mphamvu amagwira ntchito makamaka kuchokera ku lingaliro kapena dziko lapansi lomwe silikuthandizidwa kapena kuthandizira njirazi.
Zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikusowa mu lipoti ili, ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri ngati njirazi zigwiritsidwe ntchito, ndizosintha maganizo ndi malingaliro a dziko lapansi-zochitika zomwe njira zosiyana zamtendere ndi chitetezo zingawoneke ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Masomphenya akale komanso opambana kwambiri ndi akuti mtendere ndi chitetezo zimatheka mkati mwa dongosolo la atomu la mayiko opikisana kumene dziko lililonse liyenera kudalira mphamvu zankhondo kuti lipulumuke. Maonedwe a dziko lapansi awa amatsogolera ku gulu limodzi lazosankha. Masomphenya atsopano (koma akale kwambiri) amtendere ndi chitetezo, ogwiridwa ndi anthu ochepa koma omwe akukula, amachokera ku chidziwitso cha umodzi wa Dziko Lapansi ndi kudalirana kwa moyo wonse ndi madera onse a anthu ndikutsegula ndondomeko yosiyana. zosankha. Tsogolo lathu lidzawumbidwa ndi lomwe mwa malingaliro adziko awiriwa omwe amasemphana maganizo pamapeto pake adzapambana.
Chovuta chachikulu kwa iwo omwe akufunafuna njira zina zamtendere ndi chitetezo ndi momwe angakulitsire ndi kukulitsa chidziwitso chachiwiri ichi ndikuchiyika m'mabwalo a ndondomeko kumalo, dziko ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Kusintha malingaliro a dziko si chimodzi mwa njira makumi atatu kapena kuposa zomwe mungalembe mu lipoti monga A Global Security System, Ndichidziwitso chachikulu ndi ndondomeko yomwe njira zonse ziyenera kuyesedwa ndikusankhidwa.
Zowonjezera zimalozera owerenga kuzinthu, mabuku, mafilimu, ndi mabungwe omwe angapereke zambiri. Gawoli liyenera kukulitsidwa m'makope amtsogolo. Ntchito zambiri zamtengo wapatali zomwe ziyenera kukhala pano sizili, kuphatikizapo United Nations, World Order Models Project, Kenneth Boulding's. Mtendere Wokhazikika, ndi ntchito zina zomwe zili kale m'nthawi yake, zimapereka masomphenya ofunikira komanso maziko amphamvu owunikira machitidwe ena achitetezo. Gawoli likufunikanso kuphatikiza ntchito zambiri zokhala ndi malingaliro ochokera ku zikhalidwe zomwe si zakumadzulo. Zosowa nazonso, ndi ntchito zochokera m'zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ndi zauzimu. Njira zina zachitetezo-dongosolo la dziko latsopano - limakula kuchokera mkati (osati kokha m'mabwalo andale, komanso m'mitima, malingaliro, ndi zikhalidwe za anthu osiyanasiyana). Ngakhale kuti danga likuganiziridwa, nkofunika kuti owerenga adziwe kuti malingaliro ofunika pa nkhanizi amachokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Lingaliro lina la zomasulira zamtsogolo ndikuwonjezera gawo lomwe lili ndi mafunso ndi malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, omanga mtendere angaphatikizepo bwanji zokambirana ndi magulu akumanja komanso achipembedzo okonda dziko monga gawo lophatikizana kwinaku akuchirikiza masomphenya apadziko lonse lapansi? Kodi ntchito ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi yotani pomanga ndi kusunga dongosolo latsopano la chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi? Kodi kuzindikira kwaumunthu kungakulitsidwe bwanji ndikukulitsidwa mogwirizana ndi gawo lathu pagulu la mapulaneti?
Komabe, ichi ndi chidule chamtengo wapatali cha ntchito yomwe anthu zikwizikwi akugwira kuti apange tsogolo labwino komanso lokhazikika pazachilengedwe. Momwemonso ndi umboni wa zifukwa za chiyembekezo.
Patricia M. Mische
Wolemba nawo, Kutsata dongosolo la World World: Kupitilira National Security Straitjacket,
ndi Toward a Global Civilization, The Contribution of Religions
Oyambitsa nawo Global Education Associates
Lloyd Pulofesa wa Peace Studies ndi World Law (wopuma pantchito)
geapatmische@aol.com
