Kubwereza Kwa Buku: Otsutsa 20 Tsopano Othandizidwa ndi US

Wolemba Phil Armstrong ndi Catherine Armstrong, Julayi 9, 2020

Kuchokera ku Counterfire

Zomwe mayiko amanena kuti amaimira ndi zomwe umboni umasonyeza kuti akuyimira - ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala - zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. Buku lopatsa chidwi kwambirili likuyika dziko lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndikufanizira zomwe boma la US likufuna ndi machitidwe ake enieni. Boma la US likupanga chithunzi chalokha ngati woyang'anira dziko lonse la ufulu ndi demokalase; monga owonera nthawi zonse komanso okonzeka, monyinyirika, kulowerera ndale za mayiko ena ngati, ndipo pokhapokha, ufulu ndi demokalase zili pachiwopsezo. Komabe, mosiyana ndi nkhanza zotsutsa m'mitundu yonse, wolembayo akuwonetsa momwe, kwenikweni, boma la US limapereka ndalama, zida ndi kuphunzitsa maboma ambiri opondereza, kuphatikizapo olamulira ankhanza, ngati chithandizo choterechi chikuwoneka kuti chiri pa zofuna za US. mosasamala kanthu za mbiri yakale (mokhudzana ndi demokalase ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe) wa maboma omwe.

Kuchirikiza ulamuliro wankhanza

M'magawo oyambilira, a David Swanson akuwona maboma ambiri opondereza omwe amathandizidwa ndi US ndiyeno amayang'ana kwambiri maulamuliro opondereza, popeza ndi maboma omwe boma la US limangonena kuti limatsutsa. Akuwonetsa momwe ambiri padziko lapansi 'osamasuka' amanenera (monga momwe akufotokozera Rich Whitney [2017] yemwe, nayenso amatengera njira yake pamisonkho yoperekedwa ndi 'Freedom House', bungwe lothandizidwa ndi boma la US - 'zaulere', 'mwaulere' ndi 'osamasuka') amathandizidwa ndi asitikali aku US. Akuwonetsanso kuti, mosiyana ndi mkangano woti kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku US nthawi zonse kumakhala kumbali ya 'demokalase', US nthawi zambiri imagulitsa zida kunkhondo. mbali zonse amakhudzidwa ndi mikangano yambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Wolemba onse akuwonetsa kutalika kwa njira iyi: kuti sikungowoneka ngati gawo la utsogoleri wa Trump ndipo akuti udindo wa US pothandizira maboma opondereza umachokera ku mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa boma la US ndi zida za US. opanga (omwe amatchedwa 'military industrial complex').

M'magawo otsatirawa, Swanson amayang'ana maulamuliro ankhanza ambiri padziko lapansi ndikuwonetsa momwe akuthandizireni ndi US, makamaka zankhondo. Amachita izi popereka maphunziro makumi awiri amasiku ano olamulira mwankhanza padziko lonse lapansi, omwe onse amathandizidwa ndi US. Tikutsutsa kuti, potero, wolembayo amapereka umboni wokwanira wotsutsa malingaliro akuti US imatsutsana ndi olamulira ankhanza ndi mayiko omwe amawalamulira. Wolembayo amawona kufunika kopereka umboni wotsimikizirika mumndandanda. Nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kusintha maganizo kuchokera pa malo omwe adakhazikitsidwa. Kulemera kwa umboni nthawi zambiri kumafunika, makamaka ngati mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa ndizokwera kwambiri.

M'magawo omaliza, wolemba akuwunikira zomwe boma la US silichita bwino popereka zida ndi kuphunzitsa asitikali akunja. Amapereka umboni wamphamvu wowerengera zomwe akunena kuti US ndiye, kutali, yemwe ndi wotsogola padziko lonse lapansi wogulitsa zida, yemwe amayambitsa kufa kwapadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha nkhondo komanso oyendetsa 95% ankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zili kunja kwa dziko lawo.

Wolembayo akufotokoza momwe otchedwa 'Arab Spring' a 2011 adawunikira zotsutsana za US; linanena poyera kuti likuchirikiza magulu ankhondo omwe akufuna kuti demokalase ichuluke, koma zoona zake n’zakuti zochita zake zinapereka umboni wofunika kwa maboma otsogozedwa ndi olamulira ankhanza omwe anawukiridwa ndi zionetserozo. Amakulitsa mikangano momveka bwino pofotokoza kuti dziko la US lili ndi mbiri yochirikiza maulamuliro opondereza kwa nthawi yayitali - nthawi zambiri zankhondo - kenako ndikuwatsutsa akangomva kuti zofuna zake zasintha. Amanena za thandizo la US la Saddam Hussein, Noriega ndi Assad mwa zitsanzo ndikupitiriza kupereka zochitika zina zambiri, monga Rafael Trujillo, Francisco Franco, Francoise Duvalier, Jean-Claude Duvalier, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Fulgencio Batista, ndi Shah waku Iran.

Rhetoric vs zenizeni

Tikutsutsa kuti Swanson amamenya msomali pamutu pomwe akuti:

'Ngati thandizo la US kwa olamulira ankhanza akuwoneka kuti akusemphana ndi zonena zaku US zakufalitsa demokalase, gawo lina lofotokozera izi likhoza kukhala pakugwiritsa ntchito "demokalase" ngati mawu oti "mbali yathu" mosasamala kanthu za kugwirizana kulikonse ndi demokalase yeniyeni kapena boma loyimilira kapena kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu' (p.88).

Kenako amatsutsa kuti ngati mdaniyo sali kwenikweni,

'nkhanza koma m'malo Soviet Union kapena Communism kapena Zigawenga kapena Chisilamu kapena Socialism kapena China kapena Iran kapena Russia, ndipo ngati chilichonse chachitika m'dzina logonjetsera mdani chimatchedwa "pro-demokalase," ndiye kuti zambiri zomwe zimatchedwa demokalase zitha kufalikira. kukhudza kuthandizira maulamuliro ankhanza ndi mitundu yonse ya maboma ena opondereza mofananamo' (p.88).

Pomaliza ku gawo ili la ntchitoyi, wolemba akutsindikanso kufunikira kwa ndalama, mothandizidwanso ndi zitsanzo zambiri, makamaka, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zakunja za mabungwe oganiza bwino omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pakupanga ndondomeko ya US.

Gawo lomaliza la bukhuli likunena za zovuta komanso zovuta za momwe thandizo la US paulamuliro wankhanza lingathere. Swanson amalozera ku 'The Stop Arming Human Rights Abusers Act, HR 5880, 140', yoyambitsidwa ndi Congresswoman Ilhan Omar. Swanson akuti ngati lamuloli litakhala lamulo lingalepheretse boma la US kupereka chithandizo chambiri ku maboma opondereza kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndizovuta kutsutsa malingaliro omwe wolemba kumapeto kwa bukhu lake:

'Dziko likufunika kwambiri kulamulira maboma ake kutali ndi ankhanza ndi opha. Dziko la United States likufunika kusintha zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazankhondo zosalamulirika komanso zida zomwe zikuchita mabizinesi amtendere. Kusuntha koteroko kungakhale kopambana pamakhalidwe, chilengedwe, chuma, ndi zotsatira za chiyembekezo cha moyo wa anthu' (p.91).

Wolembayo akuwonetsa zabodza zotsimikizika pazakuti US nthawi zonse imamenyera mbali ya demokalase, kutsutsana m'malo mwake kuti ngati boma (kapena mtsogoleri) amawonedwa ngati pro-US kapena anti-US ndiye funso lofunikira (lingaliro lomwe lingathe , ndipo nthawi zambiri amasintha). Chikhalidwe cha boma lachilendo palokha sizomwe zimayambitsa kulowererapo.

Monga kunja, kunyumba

Swanson amawunikira njira yotsutsana kwambiri ndi mfundo zakunja ndikuyang'ana mozama, timatsutsa kuti kusiyanitsa kumawonekeranso mu ndondomeko zapakhomo. Malinga ndi malingaliro odziwika (aku America), ufulu ndi maziko omwe USA idamangidwa. Koma pakugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yofunika imeneyi boma la America likusankha modetsa nkhawa - mu ndondomeko zapakhomo komanso zakunja. Ufulu wolankhula komanso kusonkhana mwamtendere kwa nzika za ku America za nzika zaku America nthawi zambiri zakhala zikunyalanyazidwa ndi boma lawo likapanda kusokoneza zofuna zawo.

Izi sizinawonekere kawirikawiri kuposa momwe amayankhira ziwonetsero zomwe zikuchitikabe Black Lives Matter kutsatira kuphedwa kwa George Floyd. Ngakhale chitetezo chodziwika bwino cha First Amendment, ziwonetsero zambiri zamtendere zaponderezedwa ndi mphamvu. Juni 1 wina^st Chochitikacho ndi choyimira, pomwe apolisi adagwiritsa ntchito utsi wokhetsa misozi, zipolopolo za mphira ndi mabomba ophulika kuti achotse Lafayette Square ya anthu ochita ziwonetsero zamtendere kuti alole Purezidenti Trump kujambula chithunzi kunja kwa tchalitchi cha St John (Parker et al 2020). Pakadali pano polankhula ku White House, Purezidenti adalengeza kuti ndi 'mnzake wa anthu onse ochita ziwonetsero zamtendere' - wothandizana nawo, akuwoneka kuti amavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda mtendere kuti atseke ufulu wolankhula.

Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, kuponderezana kofananako kwa zionetsero kwatsutsidwa mosakayikira pamene dziko lina likuchita zachipongwe. Mu Meyi 2020 tweet, a Trump adalimbikitsa boma la Iran kuti lisagwiritse ntchito ziwawa zotsutsana ndi ziwonetsero komanso kuchita ziwonetsero 'Asiyeni atolankhani aziyendayenda momasuka'. Kutetezedwa kotere pakufunika kwa atolankhani aulere sikunapangitse purezidenti kuvomereza kapena kudzudzula ziwonetsero zambiri zomwe apolisi amachitira atolankhani omwe amawonetsa ziwonetsero za Black Lives Matter ku USA (malinga ndi US Press Freedom Tracker, kuyambira Juni 15. , kuzunzidwa kwa atolankhani ndi apolisi nambala 57). Muzu wa kusagwirizana uku sizovuta kufotokoza.

Komanso, mwatsoka, ndikunyalanyaza ufulu wa First Amendment womwe umakhala utsogoleri wankhanza wa Trump, kapena wa Republican. Mwachitsanzo, boma la Obama linawona zionetsero za 2016 Standing Rock zotsutsana ndi kumangidwa kwa Dakota Access Pipeline pamtunda wa Native American - pomwe apolisi adayankha ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi, mabomba ophulika ndi mizinga yamadzi m'nyengo yozizira. Purezidenti Obama adalephera kudzudzula ziwawa zomwe zafala kwambiri za apolisi motsutsana ndi ochita ziwonetsero zamtendere (Colson 2016), nkhani yomveka bwino yolankhula mwaufulu kuponderezedwa ndi mphamvu.

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano kuponderezana n’konyanyira, sikunachitikepo n’kale lonse. Kusankha kwa boma la US pakufunika kwaufulu kumawonekera posamalira nzika zake, makamaka pochita ziwonetsero (Price et al 2020). Pamapeto pake, ufulu wa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lapansi umakhala wochepa pakuchita ngati unyalanyazidwa kapena kuphwanyidwa kotheratu ndi boma lomwe likuyenera kuwatsatira, ndipo m'malo mwake likuganiza zokhazikitsa mfundo zomwe zikuyenda motsutsana ndi demokalase.

Kumayambiriro kwa ntchitoyo wolemba analemba,

'Cholinga cha bukhu lalifupili ndikuwadziwitsa anthu kuti asilikali a US amathandizira maulamuliro ankhanza, kumapeto kwa kutsegula maganizo kuti athe kukayikira zankhondo' (p.11).

Timatsutsa kuti iye wapambanadi kukwaniritsa cholingachi. Chofunika kwambiri, amatero pomwe akuwonetsa zotsutsana zakuya zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mfundo zakunja za US; zotsutsana zomwe tikutsutsa pamwambapa zikuwonekeranso mu ndondomeko zapakhomo. Mfundo za US 'ndizosagwirizana nthawi zonse'. Imawonetsedwa ngati yozikidwa pachitetezo chaufulu ndi demokalase pomwe, pochita, idakhazikitsidwa potsatira zofuna za boma la US ndi magulu okakamiza amphamvu omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi US.

Tikukhulupirira kuti buku la Swanson limathandizira kwambiri pamkangano; amachirikiza mfundo zake zonse ndi umboni wokhutiritsa kwambiri; umboni umene timatsutsana uyenera kukhala wokwanira kukhutiritsa woŵerenga womasuka za kulondola kwa kusanthula kwake. Tikuvomereza ndi mtima wonse ntchitoyi kwa onse omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kumvetsetsa mphamvu zoyendetsera zomwe zayambitsa ndondomeko ya US yachilendo.

Zothandizira

Colson, N., 'Obama's Cowardly Silence on Standing Rock', Wogwira Ntchito Zachikhalidwe December 1, 2016.

Freedom House,Maiko ndi Magawo'.

Parker, A., Dawsey, J. ndi Tan, R., 'Mkati mwa kukankhira otsutsa okhetsa misozi patsogolo pa chithunzi cha Trump', Washington Post June 2, 2020.

Price, M., Smoot, H., Clasen-Kelly, F. ndi Deppen, L. (2020), '"Palibe amene anganyadire." Meya akudzudzula CMPD. SBI iwunikanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira ziwonetsero,' Charlotte Observer June 3.

Whitney, R., 'US Ikupereka Thandizo la Asilikali ku 73 peresenti ya Maulamuliro Opondereza Padziko Lonse,' Wopanda, September 23, 2017.