Nkhondo ndi ziphunzitso za nkhondo zakhala zikuwopsya ndipo zakhala zikulimbikitsidwa ndi tsankho, kuopa anthu, chidani chachipembedzo, ndi mitundu ina ya kusagwirizana.
Wolemba mbiri Kathleen Belew limati pakhala pali mgwirizano ku United States pakati pa nkhondo ndi kuwuka kwa chiwawa choyera.
"Ngati mukuyang'ana, mwachitsanzo, pa maulendo a Ku Klux Klan omwe akukhala nawo, akugwirizana mofanana ndi kubwerera kwa asilikali akulimbana ndi nkhondo komanso pambuyo pa nkhondo kuposa momwe amachitira ndi otsutsana ndi anthu othawa kwawo, populism, mavuto azachuma, kapena zifukwa zina zomwe olemba mbiri akhala akuzigwiritsa ntchito kuzifotokozera, "akutero.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. adanena mokwanira kuti tidzakumana ndi mavuto atatu osakanikirana pamodzi: tsankho, nkhondo, ndi kukonda chuma.
Pano pali gawo lochokera Nkhondo Ndi Bodza ndi David Swanson:
Jingoism Yophunzitsa Anthu Ambiri Amathandiza Medicine Kupita Kumalo
Chomwe chimapangitsa mabodza osangalatsa kwambiri ndi osayanjanitsika ndiwotsimikizirika ndizosiyana ndi tsankho, otsutsa ndi ena. Popanda tsankho lachipembedzo, tsankho, komanso kukonda dziko, nkhondo zingakhale zovuta kugulitsa.
Kwa nthawi yaitali chipembedzo chakhala cholungamitsa nkhondo, chomwe chinamenyedwera kwa milungu isanamenyere nkhondo ya maharahara, mafumu, ndi mafumu. Ngati Barbara Ehrenreich ali ndi buku lomweli m'buku la Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War, oyambirira kutsogolo kwa nkhondo anali nkhondo motsutsana ndi mikango, akambuku, ndi anthu ena odyera anzawo.16 maziko omwe milungu imapangidwira-ndipo osatchulidwa dzina lake (dzina lake "Predator"). "Nsembe yopambana" mu nkhondo ikhoza kukhala yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chizoloŵezi cha nsembe yaumulungu monga momwe zinalili nkhondo isanayambe, monga ife tikudziwira iwo, anakhalapo. Maganizo (osati zikhulupiliro kapena zochitika, koma zokhudzana ndi zina) za chipembedzo ndi nkhondo zikhoza kukhala zofanana, ngati sizili zofanana, chifukwa zizoloŵezi ziwirizo ndi mbiri yofanana ndipo sizinakhale zosiyana.
Mipingo ndi nkhondo zamakoloni ndi nkhondo zina zambiri zakhala ndi zifukwa zachipembedzo. Anthu a ku America anamenyana nkhondo zachipembedzo kwa mibadwo yambiri nkhondo isanayambe kuti ikhale yodzilamulira ku England. Kapiteni John Underhill mu 1637 adalongosola nkhondo yake yodzikweza yopambana ndi Pequot:
Captaine Mason akulowa mu Wigwam, adatulutsa chizindikiro cha moto, atavulaza ambiri mnyumbamo; kenaka adayatsa moto kumadzulo kwa Westside… ine ndekha ndinayatsa kumwera chakummwera ndi gulu la Powder, moto wa onse omwe anakumana pakati pa Fort unayaka kwambiri, ndikuwotcha onse mu theka la houre; anzathu ambiri olimbika mtima sanafune kutuluka, ndipo anamenya nkhondo mwamphamvu kwambiri… kotero kuti anapsa ndi kuwotchedwa… ndipo anawonongeka molimba mtima…. Ambiri adawotchedwa mu Fort, amuna, akazi, ndi ana
Mng'oma iyi imalongosola ngati nkhondo yoyera: "Ambuye amasangalala kuchitira anthu ake mavuto ndi zowawa, kuti iye awonekere mwachisomo, ndikuwululira momveka bwino chisomo chake chaulere kwa iwo." 18
Kutsika kumatanthawuza moyo wake womwe, ndipo anthu a Ambuye ndi anthu oyera. Amwenye Achimereka akhoza kukhala olimba mtima ndi olimba mtima, koma sanazindikiridwe ngati anthu mokwanira. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri ndi theka, ambiri a ku America anali ndi malingaliro owonjezera, ndipo ambiri analibe. Pulezidenti William McKinley ankaona kuti anthu a ku Philippines akufunikira kugwira ntchito za usilikali kuti athandize.
Mwa yekha, McKinley ku 1899 adawuza kusonkhana kwa Methodisti yemwe sanafune Philippines, ndipo "pamene adadza kwa ife, ngati mphatso kuchokera kwa milungu, sindinadziwe chochita nawo." McKinley adati anali atapemphera ndi kulandira chidziwitso chotsatira. Kungakhale "wamantha ndi osayenerera" kupatsa Philippines ku Spain, "bizinesi" kuti awapatse Germany kapena France, ndipo akuganiza kuti amapanga "chipolowe ndi chisokonezo" kuchoka ku Philippines kupita ku Philippines. Kotero, motsogoleredwa ndi Mulungu, McKinley anawona kuti alibe chochita: "Panalibe kanthu koti tifunika kuchita koma kuti tiwatenge onse, ndikuphunzitseni anthu a ku Philippines, ndikukweza ndi kuwapembedza." McKinley akukonzekeretsa mtundu umene uli ndi yunivesite yakale kuposa Harvard ndi kuphunzitsa anthu ambiri omwe anali a Roma Katolika. 19
N'zosakayikitsa mamembala ambiri a nthumwi za Methodisti adatsutsa nzeru za McKinley. Monga momwe Harold Lasswell adanenera mu 1927, "Mipingo ya mafotokozedwe onse akhoza kudalitsika nkhondo yowonongeka, ndi kuwona momwemo mwayi wakugonjetsa kulikonse kwaumulungu komwe akufuna kusankha." Zonse zomwe zinali zofunika, Lasswell anati, "kuti apeze" aphunzitsi odziwika "kuti azithandizira nkhondo, ndipo" magetsi ang'onoang'ono adzathamanga. "Maofesi opatsirana ku United States panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi adamuwonetsa Yesu kuvala khaki ndi kupenya pansi. Lasswell anali atagonjetsedwa ndi nkhondo yomwe inamenyana ndi Ajeremani, anthu omwe anali a chipembedzo chimodzimodzi ndi Achimerika.20 N'zosavuta bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo pa nkhondo ndi Asilamu m'zaka za 21st. Karim Karim, pulofesa wothandizira pa sukulu ya Carleton University of Journalism and Communication, analemba kuti:
Chithunzi cha mbiri yakale cha "Muslim Muslim" chakhala chothandiza kwambiri ku maboma a kumadzulo akukonzekera kumenyana ndi maiko ambiri a Muslim. Ngati maganizo a anthu m'mayiko awo angakhale otsimikiza kuti Asilamu ndi achinyengo komanso achiwawa, ndiye kuti kuwapha ndi kuwononga katundu wawo kumawoneka bwino.20
Zoona, ndithudi, chipembedzo cha munthu palibe cholungamitsa kuchita nawo nkhondo, ndipo apurezidenti a United States sakanenanso kuti izo zimatero. Koma kutembenukira kwachikhristu kwachizoloŵezi kumagulu a asilikali a ku America, komanso chidani cha Asilamu. Asilikali afika ku Military Religious Freedom Foundation kuti akafunafuna uphungu wathanzi, adatumizidwa kwa aphunzitsi m'malo mwawo adawauza kuti akhalebe pa "nkhondo" kuti "aphe Asilamu kwa Khristu." 22
Chipembedzo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro kuti zomwe mukuchita ndi zabwino ngakhale zitakhala zopanda nzeru kwa inu. Munthu wapamwamba amamvetsetsa, ngakhale simukudziwa. Chipembedzo chingapereke moyo pambuyo pa imfa komanso chikhulupiliro chakuti mukupha ndi kupha imfa chifukwa chachikulu. Koma chipembedzo sichiri chokhacho kusiyana pakati pa gulu lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa nkhondo. Kusiyanasiyana kulikonse kwa chikhalidwe kapena chinenero chidzachita, ndipo mphamvu ya tsankho kumatsogolera khalidwe loipa kwambiri laumunthu likukhazikitsidwa bwino. Senemala Albert J. Beveridge (R-IN) adapatsa Senate zenizeni zomwe Mulungu anawatsogolera pa nkhondo ku Philippines:
Mulungu samakonzekera anthu olankhula Chingerezi ndi a Teutonic kwa zaka chikwi popanda kanthu koma zopanda pake ndi kudziganizira zosadzikonda. Ayi! Iye watipanga ife oyang'anira otsogolera a dziko kuti tikhazikitse dongosolo limene chisokonezo chilamulira.23
Nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse ku Ulaya, pamene zimamenyana pakati pa mayiko omwe tsopano akuwoneka kuti ndi "oyera," omwe amatsutsana ndi tsankho kumbali zonse. Nyuzipepala ya ku France ya La Croix pa August 15, 1914, idakondwerera "anthu akale a Agulus, Aroma, ndi Afaransa omwe adabwerera mkati mwathu," ndipo adalengeza kuti "Ajeremani ayenera kutsukidwa kuchokera ku bwalo lakumanzere la Rhine. Magulu osautsa amenewa ayenera kubwezeretsedwanso m'malire awo. Ma Gauls a ku France ndi Belgium ayenera kunyengerera msilikaliyo ndi vuto lalikulu, kamodzi. Nkhondo ya mpikisano ikuwonekera. "24
Patapita zaka zitatu, dziko la United States linasintha maganizo awo. Pa December 7, 1917, Congressman Walter Chandler (D-TN) adalengeza pansi pa Nyumbayi:
Zanenedwa kuti ngati mungasanthule magazi a Myuda pansi pa microscope, mupeza Talmud ndi Old Bible zikuzungulira mozungulira tinthu tina. Mukasanthula mwazi wa nthumwi yaku Germany kapena Teuton mupeza mfuti zamakina ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta zipolopolo ndi mabomba oyandama m'magazi…. Menyani nawo mpaka muwononge gulu lonse
Maganizo oterewa amathandiza kuti asamachepetse ndalama zothandizira anthu ku Congress, komanso kuti athandize achinyamata omwe amapititsa kunkhondo kukapha. Monga momwe tidzaonera mu chaputala 5, kupha sikubwera mosavuta. Pafupifupi a 98 peresenti ya anthu amakonda kumatsutsa kwambiri kupha anthu ena. Posachedwapa, katswiri wa zamaganizo anapanga njira kuti alole US Navy kuti apange okonzeka kupha anthu. Zimaphatikizapo njira, "kuti amunawo aganizire za adani amene angakumane nawo ngati moyo wochepa [ndi mafilimu] amatsutsana kuti adziwe mdani osachepera anthu: kupusa kwa miyambo ya m'deralo kunyozedwa, umunthu amadziwika ngati anthu oipa. "26
Ziri zosavuta kuti msilikali wa ku America aphe haji kusiyana ndi umunthu, monga momwe zinalili zophweka kuti asilikali a Nazi azipha Untermenschen kuposa anthu enieni. William Halsey, yemwe analamula asilikali a ku United States kuti apite ku South Pacific panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, anaganiza kuti "Aphe Japs, Aphe Japs, Aphe Japs," ndipo analumbira kuti nkhondo ikadzatha, Chijapani zikanenedwa kokha ku gehena.27
Nkhondo ikasintha monga njira kuti amuna omwe anapha zilombo zazikulu kuti azikhala otanganidwa kupha amuna ena monga ziwetozo zinatayika, monga momwe Ehrenreich amachitira, chigawenga chake ndi tsankho ndi zosiyana zina pakati pa magulu a anthu ndizitali. Koma dzikoli ndilo litsimikizidwe laposachedwa, lamphamvu, komanso lodziwika bwino lodzipereka kwachinsinsi lomwe likugwirizana ndi nkhondo, ndipo lomwelo linachokera ku nkhondo. Pamene magalasi akale amwalira chifukwa cha ulemerero wawo, abambo ndi amai amakono amafa chifukwa cha nsalu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasamalira chilichonse. Tsiku lotsatira dziko la United States linalengeza nkhondo ku Spain ku 1898, boma loyamba (New York) linapereka lamulo loti ana a sukulu azipereka moni ku mbendera ya US. Ena amatsatira. Chikunja chinali chipembedzo chatsopano.28
Samuel Johnson akuti adanena kuti kukonda dziko ndilo pothawirapo pothawirako, pamene ena amati, m'malo mwake, ndilo loyambirira. Pokhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa maganizo ngati nkhondo, ngati pali kusiyana kwina, nthawi zonse izi ndizo: mdani sali wa dziko lathu komanso salonjera mbendera yathu. Pamene United States idanamizidwa kwambiri mu Nkhondo ya Vietnam, onse koma a sabata awiri anavotera chisankho cha Gulf Tonkin. Mmodzi mwa awiriwo, Wayne Morse (D-OR) anauza ena a bungwe kuti apolisi a Pentagon adamuuza kuti chiwonongeko cha North North chinakwiyitsidwa. Monga momwe tidzafotokozera mu chaputala 2, nkhani ya Morse inali yolondola. Chiwonongeko chirichonse chikanaputa. Koma, monga tidzaonera, chidziwitso chomwecho chinali cholondola. Anzake a Morse sanamutsutse chifukwa chakuti analakwitsa, komabe. Mmalo mwake, senema anamuuza iye, "Jahena, Wayne, iwe sungakhoze kukamenyana ndi purezidenti pamene mbendera zonse zikukwera ndipo ife tikufuna kupita ku msonkhano wachigawo. [Purezidenti] Lyndon [Johnson] akufuna ndi chidutswa cha pepala chomuuza kuti tachita komweko, ndipo timamuthandiza. "29
Nkhondo itatha kwa zaka zambiri, mopanda phindu akuwononga mamiliyoni ambiri a moyo, a senema a Komiti ya Ubale Wachilendo akukambirana mwachidwi nkhawa yawo kuti adanamizidwa. Komabe iwo anasankha kukhala chete, ndipo zolemba za ena mwa misonkhano sizinawonetsedwe poyera mpaka 2010.30 Mbendera zidaoneka zikugwedezeka kudutsa zaka zonsezi.
Nkhondo ndi yabwino kukonda dziko monga kukonda dziko ndi nkhondo. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, ambiri a Socialist ku Ulaya adagwirizana ndi mayiko awo osiyanasiyana ndipo adasiya kulimbana kwawo kwa anthu ogwira ntchito padziko lonse.31 Masiku ano, palibe chimene chimapangitsa kuti amerika atsutsane ndi mayiko onse a boma monga US chidwi pa nkhondo ndi kuumirira kuti asilikali a US khalani pansi pa ulamuliro wina uliwonse kupatula Washington, DC
Zolemba Zaposachedwa:
