Njira Yabwino Kwambiri Koma Kwa Purezidenti Wonse wa America

Pokonzekera a msonkhano wotsatira cholinga cha nkhondo, kuti chichitike ku American University September 22-24, sindingathe kuthandizira koma ndikulankhula ndi pulezidenti wadziko la United States atapereka ku American University zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo. Kaya mukugwirizana ndi ine kuti iyi ndi yabwino kwambiri yolankhulidwa ndi purezidenti wa US, payenera kukhala ndi kutsutsana pang'ono kuti ndizoyankhula mofulumira ndi zomwe aliyense anganene pa Capitol Hill kapena White House lerolino. Pano pali vidiyo ya gawo labwino la mawu:

Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy anali kuyankhula panthawi yomwe, monga tsopano, Russia ndi United States zili ndi zida zokwanira za nyukiliya zokonzeka kupha wina ndi mzake mwadzidzidzi kuti awononge dziko lapansi pa moyo wa munthu nthawi zambiri. Komabe, panthawiyi, ku 1963, kunali mitundu itatu yokha, osati masiku asanu ndi anayi, ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndi ochepa kuposa tsopano ndi nyukiliya. NATO inali kutali kwambiri ndi malire a Russia. United States siinangopangitsanso zokakamiza ku Ukraine. United States sankakonzekera masewera a nkhondo ku Poland kapena kuyika zida ku Poland ndi ku Romania. Komanso sizinapangitse nukes zazing'ono zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti "zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri." Komanso sizinkawopseza kuzigwiritsa ntchito ku North Korea. Ntchito yoyang'anira zida zankhondo za nyukiliya za ku United States inkatengedwa kuti inali yotchuka ku asilikali a ku United States, osati chifukwa chotsatira zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso zomwe zinalakwika. Kuda mtima pakati pa Russia ndi United States kunali kwakukuru ku 1963, koma vuto linali lodziwika kwambiri ku United States, mosiyana ndi chidziwitso chachikulu chomwecho. Mawu ena abwino ndi oletsedwa adaloledwa m'ma TV ndi ku White House. Kennedy anali kugwiritsira ntchito mtendere wamatsenga a Norman Cousins ​​monga mtumiki kwa Nikita Khrushchev, amene sananenepo, monga Hillary Clinton wanena kuti Vladimir Putin, "Hitler." Ngakhale asilikali a US ndi Soviet anali kuyankhulana. Osatinso pano.

Kennedy adayambitsa zokamba zake ngati njira yothetsera umbuli, makamaka osadziwa kuti nkhondoyo sichithawika. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe Pulezidenti Barack Obama adanena ku Hiroshima chaka chatha komanso kale ku Prague ndi Oslo, ndi zomwe Lindsey Graham akunena za nkhondo ku North Korea.

Kennedy adatcha mtendere "nkhani yofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi." Iye adakana lingaliro lakuti "Pax Americana ikulimbikitsidwa padziko lonse ndi zida za nkhondo za ku America," ndendende zomwe maphwando akuluakulu onse tsopano ndi omwe amalankhula pa nkhondo ndi azidindo ambiri a m'mbuyomu a US athandizidwa. Kennedy anapita mpaka kunena kuti amasamala za 100% osati 4% ya umunthu:

"... osati mtendere kwa Achimereka koma mtendere kwa amuna ndi akazi onse-osati mtendere wamtundu uno koma mtendere wamuyaya."

Kennedy anafotokoza nkhondo ndi zida zankhondo komanso zotsutsa monga nonsensical:

"Nkhondo yonse imakhala yopanda nzeru muzaka zomwe mphamvu zazikulu zingathe kukhala ndi mphamvu zankhondo zakuda za nyukiliya zomwe sizingatheke ndipo zimakana kugonjera popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo. Sichidziwikiratu m'nthaŵi pamene chida chimodzi cha nyukliya chili ndi mphamvu khumi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi magulu onse a mpikisano mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Sichidziwikiratu m'zaka zomwe ziphe zowononga zida za nyukiliya zidzatengedwa ndi mphepo ndi madzi ndi nthaka ndi mbewu kumadera akutali a dziko lapansi komanso kwa mibadwo yomwe sinabadwire. "

Kennedy anatsatira ndalamazo. Ndalama za asilikali tsopano zaposa theka la federal discretionary spending, ndipo Trump akufuna kukankhira ku 60%.

"Masiku ano," anatero Kennedy ku 1963,

"Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mabiliyoni ambirimbiri chaka chilichonse pa zida zopangidwa pofuna cholinga choonetsetsa kuti sitiyenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndizofunika kuti tikhale ndi mtendere. Koma ndithudi kugula zinthu zopanda pake zoterezi zomwe zingangowononga osati kulenga-sizowokha, mochepetsetsa kwambiri, njira zothandizira mtendere. "

Mu 2017 ngakhalenso kukongola kwa akazi omwe atembenuzidwa kulengeza nkhondo osati "mtendere padziko lonse." Koma mu 1963 Kennedy adalankhula za mtendere ngati bizinesi yaikulu ya boma:

"Ndikulankhula za mtendere, chotero, ngati mapeto oyenera a anthu oganiza bwino. Ndikuzindikira kuti kufunafuna mtendere sikokwanira ngati kufunafuna nkhondo-ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri mawu a womutsatira amamva makutu. Koma tilibe ntchito yowonjezereka. Ena amanena kuti n'kopanda phindu kunena za mtendere wa dziko kapena malamulo a dziko lapansi kapena zida zadziko-ndipo zidzakhala zopanda phindu mpaka atsogoleri a Soviet Union atenge mtima wowunikira. Ndikuyembekeza kuti amachita. Ndikukhulupirira kuti titha kuwathandiza kuchita izo. Koma ndikukhulupiliranso kuti tiyenera kuyambiranso maganizo athu monga munthu aliyense komanso ngati Mtundu-chifukwa chakuti maganizo athu ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Ndipo aliyense wophunzira maphunziro a sukuluyi, nzika iliyonse yodalirika yomwe imafuna kuthetsa nkhondo, ndiyomwe ikufuna kubweretsa mtendere, ayambe kuyang'ana mkati ndikuyang'ana yekha momwe angakhalire mwamtendere, ku Soviet Union, ku nkhondo yozizira komanso ufulu ndi mtendere kuno kunyumba. "

Kodi mungaganizepo munthu wina wokhala wokonzeka kulankhulana pa TV kapena Capitol Hill kuti akugwirizana ndi US ku Russia makamaka vuto la US?

Mtendere, Kennedy anafotokoza mwa njira yosamvetsetseka ya lero, ndizotheka mwangwiro:

"Choyamba: Tiyeni tione mmene timaonera mtendere weniweniwo. Ambiri a ife timaganiza kuti n'zosatheka. Ambiri amalingalira kuti n'zosatheka. Koma icho ndi chikhulupiriro choopsa, chogonjetsa. Zimatitsimikizira kuti nkhondo sichithaŵe-kuti anthu adzawonongedwa-kuti timagwidwa ndi mphamvu zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira. Sitiyenera kulandira lingaliro limenelo. Mavuto athu ali opangidwa ndi anthu-choncho, angathe kuthetsedwa ndi munthu. Ndipo munthu akhoza kukhala wamkulu monga iye akufunira. Palibe vuto la chikonzero chaumunthu kuposa anthu. Chifukwa cha munthu ndi mzimu wake nthawi zambiri akhala akukonzekera zomwe zikuwoneka zosasinthika-ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti angathe kuzichitanso. Sindikunena za mtheradi, wopanda malire wa mtendere ndi chifuno chabwino chimene ena amaganiza ndi otentheka akulota. Sindikukana kufunika kwa ziyembekezo ndi maloto koma timangoyitana kukhumudwa ndi kusakayika mwa kupanga cholinga chathu chokha ndi chokha. Tiyeni tilingalire pazowonjezereka, zokhudzana ndi mtendere mwamtendere osati kusintha kwadzidzidzi mwa umunthu koma pang'onopang'ono kusintha kwa mabungwe a anthu - pazitsulo zingapo komanso mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi onse omwe akukhudzidwa. Palibe njira imodzi yosavuta yopezera mtendere-palibe chidziwitso chachikulu kapena zamatsenga kuti chivomerezedwe ndi mphamvu imodzi kapena ziwiri. Mtendere weni weni uyenera kukhala wochokera m'mitundu yambiri, kuchuluka kwa zochita zambiri. Ziyenera kukhala zamphamvu, osati zokhazikika, zosintha kuti zithetse vuto la mbadwo uliwonse watsopano. Mtendere ndi njira-njira yothetsera mavuto. "

Kennedy adakalipira ena mwa anthu omwe amakonda kudya udzu:

"Pokhala ndi mtendere wotero, padzakhalabe mikangano ndi zosagwirizana, monga momwe ziliri m'mabanja ndi m'mitundu. Mtendere wa dziko lapansi, ngati mtendere wamtundu wina, sumafuna kuti munthu aliyense akonde mnzako-amafuna kuti azikhala pamodzi palimodzi, kulolera mikangano yawo pa kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi mtendere. Ndipo mbiriyakale imatiphunzitsa kuti chidani pakati pa mafuko, monga pakati pa anthu, sichikhala kosatha. Komabe, kukonza zofuna zathu ndi zosakondeka zingaoneke, nthawi ndi zochitika nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kusintha kodabwitsa pakati pa mayiko ndi oyandikana nawo. Kotero tiyeni ife tipirire. Mtendere uyenera kukhala wosasinthika, ndipo nkhondo siziyenera kupeŵeka. Pofotokozera cholinga chathu momveka bwino, powoneka kuti ndi otheka komanso osakhala kutali, tikhoza kuthandiza anthu onse kuti awone, kukopera chiyembekezo, ndi kusunthirapo. "

Kennedy ndiye amadandaula zomwe amalingalira, kapena amati akuganiza, alibe pulogalamu ya Soviet yotsutsana ndi maiko ena a US, Soviet otsutsa osati mosiyana ndi ake omwe amatsutsa za CIA. Koma akutsatira izi poziwombera pa US:

"Koma n'zomvetsa chisoni kuti tiwerenge mauthenga awa a Soviet-kuti tizindikire kukula kwake pakati pathu. Koma ndi chenjezo-chenjezo kwa anthu a ku America kuti asagwere mumsampha womwewo monga Soviets, kuti asamangowona malingaliro olakwika ndi osimidwa a mbali inayo, kuti asamawone mikangano yosapeŵeka, malo okhala ngati zosatheka, ndi Kulankhulana sizowonjezereka kuposa kusinthanitsa zoopseza. Palibe boma kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi choipa kwambiri kuti anthu ake ayesedwe kuti ali opanda mphamvu. Monga Achimereka, timapeza chikomyunizimu chonyansidwa kwambiri ngati kunyalanyaza ufulu ndi ulemu. Koma tikhozabe kulimbikitsa anthu a ku Russia kuti akwaniritse zambiri zawo-sayansi ndi malo, mu kukula kwachuma ndi mafakitale, m'chikhalidwe komanso molimba mtima. Pakati pa makhalidwe ambiri omwe anthu a m'mayiko athu awiri ali nawo, palibe wina wamphamvu kuposa kukondana kwathu ndi nkhondo. Pafupifupi mwapadera pakati pa maulamuliro akuluakulu apadziko lonse, sitinakhalepo pankhondo. Ndipo palibe mtundu uliwonse mu mbiriyakale ya nkhondo inayamba yavutikapo kuposa momwe Soviet Union inavutsidwira mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Osachepera 20 miliyoni adataya miyoyo yawo. Mamiliyoni ambirimbiri a nyumba ndi minda ankawotchedwa kapena kusungidwa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a gawo la fukolo, kuphatikizapo pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu mwa malonda ake, linasandulika bwinja-kutayika kofanana ndi kuwonongeka kwa dziko lino kummawa kwa Chicago. "

Tangoganizani lero mukuyesera kuti anthu a ku America aone momwe adani awo amaonera ndipo akuitanidwanso ku CNN kapena MSNBC pambuyo pake. Tangoganizirani ndikudziwitsani kuti ndi ndani amene anapambana nkhondo yaikulu yachiwiri yapadziko lonse kapena chifukwa chake dziko la Russia lingakhale ndi chifukwa chowopera mantha kuchokera kumadzulo!

Kennedy anabwerera ku chikhalidwe chosasokonezeka cha nkhondo yozizira, ndiye tsopano:

"Lerolino, ziyenera kuthetseratu nkhondo zonse-ziribe kanthu momwe mayiko athu awiri angakhalire zolinga zazikulu. Ndizosamvetsetseka koma zowona kuti mphamvu ziwiri zamphamvu kwambiri ndizo ziwiri zoopsa kwambiri kuwonongeka. Zomwe tapanga, zonse zomwe tagwira ntchito, zikhoza kuwonongedwa m'maola oyambirira a 24. Ndipo ngakhale mu nkhondo yozizira, yomwe imabweretsa mavuto ndi zoopsa kwa mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo mgwirizanowu wa Mtundu wapadziko lino-mayiko athu awiri ali ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri. Pakuti ife tonse tikupereka ndalama zambiri ku zida zomwe zingakhale bwino kudzipereka kuti tipewe umbuli, umphaŵi, ndi matenda. Tonsefe timagwidwa ndi vuto loopsa komanso loopsya limene zimakayikira mbali imodzi, ndipo zida zatsopano zimabweretsa zina. Mwachidule, United States ndi mabungwe ake, ndi Soviet Union ndi othandizana nawo, ali ndi chidwi chachikulu mwa mtendere weniweni ndi weniweni ndipo akuimitsa mpikisano wa mikono. Zolinga zokhudzana ndi mapetowa zili zogwirizana ndi Soviet Union komanso yathu-ndipo ngakhale mitundu yonyansa ikhoza kuvomereza kulandira ndi kusunga malamulowa, komanso okhawo mgwirizano, omwe ali ndi chidwi chawo. "

Kennedy ndiye akulimbikitsanso, mwatsatanetsatane ndi miyezo ya ena, kuti United States imalekerera mafuko ena kutsatira masomphenya awo omwe:

"Choncho, tiyeni tisamvetsetse kusiyana kwathu koma tiyeneranso kutsogolera zofuna zathu komanso njira zomwe zingathetsere kusiyana kumeneku. Ndipo ngati sitingathe kuthetsa kusiyana kwathu, tikhoza kuthandiza kuti dzikoli likhale lotetezeka kwa zosiyanasiyana. Pakuti, potsirizira pake, chiyanjano chathu chachikulu chomwe timagwirizanitsa ndi chakuti tonse timakhala mu dziko lapansi laling'ono. Tonsefe timapuma mpweya womwewo. Tonse timayamikira tsogolo la ana athu. Ndipo tonsefe ndife ochimwa. "

Kennedy akuyambanso nkhondo yozizira, osati ya Russia, monga mdani:

"Tiyeni tionenso momwe timaonera nkhondo yozizira, kukumbukira kuti sitinayambe kukangana, tikufuna kuti tizitsutsana. Sitili pano kufalitsa mlandu kapena kuwonetsa chala cha chiweruzo. Tiyenera kuthana ndi dziko monga momwe ziliri, osati monga momwe mbiri ya zaka zapitazi za 18 zakhalira zosiyana. Choncho, tiyenera kupirira pakufuna mtendere mu chiyembekezo kuti kusintha kosangalatsa mkati mwa chikomyunizimu kungabweretse njira zothetsera mavuto omwe tsopano akuwonekera kuposa ife. Tiyenera kuyendetsa zinthu zathu kotero kuti zikhale mwa chidwi cha Chikomyunizimu kuti tigwirizane pa mtendere weniweni. Koposa zonse, ngakhale kuteteza zofuna zathu zokha, mphamvu za nyukiliya ziyenera kuthetsa kutsutsana kumeneku komwe kumabweretsa chisankho chosankha chochititsa manyazi kapena nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Kutengera mtundu wotero mu nthawi ya nyukiliya kungakhale umboni wokha wa kubwezeretsa kwa malamulo athu-kapena imfa yapadera-chokhumba dziko. "

Mwa kufotokoza kwa Kennedy, boma la US likufunafuna imfa-chokhumba dziko lapansi, monga momwe Martin Luther King adanenera zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, boma la US tsopano "lakufa mwauzimu." Zimene sizikutanthauza kuti palibe chimene chinachokera pa mawu a Kennedy ndi ntchito yomwe inatsatira pambuyo pake miyezi isanu iye asanaphedwe ndi asilikali a US. Kennedy adayankha mukulankhulidwa kulengedwa kwa hotline pakati pa maboma awiri, omwe adalengedwa. Anapempha lamulo loletsa kuyesa zida za nyukiliya ndipo adalengeza kuti dziko la United States lisagwirizane ndi mayesero a nyukiliya m'mlengalenga. Izi zinachititsa mgwirizano wotsutsa mayesero a nyukiliya kupatula pansi. Ndipo izo zinatsogolera, monga Kennedy ankafuna, kuti agwirizanitse mgwirizano ndi zikuluzikulu zowononga zida.

Kulankhulanso uku kunatsogoleredwa ndi madigiri zovuta kufanana ndi kukana kwakukulu ku US kukhazikitsa nkhondo zatsopano. Zikhale zolimbikitsa kayendedwe kuti abweretseretu nkhondo.

Oyankhula sabata ino ikubwera ku American University Ziphatikizapo: Medea Benjamin, Nadine Bloch, Max Blumenthal, Natalia Cardona, Terry Crawford-Browne, Alice Day, Lincoln Tsiku, Tim DeChristopher, Dale Dewar, Thomas Drake, Pat Elder, Dan Ellsberg, Bruce Gagnon, Kathy Gannett, Will Griffin, Seymour Hersh, Tony Jenkins, Larry Johnson, Kathy Kelly, Jonathan King, Lindsay Koshgarian, James Marc Leas, Annie Machon, Ray McGovern, Rev Lukata Mjumbe, Bill Moyer, Elizabeth Murray, Emanuel Pastreich, Anthony Rogers-Wright, Alice Slater, Gar Smith, Edward Snowden (mwa kanema), Susi Snyder, Mike Stagg, Jill Stein, David Swanson, Robin Taubenfeld, Brian Terrell, Brian Trautman, Richard Tucker, Donnal Walter, Larry Wilkerson, Ann Wright, Emily Wurth, Kevin Zeese. Werengani bios ya okamba.