Ndi David Swanson
Mukukonzekera msonkhano womwe ukubwerawu ndi zochita zopanda chiwawa Cholinga chake chinali kutsutsa bungwe la nkhondo, ndipo msonkhanowu udzachitikira ku American University, sindingathe kuletsa kukopeka ndi nkhani yomwe purezidenti wa US adapereka ku American University zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo. Kaya mukugwirizana ndi ine kuti iyi ndi nkhani yabwino kwambiri yomwe purezidenti wa US adaperekapo, payenera kukhala mkangano pang'ono kuti ndi nkhani yosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe aliyense anganene pamsonkhano wadziko lonse wa Republican kapena Democratic chaka chino. Nayi kanema wa gawo labwino kwambiri la nkhaniyo:
Purezidenti John F. Kennedy anali kulankhula panthawi yomwe, monga panopa, Russia ndi United States zinali ndi zida zokwanira za nyukiliya zokonzeka kuwomberana pakangopita nthawi kuti ziwononge dziko lapansi kuti anthu akhale ndi moyo nthawi zambiri. Komabe, panthawiyo, mu 1963, panali mayiko atatu okha, osati asanu ndi anayi omwe alipo panopa, omwe anali ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndipo ambiri anali ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya. NATO inali kutali kwambiri ndi malire a Russia. United States sinangoyambitsa chiwembu ku Ukraine. United States sinali kukonza masewera olimbitsa thupi ankhondo ku Poland kapena kuyika zida ku Poland ndi Romania. Komanso sinali kupanga zida zazing'ono za nyukiliya zomwe inazitcha kuti "zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri." Ntchito yoyang'anira zida za nyukiliya ku US idawonedwa ngati yotchuka m'gulu lankhondo la US, osati malo otayira zida zoledzera ndi zigawenga zomwe zakhalapo. Udani pakati pa Russia ndi United States unali waukulu mu 1963, koma vutoli linkadziwika kwambiri ku United States, mosiyana ndi kusadziwa kwakukulu komwe kulipo pano. Mawu ena oganiza bwino komanso oletsa adaloledwa m'manyuzipepala aku US komanso ngakhale ku White House. Kennedy anali kugwiritsa ntchito Norman Cousins womenyera ufulu wa mtendere ngati mthenga kwa Nikita Khrushchev, yemwe sanamufotokozepo, monga momwe Hillary Clinton adafotokozera Vladimir Putin, ngati "Hitler."
Kennedy adalemba nkhani yake ngati njira yothetsera kusadziwa, makamaka malingaliro osadziwa kuti nkhondo ndi yosapeweka. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe Purezidenti Barack Obama adanena posachedwapa ku Hiroshima komanso kale ku Prague ndi Oslo. Kennedy adati mtendere ndi "nkhani yofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi." Ndi nkhani yomwe sinatchulidwepo mu kampeni ya utsogoleri wa US mu 2016. Ndikuyembekeza kuti msonkhano wadziko lonse wa Republican chaka chino ukondwerere kusadziwa.
Kennedy anakana lingaliro la "Pax Americana yomwe ikukakamizidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi zida zankhondo zaku America," zomwe ndi zomwe zipani zazikulu zandale masiku ano komanso mawu ambiri okhudza nkhondo omwe apulezidenti ambiri akale aku US adakonda. Kennedy adafika mpaka ponena kuti amasamala za 100% m'malo mwa 4% ya anthu:
"... osati mtendere kwa anthu aku America okha komanso mtendere kwa amuna ndi akazi onse - osati mtendere womwe uli m'nthawi yathu ino komanso mtendere wosatha."
Kennedy anafotokoza kuti nkhondo ndi usilikali komanso kuletsa zinthu sizinali zomveka:
"Nkhondo yonse siili ndi tanthauzo m'nthawi imene mphamvu zazikulu zimatha kusunga mphamvu zazikulu za nyukiliya zomwe sizingavulazidwe ndipo zimakana kugonja popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimenezo. Siili ndi tanthauzo m'nthawi imene chida chimodzi cha nyukiliya chili ndi mphamvu zophulika pafupifupi kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa mphamvu zonse zankhondo zankhondo zankhondo zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi asilikali onse ankhondo ankhondo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Siili ndi tanthauzo m'nthawi imene poizoni wakupha wopangidwa ndi kusinthana kwa nyukiliya udzanyamulidwa ndi mphepo, madzi, nthaka ndi mbewu kupita kumadera akutali a dziko lapansi komanso kwa mibadwo yosabadwa."
Kennedy anafunafuna ndalamazo. Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo tsopano ndi zoposa theka la ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito posankha, koma Donald Trump kapena Hillary Clinton sananenepo kapena kufunsidwapo m'njira yosavuta kwambiri zomwe angafune kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pankhondo. "Lero," adatero Kennedy mu 1963,
"Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana mabiliyoni ambiri a madola chaka chilichonse pa zida zomwe timapeza pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti sitikufunikira kuzigwiritsa ntchito n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tisunge mtendere. Koma ndithudi kupeza zinthu zopanda ntchito zotere - zomwe zingangowononga osati kupanga - si njira yokhayo, makamaka yothandiza kwambiri, yopezera mtendere."
Mu 2016 ngakhale akazi okongola asintha n’kuyamba kulimbikitsa nkhondo m’malo molimbikitsa “mtendere wapadziko lonse.” Koma mu 1963 Kennedy analankhula za mtendere ngati ntchito yaikulu ya boma:
"Ndikunena za mtendere, choncho, ngati cholinga chofunikira cha anthu oganiza bwino. Ndikuzindikira kuti kufunafuna mtendere sikovuta monga kufunafuna nkhondo - ndipo nthawi zambiri mawu a wofunafunayo amagwera m'makutu osamveka. Koma tilibe ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Ena amati n'kopanda phindu kulankhula za mtendere padziko lonse kapena malamulo apadziko lonse kapena kuchepetsa zida za dziko lonse - ndipo sikudzakhala kopanda phindu mpaka atsogoleri a Soviet Union atalandira maganizo ozama. Ndikukhulupirira kuti adzatero. Ndikukhulupirira kuti tingawathandize kuchita zimenezo. Koma ndikukhulupiriranso kuti tiyenera kuwunikanso maganizo athu - monga anthu payekha komanso monga Dziko - chifukwa maganizo athu ndi ofunikira monga awo. Ndipo aliyense womaliza maphunziro a sukuluyi, nzika iliyonse yoganiza bwino yomwe imataya mtima ndi nkhondo ndipo ikufuna kubweretsa mtendere, iyenera kuyamba kuyang'ana mkati - pofufuza maganizo ake pa kuthekera kwa mtendere, ku Soviet Union, ku nkhondo yozizira komanso ufulu ndi mtendere pano kunyumba."
Kodi mungaganizire wokamba nkhani aliyense wovomerezeka ku RNC kapena DNC chaka chino akunena kuti mu ubale wa US ndi Russia gawo lalikulu la vutoli lingakhale malingaliro a US? Kodi mungakhale okonzeka kubetcha ndalama zanu zina ku chipani chilichonse? Ndingasangalale kuvomereza.
Mtendere, Kennedy anafotokoza mwanjira yosayembekezereka masiku ano, ndi wotheka kwambiri:
"Choyamba: Tiyeni tione momwe timaonera mtendere weniweni. Ambiri a ife timaganiza kuti n'zosatheka. Ambiri amaganiza kuti n'zosatheka. Koma zimenezo ndi chikhulupiriro choopsa komanso chopanda chiyembekezo. Zikutifikitsa ku mfundo yakuti nkhondo ndi yosapeweka—kuti anthu awonongedwa—kuti tagwidwa ndi mphamvu zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira. Sitiyenera kuvomereza maganizo amenewo. Mavuto athu apangidwa ndi anthu—chifukwa chake, angathe kuthetsedwa ndi munthu. Ndipo munthu akhoza kukhala wamkulu momwe akufunira. Palibe vuto la tsogolo la anthu lomwe silingatheke kwa anthu. Kuganiza ndi mzimu wa munthu nthawi zambiri zathetsa zomwe zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke—ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti zitha kuthetsedwanso. Sindikunena za lingaliro lokwanira, lopanda malire la mtendere ndi chifuniro chabwino chomwe ena amalota. Sindikukana kufunika kwa ziyembekezo ndi maloto koma timangoyitanitsa kukhumudwa ndi kusakhulupirira mwa kupanga cholinga chathu chokha komanso chapafupi. M'malo mwake tiyeni tiyang'ane pa mtendere wothandiza kwambiri, womwe ungapezeke—wosachokera pa kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa chibadwa cha anthu koma pa kusintha pang'onopang'ono m'mabungwe a anthu—pa zochita zenizeni ndi mapangano ogwira mtima omwe ali opindulitsa kwa onse okhudzidwa. Palibe chinsinsi chimodzi, chosavuta cha izi mtendere - palibe njira yayikulu kapena yamatsenga yoti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mphamvu imodzi kapena ziwiri. Mtendere weniweni uyenera kukhala wopangidwa ndi mayiko ambiri, kuchuluka kwa zochita zambiri. Uyenera kukhala wosinthasintha, osati wosasinthasintha, kuti ukwaniritse zovuta za mbadwo uliwonse watsopano. Pakuti mtendere ndi njira - njira yothetsera mavuto.
Kennedy adatsutsa ena mwa anthu wamba omwe amakonda udzu:
"Ndi mtendere woterewu, padzakhalabe mikangano ndi zokonda zotsutsana, monga momwe zilili m'mabanja ndi m'mitundu. Mtendere wapadziko lonse, monga mtendere wa anthu ammudzi, sufuna kuti munthu aliyense azikonda mnansi wake - umangofunika kuti azikhala limodzi mololerana, kulola mikangano yawo kuti igwirizane mwachilungamo komanso mwamtendere. Ndipo mbiri imatiphunzitsa kuti udani pakati pa mayiko, monga pakati pa anthu pawokha, sukhalapo kwamuyaya. Kaya zomwe timakonda ndi zomwe sitikonda zingawonekere zokhazikika bwanji, nthawi ndi zochitika nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kusintha kodabwitsa mu ubale pakati pa mayiko ndi anansi. Choncho tiyeni tipirire. Mtendere suyenera kukhala wosatheka, ndipo nkhondo siyenera kukhala yosapeŵeka. Mwa kufotokoza cholinga chathu momveka bwino, mwa kuchipangitsa kuti chiwoneke ngati chosavuta kulamulira komanso chosakhala chapatali, tingathandize anthu onse kuchiwona, kupeza chiyembekezo kuchokera kwa icho, ndikupita patsogolo mosalekeza."
Kenako Kennedy akudandaula ndi zomwe akuganiza, kapena zomwe akunena kuti akuganiza, za mantha opanda maziko a Soviet okhudza ulamuliro wa US, kutsutsa kwa Soviet komwe sikusiyana ndi kutsutsa kwake kwachinsinsi kwa CIA. Koma akutsatira izi posintha maganizo ake kwa anthu aku US:
"Komabe n'zomvetsa chisoni kuwerenga mawu awa a Soviet - kuzindikira kukula kwa kusiyana pakati pathu. Koma ndi chenjezonso - chenjezo kwa anthu aku America kuti asagwere mumsampha womwewo monga a Soviet, kuti asaone malingaliro olakwika komanso osowa chiyembekezo cha mbali ina, kuti asaone mikangano ngati yosapeŵeka, malo ogona ngati osatheka, ndi kulankhulana ngati chinthu china koma kusinthana ziwopsezo. Palibe boma kapena dongosolo la anthu lomwe ndi loipa kwambiri kotero kuti anthu ake ayenera kuonedwa kuti alibe makhalidwe abwino. Monga aku America, timapeza kuti chikomyunizimu n'chonyansa kwambiri ngati kukana ufulu waumwini ndi ulemu. Koma tikhozabe kutamanda anthu aku Russia chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri zomwe akwaniritsa - mu sayansi ndi malo, mukukula kwachuma ndi mafakitale, mu chikhalidwe ndi machitidwe olimba mtima. Pakati pa makhalidwe ambiri omwe anthu a mayiko athu awiriwa ali nawo, palibe chomwe chili champhamvu kuposa kudana kwathu nkhondo. Monga wapadera pakati pa mayiko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, sitinakhalepo pankhondo wina ndi mnzake. Ndipo palibe dziko m'mbiri ya nkhondo lomwe linavutikapo kuposa momwe Soviet Union inavutikira panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Osachepera 20 miliyoni adataya miyoyo yawo. Nyumba ndi minda yambirimbiri idatenthedwa kapena anachotsedwa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dzikolo, kuphatikizapo pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a malo ake opangira mafakitale, linasanduka malo opanda kanthu—kutayika kofanana ndi kuwonongeka kwa dziko lino kum'mawa kwa Chicago.”
Tangoganizani lero mukuyesera kupangitsa anthu aku America kuona momwe mdani wosankhidwayo amaonera zinthu kenako n’kuitanidwanso pa CNN kapena MSNBC pambuyo pake. Tangoganizani kutchula amene anapambana nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse kapena chifukwa chake Russia ingakhale ndi chifukwa chomveka choopera chiwawa kuchokera kumadzulo!
Kennedy anabwerera ku chikhalidwe chopanda nzeru cha nkhondo yozizira, nthawi imeneyo ndi tsopano:
"Lero, ngati nkhondo yonse itabukanso - zivute zitani - mayiko athu awiriwa angakhale chandamale chachikulu. Ndi nkhani yodabwitsa koma yolondola kuti mphamvu ziwiri zamphamvu kwambiri ndi ziwiri zomwe zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuwonongeka. Zonse zomwe tamanga, zonse zomwe tagwira ntchito, zidzawonongedwa m'maola 24 oyamba. Ndipo ngakhale mu nkhondo yozizira, yomwe imabweretsa mavuto ndi zoopsa kwa mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo ogwirizana kwambiri a Dziko lino - mayiko athu awiriwa ali ndi mavuto olemera kwambiri. Pakuti tonse tikupereka ndalama zambiri ku zida zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino polimbana ndi umbuli, umphawi, ndi matenda. Tonsefe tili mumkhalidwe woopsa komanso woopsa momwe kukayikira kumbali imodzi kumabweretsa kukayikira kumbali ina, ndipo zida zatsopano zimabala zida zotsutsana. Mwachidule, United States ndi ogwirizana nayo, ndi Soviet Union ndi ogwirizana nayo, ali ndi chidwi chachikulu pa mtendere weniweni komanso wolungama komanso kuletsa mpikisano wa zida. Mapangano a cholinga ichi ndi a Soviet Union komanso athu - ndipo ngakhale mayiko odana kwambiri akhoza kudaliridwa kuti avomereze ndikusunga zomwe panganolo likufuna, komanso zomwe panganolo likufuna, zomwe zili zokomera iwo okha.”
Kenako Kennedy akulimbikitsa, mokwiya kwambiri malinga ndi miyezo ya ena, kuti dziko la United States lilolere mayiko ena kutsatira malingaliro awoawo:
"Chifukwa chake, tisamaone kusiyana kwathu - koma tiyeni tiganizirenso zomwe timakonda komanso njira zomwe kusiyana kumeneku kungathetsedwere. Ndipo ngati sitingathe kuthetsa kusiyana kwathu tsopano, tingathandize kuti dziko lapansi likhale lotetezeka ku kusiyanasiyana. Pakuti, pomaliza pake, mgwirizano wathu waukulu ndi wakuti tonsefe timakhala padziko lapansi laling'onoli. Tonsefe timapuma mpweya womwewo. Tonsefe timayamikira tsogolo la ana athu. Ndipo tonsefe ndife anthu akufa."
Kennedy akusintha mawu a nkhondo yozizira, osati a Russia, ngati mdani:
"Tiyeni tionenso momwe timaonera nkhondo yozizira, kukumbukira kuti sitikuchita nawo mkangano, kufunafuna kusonkhanitsa mfundo zotsutsana. Sitikugawa mlandu kapena kuloza chala cha chiweruzo. Tiyenera kuchita ndi dziko lapansi momwe lilili, osati momwe likanakhalira ngati mbiri ya zaka 18 zapitazi ikanakhala yosiyana. Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kupitiriza kufunafuna mtendere ndi chiyembekezo chakuti kusintha koyenera mkati mwa gulu la Chikomyunizimu kungabweretse mayankho omwe tsopano akuwoneka kuti ndi oti sitingathe kuwapeza. Tiyenera kuchita zinthu zathu mwanjira yoti zikhale zosangalatsa kwa Akomyunizimu kugwirizana pa mtendere weniweni. Koposa zonse, poteteza zofuna zathu zofunika, mayiko amphamvu a nyukiliya ayenera kupewa mikangano yomwe imabweretsa mdani kusankha kubwerera m'mbuyo mochititsa manyazi kapena nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Kutsatira njira yotereyi m'nthawi ya nyukiliya kungakhale umboni wokha wa kulephera kwa mfundo zathu - kapena kulakalaka dziko lonse lapansi. "
Malinga ndi tanthauzo la Kennedy, boma la US likutsatira cholinga cha imfa padziko lonse lapansi, monga momwe Martin Luther King adafotokozera patatha zaka zinayi, boma la US tsopano "lafa mwauzimu." Izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe chomwe chinachokera mu mawu a Kennedy ndi ntchito yomwe idatsatira miyezi isanu asanaphedwe ndi asilikali aku US. Kennedy adapereka lingaliro mu nkhaniyo kuti pakhale foni yolumikizirana pakati pa maboma awiriwa, yomwe idapangidwa. Adapereka lingaliro loletsa kuyesa zida za nyukiliya ndipo adalengeza kuti US yasiya kuyesa zida za nyukiliya mumlengalenga. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano woletsa kuyesa zida za nyukiliya kupatula pansi pa nthaka. Ndipo izi zidapangitsa, monga momwe Kennedy adafunira, mgwirizano waukulu ndi mapangano akuluakulu oletsa zida.
Nkhaniyi inatsogoleredwanso ndi madigiri ovuta kuyeza kuti US isatsutse kuyambitsa nkhondo zatsopano. kayendedwe kuti athetse nkhondo.
Mayankho a 30
Zikomo polemba izi komanso ndemanga zanu zolondola. Ine ndine wotsogolera zisudzo wa March For Our Lives 2016. ku Philly.
Lingaliro labwino la mtendere si lachikale .... tiyenera kulilankhula ndi kulandira choonadi cha Mtendere. Sitili tokha m'malingaliro awa. Tiyenera kusonkhana ndikulankhula za izo ... kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi magulu akuluakulu ... mwamtendere za mtendere wa mtendere.
Zikomo
j. Patrick Doyle
Ndi nkhani yabwino kwambiri. Kennedy nthawi zonse anali wotsutsa kwambiri Chikomyunizimu. Ndipo zimenezo zinali zoona pamene anakhala Purezidenti koyamba. Kaya zimenezo zinali zoona mu 1963 ndi nkhani yokambirana. Mwina anali ndi umboni weniweni. Ngati sanali wotsutsa kwambiri Chikomyunizimu mu 1963, ngati anali kukhala woona mtima pankhani ya nkhondo, zida za nyukiliya ndi zina zotero, chimenecho chingakhale chifukwa chomwe anaphedwera. Sitidzadziwa ngati zili choncho kapena ayi.
Kennedy anali wolondola pankhani ya chikhumbo cha imfa ya anthu onse, chomwe anthu aku America masiku ano akuoneka kuti ali ndi vuto lalikulu komanso lomaliza.
Ndikugwirizana ndi Lucymarie Ruth, nkhani yabwino kwambiri yolankhulidwa ndi Purezidenti Kennedy yolimbana ndi umbuli. Zikomo worldbeyondwar.org pobweretsa mtendere pa chisankho cha 2016. Ndikuyembekezera kupezeka pamsonkhano wanu mu Seputembala, ndipo ndidzalemba izi pa Facebook ndi Twitter… Pitirizani Kupita Patsogolo!
Bobby Kennedy, mu kuyankhulana komwe adakumana nako pamene anali kupikisana pa chisankho cha Purezidenti pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa mchimwene wake, adatsimikiza kuti JFK sadzalola kuti nzika ya ku Vietnam ichotse mphamvu za atsamunda m'dziko lawo. Bobby adatchula chiphunzitso cha domino ngati chifukwa. Choncho mawu a JFK akumveka bwino kwambiri, koma zomwe adachita, monga momwe akunenera, zikadalankhula mokweza kuposa mawu ake.
Inde, tikudziwa zambiri tsopano kuposa pamene analankhula. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za chifukwa chake anaphedwa, chonde werengani buku lodabwitsa lolembedwa ndi James Douglass, “JFK and the Unspeakable.”
Lucymarie Ruth,
Ndikufunseni izi: kodi munthu wotsutsa chikomyunizimu akanachita izi:
1. Lembani kalata ya Nduna ya Zachilendo John Foster Dulles yokhala ndi mafunso makumi anayi mphambu asanu ndi awiri okhudza zomwe US ikufuna ku Vietnam, ndikufunsa momwe yankho lankhondo (kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida za atomiki) lingathekedi (monga Senator, mu 1953)?
2. Kuteteza ufulu wa dziko la Algeria pa bwalo la Senate (1957), motsutsana ndi maganizo andale ambiri aku US komanso kutsutsa ngakhale Adlai Stevenson wodziwika bwino kuti ndi "wotsogola"?
3. Kuteteza ufulu wa Patrice Lumumba ndi Congan ku zofuna za azungu (ku Ulaya ndi America) omwe amafuna kuti kayendetsedwe kalikonse kotere kakhale kochokera ku chikomyunizimu?
4. Kuthandizira Sukarno ku Indonesia, mtsogoleri wina wadziko wosagwirizana ndi chipani cha ndale yemwe akuimbidwa mlandu wokhudzana ndi chikomyunizimu, ndikugwira ntchito ndi Dag Hammarskjold osati pa nkhani ya Congo yokha, komanso pa nkhani ya ku Indonesia?
5. Kodi pali lamulo loti asilikali a ku America asachite nawo zomwe adakhulupirira kuti ndi zomwe Cuba idachita kuti itengenso chilumbachi (Bay of Pigs), ndikugwiritsabe ntchito ngakhale kuti kuukira kumeneku kunaonekera kuti ndi tsoka lalikulu?
6. Kukana kusintha mkangano wa ku Laos kukhala wa ku America ndi kukakamira kuti pakhale mgwirizano wosalowerera ndale?
7. Kodi anakana, osachepera nthawi 9 mu 1961 yokha, kupereka asilikali apansi ku Vietnam, ndipo, pafupifupi yekha, anaumirira pa mfundo imeneyo pa mkangano wa milungu iwiri ndi alangizi mu Novembala 1961?
8. Tsatirani izi ndi dongosolo lomwe linayamba mu 1962 ndipo linalembedwa papepala (pofika mu Meyi 1963) loti achotse ngakhale alangizi omwe adawatumiza?
9. Kodi analamula General Lucius Clay kuti asamutse matanki ake kuchokera kumalire ku Berlin panthawi ya mavuto ku Berlin?
10. Gwiritsani ntchito njira yobwerera kwa Khrushchev kuti azitha kuyenda pakati pa asilikali, CIA komanso alangizi ake panthawi ya nkhondo ya zida zankhondo komanso pambuyo pake, ndipo iye yekhayo m'gululi (monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi zojambulidwa) amene nthawi zonse ankakana kuphulitsa ndi kuukira chilumbachi?
11. Kodi mugwiritsa ntchito njira yofanana yofananayi poyesa kuchepetsa kusamvana ndikuyambitsanso ubale wandale ndi Castro mu 1963?
Kenako dzifunseni funso ili: kodi munthu ngati Richard Nixon, munthu amene anagwira ntchito ya Red-baiting, munthu amene ananamizira Alger Hiss, munthu amene pansi pa Eisenhower anali m'modzi mwa opanga mapulani a CIA olanda Cuba, akanachita chimodzimodzi?
Tsopano, ndithudi, munthu angatchule zina mwa nkhani za JFK zonyoza kwambiri, “kunyamula chilichonse cholemetsa”. Koma bwanji osalankhulanso za JFK amene ananena mawu awa:
"Kusintha kwa dziko la Afro-Asia, kupandukira ulamuliro wa atsamunda, kutsimikiza mtima kwa anthu kulamulira tsogolo lawo ... m'malingaliro mwanga, kulephera komvetsa chisoni kwa maboma a Republican ndi Democratic kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kumvetsetsa mtundu wa kusinthaku, ndi kuthekera kwake kochita zabwino ndi zoyipa, kwakolola zipatso zowawa lerolino - ndipo ndi ufulu komanso chifukwa chofunikira ndi nkhani yayikulu ya kampeni yakunja yomwe siili ndi chochita ndi kutsutsa chikomyunizimu." - kuchokera ku nkhani yomwe idaperekedwa panthawi ya kampeni ya Stevenson, 1956)
"Tiyenera kuvomereza mfundo yakuti United States si yamphamvu zonse kapena yodziwa zonse, kuti ndife 6% yokha ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi, kuti sitingathe kukakamiza anthu ena 94% kuti achite chifuniro chathu, kuti sitingathe kukonza cholakwika chilichonse kapena kusintha vuto lililonse, ndipo chifukwa chake sipangakhale yankho la America pa vuto lililonse la padziko lonse." - kuchokera ku adilesi ku University of Washington, Seattle, Novembala 16, 1961
Anthu amene amapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa mtendere kukhale kosatheka adzapangitsa kuti kusintha kwachiwawa kukhale kosapeweka. – John F. Kennedy, kuchokera pa ndemanga zake pa chikondwerero choyamba cha Alliance for Progress, pa 13 Marichi, 1962
Nkhani zambiri zokhudza kusinthaku zokhudza JFK, "wotsutsa chikomyunizimu mwamphamvu" zimachokera pa zina mwa zomwe ankachita poyera, zomwe ankachita chifukwa nthawi zonse ankadziwa za momwe ankayenera kugwirira ntchito. Koma ndifunseni izi: Obama ankanena zambiri zokhudza kampeni zomwe sizinagwirizane ndi zomwe anachita mu ofesi. Kodi mungaweruze bwanji Utsogoleri wake, zomwe ananena kapena zomwe wachita?
Ndikupangira kuti muwerenge mabuku otsatirawa kuti mumvetse bwino mfundo za JFK zokhudzana ndi zakunja:
1. Richard Mahoney, Mavuto Mu Africa
2. Philip E. Muehlenbeck, Kubetcha pa Afirika
3. Robert Rakove, Kennedy, Johnson ndi Dziko Lopanda Mgwirizano
4. Greg Poulgrain, The Incubus of Intervention
5. John Newman, JFK ndi Vietnam
6. James Blight, Virtual JFK: Vietnam ngati Kennedy Akanakhalako
7. Gordon Goldstein, Maphunziro pa Masoka
8. David Talbot, Bolodi la Mdyerekezi
9. James Douglass, JFK ndi Unspeakable
10. Machaputala anayi oyambirira ndi machaputala awiri omaliza a buku la James DiEugenio lotchedwa Destiny Betrayed.
Ngati muchita homuweki yanu, mudzawona kuti nkhani ya ku American University si yodabwitsa kwenikweni, si "yosintha zinthu" monga momwe imaonekera, komanso yosintha zinthu m'njira yomveka bwino yomwe JFK adadzipangira.
PS Ndikugwirizana ndi zomwe David adaganiza kuti nkhaniyo ndi "yosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe aliyense anganene pamsonkhano wadziko lonse wa Republican kapena Democratic chaka chino." Ndikuganiza kuti "kukhala wosiyana" kumeneku kumamufotokoza Kennedy nthawi zambiri. N'zovuta kupeza malingaliro ndi khalidwe lofanana ndi lake pakati pa anthu okhala mu White House, osachepera zaka 75 zapitazi.
PPS Mwachangu changa ndinafupikitsa mutu wa (1); kwenikweni ndi “JFK: Mavuto mu Africa.”
Kuyankha kwakukulu!
Ngati ndale, makamaka ndale zosinthira zinthu, ziyenera kukhazikika pa kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, mwina zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kufufuza zomwe Bambo Kennedy ananena mu nkhani iyi, ziwiri mwa izo, ku Ireland kwake ndi Chikatolika chake, kuti tiyang'ane kwambiri mizu ya "chilakolako chathu cha imfa", chomwe ndimachipeza mu makolo athu achi German. Hans-Peter Hasenfratz, mu buku lalifupi, losakhala la maphunziro (lofalitsidwa m'Chingelezi ngati Barbarian Rites), akunena kuti demokalase ya ku Germany, ngakhale kuti inali yogwira akapolo, inapereka njira zaka pafupifupi chikwi zapitazo ku chikhalidwe chodziwononga, chogwiririra dziko chomwe ndingachitche kuti malingaliro, chomwe chingalowe m'malo mwa malingaliro ndi maloto, omwe ndidzawafanizira mu ndemanga yake, monga katswiri wa zaumulungu wodziwa mbiri yachipembedzo, kuti mnyamata wachi German wa nthawi ino adapeza ulemu waukulu pakati pa abale ndi abwenzi chifukwa choyambitsa ndewu ndi bwenzi lake lapamtima kuposa kuchita chinthu chomangirira, monga, mwachitsanzo, kubzala oats kapena kumanga bwato. Zikuoneka kuti kugundana ndi Matchalitchi Achikhristu, m'kusamvana kwawo pankhani ya mgwirizano ndi chiwawa, kunabweretsa zoyipa kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha Chi German ndikuletsa zabwino kwambiri. Chabwino kwambiri n’chakuti: mawu oti “chinthu” ndi a Chinorse, mwachitsanzo, a Chijeremani, omwe amatanthauza msonkhano wa m’tawuni. Mfundo yaikulu ya sine qua non mu filosofi ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi malamulo ndi yakuti Wina akhoza kukangana nane. Ine ndi aliyense, tili ndi chinthu ichi. Kaya takhumudwitsana bwanji.
Ndikuganiza kuti dziko la France linali kale ndi zida za nyukiliya mu 1963.
Tikhozanso kumuyamikira chifukwa cha nkhondo yabwino kwambiri ya ku America ku Vietnam!
Ayi! Ameneyo anali LBJ. JFK anachepetsa kulowererapo kwa US kwa anthu ochepa kwambiri, ndipo ankafuna kuchoka - Onani buku la Douglass lomwe latchulidwa pamwambapa kuti mumvetse bwino.
Zinali zovuta kwambiri kuposa pamenepo. Truman anaperekeza gulu lankhondo la ku France lomwe linabweranso mu 1945. Ike analetsa chisankho chogwirizanitsa asilikali ndipo anaika alangizi mazana angapo a asilikali aku US. JFK anawonjezera chiwerengero cha "alangizi" kufika pa gulu la asilikali oyenda pansi koma opanda zida zolemera, koma omaliza anali pafupi ndi zombo za US Navy ndi malo osungira asilikali a USAF. LBJ ndi Nixon anakulitsa kwambiri nkhondoyi.
Tikhoza kubwerera m'mbuyo kwambiri pankhani ya ulamuliro wa atsamunda wa ku America ku Asia ndi Pacific.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti JFK anali woona zinthu moyenera pofika nthawi ya nkhaniyo. Ndikukhulupiriranso kuti iyi ndi nkhani yamphamvu kwambiri yolembedwa ndi World Without War yomwe iyenera kuwerengedwa ndi atsogoleri onse andale, makamaka omwe akupikisana pa POTUS ku US.
Turkey inali kale membala wa NATO - ndipo inali m'malire ndi Soviet Union. Turkey ili ndi malire ndi Georgia ndi Armenia; kumbuyo kwawo kuli Russia yokha.
Kusintha kwa boma komwe kumathandizidwa si chiwembu.
Mwachionekere mwamwa Kool-Aid yomwe ingapangitse Kennedy kuoneka ngati woyera mtima wophedwa. Mu nthawi yake yochepa muulamuliro, zikhulupiriro zake za chi Hawkish zinali zoonekeratu ndi kukwera kwa zida kuyambira Ike, mpaka kuukira kofewa kwa South ndi Central America komwe kunathandiza kutsegulira njira maulamuliro ankhanza omwe adapitilira kudzera mwa Reagan ndi zina zotero. Tisaiwale za chiwawa chodabwitsa chomwe adathandizira kukhazikitsa ku S. Vietnam, zikalata ziwiri zazikulu zomwe kale zinali zodziwika bwino za NSAM 263 ndi NSAM 273 zomwe zikupereka umboni wakuti sakanasiya kuyambitsa nkhondo yayikulu ku Vietnam. Tisaweruze munthu ndi mawu ake okoma komanso owoneka ngati amoyo, koma ndi zochita zake mudzamudziwa. Ndingakulimbikitseni kafukufuku wozama musanayimbe nyimbo zotamanda munthu yemwe anali ngati chi Hawkim wankhondo komanso wotsamira kumanja monga omwe alipo masiku ano…
Ndikugwirizana nanu 100%. Nkhani zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupusitsa anthu ndikukongoletsa mbiri yawo. Zochita, makamaka mabomba ndi zipolopolo, zimawerengedwa kwambiri kuposa mawu, makamaka kwa omwe akulandira.
Ike anachita zambiri kuti akhazikitse malo okhazikika ankhondo kuposa apurezidenti ena onse pamodzi, ndipo ankadziwa zomwe zikuchitika, chifukwa mawu ake oyamba otchuka adaperekedwa m'chaka cha 1953, pafupi ndi chiyambi cha nthawi yake yoyamba.
Dziko Lopanda Zida za Nyukiliya
Ndi GEORGE P. SHULTZ, WILLIAM J. PERRY, HENRY A. KISSINGER ndi SAM NUNN
Yasinthidwa pa Januware 4, 2007 12:01 am ET
Masiku ano zida za nyukiliya zili ndi zoopsa zazikulu, komanso mwayi wakale. Utsogoleri wa US udzafunika kupititsa dziko lonse lapansi ku gawo lotsatira - ku mgwirizano wolimba wosintha kudalira zida za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi ngati chothandizira chofunikira popewa kufalikira kwawo m'manja omwe angakhale oopsa, ndikuzithetsa ngati chiwopsezo padziko lonse lapansi.
Zida za nyukiliya zinali zofunika kwambiri pakusunga chitetezo cha mayiko pa nthawi ya Nkhondo Yozizira chifukwa zinali njira yopewera. Kutha kwa Nkhondo Yozizira kunapangitsa kuti chiphunzitso cha kupewera kwa Soviet-America chikhale chopanda ntchito. Kupewera kwa nyukiliya kukupitirira kukhala chinthu chofunikira kuganizira m'maiko ambiri pankhani ya ziwopsezo zochokera kumayiko ena. Koma kudalira zida za nyukiliya pachifukwa ichi kukukulirakulira koopsa komanso kogwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.
Kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwa nyukiliya kwa North Korea ndi kukana kwa Iran kuyimitsa pulogalamu yake yolemeretsa uranium - yomwe mwina ingachepetse zida - zikuwonetsa mfundo yakuti dziko lapansi tsopano lili pamavuto a nthawi yatsopano komanso yoopsa ya nyukiliya. Choopsa kwambiri n'chakuti, mwayi woti zigawenga zomwe si za boma zipeze zida za nyukiliya ukuwonjezeka. Mu nkhondo ya masiku ano yomwe ikumenyedwa ndi zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi, zida za nyukiliya ndiye njira yomaliza yowonongera anthu ambiri. Ndipo magulu a zigawenga omwe si a boma omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya ali kunja kwa njira yolepheretsa ndipo amabweretsa mavuto atsopano ovuta achitetezo.
–– CHITSANZO ––
Kupatula chiwopsezo cha zigawenga, pokhapokha ngati zinthu zatsopano zachitika mwachangu, US posachedwa idzakakamizika kulowa mu nthawi yatsopano ya nyukiliya yomwe idzakhala yoopsa kwambiri, yosokoneza maganizo, komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa momwe nkhondo yozizira inalili. N'zosatsimikizika kuti tingathe kubwereza bwino "kuwonongedwa kotsimikizika" kwa Soviet-American ndi chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha adani a nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi popanda kuwonjezera chiopsezo chakuti zida za nyukiliya zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Mayiko atsopano a nyukiliya alibe phindu la zaka zambiri zodzitetezera pang'onopang'ono zomwe zinayikidwa panthawi ya Nkhondo Yozizira kuti apewe ngozi za nyukiliya, kuweruza molakwika kapena kuponyedwa kosaloledwa. United States ndi Soviet Union adaphunzira kuchokera ku zolakwa zomwe sizinaphe. Mayiko onse awiri anali odzipereka kuonetsetsa kuti palibe chida cha nyukiliya chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya Nkhondo Yozizira mwadongosolo kapena mwangozi. Kodi mayiko atsopano a nyukiliya ndi dziko lapansi adzakhala ndi mwayi m'zaka 50 zikubwerazi monga momwe tinaliri panthawi ya Nkhondo Yozizira?
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Atsogoleri adalankhula za nkhaniyi kale. Mu ulaliki wake wa “Atoms for Peace” ku United Nations mu 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower adalonjeza kuti America “idzatsimikiza mtima kuthandiza kuthetsa vuto loopsa la atomiki — kudzipereka mtima ndi maganizo ake onse kuti apeze njira yomwe luso lodabwitsa la munthu silidzaperekedwe ku imfa yake, koma lidzaperekedwe ku moyo wake.” John F. Kennedy, pofuna kuthetsa vuto la kuchepetsa zida za nyukiliya, anati, “Dziko lapansi silinapangidwe kukhala ndende momwe munthu akuyembekezera kuphedwa.”
Rajiv Gandhi, polankhula ku Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN pa June 9, 1988, anapempha kuti, “Nkhondo ya nyukiliya sidzatanthauza imfa ya anthu zana limodzi miliyoni. Kapena ngakhale chikwi chimodzi miliyoni. Idzatanthauza kutha kwa anthu zikwi zinayi miliyoni: mapeto a moyo monga momwe tikudziwira padziko lapansi. Tikubwera ku United Nations kudzapempha thandizo lanu. Tikufuna thandizo lanu kuti tithetse misala iyi.”
Ronald Reagan anapempha kuti “zida zonse za nyukiliya zithetsedwe,” zomwe ankaziona kuti ndi “zopanda nzeru konse, zopanda umunthu, zopanda phindu koma kupha, mwina zowononga moyo padziko lapansi ndi chitukuko.” Mikhail Gorbachev anagawana masomphenyawa, omwe adafotokozedwanso ndi apurezidenti akale aku America.
Ngakhale kuti Reagan ndi a Gorbachev analephera ku Reykjavik kukwaniritsa cholinga cha mgwirizano wochotsa zida zonse za nyukiliya, anakwanitsa kusintha mpikisano wa zida. Anayambitsa njira zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito patali komanso pakati, kuphatikizapo kuchotsa gulu lonse la zida zoopseza.
Kodi pakufunika chiyani kuti tiyambitsenso masomphenya omwe Reagan ndi a Gorbachev adagawana? Kodi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ungapangidwe womwe umafotokoza njira zingapo zothandiza zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa kwambiri ngozi ya nyukiliya? Pali kufunika kofulumira kuthana ndi vuto lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi mafunso awiriwa.
Pangano Losafalitsa Zida za Nyukiliya (NPT) linanena kuti zida zonse za nyukiliya zidzatha. Limapereka (a) kuti mayiko omwe analibe zida za nyukiliya kuyambira mu 1967 avomereza kuti sadzazipeza, ndipo (b) mayiko omwe ali nazo avomereza kutaya zida zimenezi pakapita nthawi. Purezidenti aliyense wa magulu onse awiri kuyambira Richard Nixon watsimikiziranso zomwe panganoli lidachita, koma mayiko omwe si a zida za nyukiliya akhala akukayikira kwambiri za kukhulupirika kwa mayiko amphamvu a nyukiliya.
Ntchito zolimba zoletsa kufalikira kwa zida za nyukiliya zikuyenda. Pulogalamu ya Cooperative Threat Reduction, Global Threat Reduction Initiative, Proliferation Security Initiative ndi Additional Protocols ndi njira zatsopano zomwe zimapereka zida zatsopano zamphamvu zodziwira zochitika zomwe zikuphwanya NPT ndikuyika chitetezo cha dziko pachiwopsezo. Ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa mokwanira. Kukambirana za kufalikira kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi North Korea ndi Iran, komwe kumakhudza mamembala onse okhazikika a Security Council kuphatikiza Germany ndi Japan, ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ziyenera kutsatiridwa mwamphamvu.
Koma okha, palibe chimodzi mwa izi chomwe chingakwanire ngoziyi. Reagan ndi Mlembi Wamkulu Gorbachev ankafuna kuchita zambiri pamsonkhano wawo ku Reykjavik zaka 20 zapitazo - kuthetseratu zida za nyukiliya. Masomphenya awo adadabwitsa akatswiri pa chiphunzitso choletsa zida za nyukiliya, koma adalimbikitsa chiyembekezo cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Atsogoleri a mayiko awiriwa omwe ali ndi zida zambiri za nyukiliya adakambirana za kuthetsedwa kwa zida zawo zamphamvu kwambiri.
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Kodi lonjezo la NPT ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa ku Reykjavik zitha kukwaniritsidwa? Tikukhulupirira kuti United States iyenera kuyambitsa khama lalikulu kuti ipereke yankho labwino kudzera mu magawo enieni.
Choyamba ndi kugwira ntchito mwakhama ndi atsogoleri a mayiko omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya kuti cholinga cha dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya chikhale mgwirizano. Bungwe lotereli, mwa kusintha momwe mayiko omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya amagwirira ntchito, lingapereke mphamvu yowonjezera ku zoyesayesa zomwe zikuchitika kale kuti zipewe kubuka kwa North Korea ndi Iran yokhala ndi zida za nyukiliya.
Pulogalamu yomwe mapangano ayenera kufunidwa idzakhala njira zingapo zomwe zavomerezedwa komanso zachangu zomwe zingakhazikitse maziko a dziko lopanda chiopsezo cha nyukiliya. Njirazi zikuphatikizapo:
Kusintha momwe zida za nyukiliya zimakhalira pa Cold War kuti ziwonjezere nthawi yochenjeza motero kuchepetsa chiopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito mwangozi kapena mosaloledwa chida cha nyukiliya.
Kupitiliza kuchepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya m'maiko onse omwe ali nazo.
Kuchotsa zida za nyukiliya zapafupi zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito patsogolo.
Kuyambitsa njira yogwirizana ndi Senate, kuphatikizapo kumvetsetsana kuti pakhale chidaliro ndikupereka kuwunikanso nthawi ndi nthawi, kukwaniritsa kuvomereza Pangano Loletsa Mayeso Lonse, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwaposachedwa, ndikugwira ntchito kuti mayiko ena ofunikira avomereze.
Kupereka miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri ya chitetezo cha zida zonse, plutonium yogwiritsidwa ntchito pazida, ndi uranium yolemera kwambiri kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Kupeza ulamuliro pa njira yowonjezera uranium, pamodzi ndi chitsimikizo chakuti uranium ya ma reactor a mphamvu za nyukiliya ingapezeke pamtengo wabwino, choyamba kuchokera ku Nuclear Suppliers Group kenako kuchokera ku International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) kapena malo ena olamulidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Kudzakhalanso kofunikira kuthana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amabwera chifukwa cha ma reactor omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi.
Kuletsa kupanga zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi; kuthetsa kugwiritsa ntchito uranium wolemera kwambiri mu malonda a anthu wamba komanso kuchotsa uranium yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zida m'malo ofufuzira padziko lonse lapansi ndikupangitsa kuti zidazo zikhale zotetezeka.
Kubwerezabwereza khama lathu lothetsa mikangano ndi mikangano ya m'madera omwe amayambitsa mphamvu zatsopano za nyukiliya.
Kukwaniritsa cholinga cha dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya kudzafunikanso njira zogwirira ntchito zolepheretsa kapena kuthana ndi machitidwe aliwonse okhudzana ndi zida za nyukiliya omwe angawopseze chitetezo cha boma kapena anthu aliwonse.
Kutsimikiziranso masomphenya a dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya ndi njira zothandiza kuti cholinga chimenecho chikwaniritsidwe kungakhale, ndipo kungaonedwe ngati, njira yolimba mtima yogwirizana ndi cholowa cha makhalidwe abwino cha America. Khama limeneli lingakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa chitetezo cha mibadwo yamtsogolo. Popanda masomphenya olimba mtima, zochita sizingaonedwe ngati zachilungamo kapena zachangu. Popanda zochita, masomphenyawo sangaonedwe ngati zenizeni kapena zotheka.
Tikuvomereza kukhazikitsa cholinga cha dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya ndikugwira ntchito mwakhama pa zochita zofunika kuti cholingacho chikwaniritsidwe, kuyambira ndi njira zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa.
Bambo Shultz, munthu wodziwika bwino ku Hoover Institution ku Stanford, anali mlembi wa boma kuyambira 1982 mpaka 1989. Bambo Perry anali mlembi wa chitetezo kuyambira 1994 mpaka 1997. Bambo Kissinger, wapampando wa Kissinger Associates, anali mlembi wa boma kuyambira 1973 mpaka 1977. Bambo Nunn anali wapampando wakale wa Senate Armed Services Committee.
Msonkhano wokonzedwa ndi a Shultz ndi a Sidney D. Drell unachitikira ku Hoover kuti uganizirenso za masomphenya omwe Reagan ndi a Gorbachev adabweretsa ku Reykjavik. Kuwonjezera pa a Bwana Shultz ndi a Drell, ophunzira otsatirawa akuvomerezanso lingaliro lomwe lili m'mawu awa: Martin Anderson, Steve Andreasen, Michael Armacost, William Crowe, James Goodby, Thomas Graham Jr., Thomas Henriksen, David Holloway, Max Kampelman, Jack Matlock, John McLaughlin, Don Oberdorfer, Rozanne Ridgway, Henry Rowen, Roald Sagdeev ndi Abraham Sofaer.
Kumvetsera nkhani iyi kumandipangitsa kudzifunsa kuti opanga zida zankhondo adatenga nawo mbali motani pa imfa yake.
Nkhani yabwino kwambiri. Ndinganene kuti chenjezo la Eisenhower la zoopsa za Military-Industrial Complex liyeneranso kuganiziridwa.
Kodi tidzaphunzira liti kuti chiwawa chimabala chiwawa chowonjezereka ndipo kuti tithetse nkhondoyi tiyenera kupeza njira yopewera kupindula ndi ndalama kwa andale (a Republican ndi a Democrats) omwe atitsogolera (ndi kutinamiza) mu chisokonezochi kwa zaka zambiri tsopano?
Zikomo chifukwa cha nkhani yanu komanso kutikumbutsa za nkhani iyi. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kutanthauzira nkhani za purezidenti pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera za zolinga zanu ndi tsankho lanu. N'zovuta kwambiri kupeza cholinga chenicheni. Munthu ayenera kuganiza nthawi zonse kuti pali zinthu zomwe zimaganiziridwa pa nthawi ndi malo, momwe zinkaseweredwera kwa ovota, zomwe zingakhale zikulimbikitsa kapena kutsutsa, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, mawu, ongotengedwa ngati ofunika, ndi ofunikira, ndipo mawu olankhulidwa pagulu ndi mtsogoleri wa United States ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Purezidenti si mfumu kapena wolamulira wankhanza, koma mawu ake pagulu ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zokhudzira ndi kulimbikitsa. Sindingaganize za nkhani ina ya wandale yomwe yapereka chiyembekezo ndi chilimbikitso chochuluka, ngakhale idakali yolimba m'maganizo, yogwira ntchito komanso yoganizira, ku mitima ndi malingaliro a anthu kulikonse padziko lapansi, nthawi imeneyo komanso tsopano. Martin Luther King anali munthu wina yekhayo amene ndikudziwa kuti angachite izi mwaluso kwambiri. Ndipo onse anali ofanana pankhani ya kufunika kwa mtendere mwauzimu komanso mwanzeru. Timawafuna tsopano kuposa kale lonse. Masiku ano, Dennis Kucinich yekha ndiye amene wakhalapo pafupi nafe. Zikomo David chifukwa cha zonse zomwe mumachita kuti lingaliro ili lipitirire.
Tonsefe tiyenera kukumbukira uthenga uwu lero. Zikomo!
Tiyenera kupirira pofunafuna mtendere. Nkhondo si yopeŵeka. – JFK
Sindikukumbukira nkhani iyi. Ndikanakonda ndikanakhala ndi cholinga chachikulu cha dziko lina. Anthu ambiri m'dziko lino alibe lingaliro lenileni la dziko lopanda nkhondo chifukwa cha mtendere. Ndi lingaliro lokongola bwanji la dziko lokhala ndi mtendere nthawi zonse, dziko lililonse likugwira ntchito kuti aliyense akhale wopambana, ndikuthandizira kuti aliyense akhale wofanana.
N'zovuta kukhulupirira kuti tabwerera m'mbuyo kwambiri kuyambira pamene Kennedy analankhula. Iyenera kumvedwa ngati njira yodzutsa anthu.
"Ife, omwe tasainira pansipa, ndife aku Russia omwe tikukhala ndikugwira ntchito ku USA. Takhala tikuyang'ana ndi nkhawa yowonjezereka pamene mfundo za US ndi NATO zomwe zikuchitika pano zatiyika panjira yoopsa kwambiri yolimbana ndi Russian Federation, komanso China. Anthu ambiri olemekezeka komanso okonda dziko lawo aku America, monga Paul Craig Roberts, Stephen Cohen, Philip Giraldi, Ray McGovern ndi ena ambiri akhala akupereka machenjezo okhudza Nkhondo Yachitatu Yapadziko Lonse yomwe ikubwera. Koma mawu awo atayika pakati pa phokoso la atolankhani ambiri omwe ali ndi nkhani zonyenga komanso zosalondola zomwe zimawonetsa chuma cha Russia ngati chosokonekera ndipo asilikali aku Russia ngati ofooka - zonse popanda umboni. Koma ife - podziwa mbiri ya Russia komanso momwe anthu aku Russia alili panopa komanso asilikali aku Russia, sitingathe kumeza mabodza awa. Tsopano tikumva kuti ndi udindo wathu, monga aku Russia omwe akukhala ku US, kuchenjeza anthu aku America kuti akunamizidwa, ndikuwauza zoona. Ndipo chowonadi ndi ichi:
Ngati padzakhala nkhondo ndi Russia, ndiye kuti United States
Ndithudi tidzawonongedwa, ndipo ambiri a ife tidzafa.
Tiyeni tibwerere m'mbuyo pang'ono ndikuyika zomwe zikuchitika m'mbiri yakale. Russia yachita izi…..” Werengani ZAMBIRI……. http://cluborlov.blogspot.ca/2016/05/a-russian-warning.html
Kanema wabwino kwambiri, koma kodi pali njira iliyonse yomwe mungawonjezere Mawu Otsekedwa? Ndikudziwa kuti magawo a nkhaniyo asindikizidwa m'nkhaniyi, koma siili bwino.
Kuyambira pamene anakana koyamba kuti athandize asilikali a ku Cuba omwe ankalimbana ndi asilikali a ku America (USAF) ku Bay of Pigs, anakana kulowa nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi Berlin mu Ogasiti 1961, anakananso kuti agwirizane ndi Laos (nkhondo yopanda kuwomberana), anakananso pa 11/22/61 (!) kuti apereke asilikali a ku America ku Vietnam, anakananso kugwiritsa ntchito Cuban Missile Crisis, anakananso (ndi luso lake la ndale) kuti Pangano Loletsa Kuyesa Nyukiliya livomerezedwe, anasankha mu Okutobala 1963 kuti ayambe kuchotsa asilikali onse a ku America ku Vietnam - zomwe zinayenera kuchotsedwa pofika chaka cha 1965 - zonsezi zikusonyeza kudzipereka kwake kupewa nkhondo komanso kupewa zinthu zomwe zingawonjezere mavuto omwe nkhondo inakhala yosapeweka.
JFK, monga purezidenti, anachita zonse zomwe akanatha kuti apewe nkhondo. Anachita zambiri kuposa purezidenti wina aliyense, kale kapena kuyambira pamenepo, kuti apewe nkhondo. Anali atawona nkhondo pafupi komanso payekha, ndipo ankadziwa zoopsa zake.
Maudindo ake anakwiyitsa kwambiri gulu lankhondo mdziko muno moti linamupha. Ndipo kuyambira pamenepo palibe purezidenti amene wakhala ndi kulimba mtima kotereku kuti aletse nkhondo.
Buku la Kennedy ndi la makhalidwe abwino kuchokera pamalingaliro a tchalitchi ndi pulpit. Kodi pali paliponse pamene akunena za phindu lalikulu kwa opanga zida!!?, chifukwa chachikulu chofuna kupanga mdani, USSR, kuti apitirize kupereka ndalama mu chisokonezo chimenecho. USSR idasankhidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yake yokhazikitsa chikomyunizimu - kulamula anthu kuti atonthoze anthu omwe ali mmenemo. Ichi ndi chiwopsezo chosatha kwa Eni ake athu, omwe amapindula ndi chuma chathu. Normaha@pacbell.net
Buku la Kennedy ndi la makhalidwe abwino kuchokera pamalingaliro a tchalitchi ndi pulpit. Kodi pali paliponse pamene akunena za phindu lalikulu kwa opanga zida!!?, chifukwa chachikulu chofuna kupanga mdani, USSR, kuti apitirize kupereka ndalama mu chisokonezo chimenecho. USSR idasankhidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yake yokhazikitsa chikomyunizimu - kulamula anthu kuti atonthoze anthu omwe ali mmenemo. Ichi ndi chiwopsezo chosatha kwa Eni ake athu, omwe amapindula ndi chuma chathu.