Ndi David Swanson
Pokonzekera a msonkhano womwe udzachitike komanso zomwe sizingatheke Cholinga chotsutsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo, ndi msonkhano womwe uchitike ku American University, sindingachitire mwina koma kukopeka ndi zomwe Purezidenti waku US adapereka ku American University zaka zopitilira 50 zapitazo. Kaya mukugwirizana nane kapena ayi kuti awa ndi mawu abwino kwambiri omwe Purezidenti wa US wapereka, sipayenera kukhala kutsutsana kwakuti ndikulankhula kosagwirizana ndi zomwe aliyense anene pamsonkhano wachi Republican kapena Democratic chaka chino . Nayi kanema wamagawo abwino kwambiri amawu:
Purezidenti John F. Kennedy amalankhula izi panthawi yomwe, monga pano, Russia ndi United States anali ndi zida za nyukiliya zokwanira kuwomberana kwa mphindi imodzi kuti awononge dziko lapansi kuti likhale ndi moyo wamunthu nthawi zambiri. Panthaŵiyo, komabe, mu 1963, panali mayiko atatu okha, osati asanu ndi anayi apano, okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndipo ochepa kuposa pano ndi zida za nyukiliya. NATO inali kutali kwambiri ndi malire a Russia. United States sinangoyambitsa zokambirana ku Ukraine. United States sinakonzekeretse zankhondo ku Poland kapena kuyika zoponya ku Poland ndi Romania. Komanso sikunali kupanga anyani ang'onoang'ono omwe amati ndi "ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri." Ntchito yoyang'anira zida zanyukiliya yaku US panthawiyo idawonedwa kuti ndiyotchuka m'gulu lankhondo laku US, osati malo otayira zidakwa ndikusokonekera komwe kwachitika. Udani pakati pa Russia ndi United States udali waukulu mu 1963, koma vutoli limadziwika kwambiri ku United States, mosiyana ndi umbuli wapano. Mawu ena abwinobwino komanso oletsa kudziletsa adaloledwa munyuzipepala zaku US komanso ku White House. Kennedy anali kugwiritsa ntchito womenyera ufulu Norman Cousins ngati mthenga kwa Nikita Khrushchev, yemwe sanamufotokozerepo, monga a Hillary Clinton adatchulira Vladimir Putin, ngati "Hitler."
Kennedy adapanga zolankhula zake ngati njira yothetsera umbuli, makamaka malingaliro osazindikira kuti nkhondo ndiyosapeweka. Izi ndizosiyana ndi zomwe Purezidenti Barack Obama adanena posachedwa ku Hiroshima komanso koyambirira ku Prague ndi Oslo. Kennedy anati mtendere ndi "mutu wofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi." Umenewu ndi mutu womwe sunakhudzidwepo mu kampeni ya Purezidenti waku US ku 2016. Ndikuyembekeza kwathunthu kuti msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa Republican chaka chino ukondwerere kusazindikira.
Kennedy adakana lingaliro la "Pax Americana lokakamizidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi zida zankhondo zaku America," ndendende zomwe zipani zonse zazikulu zandale tsopano komanso zomwe amalankhula pankhondo ndi mapurezidenti ambiri aku US omwe adakonda. Kennedy adafika ponena kuti amasamala za 100% osati 4% yaumunthu:
"... osati mtendere kwa Achimereka koma mtendere kwa amuna ndi akazi onse-osati mtendere wamtundu uno koma mtendere wamuyaya."
Kennedy anafotokoza nkhondo ndi zida zankhondo komanso zotsutsa monga nonsensical:
"Nkhondo yonse imakhala yopanda nzeru muzaka zomwe mphamvu zazikulu zingathe kukhala ndi mphamvu zankhondo zakuda za nyukiliya zomwe sizingatheke ndipo zimakana kugonjera popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo. Sichidziwikiratu m'nthaŵi pamene chida chimodzi cha nyukliya chili ndi mphamvu khumi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi magulu onse a mpikisano mu nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Sichidziwikiratu m'zaka zomwe ziphe zowononga zida za nyukiliya zidzatengedwa ndi mphepo ndi madzi ndi nthaka ndi mbewu kumadera akutali a dziko lapansi komanso kwa mibadwo yomwe sinabadwire. "
Kennedy adatsata ndalamazo. Kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo tsopano ndiwopitilira theka la ndalama zomwe federal amagwiritsa ntchito, komabe a Donald Trump kapena a Hillary Clinton sananenepo kapena kufunsidwa mwanjira yosavuta zomwe angafune kuti agwiritse ntchito yankhondo. "Lero," anatero Kennedy mu 1963,
"Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mabiliyoni ambirimbiri chaka chilichonse pa zida zopangidwa pofuna cholinga choonetsetsa kuti sitiyenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndizofunika kuti tikhale ndi mtendere. Koma ndithudi kugula zinthu zopanda pake zoterezi zomwe zingangowononga osati kulenga-sizowokha, mochepetsetsa kwambiri, njira zothandizira mtendere. "
Mu 2016 ngakhalenso kukongola kwa akazi omwe atembenuzidwa kulengeza nkhondo osati "mtendere padziko lonse." Koma mu 1963 Kennedy adalankhula za mtendere ngati bizinesi yaikulu ya boma:
"Ndikulankhula za mtendere, chotero, ngati mapeto oyenera a anthu oganiza bwino. Ndikuzindikira kuti kufunafuna mtendere sikokwanira ngati kufunafuna nkhondo-ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri mawu a womutsatira amamva makutu. Koma tilibe ntchito yowonjezereka. Ena amanena kuti n'kopanda phindu kunena za mtendere wa dziko kapena malamulo a dziko lapansi kapena zida zadziko-ndipo zidzakhala zopanda phindu mpaka atsogoleri a Soviet Union atenge mtima wowunikira. Ndikuyembekeza kuti amachita. Ndikukhulupirira kuti titha kuwathandiza kuchita izo. Koma ndikukhulupiliranso kuti tiyenera kuyambiranso maganizo athu monga munthu aliyense komanso ngati Mtundu-chifukwa chakuti maganizo athu ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Ndipo aliyense wophunzira maphunziro a sukuluyi, nzika iliyonse yodalirika yomwe imafuna kuthetsa nkhondo, ndiyomwe ikufuna kubweretsa mtendere, ayambe kuyang'ana mkati ndikuyang'ana yekha momwe angakhalire mwamtendere, ku Soviet Union, ku nkhondo yozizira komanso ufulu ndi mtendere kuno kunyumba. "
Kodi mungaganizire wokamba aliyense wovomerezeka ku RNC kapena DNC chaka chino akunena kuti muubwenzi waku US ku Russia gawo lalikulu lamavuto lingakhale malingaliro aku US? Kodi mungakhale okonzeka kugulitsa zopereka zanu ku magulu onsewa? Ndingakhale wokondwa kuzilandira.
Mtendere, Kennedy anafotokoza mwa njira yosamvetsetseka ya lero, ndizotheka mwangwiro:
"Choyamba: Tiyeni tione mmene timaonera mtendere weniweniwo. Ambiri a ife timaganiza kuti n'zosatheka. Ambiri amalingalira kuti n'zosatheka. Koma icho ndi chikhulupiriro choopsa, chogonjetsa. Zimatitsimikizira kuti nkhondo sichithaŵe-kuti anthu adzawonongedwa-kuti timagwidwa ndi mphamvu zomwe sitingathe kuzilamulira. Sitiyenera kulandira lingaliro limenelo. Mavuto athu ali opangidwa ndi anthu-choncho, angathe kuthetsedwa ndi munthu. Ndipo munthu akhoza kukhala wamkulu monga iye akufunira. Palibe vuto la chikonzero chaumunthu kuposa anthu. Chifukwa cha munthu ndi mzimu wake nthawi zambiri akhala akukonzekera zomwe zikuwoneka zosasinthika-ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti angathe kuzichitanso. Sindikunena za mtheradi, wopanda malire wa mtendere ndi chifuno chabwino chimene ena amaganiza ndi otentheka akulota. Sindikukana kufunika kwa ziyembekezo ndi maloto koma timangoyitana kukhumudwa ndi kusakayika mwa kupanga cholinga chathu chokha ndi chokha. Tiyeni tilingalire pazowonjezereka, zokhudzana ndi mtendere mwamtendere osati kusintha kwadzidzidzi mwa umunthu koma pang'onopang'ono kusintha kwa mabungwe a anthu - pazitsulo zingapo komanso mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi onse omwe akukhudzidwa. Palibe njira imodzi yosavuta yopezera mtendere-palibe chidziwitso chachikulu kapena zamatsenga kuti chivomerezedwe ndi mphamvu imodzi kapena ziwiri. Mtendere weni weni uyenera kukhala wochokera m'mitundu yambiri, kuchuluka kwa zochita zambiri. Ziyenera kukhala zamphamvu, osati zokhazikika, zosintha kuti zithetse vuto la mbadwo uliwonse watsopano. Mtendere ndi njira-njira yothetsera mavuto. "
Kennedy adakalipira ena mwa anthu omwe amakonda kudya udzu:
"Pokhala ndi mtendere wotero, padzakhalabe mikangano ndi zosagwirizana, monga momwe ziliri m'mabanja ndi m'mitundu. Mtendere wa dziko lapansi, ngati mtendere wamtundu wina, sumafuna kuti munthu aliyense akonde mnzako-amafuna kuti azikhala pamodzi palimodzi, kulolera mikangano yawo pa kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi mtendere. Ndipo mbiriyakale imatiphunzitsa kuti chidani pakati pa mafuko, monga pakati pa anthu, sichikhala kosatha. Komabe, kukonza zofuna zathu ndi zosakondeka zingaoneke, nthawi ndi zochitika nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kusintha kodabwitsa pakati pa mayiko ndi oyandikana nawo. Kotero tiyeni ife tipirire. Mtendere uyenera kukhala wosasinthika, ndipo nkhondo siziyenera kupeŵeka. Pofotokozera cholinga chathu momveka bwino, powoneka kuti ndi otheka komanso osakhala kutali, tikhoza kuthandiza anthu onse kuti awone, kukopera chiyembekezo, ndi kusunthirapo. "
Kennedy ndiye amadandaula zomwe amalingalira, kapena amati akuganiza, alibe pulogalamu ya Soviet yotsutsana ndi maiko ena a US, Soviet otsutsa osati mosiyana ndi ake omwe amatsutsa za CIA. Koma akutsatira izi poziwombera pa US:
"Koma n'zomvetsa chisoni kuti tiwerenge mauthenga awa a Soviet-kuti tizindikire kukula kwake pakati pathu. Koma ndi chenjezo-chenjezo kwa anthu a ku America kuti asagwere mumsampha womwewo monga Soviets, kuti asamangowona malingaliro olakwika ndi osimidwa a mbali inayo, kuti asamawone mikangano yosapeŵeka, malo okhala ngati zosatheka, ndi Kulankhulana sizowonjezereka kuposa kusinthanitsa zoopseza. Palibe boma kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi choipa kwambiri kuti anthu ake ayesedwe kuti ali opanda mphamvu. Monga Achimereka, timapeza chikomyunizimu chonyansidwa kwambiri ngati kunyalanyaza ufulu ndi ulemu. Koma tikhozabe kulimbikitsa anthu a ku Russia kuti akwaniritse zambiri zawo-sayansi ndi malo, mu kukula kwachuma ndi mafakitale, m'chikhalidwe komanso molimba mtima. Pakati pa makhalidwe ambiri omwe anthu a m'mayiko athu awiri ali nawo, palibe wina wamphamvu kuposa kukondana kwathu ndi nkhondo. Pafupifupi mwapadera pakati pa maulamuliro akuluakulu apadziko lonse, sitinakhalepo pankhondo. Ndipo palibe mtundu uliwonse mu mbiriyakale ya nkhondo inayamba yavutikapo kuposa momwe Soviet Union inavutsidwira mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Osachepera 20 miliyoni adataya miyoyo yawo. Mamiliyoni ambirimbiri a nyumba ndi minda ankawotchedwa kapena kusungidwa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a gawo la fukolo, kuphatikizapo pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu mwa malonda ake, linasandulika bwinja-kutayika kofanana ndi kuwonongeka kwa dziko lino kummawa kwa Chicago. "
Tangoganizani lero mukuyesera kuti anthu a ku America aone momwe adani awo amaonera ndipo akuitanidwanso ku CNN kapena MSNBC pambuyo pake. Tangoganizirani ndikudziwitsani kuti ndi ndani amene anapambana nkhondo yaikulu yachiwiri yapadziko lonse kapena chifukwa chake dziko la Russia lingakhale ndi chifukwa chowopera mantha kuchokera kumadzulo!
Kennedy anabwerera ku chikhalidwe chosasokonezeka cha nkhondo yozizira, ndiye tsopano:
"Lerolino, ziyenera kuthetseratu nkhondo zonse-ziribe kanthu momwe mayiko athu awiri angakhalire zolinga zazikulu. Ndizosamvetsetseka koma zowona kuti mphamvu ziwiri zamphamvu kwambiri ndizo ziwiri zoopsa kwambiri kuwonongeka. Zomwe tapanga, zonse zomwe tagwira ntchito, zikhoza kuwonongedwa m'maola oyambirira a 24. Ndipo ngakhale mu nkhondo yozizira, yomwe imabweretsa mavuto ndi zoopsa kwa mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo mgwirizanowu wa Mtundu wapadziko lino-mayiko athu awiri ali ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri. Pakuti ife tonse tikupereka ndalama zambiri ku zida zomwe zingakhale bwino kudzipereka kuti tipewe umbuli, umphaŵi, ndi matenda. Tonsefe timagwidwa ndi vuto loopsa komanso loopsya limene zimakayikira mbali imodzi, ndipo zida zatsopano zimabweretsa zina. Mwachidule, United States ndi mabungwe ake, ndi Soviet Union ndi othandizana nawo, ali ndi chidwi chachikulu mwa mtendere weniweni ndi weniweni ndipo akuimitsa mpikisano wa mikono. Zolinga zokhudzana ndi mapetowa zili zogwirizana ndi Soviet Union komanso yathu-ndipo ngakhale mitundu yonyansa ikhoza kuvomereza kulandira ndi kusunga malamulowa, komanso okhawo mgwirizano, omwe ali ndi chidwi chawo. "
Kennedy ndiye akulimbikitsanso, mwatsatanetsatane ndi miyezo ya ena, kuti United States imalekerera mafuko ena kutsatira masomphenya awo omwe:
"Choncho, tiyeni tisamvetsetse kusiyana kwathu koma tiyeneranso kutsogolera zofuna zathu komanso njira zomwe zingathetsere kusiyana kumeneku. Ndipo ngati sitingathe kuthetsa kusiyana kwathu, tikhoza kuthandiza kuti dzikoli likhale lotetezeka kwa zosiyanasiyana. Pakuti, potsirizira pake, chiyanjano chathu chachikulu chomwe timagwirizanitsa ndi chakuti tonse timakhala mu dziko lapansi laling'ono. Tonsefe timapuma mpweya womwewo. Tonse timayamikira tsogolo la ana athu. Ndipo tonsefe ndife ochimwa. "
Kennedy akuyambanso nkhondo yozizira, osati ya Russia, monga mdani:
"Tiyeni tionenso momwe timaonera nkhondo yozizira, kukumbukira kuti sitinayambe kukangana, tikufuna kuti tizitsutsana. Sitili pano kufalitsa mlandu kapena kuwonetsa chala cha chiweruzo. Tiyenera kuthana ndi dziko monga momwe ziliri, osati monga momwe mbiri ya zaka zapitazi za 18 zakhalira zosiyana. Choncho, tiyenera kupirira pakufuna mtendere mu chiyembekezo kuti kusintha kosangalatsa mkati mwa chikomyunizimu kungabweretse njira zothetsera mavuto omwe tsopano akuwonekera kuposa ife. Tiyenera kuyendetsa zinthu zathu kotero kuti zikhale mwa chidwi cha Chikomyunizimu kuti tigwirizane pa mtendere weniweni. Koposa zonse, ngakhale kuteteza zofuna zathu zokha, mphamvu za nyukiliya ziyenera kuthetsa kutsutsana kumeneku komwe kumabweretsa chisankho chosankha chochititsa manyazi kapena nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Kutengera mtundu wotero mu nthawi ya nyukiliya kungakhale umboni wokha wa kubwezeretsa kwa malamulo athu-kapena imfa yapadera-chokhumba dziko. "
Mwa kufotokoza kwa Kennedy, boma la US likufunafuna imfa-chokhumba dziko lapansi, monga momwe Martin Luther King adanenera zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, boma la US tsopano "lakufa mwauzimu." Zimene sizikutanthauza kuti palibe chimene chinachokera pa mawu a Kennedy ndi ntchito yomwe inatsatira pambuyo pake miyezi isanu iye asanaphedwe ndi asilikali a US. Kennedy adayankha mukulankhulidwa kulengedwa kwa hotline pakati pa maboma awiri, omwe adalengedwa. Anapempha lamulo loletsa kuyesa zida za nyukiliya ndipo adalengeza kuti dziko la United States lisagwirizane ndi mayesero a nyukiliya m'mlengalenga. Izi zinachititsa mgwirizano wotsutsa mayesero a nyukiliya kupatula pansi. Ndipo izo zinatsogolera, monga Kennedy ankafuna, kuti agwirizanitse mgwirizano ndi zikuluzikulu zowononga zida.
Kulankhulanso uku kunatsogoleredwa ndi madigiri zovuta kufanana ndi kukana kwakukulu ku US kukhazikitsa nkhondo zatsopano. Zikhale zolimbikitsa kayendedwe kuti abweretseretu nkhondo.
Mayankho a 30
Zikomo chifukwa cholemba izi ndi ndemanga zanu zolondola. Ndine mtsogoleri wamkulu wa March For Our Life 2016 .in Philly.
Lingaliro ndi lingaliro lamtendere sizopitirira…. Tiyenera kuyankhula ndikuvomereza choonadi cha Mtendere. Sitili tokha m'malingaliro awa. Tiyenera kusonkhana ndi kulankhula za izi… kusonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi m'magulu akulu… mwamtendere pamtendere wamtendere.
Zikomo
j. Patrick Doyle
Ndikulankhula bwino, chabwino. Kennedy anali nthawizonse wotsutsana ndi Chikomyunizimu. Ndipo izo zinali zowona pamene iye anayamba kukhala Purezidenti. Kaya izi zinali zowonjezereka mu 1963 ndi nkhani yokambirana. Mwinamwake iye analidi ndi epiphany. Ngati akadalibe wotsutsana ndi chikomyunizimu mu 1963, ngati akadakhala weniweni wokhudzana ndi nkhondo, nyukiliya ndi zina, ndiye chifukwa chake anaphedwa. Sitidzadziwa konse kuti ndizochitika kapena ayi.
Kennedy anali wolondola pa chikhumbo chophatikiza imfa, omwe Amereka lero akuwoneka kuti ali ndi vuto lachilendo ndi lakupha.
Ndikuvomereza Lucymarie Ruth, mawu abwinodi a Purezidenti Kennedy kuti athetse umbuli. Zikomo worldbeyondwar.org chifukwa chobweretsa mtendere pa Chisankho cha 2016. Ndikuyembekeza kudzakhala nawo pamsonkhano wanu mu Seputembala, ndipo ndilemba izi pa Facebook ndi Twitter… Khalani Panjira!
Bobby Kennedy, pokambirana naye pomwe anali kuthamangira Purezidenti pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa mchimwene wake, adanenetsa kuti JFK sadzalola kuti Vietnamese ichotse olamulira atsamunda mdziko lawo. Bobby adatchulanso lingaliro la domino polungamitsa. Chifukwa chake mawu a JFK akumveka bwino kwambiri, koma zochita zake, monga akunena, zayankhula mokweza kuposa mawu ake.
Inde, tikudziwa zambiri tsopano kuposa pomwe amalankhula. Kuti mumve zambiri chifukwa chake adaphedwa, chonde werengani buku lolembedwa ndi James Douglass, "JFK and the Unspeakable."
Lucymarie Ruth,
Ndiloleni ndikufunseni zotsatirazi: kodi anti-communistist wotsutsana nawo achita zotsatirazi:
1. Lembani Mlembi wa Boma John Foster Dulles kalata yomwe ili ndi mafunso makumi anayi ndi asanu ndi awiri okhudza zomwe dziko la US likufuna ku Vietnam linali, kufunsa momwe njira yothetsera nkhondo (kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida za atomiki) ingatheke (monga Senator, mu 1953)?
2. Kuteteza ufulu wa Algeria ku Senate floor (1957), motsutsana ndi malingaliro andale ambiri aku US komanso osavomereza ngakhale Adlai Stevenson "wopita patsogolo"?
3. Kutetezera Patrice Lumumba ndi ufulu wa Congan pa zofuna za kumadzulo (European-America) zomwe zimafuna kupenta zochitika zonse monga chikominisi-chowuziridwa?
4. Thandizo Sukarno ku Indonesia, mtsogoleri wina wotsutsana ndi chikomyunizimu omwe sali woyanjanitsika, adagwirizana ndi chikomyunizimu, ndipo amagwira ntchito ndi Dag Hammarskjold osati ku Congo komanso ku Indonesia.
5. Pangani chiganizo chakuti palibe asilikali a Chimereka omwe akuphatikizidwa mu zomwe amakhulupirira kuti chinali chikhalidwe cha Cuba chobwezeretsa chilumbachi (Bay of pigs), ndikugwiritsitsabe kuti ngakhale kuti kuthawa kwadziwonetsa kuti ndi tsoka?
6. Kodi simukufuna kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ku Laos ndikulimbikitsanso kuti anthu asamalowetse mtendere?
7. Pewani, nthawi zosachepera 9 mu 1961 yokha, kuti mupereke asilikali apansi ku Vietnam, ndipo, pokhapokha nokha, mukulimbikitseni kuti mutha kukambirana ndi alangizi mu November wa 1961?
8. Tsatirani izi ndi ndondomeko yomwe inayamba mu 1962 ndipo inayikidwa pamapepala (mwa May of 1963) kuchotsa ngakhale alangizi omwe adawatumizira?
9. Lamulo Lalikulu Lucius Clay kusuntha matanki ake kuchokera kumalire ku Berlin panthawi yavuto la Berlin?
10. Gwiritsani ntchito kanjira kumbuyo kwa Khrushchev kuti muyambe kuyendetsa usilikali, CIA komanso alangizi ake omwe panthawi ndi Pambuyo pa Cisokonezo cha Missile, kamodzinso ndi munthu yekhayo mu gulu (monga momwe adawonetsedwera ndi magawo omwe adalembedwa) kutuluka kwa mabomba ndi kusokonekera kwa chilumbacho?
11. Gwiritsani ntchito njira yomweyi kuti muyese kuthetsa mikangano ndikuyambiranso mgwirizanowo ndi Castro mu 1963?
Ndiyeno dzifunseni nokha funso ili: Kodi wina ngati Richard Nixon, mnyamata yemwe anapanga ntchito ya Red-baiting, mnyamata yemwe anapanga Alger Hiss, mnyamata yemwe anali pansi pa Eisenhower anali mmodzi mwa omangamanga a CIA akukonzekera kugonjetsa Cuba, achita chimodzimodzi?
Tsopano, zachidziwikire, titha kuloza ena mwa mawu abodza a JFK, "kunyamula zolemetsa zilizonse". Koma bwanji osalankhulanso za JFK yemwe ananena izi:
"Kusintha kwadziko la Afro-Asia, kupandukira atsamunda, kutsimikiza mtima kwa anthu kuwongolera zomwe adzachite mdziko lawo ... ndikuganiza zakusowa koopsa kwa maulamuliro aku Republican ndi Democratic kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kuti amvetsetse kusintha kumeneku, komanso kuthekera kwa chabwino ndi choipa, kwatuta kwambiri lero - ndipo ndi mwaufulu komanso chifukwa chofunikiranso mfundo zazikulu zakunja zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chikomyunizimu. ” - kuchokera pachilankhulo chomwe chidaperekedwa pa kampeni ya Stevenson, 1956)
"Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti United States siyamphamvuyonse kapena yodziwa zonse, kuti ndife 6% yokha ya anthu padziko lapansi, kuti sitingathe kukakamiza anthu ena 94%, kuti sitingathe kukonza zolakwika zilizonse kapena kusintha chilichonse mavuto, ndipo chifukwa chake sipangakhale yankho la America pamavuto onse padziko lapansi. ” - kuchokera ku adilesi ku University of Washington, Seattle, Novembala 16, 1961
Omwe amasintha mwamtendere zosatheka apangitsa kusintha kwachiwawa kukhala kosapeweka. - John F. Kennedy, kuchokera pamawu okumbukira tsiku loyamba la Alliance for Progress, Marichi 13, 1962
Zambiri mwabizinesi yokonzanso za JFK "anticommunist wolimba" ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi zina mwazomwe adakumana nazo pagulu, zomwe zidapangidwa chifukwa nthawi zonse amakhala akudziwa nyengo yomwe amayenera kugwira ntchito. Koma ndifunse izi: Obama adanenanso zambiri zampikisano zomwe sizinakwaniritsidwe mogwirizana ndi zomwe adachita muofesi. Kodi mungaweruze bwanji Utsogoleri wake, ndi zomwe adanena kapena ndi zomwe wachita?
Ndikukulangizani kuti muwerenge mabuku otsatirawa kuti mumve bwino mfundo zakunja kwa JFK:
1. Richard Mahoney, Ordeal Mu Africa
2. Philip E. Muehlenbeck, Betting kwa Afirika
3. Robert Rakove, Kennedy, Johnson ndi Nonaligned World
4. Greg Poulgrain, Incubus of Intervention
5. John Newman, JFK ndi Vietnam
6. James Blight, JFK Yoyenera: Vietnam ngati Kennedy Adakhalako
7. Gordon Goldstein, Tikuphunzira Pangozi
8. David Talbot, Chessboard ya Mdyerekezi
9. James Douglass, JFK ndi Unspeakable
10. Mitu inayi yoyamba ndi mitu iwiri yomaliza ya Destiny James DiEugenio Adaperekedwa.
Ngati mutachita homuweki yanu, mudzawona kuti kuyankhula kwa American University sikudabwitsa, sikungokhala "kosinthira" kuposa momwe kumawonekera, komanso kusinthika komveka kwamaphunziro omwe JFK adadziyikira.
PS Ndikuvomereza malingaliro a David kuti malankhulidwewa ndi "osagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe aliyense anene pamsonkhano wachi Republican kapena Democratic chaka chino." Ndili ndi lingaliro loti "kukhala kunja kwa sitepe" amadziwika kwambiri ndi Kennedy. Ndizovuta kupeza malingaliro ndi machitidwe ofanana ndi omwe amakhala mu White House, zaka 75 zapitazi.
PPS Mwachangu changa ndidafupikitsa mutu wa (1); ndi "JFK: Ordeal ku Africa."
Yankho lalikulu!
Ngati ndale, makamaka ndale zosintha, ziyenera kutengera kusanthula chikhalidwe cha anthu, zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kuwunika malo a Mr. Kennedy m'mawu awa, awiri mwa iwo, aku Ireland ndi Akatolika ake, kuti athe kuyang'ana mizu ya chikhumbo chathu cha "imfa", chomwe ndimachipeza mu makolo athu achi Germany. Hans-Peter Hasenfratz, mwachidule, yopanda maphunziro (yofalitsidwa mwachingerezi mu Chingerezi ngati Zachilendo Zachilendo), akuti demokalase yaku Germany, ngakhale inali ndi akapolo, idakhala zaka pafupifupi chikwi zapitazo kudzipweteka, kugwiririra dziko pachikhalidwe ndingatchule lingaliro, ndikusintha malingaliro ndi malingaliro, omwe ndidzawonetsere m'mawu ake, ngati katswiri wazachipembedzo wodziwika bwino m'mbiri zachipembedzo, kuti wachichepere waku Germany wamasiku ano adapeza ulemu waukulu pakati pa abale ndi abwenzi poyambitsa ndewu ndi kuthekera kwake bwenzi kuposa kuchita zinthu zomangirira, monga, kunena, kubzala oats kapena kumanga bwato. Zikuwoneka kuti kuwombana ndi Matchalitchi Achikhristu, pakuphatikizika kwawo pankhani yokhudza mgwirizano ndi ziwawa, kudatulutsa zoyipa kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha Ajeremani ndikupondereza abwino kwambiri. Chomwe chinali chabwino kwambiri: liwu loti "chinthu" ndi Norse, mwachitsanzo, Chijeremani, mawu oti msonkhano wamtawuni. Chofunikira sine qua chosafilosofi motero pamakhalidwe ndi chifukwa chake chalamulo ndikuti winayo amatha kutsutsana nane. Ine ndi aliyense, tili ndi chinthu ichi. Ngakhale titakhumudwitsana kwambiri.
Mwa njira, ndikuganiza kuti France kale anali ndi zida za nyukiliya ku 1963.
Titha kumuyamika chifukwa cha nkhondo yabwino ya ku Vietnam!
Ayi! Ameneyo anali LBJ. JFK idachepetsa kutengapo gawo kwa US kwa ochepa, ndipo amafuna kutulutsa-Onani buku la Douglass lomwe latchulidwa pamwambapa kuti mumvetse bwino.
Zinali zovuta kwambiri kuposa izi. Truman adaperekeza gulu lankhondo laku France lolowanso ku 1945. Ike adaletsa zisankho zakuyanjananso ndikuyika alangizi ankhondo mazana angapo aku US. JFK idakulitsa kuchuluka kwa "alangizi" mpaka kukula kwa gulu lankhondo koma popanda zida zolemetsa, koma omaliza anali pafupi ndi zombo zaku US Navy ndi mabasiketi a USAF. LBJ ndi Nixon adakulitsa kwambiri nkhondoyi.
Titha kupitiliza kumbuyo tikafika ku US colonialism ku Asia ndi Pacific.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti JFK anali weniweni panthawi ya kulankhula. Komanso khulupirirani izi ndi nkhani yamphamvu kwambiri ya World Without War yomwe iyenera kuwerengedwa ndi atsogoleri onse andale, makamaka omwe akulimbana ndi POTUS ku US.
Turkey anali kale membala wa NATO - ndipo anadutsa Soviet Union. Turkey ikugawira malire ndi Georgia ndi Armenia; Russia pambuyo pawo ponyenga.
Vuto lothandizidwa sikutengeka.
Zachidziwikire kuti mwamwa Kool-Aid zomwe zingapangitse Kennedy kuwoneka ngati wophedwa wophedwa. M'nthawi yochepa yogwira ntchito, zikhulupiriro zake zachinyengo zinali zowonekeratu ndikumangirizidwa kwa zida kuchokera ku Ike, kupita ku zigawenga zingapo zofewa ku South ndi Central America zomwe zidathandiza kuyambitsa maboma ankhanza kupitilira Reagan ndi zina zotero . Tisaiwale zachiwawa zomwe adathandizira kukhazikitsa ku S. Vietnam, zikalata zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe NSAM 263 ndi NSAM 273 zikuchitira umboni kuti sangabwerere poyambitsa nkhondo ku Vietnam. Tisamaweruze munthu ndi mawu ake okoma komanso owoneka ngati amoyo, koma ndi zochita zake mudzamudziwa. Ndikulangiza kafukufuku wambiri musanayimbe matamando a munthu yemwe anali wankhonya kunkhondo komanso wamapiko akumanja atatsamira monga alipo lero ...
Ndikugwirizana ndi inu 100%. Mauthenga amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupusitsa maonekedwe achipongwe komanso achipongwe. Zochita, makamaka mabomba ndi zipolopolo, zimawerengera zambiri kuposa mawu, makamaka kwa omwe alandira.
Ike anachita zambiri kuti akhazikitse mafakitale ogwira ntchito yomanga milandu kuposa a pulezidenti ena onse, ndipo adadziwa zomwe zikuchitika, monga momwe chilankhulo chake chotchuka chinaperekedwa kumapeto kwa 1953, pafupi ndi chiyambi cha nthawi yoyamba.
Dziko Lopanda Zida Zachikiliya
Ndi GEORGE P. SHULTZ, WILLIAM J. PERRY, HENRY A. KISSINGER ndi SAM NUNN
Idasinthidwa Jan. 4, 2007 12: 01 am ET
Zida za nyukiliya masiku ano zimabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu, komanso mwayi wapadera. Utsogoleri waku US udzafunika kuti utenge dziko kupita ku gawo lina - pamgwirizano wotsimikiza kuti zithetse kudalira zida za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi ngati gawo lofunikira popewa kuchuluka kwawo m'manja omwe angakhale oopsa, ndikuwathetsa ngati chiwopsezo kudziko lapansi.
Zida za nyukiliya zinali zofunika kuti akhalebe otetezeka padziko lonse pa Cold War chifukwa anali njira yothetsera. Kutha kwa Cold War kunapangitsa chiphunzitso chakuti mgwirizanowo wa Soviet-American sunathe. Deterrence ikupitirizabe kuganizira mozama maiko ambiri poopseza ku mayiko ena. Koma kudalira zida za nyukiliya pazinthu izi ndikukhala koopsa komanso kosavuta.
Kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwa nyukiliya ku North Korea komanso kukana kwa Iran kuyimitsa pulogalamu yake yopititsa patsogolo uranium - zomwe zingapangitse zida zankhondo - zikuwonetsa kuti dziko lapansi tsopano latsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa ndi nyukiliya yatsopano. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, mwayi woti zigawenga zomwe siaboma zigwiritse ntchito zida za nyukiliya zikuchulukirachulukira. Pankhondo yankhondo yankhondo yankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi, zida za nyukiliya ndizo njira zowononga kwambiri. Ndipo magulu azigawenga omwe siaboma omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya ali kunja kwa malire a njira zolepheretsa ndipo akuwonetsa zovuta zatsopano zachitetezo.
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Kupatula chiwopsezo chauchigawenga, pokhapokha ngati atachitapo kanthu mwachangu, a US posachedwa adzakakamizika kulowa munthawi yatsopano ya zida za nyukiliya yomwe ingakhale yowopsa, kusokonekera kwamaganizidwe, komanso kuwononga ndalama zambiri kuposa kuletsa Cold War. Sizikudziwika kuti titha kutengera bwino chiwonongeko chakale cha Soviet-America "ndi chiwonongeko chotsimikizika" ndi kuchuluka kwa adani anyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi osawonjezera chiwopsezo kuti zida za nyukiliya zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mayiko atsopano a zida za nyukiliya alibe phindu lazotetezera pang'onopang'ono zomwe zakhala zikuchitika munthawi ya Cold War popewa ngozi zanyukiliya, kuweruza molakwika kapena kuyambitsa kosaloledwa. United States ndi Soviet Union adaphunzira pazolakwitsa zomwe sizinaphe anthu ambiri. Mayiko onsewa anali achangu kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe chida cha nyukiliya chomwe chidagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya Cold War mwapangidwe kapena mwangozi. Kodi mayiko atsopano a zida za nyukiliya komanso dziko lonse lapansi zidzakhala ndi mwayi pazaka 50 zikubwerazi monga tinali mu Cold War?
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Atsogoleri adalankhulapo pankhaniyi m'mbuyomu. M'mawu ake a "Atoms for Peace" ku United Nations mu 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower adalonjeza "kutsimikiza mtima ku America kuthana ndi vuto lowopsa la atomiki - kupereka mtima wake wonse ndi malingaliro ake kupeza njira yomwe kuthekera kozizwitsa kwamunthu Osadzipereka kuti afe, koma wodzipereka ku moyo wake wonse. ” A John F. Kennedy, akufuna kuti athane ndi zida zanyukiliya, adati, "Dziko silinapangidwe kuti likhale ndende momwe munthu akuyembekezeranso kuphedwa kwake."
A Rajiv Gandhi, polankhula ku UN General Assembly pa June 9, 1988, anapempha kuti, “Nkhondo ya nyukiliya sidzatanthauza imfa ya anthu zana limodzi miliyoni. Kapenanso mamiliyoni chikwi. Zidzatanthauza kutha kwa mamiliyoni zikwi zinayi: kutha kwa moyo monga momwe tikudziwira pa dziko lathu lapansi. Tikubwera ku United Nations kudzafuna thandizo lanu. Tikufuna thandizo lanu kuti tileke kupenga uku. ”
Ronald Reagan akuti "zida zonse za zida za nyukiliya" zichotsedwe, zomwe amati "ndizopanda tanthauzo, zopanda umunthu, zopanda pake kupha, mwina zowononga moyo wapadziko lapansi ndi chitukuko." Mikhail Gorbachev adagawana masomphenya awa, omwe nawonso adanenedwa ndi purezidenti wakale waku America.
Ngakhale Reagan ndi Bambo Gorbachev alephera ku Reykjavik kuti akwaniritse zolinga zothetsa zida zonse za nyukiliya, adatha kupindula mutu wawo. Iwo anayambitsa njira zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa magulu akuluakulu a nyukiliya, omwe akukhalapo nthawi yayitali komanso osagawanika, kuphatikizapo kuthetsa mndandanda wonse wa mivi yowopseza.
Ndi chiyani chomwe chidzachititse kubwezeretsa masomphenya omwe Reagan ndi Mr. Gorbachev anagawana nawo? Kodi chigwirizano cha padziko lonse chikhoza kukhazikika chomwe chikulongosola njira zingapo zomwe zingathandize kuti pakhale kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa ngozi ya nyukiliya? Pali kufunika kofulumira kuthana ndi vuto la mafunso awiriwa.
Bungwe lopanda malire (Non-Proliferation Treaty) (NPT) linalingalira kutha kwa zida zonse za nyukiliya. Amapereka (a) omwe akunena kuti alibe zida za nyukiliya monga 1967 amavomereza kuti asazipeze, ndipo (b) omwe amati ali nawo amavomereza kudzipatula pa zida izi panthawi. Pulezidenti aliyense wa awiriwa kuyambira Richard Nixon atsimikiziranso izi, koma zida zankhondo za nyukiliya zakhala zikukayikanso kwambiri kuti zokhudzana ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zimakhala zowona.
Kulimbikitsana kwakukulu kumeneku sikupitirirabe. Ndondomeko Yopewera Mgwirizano wa Mgwirizano, Global Initiative Reduction Initiative, Proliferation Security Initiative ndi Mapulogalamu Owonjezera ndi njira zatsopano zomwe zimapangitsira zipangizo zatsopano zowonetsera ntchito zotsutsana ndi NPT ndikuyika chitetezo cha dziko. Ayeneratu kuwonetsetseratu. Zokambirana za kuchulukana kwa zida za nyukiliya za North Korea ndi Iran, zikuphatikizapo mamembala onse omwe amakhalapo ku Security Council kuphatikizapo Germany ndi Japan, ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Ayenera kutsata mwamphamvu.
Koma mwa iwo okha, palibe imodzi mwanjira izi yomwe ndiyokwanira pachiwopsezo. Reagan ndi Secretary General a Gorbachev amafuna kuchita zambiri pamsonkhano wawo ku Reykjavik zaka 20 zapitazo - kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya palimodzi. Masomphenya awo adadabwitsa akatswiri pankhani yopewa zida za nyukiliya, koma adalimbikitsa chiyembekezo cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Atsogoleri a mayiko awiri omwe ali ndi zida zazikulu kwambiri za zida za nyukiliya adakambirana za kuthetsedwa kwa zida zawo zamphamvu kwambiri.
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Kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani? Kodi lonjezo la NPT ndi zochitika zomwe ziwonetsedwe ku Reykjavik zidzakwaniritsidwa? Tikukhulupirira kuti dziko lalikulu la United States liyenera kuyesetsa kuti likhale ndi yankho lolondola pogwiritsa ntchito magawo a konkire.
Choyamba ndi ntchito yaikulu ndi atsogoleri a mayiko omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya kuti athetse cholinga cha dziko popanda zida za nyukiliya kukhala mgwirizanowu. Mgwirizano woterewu, powasintha malingaliro a zida zankhondo za nyukiliya, ukhoza kubwezera kuwonjezereka kwa zoyesayesa kale kuti zisawonongeke ku Korea ndi North Iran.
Pulojekiti yomwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa zikhoza kukhazikitsa njira zovomerezeka zomwe zingakhazikitse maziko a dziko lopanda chiopsezo cha nyukiliya. Zochitika zingakhalepo:
Kusintha ndondomeko ya Cold War yowonjezera zida za nyukiliya yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito powonjezera nthawi yochenjeza ndipo potero amachepetsa kuopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito chida cha nyukiliya mwangozi kapena kosaloledwa.
Kupitiliza kuchepetsa kukula kwakukulu kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya m'mayiko onse omwe ali nawo.
Kuchotsa zida za nyukiliya zazing'ono zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kuyambitsa ndondomeko ya bipartisan ndi Senate, kuphatikizapo kumvetsetsa kuti pakhale chikhulupiliro ndi kupereka kafukufuku kawirikawiri, kuti akwanitse kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano waukulu wa mayesero, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zamakono, ndikugwira ntchito kuti athandizidwe ndi mayiko ena akuluakulu.
Kupereka miyezo yabwino kwambiri ya chitetezo ku zida zonse za zida, zida zogwiritsa ntchito plutonium, komanso kulemera kwa uranium kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Kuwongolera njira yowonjezeretsa uranium, kuphatikizapo chitsimikiziro chakuti uranium kwa magetsi a nyukiliya angapezeke pa mtengo wogula, poyamba kuchokera ku Nuclear Suppliers Group ndikuchokera ku International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) kapena malo ena otetezedwa padziko lonse. Zidzakhalanso zoyenera kuthana ndi vuto lakufalikira lomwe linaperekedwa ndi mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magetsi opangira magetsi.
Kuthetsa zida zopangira zida zankhondo padziko lonse; kuchotsa uranium yochuluka kwambiri mu malonda a boma ndikuchotsa zida-uranium zogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku malo ofufuzira padziko lonse ndikupereka zipangizo zotetezeka.
Kupititsa patsogolo zoyesayesa zathu kuthetsa mikangano ndi kumenyana komwe kumayambitsa mphamvu zatsopano za nyukiliya.
Kukhazikitsa cholinga cha dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya kudzafunikanso zowononga kuti zisawononge kapena zotsutsana ndi zida zilizonse zokhudzana ndi nyukiliya zomwe zingasokoneze chitetezo cha boma kapena anthu.
Kubwezeretsanso masomphenya a dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya komanso njira zofunikira pakukwaniritsira cholingacho, ndipo zitha kudziwika kuti, zoyesayesa zolimba zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha America. Khama lingakhudze kwambiri chitetezo cha mibadwo yamtsogolo. Popanda masomphenya olimba mtima, zochitikazo siziwoneka ngati zachilungamo kapena zachangu. Popanda kuchitapo kanthu, masomphenyawo sangaoneke kuti ndiwotheka kapena kotheka.
Timavomereza kukhazikitsa cholinga cha dziko lopanda zida za nyukiliya ndikugwira ntchito mwakhama pazochita zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsa cholingachi, kuyambira ndi zomwe tatchula pamwambapa.
Bambo Shultz, munthu wolemekezeka ku Hoover Institution ku Stanford, anali mlembi wa boma kuchokera ku 1982 mpaka ku 1989. Bambo Perry anali mlembi wa chitetezo kuchokera ku 1994 mpaka 1997. Bambo Kissinger, tcheyamani wa Kissinger Associates, anali mlembi wa boma kuchokera ku 1973 mpaka ku 1977. Bambo Nunn ndiyake wapampando wa Komiti Yoyang'anira Zida za Senate.
Msonkhano wolembedwa ndi Bambo Shultz ndi Sidney D. Drell unachitikira ku Hoover kuti aganizirenso masomphenya omwe Reagan ndi Mr. Gorbachev anabweretsa ku Reykjavik. Kuwonjezera pa a Shultz ndi a Drell, otsogolera otsatirawa amavomerezanso mfundoyi: Martin Anderson, Steve Andreasen, Michael Armacost, William Crowe, James Goodby, Thomas Graham Jr., Thomas Henriksen, David Holloway, Max Kampelman, Jack Matlock, John McLaughlin, Don Oberdorfer, Rozanne Ridgway, Henry Rowen, Roald Sagdeev ndi Abraham Sofaer.
Kumvetsera kuyankhula uku kumandipangitsa kudabwa kuti kuchuluka kwa opanga zida anali nawo mu imfa yake.
Kulankhula kwakukulu. Ndikanena kuti Eisenhower akuchenjeza za kuopsa kwa Military-Industrial Complex ndiyeneranso kulingalira.
Ndi liti pamene tidzaphunziranso chiwawa chimabweretsa chiwawa komanso kuti tipewe nkhondoyi yomwe tikufunikira kuti tipeze njira yothetsera phindu la ndalama za apolisi (republicans ndi democrats) omwe adatsogolera (ndipo ananama) kuti tipeze chisokonezo kwa anthu ambiri zaka tsopano?
Zikomo chifukwa cha nkhani yanu ndikutikumbutsa za zolankhulazi. Zimakhala zosavuta kutanthauzira zokambirana za purezidenti kudzera mu fyuluta ya zomwe iwo amakonda ndi kusakondera. Ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza cholinga chenicheni. Wina ayenera kuganiza nthawi zonse kuti pali nthawi yanji ndi malo ake, momwe amatanthauziridwa kwa ovota, zomwe sanganene kapena kutsutsa, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, mawu, ongotengedwa pamtengo, ndi ofunikira, ndipo Mawu olankhulidwa pagulu ndi mtsogoleri wa United States ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Purezidenti si mfumu kapena wolamulira mwankhanza, koma zolankhula zake pagulu zili ndi mphamvu zambiri zokopa ndi kulimbikitsa. Sindingaganizire zolankhula zina zandale zomwe zapereka chiyembekezo chambiri komanso kudzoza, ndikadali wolimba waluntha, wolingalira komanso woganizira, kwa mitima ndi malingaliro a anthu kulikonse padziko lapansi, nthawi ndi tsopano. Martin Luther King anali yekhayo munthu wina pagulu yemwe ndimamudziwa yemwe angachite izi mwaluso ngati izi. Ndipo onse anali patsamba lomwelo potengera kufunikira kwamtendere komanso kwauzimu. Timawafuna tsopano kuposa kale. Masiku ano, ndi Dennis Kucinich yekha yemwe adayandikira. Zikomo David pazomwe mumachita kuti izi zitheke.
Tonsefe tikufunikira kukumbukira uthenga uwu lero. Zikomo!
Tiyenera kulimbikira kufunafuna mtendere. Nkhondo sikungapeweke. - JFK
Sindikukumbukira mawu awa. Ndikukhumba ndikadakhala ndikuti izi zakhala cholinga chachikulu cha dziko. Mayiko ambiri alibe lingaliro lenileni la dziko lopanda nkhondo monga zotsatira za mtendere. Ndikongola bwanji lingaliro la dziko lokhala ndi mtendere nthawi zonse, dziko lirilonse likugwira ntchito kuti wopanga aliyense akhale wopambana, akuthandizira kulingana kwa onse.
Zovuta kukhulupirira kuti tapita kumbuyo kwambiri kuyambira pomwe Kennedy adalankhula. Iyenera kumvedwa ngati njira yodzutsira.
"Ife, omwe tasaina kumeneku, ndife a Russia omwe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito ku USA. Takhala tikuwonera ndi nkhawa zowonjezeka pomwe malingaliro apano aku US ndi NATO atipangitsa kuti tichite ngozi yowopsa kwambiri ndi Russian Federation, komanso ndi China. Anthu ambiri aku America olemekezeka, okonda dziko lawo, monga Paul Craig Roberts, Stephen Cohen, Philip Giraldi, Ray McGovern ndi ena ambiri akhala akuchenjeza za Nkhondo Yachitatu Yapadziko Lonse yomwe ikuyandikira. Koma mawu awo adasowa pakati pa chipolowe chofalitsa nkhani chomwe chadzaza ndi nkhani zachinyengo komanso zolakwika zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti chuma cha Russia chasokonekera ndipo asitikali aku Russia ndi ofooka-zonse zopanda umboni. Koma ife-podziwa mbiri yakale yaku Russia komanso momwe zinthu ziliri ku Russia komanso gulu lankhondo laku Russia, sitingathe kumamizira mabodza amenewa. Tsopano tikumva kuti ndiudindo wathu, monga anthu aku Russia akukhala ku US, kuchenjeza anthu aku America kuti akunamizidwa, ndi kuwauza zoona. Ndipo chowonadi ndi ichi:
Ngati padzakhala nkhondo ndi Russia, ndiye United States
ndithudi adzawonongedwa, ndipo ambiri a ife tidzatha kufa.
Tiyeni tibwerere kumbuyo ndikuyika zomwe zikuchitika m'mbiri yakale. Russia ili ndi .. .. ”Werengani ZAMBIRI ……. http://cluborlov.blogspot.ca/2016/05/a-russian-warning.html
Kanema yayikulu, koma kodi pali njira iliyonse yomwe mungawonjezerepo Mawu Otsekedwa? Ndikudziwa zigawo zakulankhulidwa zimasindikizidwa m'nkhaniyi, koma sizolondola.
Kuchokera kukana kwake koyamba kuthana ndi kuwukira kwa Anti-Castro Cuba ndi USAF ku Bay of Pigs mu Epulo la 1961, mpaka kukana kwake kulowa nawo nkhondo yomenyera nkhondo mu Berlin mu Ogasiti wa 1961, mpaka pamsonkhano womwe adakambirana ku Laos ( palibe nkhondo yowombera), kukana kwake pa 11/22/61 (!) Kupereka asitikali ankhondo aku US ku Vietnam, pothetsa mavuto a Cuban Missile Crisis, pakukakamira kwake (ndi luso lazandale) kuti mgwirizano wa Nuclear Test Ban Treaty uvomerezeke , pa chisankho chake mu Okutobala 1963 kuti ayambe kuchotsa magulu ankhondo aku US ku Vietnam - kuchotsedwa komwe kudzamalizidwa ndi 1965 - onse akuwonetsa kudzipereka kuti apewe nkhondo komanso kupewa zinthu zomwe nkhondo sizingachitike.
JFK, monga pulezidenti, anachita zonse zomwe akanatha kuti asapewe nkhondo. Iye anachita zochuluka kwambiri kuposa pulezidenti aliyense, kale kapena kuyambira, kuti ateteze nkhondo. Iye anali atawona nkhondo ikuyandikira ndi yaumwini, ndipo ankadziwa zoopsa zake.
Malo ake adakwiyitsa kwambiri War Machine m'dziko lino kuti adamupha. Ndipo palibe pulezidenti yemwe wakhala wolimbika mtima kuti atetezepo nkhondoyi kuti asamenyane ndi nkhondo.
Kennedy ndi kulalikira kwachikhalidwe kuchokera ku tchalitchi. Kodi paliponse akutchulapo phindu lalikulu kwa opanga zida zankhondo !!,, chifukwa chachikulu chosowetsera mdani, USSR, kuti apitirize kuyendetsa ndalama muzolowera. USSR inasankhidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yake kukhazikitsa chikominisi - kulamula anthu kuti atonthoze anthu omwe ali mmenemo. Ichi ndi choopsya nthawi zonse kwa Amwini athu, opindula athu. Normaha@pacbell.net
Kennedy ndi kulalikira kwachikhalidwe kuchokera ku tchalitchi. Kodi paliponse akutchulapo phindu lalikulu kwa opanga zida zankhondo !!,, chifukwa chachikulu chosowetsera mdani, USSR, kuti apitirize kuyendetsa ndalama muzolowera. USSR inasankhidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yake kukhazikitsa chikominisi - kulamula anthu kuti atonthoze anthu omwe ali mmenemo. Ichi ndi choopsya nthawi zonse kwa Amwini athu, opindula athu.