Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, July 16, 2020
Buku latsopano la Nicholson Baker's, Zopanda maziko: Kusaka Kwanga Kwazinsinsi M'mabwinja a Ufulu Wazidziwitso, ndiabwino kwambiri. Ngati ndingafotokozere zazing'ono zilizonse zomwe mukudandaula nazo, kwinaku ndikunyalanyaza, mwachitsanzo, zonse zomwe atolankhani aposachedwa a Trump, izi ndichifukwa choti zolakwika zimawonekera mwaluso pomwe akupanga yunifolomu yonse ya Lipoti la Trump.
Baker amayamba ngati ali ndi funso lomwe silinayankhidwe ndipo mwina silingayankhe: Kodi boma la US linagwiritsa ntchito zida zachilengedwe mu 1950s? Inde, inde, zachidziwikire, ndikufuna kuyankha. Zinagwiritsa ntchito ku North Korea ndi (pambuyo pake) ku Cuba; idawayesa m'mizinda ya US. Tikudziwa kuti kufalikira kwa matenda a Lyme kutuluka mwa izi. Tili ndi chidaliro chonse kuti a Frank Olson adaphedwa chifukwa cha zomwe amadziwa zankhondo yaku US.
Sichidziwikiratu poyamba, monga zikuwonekera pambuyo pake, kuti Baker akuwonetsa kusatsimikizika kuposa momwe aliri - mwina chifukwa ndi zomwe mumachita koyambirira kwa buku kuti musawopsyeze owerenga osalimba.
Baker akupitiliza kukambirana zokhumudwitsa zosatha zoyesa kutulutsa ngakhale zakale kwambiri kuboma la US pogwiritsa ntchito Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), yomwe imati boma limaphwanya. Baker akuwonetsa kuti bukuli likufotokoza kwambiri za kufunafuna zambiri, ndipo chachiwiri chokhudza nkhondo zachilengedwe (BW). Mwamwayi, BW ndi mitu yofananira imakhalabe m'bukuli, pomwe zokambirana za kupeza chidziwitso zimakhalabe zosangalatsa. Baker amatifotokozera zomwe angathe kulemba ndi zomwe akuganiza kuti zikutanthauza - chitsanzo pofotokozera kafukufuku wovuta komanso kutsutsa kubisala kwa omwe ali nawo.
Bukuli limatipatsa chitsimikizo chosagwirizana kuti boma la US lidali ndi pulogalamu yayikulu, yopanda pake, yachilengedwe (ngati sikunali yayikulu pulogalamu monga momwe imafunira), kuti idayesera anthu panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse komanso pambuyo pake. wabodza pazomwe zimachitika. Mapepala a Baker amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosavulaza za zida zankhondo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi boma la US m'mizinda yambiri ya US.
Bukuli limafotokoza za kuyesayesa kwakukulu ndi zida zoperekedwa kwazaka zambiri kwa kulingalira, kufufuza, kukonza, kuyesa, kuopseza, kunamizira, ndikunama za BW. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuwononga dala tizilombo tambiri komanso zinyama, komanso kuwononga zachilengedwe, madzi, ndi mbewu. Asayansi adafufuza kutha kwa zamoyo, kutha kwa nsomba, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ya mbalame, ma arachnids, tizilombo, nsikidzi, ma voles, mileme, komanso nthenga kuti zifalitse matenda opatsirana. Pochita izi, adapha anthu ambiri mayeso, kuphatikizapo anyani, nkhumba, nkhosa, agalu, amphaka, makoswe, mbewa, ndi anthu. Anapanga migodi ndi ma torpedo apanyanja zapoizoni. Ngalande yamadzi yomwe ili pansi pa Fort Dietrich ndi imodzi mwadothi kwambiri ku United States, malinga ndi EPA - yoyipitsidwa ndi zida zopangidwa mwadala ngati zoipitsa.
Zotsatira zilizonse zowononga zachilengedwe zakuwonongeka kwa mafakitale zikuwoneka kuti zidaphunziridwa ngati kutha kwawokha ndi asitikali aku US / CIA.
Bukuli likuwonetsa umboni wokwanira kuti, United States idagwiritsa ntchito BW ku Korea, ngakhale ngati kuvomereza kapena kupepesa sikunachitike. Pamene aku China adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane popanda cholinga chokhacho chomwe CIA idachita ndikukonzekera, ndipo pomwe palibe wonama kapena chowonadi chaku mbali zonse zomwe zingapangitse kufotokozera kwina kopanda kuti kudachitika, kudikirira kuulula ndi ntchito yopanda tanthauzo, osati okhwimitsa maphunziro. Ndipo pamene CIA sikupereka zifukwa, ndipo palibe zikuwoneka ngati zotheka, kusungabe zikalata zachinsinsi zomwe zili ndi zaka zopitilira theka, kulemera kwa umboni kuyenera kupuma ndi omwe akuti zikalatizo zilibe chilichonse chochititsa manyazi kapena chobisa.
Bukuli limapereka umboni wamphamvu kuti United States sikuti idangotaya nthenga ndi nsikidzi ku Korea kuchokera mundege, komanso idagwiritsanso ntchito kubwerera kwawo asitikali aku US kuti akagawire onyamula matendawa m'nyumba zomwe anthu angabwerere - komanso umboni kuti ozunzidwa ndi misala iyi idaphatikizapo asitikali aku US iwonso. Boma la US mzaka za m'ma 1950 ladzudzula China kuti ndi lomwe lidayambitsa matenda, ndikufalitsa malipoti akuti akutsimikizira mwasayansi kuti matenda sangachokere ku bioweapon - zonsezi ndizodziwika bwino mu 2020.
Opanda maziko zikuphatikizapo umboni wamphamvu wamilandu yomwe sindinadziwepo kale, ina mwaiwo itha kukhala yabwino kukhala ndi umboni wambiri. Ngakhale kufunikira kwa umboni wochulukirapo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kuzemba ndale zaku US, chowiringula kuti asazenge mlandu kapena kuweruza kapena kuweruza kapena kuchitapo kanthu, pankhaniyi ndizoyenera kuti Baker akufuna umboni wina. Baker, komabe, adapeza umboni wokhutiritsa kuti United States idafalitsa kolera ku East Germany, idapereka matenda ku mbewu ku Czechoslovakia, Romania, ndi Hungary, idasokoneza mbewu za khofi ku Guatemala, idafalitsa matenda owopsa ku mpunga ku Japan ku 1945 - mwina kuphatikiza ndi ndege zomwe zidachitika masiku asanu ndi asanu ndi limodzi bomba litaphulika ku Nagasaki, ndikupha mbewu zochuluka za tirigu ku United States ndi matenda ku 1950 - ndikupha mwangozi zida zaku United States zopangira tirigu waku Soviet.
Baker amalamula pa ma lab a BW, osati Lyme okha, komanso kufalikira kwa malungo a Kalulu, Q fever, chimfine cha mbalame, dzimbiri la tirigu, chimfine cha nkhumba ku Africa, ndi kolera. Zodzivulaza ndi kufa, monga mayesedwe a zida za nyukiliya komanso kukonzekera kwina, zakhala zikuchitika pakati pa asayansi ndi ogwira ntchito komanso anthu omwe amangokhala m'malo olakwika panthawi yolakwika.
Komanso panjira, Baker amatipatsa malingaliro ndi malingaliro ake ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Amatipatsanso umunthu wa okayikira komanso wachinyengo kwambiri pa okonda zachilengedwe omwe amawerenga. Koma zomwe otchulidwa amatipatsa okha ndizachinyengo komanso zonamizira pa mdani amene akufuna, zonamizira kuti cholakwiracho ndichodzitchinjiriza, akuyenera kupanga mitundu yatsopano yakupha komanso kupweteketsa mtima chifukwa ena akhoza kuyamba kutero. Izi sizingasinthe mwanjira ina iliyonse kuti maboma ena kupatula a United States nawonso achita zinthu zoyipa. Opanda maziko imalemba boma la US kubwereketsa zinthu zingapo zoopsa ku maboma a Nazi ndi Japan. Koma sikuti sitingapeze umboni uliwonse waboma la US kutsatira izi misala chifukwa a Soviet adachita izi koyamba, koma timapeza umboni waboma la US likupanga zida zoyipazi ndikufuna kuwapangitsa a Soviet kuti adziwe, ngakhale kupusitsa a Soviet kukhulupirira kuti United States inali ndi kuthekera sikunachite kuti ikulimbikitse, ndipo mwina yosasokoneza, kugulitsa kwa Soviet ku BW.
Imodzi mwamaganizidwe anga omwe amandilipira okhometsa misonkho ku US omwe ndidaphunzira m'bukuli - omwe ndikudziwa kuti sanagwiritsidwepo ntchito - anali kuyika zovala zazing'ono pa mileme, ndikuwatumiza kuti azikagona pansi pa nyumba , kumene amakhoza kuyaka moto. Akuluakulu ndimakonda mileme iyi chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti atha kupanga mascot abwino m'malo mwa Washington Redskins.
Baker akuwonetsa, mopanda malire, kuti kutsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zachilengedwe ndi zida zamankhondo pankhondo ya Vietnam kumathetsa mapulogalamuwa ku United States, kapena kuwachepetsa kwambiri. Zomalizazi mwina ndizowona. Koma apita? Baker akutiuza kuti Fort Dietrich "adawomboledwa" pakufufuza za khansa - kutanthauza kafukufuku wofufuza za khansa, osati kufalikira kwa khansa. Koma kodi zinali choncho? Kodi anthrax imathandiza pakufufuza za khansa? Kodi boma la US lasinthidwa? Kodi Kupanga America Kukhala Kwakukulu siyoyesetsanso kukonzanso zoyipa zonse za m'ma 1950?
Baker akuwonekera bwino kwambiri m'bukuli pazomwe akudziwa komanso momwe amadziwira, komanso zomwe zingatsimikizidwe zomwe zingatsimikizidwe ndikutsimikiza kwake. Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kunena kuti amapeza cholakwika chilichonse. Koma pakhoza kukhala zinthu zingapo. Akuti pulani yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idapangidwapo inali njira ya Nazi yopha Ayuda, ndipo chachiwiri chinali njira yachinsinsi yaku US yopangira mafuta m'mizinda yaku Japan. Koma mapulani a Hitler adakwaniritsidwa kuposa momwe amayembekezerera ndikukwaniritsa zofuna zake kwa Ayuda. Ngakhale kuphedwa kumene kunaphatikizapo mamiliyoni a ozunzidwa omwe sanali Ayuda. Ndipo, kutenga chitsanzo chimodzi cha pulani yayikulu yakupha, a Daniel Ellsberg akutiuza kuti mapulani anyukiliya aku US potsatira kuukiridwa kulikonse kwa Soviet akuyembekezeka kupha gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aanthu onse.
Ndikuganiza kuti Baker alinso wolakwika pofotokoza nkhondo monga kupha anthu omwe akadakhala ndi ntchito zina zaboma - kupatula asitikali ndi oyendetsa sitima komanso oyendetsa ndege. Ndimadana nazo, chifukwa zoyimira za Baker ndizamphamvu, ngakhale ndakatulo, koma anthu ambiri omwe amaphedwa pankhondo ndi anthu wamba opanda ntchito zaboma konse, ndipo anthu ambiri aku US amakhulupirira zabodza kuti anthu ambiri omwe amaphedwa pankhondo ndi asitikali. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ambiri omwe aphedwa pankhondo zaku US ali mbali ina ya nkhondoyi, ndipo anthu ambiri ku United States amakhulupirira zabodza kuti ovulala aku US ndiomwe amawononga kwambiri nkhondo zaku US. Ngakhale asitikali aku US amwalira pankhondo zaku US pamitengo yayitali kuposa asitikali ankhondo aku US, koma awiriwa ophatikizana amapanga gawo lochepa la akufa. Chifukwa chake, ndikuganiza ndikofunikira kuti tisiye kulakwitsa izi.
Opanda maziko Zikuphatikizapo tangents ambiri, onse ofunika. Pa umodzi wa iwo timaphunzira kuti US Library of Congress imapanga microfilmed ndikuponya zida zambiri zamtengo wapatali kuti apange mwayi wofufuza za US Air Force - kufufuza zomwe akufuna kuti apange padziko lonse lapansi - kuti athandize Air Limbikitsani kubera lamulo kuti lingagwiritse ntchito anthu angati. Library ya Congress inali yankhondo kuti igwire ntchito yomwe Google Maps sakuiwononga, ndipo ntchito yokhayi iyenera kutipangitsa kulingalira zomwe boma la US likuyang'ana patsogolo. Kutha kwa asitikali aku US kugula mabungwe ena aboma momwe zingafunikire ndi chifukwa chimodzi chokha chothamangitsira magalimoto ochulukirapo ndikuwapatsa zinthu zabwino.
