Kuchokera ku Carter kupita ku dziko la Islamic, zaka 35 za Zomangamanga Zomangamanga ndi Kubzala Mavuto
By David Vine, TomDispatch
Pogwiritsa ntchito nkhondo yatsopano yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi US ku Iraq ndi Syria kumenyana ndi Islamic State (IS), United States yakhala ikuchita nkhondo mwamphamvu osachepera mayiko a 13 ku Middle East kuyambira 1980. Panthawi imeneyo, purezidenti aliyense wa ku America wapandukira, atagwira, akuphulika mabomba, kapena anapita kunkhondo m'dziko limodzi m'derali. Chiwerengero cha zipolowe, ntchito, mabomba opanga mabomba, masewera a kupha anthu, komanso masewera a misasa amangofika mosavuta.
Monga momwe ntchito yapachiyambi yapakati pa Middle East, asilikali a US akulimbana ndi IS akhala akuthandizidwa ndi kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo omwe sanagwiritsidwepo kale. Amakhala m'dera limene likukhala ndi mafuta ambiri komanso mafuta amtengo wapatali padziko lonse lapansi ndipo akhala akuonedwa kuti ndi opambana kwambiri zofunikira kwambiri malo pa dziko lapansi. Inde, kuchokera ku 1980, asilikali a US apita pang'onopang'ono ku Central Middle East mwa mafashoni okha omwe akugonjetsedwa ndi Cold War kumagulu a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya kapena, chifukwa cha kusungunuka, ndi zida zomangidwa kuti zitha nkhondo ku Korea ndi Vietnam.
Mu Persian Gulf yekha, US ali ndi maziko akuluakulu m'dziko lililonse kupatula Iran. Pali chofunika kwambiri, chokwanira kwambiri Djibouti, makilomita chabe kudutsa Nyanja Yofiira kuchokera ku Arabia Peninsula. Pali maziko ku Pakistan kumbali imodzi ya derali ndi ku Balkans pamlingo wina, komanso pazilumba za Indian Ocean za Diego Garcia ndi Seychelles. Ku Afghanistan ndi ku Iraq, kunali kochuluka 800 ndi 505 maziko, motsatira. Posachedwapa, Obama akulamulira inked Pangano la Pulezidenti watsopano wa Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani, kuti apitirize kulimbana ndi asilikali a 10,000 komanso mabungwe akuluakulu asanu ndi atatu m'dziko lake, kupatulapo ntchito yomenyana nayo pomaliza chaka chino. Makamu a US, omwe sanachoke kwathunthu Iraq pambuyo pa 2011, tsopano akubwerera ku chiwerengero choyambira cha mabungwe kumeneko nambala yochuluka kwambiri.
Mwachidule, palibe njira iliyonse yowonjezeramo bwino momwe nkhondo ya US tsopano ikukhudzira dera ndi maziko ndi magulu. Zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo zakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo zimakhala zosavomerezeka kuti America kawirikawiri amaganizira za izo ndi atolankhani pafupifupi konse lipoti pa mutuwo. Anthu a Congress akuwononga mabiliyoni ambiri a madola yomanga ndi kusamalira chaka chilichonse m'derali, koma funsani mafunso ochepa onena za ndalama, chifukwa chiyani pali maziko ambiri, komanso ntchito yotani. Mwachiwerengero chimodzi, United States yatha $ 10 zankhaninkhani, kuteteza mafuta a Persian Gulf kwa zaka makumi anayi zapitazo.
Kufikira chaka chake cha 35th, njira yokhala ndi magulu ankhondo, asilikali, ndege, ndi sitima zapamadzi ku Middle East zakhala chimodzi mwa masoka aakulu m'mbiri ya American foreign policy. Kuthamanga kwadzidzidzi mwatsatanetsatane, mwina zoletsedwa nkhondo iyenera kutikumbutsa kuti zosavuta izi zowonjezera zazitsulo zapangitsa kuti aliyense mu Ofesi ya Oval ayambe nkhondo yomwe ikuwoneka yotsimikizika, mofanana ndi yomwe idakutsogolere, kuti iwononge nkhondo yatsopano ndi nkhondo yambiri.
Kwaokha, kukhalapo kwa maziko amenewa kwathandizira kupanga ziphunzitso zotsutsana ndi dziko la America. Monga momwe zinaliri zowawa mlandu ndi Osama bin Laden ndi asilikali a US ku Saudi Arabia, maziko adayambitsa militancy, komanso kuukira ku United States ndi nzika zake. Ali ndi okhoma msonkho mabiliyoni ambiri a madola, ngakhale kuti iwo sali, kwenikweni, oyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mafuta akuyenda mozungulira padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo asokoneza ndalama za misonkho kuntchito yopititsa patsogolo njira zina zopangira magetsi ndikukumana ndi zofunikira zina zofunikira zapakhomo. Ndipo adathandizira olamulira ankhanza ndi maboma oponderezedwa, osatetezeka, ndikuthandizira kulepheretsa kufalikira kwa demokalase m'dera lomwe likulamulidwa ndi olamulira achikoloni ndi olamulira ena.
Pambuyo pa zaka 35 za zomangamanga m'deralo, ndi nthawi yayitali kuti tiwone bwinobwino zotsatira za Washington zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku Central Middle East zomwe zachitika m'dera, US, ndi dziko lapansi.
"Mafuta Oposa Mafuta"
Ngakhale kuti Middle East maziko buildup anayamba mwakhama ku 1980, Washington anali atayesera kale kugwiritsira ntchito gulu lankhondo kuti athetse njira iyi ya Eurasia yopindulitsa kwambiri, ndipo, ndi chuma, padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, monga mochedwa Chalmers Johnson, katswiri wa ndondomeko ya ku US, akufotokozera mmbuyo ku 2004, "United States yakhala ikukhala ndi zida zankhondo zopanda malire zomwe cholinga chawo chokha chimawoneka kuti ndi ulamuliro wa malo ofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi."
Mu 1945, Germany itagonjetsedwa, alembi a Nkhondo, Boma, ndi Navy adakankhira mwamphamvu kuti athe kumangidwanso pang'ono Dharan, Arabia Saudi, ngakhale kuti asilikali adatsimikiza kuti sikunali kofunikira pa nkhondo ya Japan. Iwo ankanena kuti, "Posakhalitsa pomanga nyumbayi [" air, "], zikanakhala zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku America ku Saudi Arabia ndipo zimenezi zimathandiza kuti dzikoli likhale lolimba kwambiri chifukwa dzikoli lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopezera mafuta."
Pogwiritsa ntchito 1949, Pentagon inali itakhazikitsa mphamvu yaing'ono ya Middle East (MIDEASTFOR) Bahrain. Kumayambiriro a 1960s, utsogoleri wa Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy adayamba kumangidwanso magulu ankhondo mu Indian Ocean pafupi ndi Persian Gulf. Mkati mwa zaka khumi, Navy anali atapanga maziko a chomwe chikanakhala maziko oyamba aku US mderali - pachilumba cholamulidwa ndi Britain cha Diego García.
Komabe, muzaka zoyambirira za Cold War, Washington inkafuna kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo ku Middle East pochirikiza ndi kulamulira mphamvu za chigawo monga Ufumu wa Saudi Arabia, Iran pansi pa Shah, ndi Israel. Komabe, mkati mwa miyezi yambiri ya Soviet Union ya 1979 kugawidwa kwa Afghanistan ndi Iran ya 1979 revolution ikugonjetsa Shah, njirayi yotsutsana nayo inalibenso.
Base Buildup
Mu January 1980, Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter adalengeza kusintha kosasintha kwa malamulo a US. Icho chidzadziwika ngati Chiphunzitso cha Carter. Mwa iye State of the Union adiresi, adawachenjeza za kutha kwa dera "zomwe zili ndi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu pa mafuta omwe akugulitsidwa padziko lonse" komanso "omwe tsopano akuopsezedwa ndi asilikali a Soviet" ku Afghanistan omwe "amawopsya kwambiri kuti ufulu wa ku Middle East ukhale wovuta."
Carter anachenjeza kuti "kuyesedwa kwa wina aliyense kunja kwa mphamvu kuti alamulire ku Persian Gulf dera kudzaonedwa kuti ndikumenyana ndi zofunikira za United States of America." Ndipo adawonjezeranso mwatsatanetsatane kuti, "Kulimbana koteroko kudzasokonezedwa ndi aliyense zikutanthauza zofunika, kuphatikizapo gulu lankhondo. "
Ndi mawu awa, Carter adayambitsa chimodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu zomangamanga m'mbiri. Iye ndi mtsogoleri wake Ronald Reagan anali kutsogolera kufalikira kwa mabungwe ku Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia, ndi mayiko ena m'deralo kuti alandire "Mphamvu Yofulumira Kutumiza, "Yomwe inkayenera kuyang'anira zogulira mafuta ku Middle East. Mlengalenga ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja Diego Garcia, makamaka, anafutukuka mofulumira kusiyana ndi chiyambireni nkhondo ku Vietnam. Ndi 1986, ndalama zoposa $ 500 miliyoni zinali zitayikidwa. Pasanapite nthawi, chiwerengerocho chinathamangira mabiliyoni.
Posakhalitsa, gulu la Rapid Deployment Force linakula kukhala US Central Command, yomwe tsopano ikuyang'anira nkhondo zitatu ku Iraq (1991-2003, 2003-2011, 2014-); nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan (2001-); kulowetsamo Lebanon (1982-1984); kuwonongeka kwakukulu kochepa Libya (1981, 1986, 1989, 2011); Afghanistan (1998) ndi Sudan (1998); ndi "nkhondo yankhondo”Ndi Iran (1987-1988), zomwe zinapangitsa kuti kugwa mwangozi wa ndege ya usilikali ya dziko la Iran, akupha anthu a 290. Panthawiyi, ku Afghanistan panthawi ya 1980s, CIA inathandiza pakhomopo ndikukonza zazikulu nkhondo yophimba motsutsana ndi Soviet Union pochirikiza Osama Bin Laden ndi mujahidin yowopsya. Lamuloli laphatikizanso pa nkhondo ya drone Yemen (2002-) ndi zonse overt ndi chophimba nkhondo ku Somalia (1992-1994, 2001-).
Panthawi ndi pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf ya 1991, Pentagon inafalitsa kwambiri kupezeka kwake m'derali. Asilikali mazana ambiri adatumizidwa ku Saudi Arabia kukonzekera nkhondo yomenyana ndi Iraqi omwe anali wolamulira wa dziko la Iraq komanso woyanjana naye Saddam Hussein. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, magulu zikwi za asilikali ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonongeka zinasiyidwa ku Saudi Arabia ndi Kuwait. Kumalo ena ku Gulf, asilikali anathandiza kuti malowa akhale aakulu kwambiri ku Britain Fifet Fleet Apo. Makina akuluakulu a mpweya anakhazikitsidwa ku Qatar, ndipo ntchito za US zinawonjezeka ku Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, ndi Oman.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa Afghanistan ku 2001 ndi Iraq ku 2003, ndi ntchito zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'mayiko onsewa, zinayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mabwalo m'deralo. Pakati pa nkhondo, kunali bwino 1,000 Zowonongeka za US, malo oyendetsera malo, ndi maziko akuluakulu m'mayiko awiri okha. Ankhondo aponso anamanga zitsulo zatsopano ku Kyrgyzstan ndi Uzbekistan (kuyambira kutseka), kufufuza ndi mwayi kuchita zimenezi ku Tajikistan ndi Kazakhstan, ndipo, ngakhale pang'ono, akupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mayiko angapo a ku Central Asia monga mapaipi ogwira ntchito kuti apereke asilikali ku Afghanistan ndi kuwonetsa kuchoka kwapadera.
Ngakhale Obama akulephera kusunga Zigwirizano za "XMUMX" zotsalira ku Iraq pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa 2011 ku United States, yasaina mgwirizano ndi Afghanistan kulola asilikali a US kukhala m'dzikoli kufikira 2024 ndi sungani Kupeza Bagram Air Base ndi malo osachepera asanu ndi atatu.
Zomwe Zimayambitsa Nkhondo
Ngakhale kulibe maziko akuluakulu a zitsulo ku Iraq, asilikali a ku United States akhala ndi njira zambiri zokhudzana ndi nkhondo yoyamba yotsutsana ndi IS. M'dziko lokhalo, kupezeka kwakukulu kwa America anakhalabe Pambuyo pa 2011 kuchoka mu mawonekedwe a maofesi a Dipatimenti ya Boma, komanso ambassy wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi ku Baghdad, ndi mbali yaikulu ya makampani osungira usilikali. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha nkhondo yatsopano, osachepera 1,600 asilikali adabwerera ndipo akugwira ntchito kuchokera ku Joint Operations Center ku Baghdad ndi maziko a likulu la Iraq, Erbil. Mlungu watha, White House inalengeza kuti idzapempha $ 5.6 mabiliyoni ku Congress kuti atumize zina Aphungu a 1,500 ndi antchito ena ku mabungwe awiri atsopano ku Baghdad ndi Province la Anbar. Ntchito zina ndi mphamvu zina zimagwira ntchito kuchokera kumalo osadziwikiratu.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi malo osungirako akuluakulu monga Kampani Yophatikiza Ntchito Yoyendetsa Ku Qatar al-Udeid Air Base. Pambuyo pa 2003, malo oyendetsa ndege a Central Central a Middle East onse anali ku Saudi Arabia. Chaka chomwecho, Pentagon inasunthira pakati pa Qatar ndipo idachotsa nkhondo ku Saudi Arabia. Izi zinapangitsa kuti mabomba a 1996 apite ku ufumu wa Khobar Towers, kuphatikizapo zida zina za al-Qaeda m'deralo, komanso kuti al-Qaeda akukwiyitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha asilikali omwe si Asilamu m'dziko lachi Islam. Al-Udeid tsopano ali ndi maulendo a 15,000-foot, mapepala akuluakulu a mapepala, ndi kuzungulira 9,000 asilikali ndi makontrakitala omwe akukonzekera nkhondo yatsopano mu Iraq ndi Syria.
Kuwait wakhala mthunzi wofunikira kwambiri wa Washington chifukwa ntchitoyi kuyambira asilikali a US akulowa m'dzikoli pa nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf. Kuwait anali malo akuluakulu komanso malo ogwiritsira ntchito asilikali omenyera nkhondo ku 2003 ndi ku Iraq. Zilipobe 15,000 asilikali ku Kuwait, ndi asilikali a US akuti bombing State Islamic malo pogwiritsa ntchito ndege kuchokera Kuwait Ali al Salem Air Base.
Monga nkhani yosindikizira mu Washington Postzatsimikiziridwa sabata ino, al-Dhafra Air Base ku United Arab Emirates yakhazikitsa ndege zowononga kwambiri pakapangidwe ka kuphulitsa bomba kuposa malo ena onse m'derali. Dzikoli limakhala ndi asitikali pafupifupi 3,500 ku al-Dhafra kokha, komanso padoko lotsogola kwambiri la Navy. B-1, B-2, ndi B-52 zophulitsa bomba zotalika pa Diego Garcia zathandizira kuyambitsa Gulf Wars komanso nkhondo ku Afghanistan. Chilumbachi chikuwonekeranso kuti chikuchita nawo nkhondo yatsopano. Pafupi ndi malire a Iraq, pafupifupi asitikali a US US ndi ndege zankhondo zankhondo za F-1,000 zikugwira ntchito kuyambira kamodzi Mzinda wa Jordan. Malingana ndi Pentagon mawerengedwe atsopano, asilikali a ku United States ali ndi maziko a 17 ku Turkey. Ngakhale boma la Turkey likuika malire pa ntchito zawo, mwina ena akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa drones ku Syria ndi Iraq. Kufikira kasanu ndi kawiri mkati Oman ingagwiritsenso ntchito.
Tsopano Bahrain ndilo likulu la ntchito zonse za ku Middle East, kuphatikizapo Fifth Fleet, zomwe zimaperekedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti mafuta ndi zinthu zina zilibe ufulu ngakhale kuti Persian Gulf ndi madzi oyandikana nawo. Pali nthawi zonse osachepera gulu lonyamula ndege - moyenera, malo oyandama kwambiri - ku Persian Gulf. Pakadali pano, USS Carl Vinson ili pamtunda, pulezidenti wamkulu wa pulezidenti wa dziko la Islamic State. Zombo zina zapamadzi zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku Gulf ndi Nyanja Yofiira anapezerapo zida zolowera ku Iraq ndi ku Syria. Mtsinje wa Navy ngakhale umatha kupeza "kupita patsogolo"Yomwe imakhala ngati" lilypad "ya ma helicopter ndi malo oyendetsa m'deralo.
In Israel, pali zinsinsi zisanu ndi chimodzi zachinsinsi za US zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito polemba zida ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira kulikonse. Palinso "maziko a US" kumalo ozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean. Ndipo akukayikira kuti pali malo ena awiri obisika omwe amagwiritsiranso ntchito. Ku Egypt, asilikali a US akhalabe osachepera awiri malo osungiramo zinthu ndipo amakhala ndi maziko osachepera awiri Sinai Peninsula popeza 1982 monga gawo la Camp David Agreement polojekiti yolondera.
Kumalo ena, dera la asilikali linakhazikitsanso zosungira zisanu zokha za drone Pakistan; adakulitsa zofunikira kwambiri Djibouti pa chokepoint pakati pa Suez Canal ndi Indian Ocean; adalenga kapena adzalowera kuzikolo in Ethiopia, KenyaNdipo Seychelles; ndi kukhazikitsa maziko atsopano Bulgaria ndi Romania kupita ndi nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Clinton Kosovo m'mphepete mwakumadzulo kwa nyanja yakuda yakuda.
Ngakhale ku Saudi Arabia, ngakhale kuti kuchoka pagulu, aang'ono a US zida zankhondo wakhala akuphunzitsa anthu a Saudi ndi kusunga maziko "otentha" ngati zosungira zosayembekezereka m'deralo kapena, mwinamwake, mu ufumu wokha. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, asilikali anakhazikitsa chinsinsi drone maziko m'dzikoli, ngakhale blowback Washington ili anakumana kuchokera kumayambiriro ake akale a Saudi basing ventures.
Olamulira Olamulira, Imfa, ndi Mavuto
Kupezeka kwa America ku Saudi Arabia, komabe modzichepetsa, kuyenera kutikumbutsa za kuopsa kwa kusunga maziko m'deralo. Kulimbitsa dziko loyera la Muslim ndilo buku lalikulu la al-Qaeda komanso gawo la Osama bin Laden adanena kuti ali ndi chidwi chifukwa cha 9 / 11. (Iye wotchedwa kukhalapo kwa asilikali a US, "chachikulu mwaziwawa zomwe a Islam adachita kuyambira imfa ya mneneri.") Inde, mabungwe a US ndi asilikali ku Middle East akhala "chachikulu chothandizira chifukwa cha anti-Americanism ndi radicalization "chifukwa kudzipha kwa bomba kunapha asilikali a 241 ku Lebanoni mu 1983. Zochitika zina zafika ku Saudi Arabia ku 1996, Yemen ku 2000 motsutsana ndi USS Cole, komanso panthawi ya nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Research awonetsa mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa kubwezeretsedwa kwa US ndi al-Qaeda.
Chimodzi mwa mkwiyo wotsutsana ndi America wadalidwa ndi zothandizira za ku United States zopereka zopondereza, zosalamulirika. Ambiri mwa mayiko a ku Middle East ali demokarasi, ndipo ena mwa anthu olakwira ufulu wadziko lapansi ndi ena. Chofunika kwambiri, boma la United States lapereka kokha kutsutsa mwamphamvu wa boma la Bahraini monga momwe mwachitira mwamphamvu atasweka pa pro-demokarasi maulamuliro mothandizidwa ndi Saudis ndi United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Pambuyo pa Bahrain, maziko a US amapezeka mu chingwe cha zomwe Zotsatira za Economist Democracy akuitana "maulamuliro", kuphatikizapo Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, ndi Yemen. Kusunga maziko kumayiko otere amatsitsimula olamulira ena a boma ndi maboma ena opondereza, amachititsa kuti United States ziwonongeke pazolakwa zawo, ndipo zimachepetsa kwambiri ntchito yofalitsa demokarasi ndikupangitsa kuti anthu padziko lonse lapansi akhale ndi moyo wabwino.
Inde, kugwiritsira ntchito mabungwe kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi njira zina zomwe zimathandizira zimapanga zofanana, kubweretsa mkwiyo, kutsutsana, ndi kuzunzidwa kwa a America. Posachedwa Lipoti la UN akuwonetsa kuti nkhondo ya Washington yolimbana ndi Islamic State inatsogolera amitundu akunja kuti alowe m'gululi "mwachindunji."
Ndipo kotero kuzungulira kwa nkhondo komwe kunayamba mu 1980 kungakhale kupitilira. "Ngakhale US ndi mabungwe ogwirizana atha kuyendetsa gulu lino la asilikali," katswiri wamkulu wa asilikali ogwira ntchito pantchito komanso wasayansi Andrew Bacevich akulemba wa dziko la Islamic, "palibe chifukwa choyembekezera" zotsatira zabwino m'deralo. Monga Bin Laden ndi Afghan mujahidin adapita ku al-Qaeda ndi Taliban ndi omwe anali aku Iraq a Baathists ndi al-Qaeda ku Iraq morphed kuti, "pali," monga momwe Bacevich amanenera, "nthawi zonse State Islamic akudikirira mu mapiko."
Makhazikitsidwe a Chiphunzitso cha Carter ndi njira yomanga asilikali ndi chikhulupiliro chakuti "kugwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu mphamvu za nkhondo za US" kungathandize kupeza mafuta ndi kuthetsa mavuto a derali, "adatero," cholakwika kuyambira pachiyambi ". Maziko a ku Middle East athandizika kuti apite kunkhondo kutali ndi kwathu. Zathandizira nkhondo zosankha ndi ndondomeko yachilendo yowonjezera yomwe yakhala ikubwereza mobwerezabwereza Masoka kwa dera, United States, ndi dziko. Kuchokera ku 2001 yekha, nkhondo zoponderezedwa ndi US ku Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, ndi Yemen zakhala zikuyambitsa minda mazana zikwi za imfa ndi mwina kwambiri kuposa anthu okwana miliyoni imodzi ku Iraq yekha.
Chomvetsa chisoni ndichakuti chikhumbo chilichonse chovomerezeka chofuna kupititsa mafuta amchigawo kupita ku zachuma padziko lonse lapansi chitha kupitilizidwa kudzera munjira zina zotsika mtengo komanso zowopsa. Kusunga mabasiketi ochuluka omwe amawononga madola mabiliyoni ambiri pachaka sikofunikira kuteteza mafuta ndikupereka mtendere wamadera - makamaka munthawi yomwe United States imangozungulira 10% waukonde wake mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe ochokera kuderali. Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka komwe ndalama zathu zankhondo zawononga, zasokoneza ndalama ndi chidwi pakupanga mitundu ina yamagetsi yomwe ingamasule United States ndi dziko lapansi kudalira mafuta aku Middle East - komanso kuchokera pankhondo yomwe magulu athu ankhondo adyetsa.
David Vine, a TomDispatch zonse, ndi pulofesa wothandizana ndi anthropology ku American University ku Washington, DC Iye ndiye mlembi wa Chilumba cha Manyazi: Mbiri Yabisika ya Military Base ku US Diego Garcia. Iye walembera kwa a New York Times, ndi Washington Post, ndi Guardianndipo Mayi Jones, pakati pa zofalitsa zina. Bukhu lake latsopano, Base Nation: Mmene US Mabungwe Akumidzi Amayiko Amayiko Amawononga America ndi Dziko, adzawoneka mu 2015 monga gawo la American Empire Project (Metropolitan Books). Kuti mumve zambiri zomwe analemba, pitani www.davidvine.net.
kutsatira TomDispatch pa Twitter ndikutigwirizanitsa Facebook. Onani Dispatch Book yatsopano, ya Rebecca Solnit's Amuna Fotokozani Zinthu Kwa Ine, ndi buku laposachedwa la Tom Engelhardt, Gulu lamagulu: Kuwoneka, Nkhondo Zachibvundi, ndi Global Security State mu Dziko Lokha Lopambana.
Copyright 2014 David Vine
