ndi David Swanson, July 3, 2018.
Utsi wokhetsa misozi uli m'gulu lamavuto ochepa omwe amakumana ndi omwe amasamala za kupha ndi kuwononga nkhondo. Koma ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazankhondo zapolisi zam'deralo. M'malo mwake, amaonedwa ndi anthu ambiri osaloledwa pankhondo, koma malamulo osagwirizana ndi nkhondo (ngakhale kuti lamulo lolembedwa limapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale losadziwika bwino).
Monga kuphulitsa anthu ndi mizinga yochokera ku ma drones, kuwombera anthu chifukwa chokhala aku Palestine, kutsekereza anthu m'ndende kwa zaka makumi ambiri popanda mlandu kapena kuzengedwa mlandu pakona yakubedwa ku Cuba, kapena kuyika anthu ndi ma tasers chifukwa chokhala waku America waku America, kuvomerezeka kowombera utsi okhetsa misozi kapena mace. kapena utsi wa tsabola kwa anthu - mosasamala kanthu kuti umawavulaza kapena kuwapha, monga momwe amachitira nthawi zambiri - amakhulupirira kuti ambiri amakayikira ngati zochitazo zinali mbali ya nkhondo kapena ayi.
Kusiyanitsa ndi kodabwitsa m'njira zingapo. Choyamba, palibe nkhondo zamakono zomwe zili zovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake kupha ma drone sikukhala kovomerezeka ngati kunenedwa kuti ndi gawo lankhondo.
Chachiwiri, asitikali aboma amamenya nkhondo poyera motsutsana ndi maboma, magulu omwe si aboma, magulu aamorphous a anthu, ngakhalenso machenjerero kapena malingaliro (uchigawenga, uchigawenga). Boma likamenya nkhondo ndi anthu akutali, monga boma la US ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Yemen, ndi zina zotero, ndizoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito utsi wokhetsa misozi (ngakhale mukugwiritsa ntchito napalm, phosphorous yoyera, ndi zida zakupha kwambiri. amene si mankhwala). Koma boma lomwelo likamenya nkhondo ndi anthu omwe amati ndi ake (kutumiza asitikali ankhondo a National Guard kunkhondo zakunja ndi New Orleans, Ferguson, Baltimore, ndi zina zotero, osati alonda okha komanso asitikali ankhondo omwe ali ndi zida komanso ophunzitsidwa ndi US komanso. Asitikali aku Israeli) akuti amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe ndi zoyipa kwambiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kunja.
Chachitatu, boma la US likuloledwa - kapena limachita nthawi zonse - kugulitsa ndi kugulitsa ndi kupanga ndi kutumiza zida zimenezo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi maboma ankhanza kwambiri padziko lapansi polimbana ndi anthu omwe amati ndi awo.
Chachinayi, asitikali aku US akalanda malo a anthu ena kwazaka zambiri ngati ku Afghanistan, dziko lapansi likuwonetsa kukhudzidwa pang'ono (ndipo "kufufuza" kwa International Criminal Court sikumapita kulikonse) apolisi akupha ndi zida zovomerezeka, koma utsi wokhetsa misozi ukadali chida chosavomerezeka. kuti agwiritse ntchito pankhondo. Komabe, ntchitoyo pang'onopang'ono imasiya dzina lankhondo, ndipo ankhondowo tsopano akuwoneka kuti ali ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi wambiri moti amaugwiritsa ntchito. okha.
Ndakhala ndikutsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "nkhondo" pazinthu zina osati nkhondo. Sindikufuna nkhondo yolimbana ndi khansa pazifukwa zambiri, kuphatikiza kufunika koyang'ana kwambiri kupewa, kufunikira kotaya zizolowezi zankhondo, komanso kufunikira kosunga mawu akuti nkhondo kuti atchule, mukudziwa, nkhondo - pazifukwa zamakhalidwe, zothandiza, ndi zalamulo. Kuletsedwa kwa nkhondo m'malamulo a mayiko, komwe sikunyalanyazidwa kale, kungafookenso mwa kukulitsa zomwe zimatchedwa nkhondo. Chifukwa chake, sindikufuna kufananiza Ferguson ndi Iraq. Ndipo sindikufuna kupangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kuthetsa nkhondo poletsa anthu kuzindikira kuti nkhondo ndi chiyani. Komabe ndikulimbana ndi nkhondo zomwe sizitha, komanso apolisi apakhomo omwe amagawana zida, maphunziro, ndi ntchito zankhondo.
Kotero, nazi zomwe ndikupangira.
- Kusaloledwa kwa nkhondo pansi pa UN Charter ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact kudziwika.
- Miyezo yalamulo pazochitika zoipa kwambiri kwa nkhondo imamveka kuti imagwira ntchito ponseponse ku zoyesayesa za anthu. M'malo mwake, palibe chomwe chili mu Chemical Weapons Convention kapena mapangano ena omwe anganene mosiyana.
- Miyezo imeneyo ifutukulidwe pang'onopang'ono kuti iphatikize zoipa zambiri.
Pogwetsa kusiyana kwa "nthawi yankhondo" motsutsana ndi "nthawi yamtendere", mwanjira iyi, titha kutaya malingaliro akuti mwanjira inayake kukhala gawo limodzi ndikugawana msasa wakupha monga Guantanamo akuthawa zoletsedwa za onse awiri. Mwa kupanga kulikonse kukhala “nthaŵi yamtendere” m’malo mwa “nthaŵi yankhondo,” ndi kuona nkhondo monga upandu waukulu waupandu uliwonse, sitingakhale tikupatsa maboma maulamuliro apadera anthaŵi yankhondo, koma m’malomwake tikuwalanda iwo kaamba ka ubwino wake.
Pakali pano mitundu ina yokha ya zida za mankhwala imaonedwa kuti ndi yabwino yokha-yopanda nkhondo. Zida zina za mankhwala zimaonedwa kuti n’zoipa kwambiri moti sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito. M'malo mwake, mitundu ina ya zida zankhondo imawonedwa kuti ndi yoyipa kwambiri kotero kuti zonena zosamveka komanso zosatsimikizika zakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kapena zomwe zili ndi gulu lolakwika zimatengedwa ngati kulungamitsidwa kwankhondo yakupha kwambiri komanso yowononga kwambiri yopanda mankhwala. Mwa zina iyi ndi nkhani ya chikhalidwe cha atsamunda wamba, chifukwa mayiko ena amatha kukhala ndi zida zomwezo. Koma mwa zina ndi kusiyana pakati pa zida zabwino ndi zoipa za mankhwala. Ngakhale kuti zida zina za mankhwala n’zoopsa kwambiri kuposa zina, anthu ambiri amaphedwa ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi kuposa amene anaphedwa pa ngozi ya mankhwala ya ku Russia ku England imene nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Britain ananena kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino kuti ndi “kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopanda lamulo polimbana ndi United Kingdom. .” Kusiyana mwalamulo pakati pa zida zabwino ndi zoyipa za mankhwala ziyenera kutha.
Tinagulitsidwa nkhondo ya drone ku Yemen monga yabwino kunkhondo yopanda drone, yomwe ndithudi inatsogolera. Utsi wokhetsa misozi nthawi zambiri umagulitsidwa kwa ife m'malo mowombera owonetsa zipolopolo. Kusankha kwabwinoko ku Yemen sikukanakhala nkhondo konse. Chisankho chabwino kwa ochita ziwonetsero sichikuwawombera chilichonse, koma kukhala pansi ndikuwerenga Kusintha Koyamba kwa Constitution ya US, ndikukhala nawo kuti amve madandaulo awo. Zipolowe za apolisi za utsi wokhetsa misozi, kapena "kuletsa zipolowe" zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zipolowe monga "kuthana ndi uchigawenga" ndi uchigawenga, nthawi zambiri zimakhudzanso zida zina zambiri.
War Resisters League imapereka mudziwe pa gasi okhetsa misozi pa a webusaiti. Ndipo ndikupangira buku latsopano lomwe ndangowerenga kumene: Gasi Wokhetsa Misozi: Kuchokera ku Nkhondo za Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse mpaka M'misewu Yamakono ndi Anna Feigenbaum. Monga momwe Feigenbaum amanenera, kugwiritsa ntchito utsi wokhetsa misozi kwakula kwambiri, kudumpha mu 2011 pomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Bahrain, Egypt, United States, ndi kwina. Anthu aphedwa, anataya manja ndi miyendo, anataya maso, anavulala muubongo, anapsa ndi moto wachitatu, akudwala matenda opuma, ndipo anapita padera. Utsi wokhetsa misozi uli ndi zigaza zosweka. Utsi wokhetsa misozi wayamba kuyatsa. Mbewu ndi nyama zosakhala anthu ndi mbalame zaponyedwa poizoni. Wolemba nkhani wa Fox News a Megyn Kelly amatsutsa tsabola ngati "chakudya, makamaka," ndipo lipoti la ku Britain lochokera ku 1970 lomwe limagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri kulungamitsa kugwiritsira ntchito utsi wokhetsa misozi limalimbikitsa kuti liwoneke ngati chida, koma ngati mankhwala. Bukhu la Feigenbaum ndi mbiri ya chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida, komanso malonda achinyengo a “sayansi”.
Anthu aku America okonda kwambiri dziko lawo adzakhala okondwa kudziwa kuti United States ndi England zatsogolera. Chiyambireni Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, Brits ndi Amereka agulitsa zida za mankhwala monga njira yochepetsera kuzunzika pankhondo ndi kuthetsa nkhondo mofulumira kwambiri - osatchulapo njira "zopanda vuto" zolamulira makamu (podzetsa kuvutika kosapiririka kosavulaza). Iwo apanga zosiyana popanda kusiyana. Asokoneza zotsatira za mayeso. Abisa zotsatira za mayeso. Ndipo achita nawo kuyesa kwa anthu, ndikuyesa kwakukulu kwa zida za mankhwala pa ozunzidwa mosayembekezereka akuchitika Edgewood Arsenal ku United States ndi Porton Pansi ku England kwa zaka zambiri kuyambira pomwe Ajeremani adaweruzidwa ndi kupachikidwa pazifukwa zofananira.
General Amos Fries, mkulu wa bungwe la US Chemical Warfare Service, analimbikitsidwa kugulitsa zida za mankhwala kwa apolisi monga njira yotetezera kukhalapo kwa bungwe lake pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. - kutengera, mukudziwa, zenizeni. Mbiriyo inali yoipa kwambiri, kotero kuti zinatengera UK mbadwo wina (ndi thandizo la tsankho powagwiritsa ntchito poyamba ku midzi) kuti abwere mokwanira kuti avomereze kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala ndi apolisi. Fries ankagulitsa zida za mankhwala ngati zabwino kwambiri kwa “magulu” ndi “ankhanza.”
"Ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wapoizoni motsutsana ndi mafuko osatukuka," anatero Winston Churchill, wolankhula momveka bwino komanso wotsogola nthawi zonse (komabe, monga nthawi zonse, ndimalephera kumva chikondi chomwe wina aliyense akuwoneka kuti amayankha nthawi zonse. ndi).
Gulu lalikulu lankhondo la apolisi, munkhani ya Feigenbaum, lidachitika pakutengera utsi wokhetsa misozi ndi dipatimenti ya apolisi aku US mu 1920s ndi 1930s. Ngakhale kuti tikhoza kuganiza kuti malangizowo analipo kuyambira pachiyambi popereka njira yomwe mpweya wokhetsa misozi wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri (monga chida chaukali cholimbana ndi anthu ogwidwa ndi malo otsekedwa, ndi zina zotero) zosavomerezeka, Feigenbaum amakonza kusamvana uku. Utsi wokhetsa misozi unapangidwa ndikulimbikitsidwa ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi anthu wamba omwe ali pafupi komanso m'malo otsekedwa. Kuchita kwake kowonjezereka muzochitika zoterezi kunali kugulitsa mfundo. Izi zitha kukhala zoyenera kukumbukira popeza Asitikali aku US tsopano akuphunzitsa asitikali kupha mobisa.
Chiyeso choyamba chachikulu m'mbiri yaulemerero ya kugwiritsira ntchito utsi wokhetsa misozi monga "kuwongolera anthu" chinadza pamene asilikali a US anaukira asilikali ankhondo a World War I ndi mabanja awo mu Bonus Army ku Washington, DC, kupha akuluakulu ndi makanda, ndi kupereka utsi wokhetsa misozi. dzina latsopano: chakudya cha Hoover. Motalikirapo manyazi, kupha anthu omenyera nkhondowa "kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala kwa anthu awo" (kubwereza kulungamitsidwa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pankhondo za "zachifundo" zaku US) kudakhalanso malo ogulitsa. Kampani ya Lake Erie Chemical idagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zakuukira kwa Bonus Army m'mabuku ake ogulitsa.
United States inakankhira utsi wokhetsa misozi padziko lonse lapansi ndikuugulitsa ku maiko a Britain mpaka pamene a British anakakamizika kukhala opanga okha. Zosintha pakuvomera kwake ku Britain zidabwera ku India ndi Palestine. Kupha kwa Amritsar ku India kunapangitsa chikhumbo cha chida chonga mfuti chosapha ndi chovomerezeka kuposa mfuti, njira, monga momwe Feigenbaum akulembera, "kusintha momwe maboma amawonekera popanda chifukwa chilichonse chosinthira momwe zinthu zinalili." Ufumu wa Britain womwe unali kufa unatenga ndodoyo ndi kufalitsa utsi wokhetsa misozi kutali ndi kutali. Utsi wokhetsa misozi unali gawo la Israeli kuyambira Israeli asanalengedwe mwalamulo.
Masiku ano timaganizira za utsi wokhetsa misozi malinga ndi mmene wagulitsidwira malonda, ngakhale kuti maso athu onama atisonyeza. Panthawi ya Civil Rights and Peace movements of the 1960s, monga nthawi zambiri kuyambira pamenepo, utsi wokhetsa misozi sunagwiritsidwe ntchito kwenikweni kufalitsa makamu owopsa. Zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuwukira ndi zida zina pamagulu otsekeredwa mwadala komanso osachita zachiwawa. Athamangitsidwa m’nyumba za anthu ndi m’matchalitchi ndi m’malo ochitira misonkhano kuti awathamangitse pangozi, monga momwe anagwiritsidwira ntchito kutulutsa anthu m’mapanga ku Vietnam. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chivundikiro chowonekera pomenya ndi zida zina. Zagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chithunzi chovomerezeka cha khamu lowopsa, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe anthu omwe akutsamwirawo akuchita kapena anali kuchita asanaphulitsidwe ndi misozi. Utsi wokhetsa misozi umalimbikitsa kuvala masks, zomwe zimasintha mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe a otsutsa. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu a SWAT nthawi zambiri pomwe kugogoda pakhomo kukadagwira ntchito bwino. Zagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chilango kwa otsutsa ndi akaidi. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masewera ndi apolisi / asitikali ofunitsitsa.
Omenyera ufulu wakana, ayimitsa katundu wochokera ku Korea kupita ku Bahrain, aimitsa hotelo ku Oakland, California, kuti asatengere malo ogulitsa zida. Koma utsi wokhetsa misozi ukuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi. Feigenbaum ikupereka maphunziro asayansi moona mtima. Sindikutsutsana nazo. Akufuna kumveketsa bwino zalamulo la utsi wokhetsa misozi. Ine sindikutsutsana nazo izo - onani pamwambapa. Iye akulingalira, m'malo mosimidwa, kuti ngati chida ichi chiyenera kuonedwa ngati mankhwala, ndiye kuti zoletsa zomwezo zotsutsana ndi zofuna ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe zimagwirira ntchito kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Sindikutsutsana nazo. Koma buku la Feigenbaum limapanga vuto losavuta komanso lamphamvu: kuletsa utsi wokhetsa misozi kwathunthu.
