Wolemba John Scales Avery, Januware 4, 2019
Kuphedwa kwa General Qasem Soleimani
Lachisanu, Januware 3, 2020, opita patsogolo ku United States ndi anthu onse okonda mtendere padziko lonse lapansi adachita mantha kumva kuti a Donald Trump adawonjezera pamndandanda wake wautali wamilandu ndi zolakwika polamula kuphedwa kwa General Qasem Soleimani, yemwe ndi ngwazi m'dziko lake, Iran. Kupha, komwe kunachitika Lachisanu pogwiritsa ntchito drone, nthawi yomweyo kunawonjezera mwayi wa nkhondo yayikulu yatsopano ku Middle East ndi kwina. Potengera izi, ndikufuna ndiwunikenso mbiri yakuukira kwa Iran chifukwa cha mafuta.
Kufuna kulamulira mafuta aku Iran
Iran ili ndi chitukuko chakale komanso chokongola, chomwe chinayambira ku 5,000 BC, pamene mzinda wa Susa unakhazikitsidwa. Zina mwa zolemba zakale zomwe timazidziwa, kuyambira pafupifupi 3,000 BC, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitukuko cha Elamu pafupi ndi Susa. Anthu aku Irani amasiku ano ndi anzeru kwambiri komanso azikhalidwe, komanso otchuka chifukwa cha kuchereza kwawo, kuwolowa manja komanso kukoma mtima kwa alendo. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu aku Iran athandizira kwambiri sayansi, zojambulajambula ndi zolemba, ndipo kwa zaka mazana ambiri sanaukire aliyense wa anansi awo. Komabe, kwa zaka 90 zapitazi, akhala akuzunzidwa ndi mayiko akunja, zomwe zambiri zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mafuta ndi gasi aku Iran. Choyamba mwa izi chinachitika mu nthawi ya 1921-1925, pamene chiwembu chothandizidwa ndi Britain chinagonjetsa mzera wa Qajar ndikulowa m'malo mwake ndi Reza Shah.
Reza Shah (1878-1944) adayamba ntchito yake ngati Reza Khan, wamkulu wankhondo. Chifukwa cha nzeru zake zapamwamba, iye mwamsanga ananyamuka kukhala mkulu wa Tabriz Brigade wa Persian Cossacks. Mu 1921, General Edmond Ironside, yemwe adalamulira gulu lankhondo la Britain la amuna 6,000 olimbana ndi a Bolshevik kumpoto kwa Perisiya, adakonza kulanda (mothandizidwa ndi ndalama ndi Britain) pomwe Reza Khan adatsogolera ma Cossacks 15,000 kupita ku likulu. Anagonjetsa boma, ndipo anakhala nduna ya nkhondo. Boma la Britain linachirikiza kulanda kumeneku chifukwa limakhulupirira kuti pakufunika mtsogoleri wamphamvu ku Iran kuti athane ndi a Bolshevik. Mu 1923, Reza Khan adagonjetsa ufumu wa Qajar, ndipo mu 1925 adavekedwa korona ngati Reza Shah, kutenga dzina lakuti Pahlavi.
Reza Shah amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ntchito yokonzanso dziko la Iran, monga momwe Kamil Ataturk adasinthira dziko la Turkey. Pazaka 16 za ulamuliro wake ku Iran, misewu yambiri idamangidwa, njanji ya Trans-Iranian Railway idamangidwa, anthu aku Irani ambiri adatumizidwa kukaphunzira kumadzulo, University of Tehran idatsegulidwa, ndipo njira zoyambira zama mafakitale zidatengedwa. Komabe, njira za Reza Shah nthawi zina zinali zankhanza kwambiri.
Mu 1941, pamene Germany inaukira Russia, Iran sanaloŵerere, mwina kutsamira pang’ono ku mbali ya Germany. Komabe, Reza Shah adatsutsa mokwanira Hitler kuti apereke chitetezo ku Iran kwa othawa kwawo ku Nazi. Poopa kuti Ajeremani adzalandira minda ya mafuta ya Abadan, ndipo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Trans-Iranian Railway kuti abweretse katundu ku Russia, Britain inagonjetsa Iran kuchokera kum'mwera pa August 25, 1941. kumpoto. Reza Shah adapempha thandizo kwa Roosevelt, ponena za kusalowerera ndale kwa Iran, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Pa Seputembara 17, 1941, adakakamizidwa kupita ku ukapolo, ndipo m'malo mwake mwana wake wamwamuna, Korona Prince Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Onse a Britain ndi Russia adalonjeza kuti achoka ku Iran nkhondoyo ikangotha. M'nthawi yotsala ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ngakhale Shah watsopanoyo anali wolamulira wa Iran, dzikolo linkalamulidwa ndi magulu ankhondo ogwirizana.
Reza Shah anali ndi malingaliro amphamvu, ndipo adawona kuti inali ntchito yake kupititsa patsogolo Iran. Anapereka lingaliro ili la utumwi kwa mwana wake, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Vuto lopweteka la umphawi linali ponseponse, ndipo onse a Reza Shah ndi mwana wake adawona kusintha kwa Iran kukhala njira yokhayo yothetsera umphawi.
Mu 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh adakhala Prime Minister waku Iran kudzera zisankho zademokalase. Anali wochokera kubanja lodziwika bwino ndipo amatha kutsata makolo ake ku ma shah a mzera wa Qajar. Zina mwazosintha zambiri zomwe a Mosaddegh adachita ndi kukhazikitsira katundu wa Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ku Iran. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, bungwe la AIOC (lomwe pambuyo pake linadzatchedwa kuti British Petroleum), linanyengerera boma la Britain kuti lithandize kulanda boma mwachinsinsi komwe kudzagwetse Mosaddegh. A Britain adapempha Purezidenti wa US Eisenhower ndi CIA kuti agwirizane ndi M16 pochita chipwirikiti ponena kuti Mosaddegh akuyimira chiwopsezo cha chikomyunizimu (mkangano wodabwitsa, poganizira zachikhalidwe cha Mosaddegh). Eisenhower anavomera kuthandiza Britain kuchita kulanda, ndipo kunachitika mu 1953. Motero Shah anapeza mphamvu zonse pa Iran.
Cholinga chakusintha dziko la Iran ndi kuthetsa umphawi chinatengedwa ngati ntchito yopatulika kwambiri ndi Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, ndipo chinali cholinga chake choyambitsa White Revolution mu 1963, pamene malo ambiri anali a eni eni eni eni ndi korona. inagawidwa kwa anthu okhala m’midzi opanda malo. Komabe, White Revolution inakwiyitsa gulu lakale lokhala ndi malo ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndipo linayambitsa chitsutso choopsa. Polimbana ndi kutsutsidwa kumeneku, njira za Shahs zinali zankhanza kwambiri, monga momwe makolo ake adachitira. Chifukwa cha kudzipatula komwe kunapangidwa ndi njira zake zowawa, komanso chifukwa cha mphamvu zokulirapo za adani ake, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi adagonjetsedwa mu Iranian Revolution ya 1979. Kusintha kwa 1979 kunali koopsa chifukwa cha kulanda boma kwa British-America mu 1953.
Titha kunenanso kuti kumadzulo, komwe Shah Reza ndi mwana wake adafuna, adapanga zotsutsana ndi zakumadzulo pakati pa anthu osamala za anthu aku Iran. Iran inali "kugwa pakati pa zinyalala ziwiri", mbali imodzi chikhalidwe chakumadzulo komanso mbali ina chikhalidwe cha dziko. Zinkawoneka kuti zinali zapakati, osati za aliyense. Pomaliza kulowa 1979 atsogoleri achipembedzo achisilamu adapambana ndipo Iran idasankha mwambo. Pakadali pano, mu 1963, US idathandizira mwachinsinsi kuukira kwa asitikali ku Iraq komwe kudapangitsa kuti chipani cha Ba'ath cha Saddam Hussein chiyambe kulamulira. Mu 1979, pomwe Shah waku Iran wothandizidwa ndi chakumadzulo adagwetsedwa, United States idawona boma la Shiite lomwe lidalowa m'malo mwake ngati chiwopsezo chamafuta ochokera ku Saudi Arabia. Washington idawona Iraq ya Saddam ngati chitetezo chotsutsana ndi boma la Shiite la Iran lomwe linkaganiziridwa kuti likuwopseza mafuta ochokera kumayiko ochirikiza America monga Kuwait ndi Saudi Arabia.
Mu 1980, atalimbikitsidwa kutero chifukwa Iran idataya thandizo la US, boma la Saddam Hussein linaukira Iran. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha nkhondo yamagazi ndi yowononga kwambiri yomwe inatenga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, kuvulaza pafupifupi wani miliyoni pa mayiko awiriwa. Iraq idagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa mpiru ndi mpweya wa mitsempha Tabun ndi Sarin motsutsana ndi Iran, kuphwanya Geneva Protocol. Onse a United States ndi Britain anathandiza boma la Saddam Hussein kupeza zida za mankhwala.
Kuukira kwa Iran komweko kochitidwa ndi Israel ndi United States, zonse zenizeni komanso zoopsa, zikufanana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi Iraq, yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi United States mu 2003. zidzapangidwa, koma Cholinga chenicheni chinali chochita zambiri ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuyang'anira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a Iraq, komanso mantha aakulu a Israeli pokhala ndi woyandikana nawo wamphamvu komanso wankhanza. Mofananamo, hegemony pa nkhokwe zazikulu za mafuta ndi gasi ku Iran zikhoza kuwonedwa ngati chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zomwe United States panopa ikuchita ziwanda ku Iran, ndipo izi zikuphatikizidwa ndi mantha a Israeli pafupifupi a paranoid a Iran yaikulu komanso yamphamvu. Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo pa "kupambana" kwa 1953 kutsutsana ndi Mosaddegh, Israel ndi United States mwina akuwona kuti zilango, ziwopsezo, kuphana ndi zovuta zina zitha kubweretsa kusintha kwa boma komwe kudzabweretsa boma lomvera ku Iran - boma lomwe lingavomereze. US hegemony. Koma malankhulidwe aukali, ziwopsezo ndi zokwiyitsa zitha kukhala nkhondo yayikulu.
Sindikufuna kunena kuti boma la Iran liribe zolakwika zazikulu. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zilizonse motsutsana ndi Iran kungakhale misala komanso kuphwanya malamulo. Chifukwa chiyani amisala? Chifukwa chuma chamakono cha US ndi dziko lapansi sichingathe kuthandizira mkangano wina waukulu; chifukwa Middle East kale ndi dera lovuta kwambiri; ndipo chifukwa n'kosatheka kuneneratu kukula kwa nkhondo yomwe, ngati itayamba, ikhoza kukhala Nkhondo Yachitatu Yadziko Lonse, poganizira kuti Iran ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi Russia ndi China. Chifukwa chiyani chigawenga? Chifukwa chakuti chiwawa choterocho chingaswe pangano la UN Charter ndi Mfundo za Nuremberg. Palibe chiyembekezo chilichonse cham'tsogolo pokhapokha ngati titagwira ntchito kudziko lamtendere, lolamulidwa ndi malamulo a mayiko, osati dziko lamantha, limene mphamvu zankhanza zimagwira ntchito.
Kuukira ku Iran kungachuluke
Posachedwapa tadutsa zaka 100 kuchokera pamene nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse yatha, ndipo tiyenera kukumbukira kuti tsoka lalikululi linakula mosalamulirika chifukwa cha nkhondo yaing’ono. Pali chiwopsezo choti kuwukira kwa Iran kudzakhala nkhondo yayikulu ku Middle East, ndikusokoneza dera lomwe lili ndi mavuto kale.
Boma losakhazikika la Pakistan likhoza kugonjetsedwa, ndipo boma la Pakistani losintha likhoza kulowa mu nkhondo kumbali ya Iran, motero kubweretsa zida za nyukiliya pankhondoyi. Russia ndi China, ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Iran, atha kukopekanso kunkhondo yayikulu ku Middle East.
M'malo owopsa omwe atha kuchitika chifukwa chakuukira kwa Iran, pali chiopsezo kuti zida zanyukiliya zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mwadala, kapena mwangozi kapena molakwika. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pa kupangitsa madera akuluakulu a dziko kukhala osakhalamo mwa kuipitsidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi ma radioactive, nkhondo ya nyukiliya ingawononge ulimi wapadziko lonse kotero kuti pangakhale njala yapadziko lonse ya milingo yosadziwika kale.
Motero, nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndiyo tsoka lalikulu kwambiri la chilengedwe. Ikhoza kuwononga chitukuko cha anthu komanso zambiri zamoyo. Kuyika pachiwopsezo pankhondo yotere kungakhale kulakwa kosakhululukidwa kwa miyoyo ndi tsogolo la anthu onse padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo nzika zaku US.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti mitambo yochuluka ya utsi wochokera ku mvula yamkuntho m’mizinda yoyaka moto ikafika ku stratosphere, kumene ikafalikira padziko lonse ndi kukhalapo kwa zaka khumi, kutsekereza kuzungulira kwa madzi, ndi kuwononga ozone layer. Zaka khumi za kutentha kotsika kwambiri zikanatsatiranso. Ulimi wapadziko lonse udzawonongedwa. Chiwerengero cha anthu, zomera ndi nyama chikanatha.
Tiyeneranso kuganizira zotsatira zokhalitsa za kuipitsidwa kwa radioactive. Munthu angapeze lingaliro laling’ono la mmene kukanakhalira mwa kulingalira za kuipitsidwa kwa radioactive kumene kwapangitsa madera aakulu pafupi ndi Chernobyl ndi Fukushima kukhala osatha kukhalamo kosatha, kapena kuyesedwa kwa mabomba a haidrojeni ku Pacific m’ma 1950, amene akupitirizabe kuyambitsa leukemia ndi kubadwa kwa zilema ku Marshall Islands zaka zoposa theka pambuyo pake. Pakachitika nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya, kuipitsidwa kukanakhala kwakukulu kwambiri.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mphamvu zonse zophulika za zida za nyukiliya padziko lapansi lero ndi zazikulu kuwirikiza 500,000 kuposa mphamvu ya mabomba omwe anawononga Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Chimene chikuwopsezedwa masiku ano ndicho kuwonongeka kotheratu kwa chitukuko cha anthu ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mbali zambiri za chilengedwe.
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chaumunthu chomwe tonse timagawana ndi chuma chomwe chiyenera kutetezedwa mosamala ndikuperekedwa kwa ana athu ndi zidzukulu zathu. Dziko lapansi lokongolali, limodzi ndi zomera ndi zinyama zambirimbiri, lilinso chuma chamtengo wapatali chimene sitingathe kuchiyeza kapena kuchifotokoza. Ndi kudzikuza ndi mwano waukulu bwanji kwa atsogoleri athu kuganiza zoyika izi pachiswe pankhondo ya nyukiliya!
