Attacking Iran Kuopsa Kwambiri Padziko Lonse

Ndi John Scales Avery, May 21, 2019

Lolemba, 13 May 2019, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inalemba nkhani ndi mutu wakuti "Ndemanga za White House Military Plans Against Iran. mu Echoes of Iraq Nkhondo ". Kuwonjezera pa okwera ndege ndi magulu ena a nkhondo omwe atumizidwa kale ku Persian Gulf, mapulani akuphatikizapo kutumiza asilikali ambiri a 120,000 ku America. Pali ngozi yaikulu kuti kuukira kwa Iran kungawonongeke ndi zochitika zabodza za Gulf-of-Tonkin zomwe zikukhudza zombo za Saudi.

Lamlungu, 19 May, Donald Trump adalengeza kuti: "Ngati Iran ikufuna kumenya nkhondo, izi zidzathera ku Iran. Musayambe kuopseza ku United States kachiwiri! "Iye sanafotokoze momwe dziko la Iran likanasokonezera US.

Nchifukwa chiyani kuthekera kwa kuukira kwa nkhondo ku Iran kuli kovuta kwambiri? Nkhondo yotere ingasokoneza dziko la Middle East lomwe silinakhazikike kale. Ku Pakistan, kusadziwika kwa mgwirizano wa US-Israel-Saudi, komanso kukumbukira nkhanza zambiri, zitha kuchititsa kuti boma la Pakistan lisakhazikike, ndikupereka zida zanyukiliya ku Pakistan m'manja osagwirizana ndi boma. Russia ndi China, omwe akhala akugwirizana nthawi yayitali ku Iran, amathanso kukopeka ndi nkhondoyi. Pakhoza kukhala ngozi yayikulu yakukula mu nkhondo yanyukiliya yonse.

Iran ndi mtundu wamtendere koma kawirikawiri wagwidwa

Iran ili ndi chitukuko chakale komanso chokongola chomwe chidayamba ku 7000 BC, pomwe mzinda wa Susa udakhazikitsidwa. Zina mwazolemba zoyambirira zomwe tikudziwa, kuyambira pafupifupi 3,000 BC, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitukuko cha Elamite pafupi ndi Susa. Anthu aku Irani amasiku ano ndi anzeru kwambiri komanso otukuka, ndipo amatchuka chifukwa chochereza alendo, kuwolowa manja kwawo komanso kukoma mtima kwa alendo. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu aku Irani apanga zambiri pazasayansi, zaluso ndi zolemba, ndipo kwazaka mazana ambiri sanazunze aliyense woyandikana nawo. Komabe, m'zaka zana zapitazi, akhala akuzunzidwa ndi kulowererapo kwina, komwe zambiri zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi mafuta ndi gasi zaku Iran. Zoyamba izi zidachitika mchaka cha 1921-1925, pomwe gulu lolamulidwa ndi Britain lidalanda ufumu wa Qajar ndikuulowetsa Reza Shah.

Reza Shah (1878-1944) anayamba ntchito yake monga Reza Khan, mkulu wa asilikali. Chifukwa cha nzeru zake zapamwamba adafulumira kudzakhala mkulu wa Tabriz Brigade wa Persian Cossacks. Mu 1921, General Edmond Ironside, yemwe adalamulira asilikali a Britain a 6,000 akumenyana ndi a Bolshevik kumpoto kwa Persia, adalimbikitsa (kuperekedwa ndi Britain) komwe Reza Khan akutsogolera 15,000 Cossacks ku likulu. Iye anagonjetsa boma, ndipo anakhala mtumiki wa nkhondo. Boma la Britain linalimbikitsanso ndondomekoyi chifukwa idakhulupirira kuti mtsogoleri wamphamvu adayenera ku Iran kukana Mabolshevik. Mu 1923, Reza Khan adapondereza ufumu wa Qajar, ndipo mu 1925 adavekedwa korona ngati Reza Shah, dzina lake Pahlavi.

Reza Shah ankakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ntchito yokonzanso Iran, monga momwe Kamil Ata Turk adasinthira dziko la Turkey. Pazaka 16 zakulamulira ku Iran, misewu yambiri idamangidwa, Trans-Iranian Railway idamangidwa, anthu aku Irani ambiri adatumizidwa kukaphunzira Kumadzulo, University of Tehran idatsegulidwa, ndipo njira zoyambilira pakupanga mafakitale zidatengedwa. Komabe, njira za Reza Shah nthawi zina zinali zovuta kwambiri.

Mu 1941, pomwe Germany idalanda Russia, Iran idalowerera ndale, mwina kutsamira pang'ono mbali ya Germany. Komabe, Reza Shah anali wotsutsa mokwanira Hitler kuti apereke chitetezo ku Iran kwa othawa kwawo ku Nazi. Poopa kuti Ajeremani atha kulamulira minda yamafuta ya Abadan, ndipo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Trans-Iranian Railway kubweretsa katundu ku Russia, Britain idalanda Iran kuchokera kumwera pa Ogasiti 25, 1941. Nthawi yomweyo, gulu lankhondo laku Russia lidalanda dzikolo kuchokera kumpoto. Reza Shah adapempha Roosevelt kuti amuthandize, ponena kuti dziko la Iran sililowerera ndale, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Pa Seputembara 17, 1941, adakakamizidwa kupita ku ukapolo, ndikusinthidwa ndi mwana wake wamwamuna, Crown Prince Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Onse aku Britain ndi Russia adalonjeza kuti adzachoka ku Iran nkhondo itangotha. Panthawi yotsala ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, ngakhale Shah watsopanoyu anali wolamulira wa Iran, dzikolo linkalamulidwa ndi magulu ankhondo ogwirizana.

Reza Shah, adali ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya mission, ndipo adawona kuti ndi udindo wake kupititsa patsogolo Iran. Iye adapita kwa mwana wake, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Vuto losautsika la umphaŵi linali kulikonse, ndipo onse a Reza Shah ndi mwana wake adawona nyengo ya Iran monga njira yokha yothetsera umphawi.

Mu 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh anakhala Pulezidenti wa Iran kudzera mu chisankho cha demokalase. Iye adali wochokera ku banja lodziwika bwino ndipo akanatha kufufuza makolo ake kubwerera ku mzera wa mafumu a Qajar. Pakati pa zinthu zambiri zomwe zasintha ndi Mosaddegh ndiko kuyendetsa mafuta a Anglo-Iran Katundu wa kampani ku Iran. Chifukwa cha ichi, AIOC (yomwe pambuyo pake idadzakhala Britain Petroleum), idalimbikitsa boma la Britain kuti lithandizire kugwirira ntchito mwachinsinsi komwe kudzagwetsa Mosaddegh. A Britain adapempha Purezidenti wa US Eisenhower ndi CIA kuti alowe nawo M16 pochita izi, akuti kuti Mosaddegh amaimira chiwopsezo cha chikominisi (mkangano wopusa, poganizira za mbiri yabwino ya Mosaddegh). Eisenhower adavomera kuthandiza Britain kuchita izi, ndipo zidachitika mu 1953. Chifukwa chake a Shah adapeza mphamvu zonse ku Iran.

Cholinga cha kupititsa patsogolo dziko la Iran ndi kuthetsa umphaŵi chinasankhidwa kukhala ntchito yopatulika kwambiri ndi Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, ndipo anali cholinga cha White Revolution ku 1963, pamene malo ambiri a eni eni enieni ndi korona adagawidwa kwa anthu okhala m'midzi. Komabe, White Revolution inakwiyitsa gulu lachikhalidwe komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndipo linatsutsa kwambiri. Pochita zinthu ndi otsutsawa, njira za Shahs zinali zovuta kwambiri, monga momwe makolo ake adachitira. Chifukwa cha kupatukana komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi njira zake zowawa, komanso chifukwa cha mphamvu za adani ake, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi anali Kugonjetsedwa mu Iran Revolution ya 1979. Kusintha kwa 1979 kunayambira pamtunda waukulu chifukwa cha maiko a British-America a 1953.

Wina amathanso kunena kuti kumadzulo, komwe Shah Reza ndi mwana wake wamwamuna adalinga, zidapangitsa kuti anthu azisangalalo azisokoneza anthu aku Iran. Iran inali "kugwa pakati pamipando iwiri", mbali ina kumadzulo kwachikhalidwe komanso mbali ina chikhalidwe cha dzikolo. Zinkawoneka kuti zili pakati, osakhala nawo. Pomaliza mu 1979 atsogoleri achipembedzo achisilamu adapambana ndipo Iran idasankha miyambo.

Pakadali pano, mu 1963 US idathandizira mobisa zigawenga zaku Iraq zomwe zidapatsa mphamvu a Saddam Hussein a Ba'ath Party. Mu 1979, Shah waku Iran wakumadzulo atagonjetsedwa, United States idawona boma lachi Shiite lomwe limalowetsa m'malo mwake ngati chiwopsezo pakupereka mafuta ku Saudi Arabia. Washington idawona Iraq ya Saddam ngati linga lolimbana ndi boma la Shiite la Iran lomwe limaganiziridwa kuti likuwopseza kupezeka kwamafuta ochokera kuma pro-America monga Kuwait ndi Saudi Arabia.

Mu 1980, adalimbikitsidwa kuchita zimenezi chifukwa chakuti dziko la Iran linasowa thandizo la US, boma la Saddam Hussein linapha Iran. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha nkhondo yamagazi yowononga kwambiri yomwe idakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, kupha pafupifupi mamiliyoni mamiliyoni m'mitundu iwiriyi. Dziko la Iraq linagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa mpiru ndi mpweya wamagazi Tabun ndi Sarin motsutsana ndi Iran, kuphwanya Geneva Protocol.

Zomwe zakhala zikuchitika ku Iran, zenizeni komanso zowopsezedwa, zikufanana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi Iraq yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi United States ku 2003. Mu 2003, kuukiraku kudachitika chifukwa chongoopseza kuti zida zanyukiliya zipangike, koma zenizeni Cholinga chake chinali chokhudzana kwambiri ndi kulamulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a ku Iraq, komanso mantha akulu aku Israeli pokhala ndi mnansi wamphamvu komanso wankhanza. Momwemonso, kukondera nkhokwe zazikulu zamafuta ndi gasi ku Iran kumatha kuwonedwa ngati chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zomwe United States ikuchitira ziwanda Iran, ndipo izi zikuphatikizidwa ndi mantha aku Israel okopa Iran yayikulu komanso yamphamvu. Pokumbukira zomwe "zidachita bwino" 1953 motsutsana ndi Mosaddegh, Israel ndi United States mwina akuwona kuti ziletso, kuwopseza, kupha ndi zovuta zina zitha kupangitsa kusintha kwa boma komwe kudzabweretse boma lomvera ku Iran - boma lomwe livomereze Kupusa kwa US. Koma mawu achipongwe, ziwopsezo ndi zoputa zitha kukula mpaka nkhondo.

Sindikufuna kutanthauza kuvomereza boma la Iran lomwe lilipo. Komabe, anthu ochereza, otukuka komanso ochezeka aku Iran sakuyenera zoyipa zankhondo. Sakuyenera kuvutika komwe kudawachitiridwa kale. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwawa zilizonse zotsutsana ndi Iran zitha kukhala zamisala komanso zachiwawa. Chifukwa chamisala? Chifukwa chuma chamakono cha US ndi dziko lapansi sichingathandizire mikangano ina yayikulu; chifukwa Middle East ili kale dera lovutika kwambiri; komanso chifukwa ndizosatheka kuneneratu za nkhondo yomwe, ikangoyamba, itha kukhala nkhondo yachitatu yapadziko lonse, popeza Iran ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi Russia komanso China. Chifukwa chachifwamba? Chifukwa nkhanza zoterezi zitha kuphwanya Mgwirizano wa UN komanso Nuremberg Principles. Palibe chiyembekezo chilichonse mtsogolomo pokhapokha titagwirira ntchito dziko lamtendere, lolamulidwa ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, osati dziko lamantha pomwe mphamvu zankhanza zikulamulira.

Zothandizira

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