Pamene US Imatumiza Osamukira Kuzungulira, Ken Burns Ati Anena Zowona Zakuphedwa kwa Nazi.

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 16, 2022

Kodi nthawi ino, pamene United States ikutumiza anthu othawa kwawo ngati kuti akuwononga zida za nyukiliya, nthawi yabwino kuti Ken Burns ndi PBS azinena kuti azinena zoona za US ndi Holocaust? Iwo adanenanso za Vietnam. (Nayi ndemanga yanga yosakanikirana kwambiri.)

Inde, ndikuyembekeza kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano kuchokera ku Burns ndi kampani, ndipo sindikunena kuti ndikudziwa zonse, koma zomwe ndikudziwa, izi ndi zomwe ndingapange filimu yake yaposachedwa ikuphatikizapo ngati ndikanakhala ndi mphamvu (koma ndidzadabwa ngati zimatero):

(Kuchokera ku Kusiya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.)

 Mukadakhala kuti mumamvera anthu akuwonetsetsa kuti WWII ikuyenda lero, ndikugwiritsa ntchito WWII kutsimikizira zaka 75 zakumenyera nkhondo ndikukonzekera nkhondo, chinthu choyamba chomwe mungayembekezere kupeza powerenga zomwe WWII inali nkhondo yangakhale chifukwa chofunikira pulumutsa Ayuda kupha anthu ambiri. Padzakhala zithunzi zakale za zikwangwani pomwe amalume Sam adaloza chala chawo, kuti "Ndikufuna mupulumutse Ayuda!"

M'malo mwake, maboma aku US ndi Britain adachita nawo zaka zambiri pazokopa zazikulu zomanga nkhondo koma sanatchulepo za Ayuda opulumutsa.[I] Ndipo ife tikudziwa mokwanira za zokambirana za mkati mwa boma kuti tidziwe kuti kupulumutsa Ayuda (kapena wina aliyense) sikunali chinsinsi chobisika chobisidwa kwa anthu otsutsa (ndipo zikanakhala, kodi demokalase ikanakhala bwanji pankhondo yaikulu ya demokalase?). Chifukwa chake, nthawi yomweyo tikukumana ndi vuto loti kulungamitsidwa kodziwika kwambiri kwa WWII sikunapangidwe mpaka WWII itatha.

Ndondomeko yakusamukira ku United States, yolembedwa makamaka ndi antisemitic eugenicists monga Harry Laughlin - omwe ndi omwe adalimbikitsa a eugenicists a Nazi - adalepheretsa kuvomereza kwa Ayuda ku United States nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike.[Ii]

Ndondomeko ya Nazi Germany kwa zaka zambiri inali kuthamangitsa Ayuda, osati kupha kwawo. Maboma adziko lapansi adachita misonkhano yapagulu kuti akambirane za omwe angavomereze Ayuda, ndipo maboma amenewo - chifukwa chapoyera komanso mopanda manyazi - adakana kuvomereza omwe adazunzidwa ndi chipani cha Nazi. Hitler analengeza poyera kukana kumeneku monga kuvomerezana ndi tsankho lake ndi monga chilimbikitso chakulikulitsa.

Ku Évian-les-Baines, ku France, mu July 1938, kuyesayesa koyambirira kwa mayiko kunapangidwa, kapena kunanamizira, kuchepetsa kanthu kena kofala kwambiri m’zaka makumi aposachedwapa: vuto la othaŵa kwawo. Vutoli linali mmene chipani cha Nazi chinachitira Ayuda. Oimira mayiko 32 ndi mabungwe 63, kuphatikizapo atolankhani pafupifupi 200 omwe ankalemba zochitikazo, ankadziwa bwino za chikhumbo cha chipani cha Nazi chothamangitsa Ayuda onse ku Germany ndi Austria, ndipo ankadziwa kuti tsogolo lawo ngati silingawathamangitse. kukhala imfa. Chigamulo cha msonkhanowo chinali chosiya Ayuda ku tsogolo lawo. (Costa Rica ndi Dominican Republic okha ndi omwe adawonjezera kuchuluka kwawo kwa anthu osamukira.)

Mtumiki wa ku Australia TW White adanena, popanda kufunsa anthu a ku Australia kuti: "Popeza tilibe vuto lenileni, sitikufuna kulitumiza."[III]

Wolamulira wankhanza wa Dominican Republic ankaona kuti Ayuda ndi ofunika kwambiri, monga kuti adziyeretsa kudziko lomwe anthu ambiri a ku Africa anali nawo. Dziko linaikidwa pambali kwa Ayuda a 100,000, koma osakwana 1,000 anafikapo.[Iv]

Hitler anali atanena pomwe msonkhano wa Évian udafotokozedwa kuti: "Ndikuyembekeza ndikuyembekeza kuti dziko lina, lomwe limamvera chisoni achifwambawa [Ayuda], likhala lopatsa mokwanira kuti lisinthe izi kuti zikhale zothandiza. Nafenso tili okonzeka kupereka zigawenga zonsezi mmaiko awa, kwa onse omwe ndimawasamalira, ngakhale pazombo zapamwamba. ”[V]

Kutsatira msonkhanowu, mu Novembala wa 1938, Hitler adachulukitsa kuwukira kwake Ayuda Kristallnacht kapena Crystal Night - chipolowe chokhazikitsidwa ndi boma usiku, kuwononga ndi kutentha masitolo achiyuda ndi masunagoge, pamene anthu 25,000 anatumizidwa kumisasa yachibalo. Polankhula pa Januware 30, 1939, Hitler adanena kuti adalungamitsa zomwe adachita kuchokera pazotsatira za Msonkhano wa Évian:

"Ndizowonetseratu zochititsa manyazi kuwona momwe dziko lonse la demokalase likulimbikitsa anthu osauka omwe amazunzidwa achiyuda, koma amakhalabe ouma mtima komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zowathandiza - zomwe, chifukwa cha malingaliro ake, ntchito yowonekera . Zifukwa zomwe zimabweretsedwa ngati zifukwa zosawathandizira zimatilankhulira ife aku Germany ndi aku Italiya. Pakuti akunena izi:

"1. 'Ife,' awa ndi ma demokalase, 'sitingathe kutengera Ayuda.' Komabe mu maufumu awa mulibe ngakhale anthu khumi kufika pa kilomita lalikulu. Pomwe Germany, ndi anthu 135 okhala pa kilomita imodzi, akuyenera kukhala ndi malo awo!

"2. Atitsimikizira kuti: Sitingathe kuwatenga pokhapokha Germany itakonzeka kuwapatsa ndalama zina kuti abwere nawo ngati alendo. ”^[vi]

Vuto la Évian linali, zachisoni, osati kusadziwa za ndondomeko ya Nazi, koma kulephera kuika patsogolo kuteteza izo. Limeneli linakhalabe vuto m’kati mwa nkhondoyo. Linali vuto lomwe limapezeka mwa andale komanso kwa anthu onse.

Patatha masiku asanu kuchokera ku Crystal Night, Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt adati akukumbukira kazembe ku Germany ndipo malingaliro a anthu "adadabwitsidwa kwambiri" Sanagwiritse ntchito mawu oti "Ayuda." Mtolankhani adafunsa ngati kulikonse padziko lapansi kungalandire Ayuda ambiri ochokera ku Germany. "Ayi," anatero Roosevelt. "Nthawi sinafike poti tichite izi." Mtolankhani wina adafunsa ngati Roosevelt angamasule zoletsa zakunja kwa othawa kwawo achiyuda. "Sikuti mukuganiza," Purezidenti adayankha.[vii] Roosevelt anakana kuthandizira ndalama zothawirako ana mu 1939, zomwe zikadaloleza Ayuda 20,000 osakwana zaka 14 kuti alowe ku United States, ndipo sanatulukemo.[viii]

Ngakhale kuti ambiri ku United States, monganso kwina kulikonse, anayesa molimba mtima kupulumutsa Ayuda ku chipani cha Nazi, kuphatikizapo mwa kudzipereka kuti awatengere, maganizo ambiri sanali nawo.

Mu Julayi 1940, Adolf Eichmann, wokonza mapulani a chiwonongeko, adafuna kutumiza Ayuda onse ku Madagascar, omwe tsopano ndi a Germany, France idatanganidwa. Zombozo zimayenera kudikirira mpaka aku Britain, omwe tsopano amatanthauza kuti Winston Churchill, atha kutseka. Tsiku limenelo silinafike.[ix]

Mlembi wa mayiko a ku Britain, Anthony Eden, anakumana pa March 27, 1943, ku Washington, DC, ndi Rabbi Stephen Wise ndi Joseph M. Proskauer, loya wotchuka komanso woweruza wakale wa Khoti Lalikulu la New York State yemwe panthawiyo anali Purezidenti wa American Jewish Committee. Wise ndi Proskauer anaganiza zofikira Hitler kuti achotse Ayuda. Edeni anatsutsa lingalirolo kukhala “losatheka modabwitsa.”[x] Koma tsiku lomwelo, malinga ndi US State department, Eden adauza Secretary of State Cordell Hull china chosiyana:

"Hull adafunsa funso la Ayuda 60 kapena 70 omwe ali ku Bulgaria ndipo akuwopsezedwa kuti adzawonongedwa pokhapokha titatha kuwatulutsa ndipo, mwachangu, adakakamiza Edeni kuti ayankhe vutoli. Edeni adayankha kuti vuto lonse la Ayuda ku Europe ndilovuta kwambiri ndipo tiyenera kusamala kwambiri pakupereka kutulutsa Ayuda onse mdziko ngati Bulgaria. Ngati tichita izi, ndiye kuti Ayuda adziko lapansi adzafuna kuti nafenso tipereke zopereka zomwezo ku Poland ndi Germany. Hitler angatithandizire pa ntchito zoterezi ndipo sitima zapadziko lonse lapansi zilibe zokwanira kunyamula. ”[xi]

Churchill anavomera. "Ngakhale titakhala kuti tingapatse chilolezo kuti tichotse Ayuda onse," adalemba motero poyankha kalata imodzi yochonderera, "zoyendera zokha zimabweretsa vuto lomwe silikhala lovuta kuthana nalo." Kutumiza ndi mayendedwe sikokwanira? Pankhondo ya Dunkirk, aku Britain adasamutsa amuna pafupifupi 340,000 m'masiku naini okha. US Air Force inali ndi ndege zikwizikwi zatsopano. Nthawi yayitali, a US ndi aku Britain akadatha kuwuluka ndi kunyamula othawa kwawo ambiri kupita nawo kopanda chitetezo.[xii]

Sikuti aliyense anali wotanganidwa kwambiri kumenya nkhondo. Makamaka kuyambira chakumapeto kwa 1942 mtsogolo, ambiri ku United States ndi Britain adafuna kuti achitepo kanthu. Pa Marichi 23, 1943, Bishopu Wamkulu waku Canterbury adapempha Nyumba ya Mbuye kuti izithandiza Ayuda aku Europe. Chifukwa chake, boma la Britain lidapempha boma la US msonkhano wina woti ukambirane zomwe angachite kuti atulutse Ayuda kuchokera kumayiko osalowerera ndale. Koma ofesi yakunja yaku Britain idawopa kuti a Nazi atha kuchita nawo mapulaniwo ngakhale sanapemphedwe, ndikulemba kuti: "Pali kuthekera kwakuti Ajeremani kapena ma satelayiti awo atha kusintha malingaliro awo ndikuwachotsa, ndikulinga momwe angathere nkhondo isanachitike, manyazi mayiko ena powasefukira ndi alendo ochokera kumayiko ena. ”[xiii]

Chodetsa nkhawa pano sichinali chopulumutsa miyoyo koposa kupewa kupewa manyazi ndi zovuta zopulumutsa miyoyo.

Pamapeto pake, omwe adatsala amoyo m'misasa yachibalo adamasulidwa - ngakhale nthawi zambiri osati mwachangu kwambiri, osatinso chilichonse chofunikira kwambiri. Akaidi ena adasungidwa m'misasa yozunzirako mpaka mu Seputembara 1946. General George Patton adalimbikitsa kuti palibe amene ayenera "kukhulupirira kuti Wosamutsidwayo ndi munthu, zomwe sianthu, ndipo izi zimagwira makamaka kwa Ayuda omwe ndi otsika kuposa nyama. ” Purezidenti Harry Truman adavomereza panthawiyo kuti "zikuwoneka kuti timawachitira Ayuda zomwezi ngati zomwe a Nazi adachita, kupatula kuti sitikuwapha."[xiv]

Zoonadi, ngakhale kukanakhala kuti sikukokomeza, kusapha anthu n'kofunika kwambiri. United States inali ndi zizolowezi zachifasisti koma sanagonje kwa izo monga momwe Germany idachitira. Koma panalibenso nkhondo yayikulu-R Resistance crusade yopulumutsa omwe akuwopsezedwa ndi fascism - osati kumbali ya boma la US, osati kumbali ya US.

Ndemanga:

[I] M'malo mwake, Unduna wa Zofalitsa ku Britain udaganiza zopewa kutchula Ayuda pokambirana za omwe achitidwa chipani cha Nazi. Onani Walter Laqueuer, Chinsinsi Chowopsa: Kupondereza Choonadi pa "Final Solution" ya Hitler. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980, p. 91. Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 368.

[Ii] Harry Laughlin adachitira umboni ku 1920 ku Komiti Yanyumba Yoyang'anira Anthu Osamukira Komwe Asamukira ku United States Congress kuti kusamukira kwa Ayuda ndi aku Italiya kumawononga mtundu wamtunduwu. "Kulephera kwathu kusiyanitsa anthu ochokera kumayiko ena malinga ndi kufunika kwachilengedwe ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri mdziko lonse," adachenjeza a Laughlin. Wapampando wa komiti Albert Johnson adasankha Laughlin kuti akhale Wotsogolera wa Eugenics Agent. Laughlin adathandizira lamulo la Johnson-Reed Immigration Act la 1924, lomwe linaletsa anthu ochokera ku Asia komanso kuchepetsa kusamukira ku Southern and Eastern Europe. Lamuloli limapanga magawo potengera kuchuluka kwa 1890 US. Kuyambira pano, othawa kwawo sakanangofika ku Ellis Island koma amayenera kupeza ma visa kumaofesi aku US akunja. Onani Rachel Gur-Arie, The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, “Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943),” December 19, 2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943 Onaninso Andrew J. Skerritt, Democrat waku Tallahassee, "'Mafunde Osaletseka' akuyang'ana mosakhazikika pamalamulo aku America osamukira kudziko lina | Ndemanga ya Buku, "Ogasiti 1, 2020, https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/08/01/irresistible-tide-takes-unflinching-look-americas-immigration-policy/5550977002 Nkhaniyi yaphimbidwa mu kanema wa PBS "Zochitika ku America: Nkhondo ya Eugenics," Okutobala 16, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade Kuti mudziwe momwe izi zidathandizira chipani cha Nazi, onani Mutu 4 wa Kusiya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.

[III] Holocaust Educational Trust, Mawu 70: Ozunzidwa, Ozunzidwa, ndi Oimirira, "Popeza Tilibe Mavuto Amitundu," Januwale 27, 2015, http://www.70voices.org.uk/content/day55

[Iv] Lauren Levy, Jewish Virtual Library, Project of American-Israel Cooperative Enterprise, "Dominican Republic Ipereka Sosua Pokhala Malo Othandizira Othawa kwawo achiyuda," https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dominican-republic-as-haven-for-jewish -othawa kwawo Onaninso Jason Margolis, The World, "Dziko la Dominican Republic latenga othawa kwawo achiyuda omwe akuthawa Hitler pomwe mayiko 31 akuyang'ana kutali," Novembala 9, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-09/ republic-republic-yatenga-achiyuda-othawa-othawa-owononga-pomwe-31-amitundu-amawoneka

[V] Ervin Birnbaum, "Evian: Msonkhano Wosangalatsa Kwambiri Nthawi Zonse M'mbiri Yachiyuda," Gawo II, http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ/0902-birnbaum-E2.pdf

[vi] Zionism ndi Israel - Dictionary ya Encyclopedic, "Msonkhano wa Evian," http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Evian_conference.htm

[vii] Franklin D. Roosevelt, Mapepala Aanthu ndi Ma Adilesi a Franklin D. Roosevelt, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1938-1950) vol. 7, masamba 597-98. Yotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 101.

[viii] Wolemba David S. Wyman, Makoma A Mapepala: America ndi Refugee Crisis, 1938-1941 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968), p. 97. Wotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 116.

[ix] Christopher Browning, Njira yopita ku Chiwawa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 18-19. Yotchulidwa ndi Nicholson Baker, Utsi Waumunthu: Chiyambi cha Kutha kwa Chitukuko. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 233.

[x] Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "Ayuda aku America ndi Nazi," New York Times, April 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html

[xi] US Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Memorandum of Conversation, wolemba Mr. Harry L. Hopkins, Wothandizira Wapadera wa Purezidenti Roosevelt 55," Marichi 27, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23

[xii] War Sipadzakhalanso: Zaka mazana atatu za Kulemba Nkhondo ku America ndi Mtendere, Lolembedwa ndi Lawrence Rosendwald (Library of America, 2016).

[xiii] Zochitika ku PBS American: "Msonkhano wa Bermuda," https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/feature/holocaust-bermuda

[xiv] Jacques R. Pauwels, Nthano ya Nkhondo Yabwino: America mu Dziko Lachiwiri Nkhondo (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 36.