Tsiku la Armistice linatha Nkhondo Yothetsa Nkhondo. Pangano la Versailles Latipatsa Ife Nkhondo Yosatha

Ndi Mike Ferner
October 29, 2018

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amatsutsana mpaka momwe Pangano la Versailles linayendera maulendo a Hitler ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, komabe palibe kukayikira kuti mgwirizano wotsiriza "Nkhondo Yothetsa Nkhondo Zonse" ikupitirizabe kukhala chinthu chachikulu pa "Nkhondo Yosatha . "

Mwezi wa November, 11, 1918, Europe anafooka ndipo anawotcha. Miyezi ingapo nkhondo isanathe pa tsiku limenelo, asilikali ankhondo atsopano a ku United States analowa pankhondoyi ndipo anatsimikizira kuti mgwirizanowo unagonjetsedwa. Chotsatira chake, Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson adagwira ntchito yowonjezereka m'mabwinja okometsetsa a malire kudutsa theka la dziko lapansi.

Wilson ndiye adalimbikitsa kwambiri kuwonetsera kwa dziko la America, lingaliro lolimbikitsidwa ndi akulu a US kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Nthano yakuti mwinamwake America ikanapitiliza patsogolo zofuna zaumunthu inakopa anthu ambiri, makamaka otayidwa, akulimbikitsidwa ndi Wilson "Mfundo Zinayi." Purezidenti anapita ku ntchito yake yaumesiya ndi chilakolako cha makolo koma monga momwe akusonyezera, anthu amatsenga alibe kachilombo kokha ku Ulaya, anatsogolera Wilson. Ngakhale zili choncho, kulengeza mwatsatanetsatane kaganizidwe kodzidzimutsa kwadzidzidzi kunayambira mamiliyoni ambiri. Iye anali chotengera chopanda kanthu chimene mafuko onse anatsanulira chiyembekezo chawo cha moyo wabwinoko.

Zoona, panali kuyesayesa kotsimikizika kupitirira miyambo yakale ya "kwa wopambanayo imatenga zofunkha" poyambitsa maulendo ndi zolemba zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisankho zisamangidwe pafupipafupi. Komabe, malamulowa sanatuluke pamene mavuto ndi chilungamo nthawi zambiri zimakhala "mwa ife basi."

Ponena za chigwirizano cha vesi la Versailles ku Germany ndipo pamapeto pake nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Margaret MacMillan amapereka mbiri yowunikira m'mbiri yake yozama ya zokambirana za Versailles, "Paris 1919: Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yomwe inasintha dziko lapansi."

Pa nkhaniyi, kumbukirani kuti zoopsya za WWI sizinayendere dziko la Germany kapena kuti Ajeremani akuwona kuti akukhala m'magulu kupatula ku Rhineland. Ndi anthu ochepa chabe a Germany omwe adadziŵa kuti pambuyo pa Allied 8, 1918, 16 German magawano zinatheratu masiku angapo ndipo asilikali otsalawo adagwa pansi nthawi zambiri. Iwo sanadziwe kuti patangotha ​​mlungu umodzi General Ludendorff anauza Kaiser kuti aganizire kukambirana ndi Allies ndipo mwezi wotsatira adafuna mtendere pa mtengo uliwonse. Ndi anthu ochepa chabe a Germany omwe ankadziona kuti ndi amene amadzilamulira, kudzipatulira. Zotsatira zake, nthano ya chipani cha Anazi cha momwe Kaiser's High Command anagwetsera Germany kumvetsera omvera okonzeka kumbuyo.

Milandu ya MacMillan kuti mphoto ya Germany inali yolemetsa kwambiri. Nazi zomwe mbiri imasonyeza.

• France inabwerera ku Alsace-Lorraine yomwe idatayika mu nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia ya 1871 (Prussia inali imodzi mwa mayiko angapo omwe anapanga dziko la Germany ku 1871 nkhondo itatha). Msilikali wothandizana nawo ankagwiritsira ntchito dziko la Germany ku Rhineland ngati chida cha ku France. France idalinso ndi umwini wa migodi ya malasha ku Germany ku Saar yomwe League of Nations inkagwira ntchito mpaka 1935 pomwe anthu adasankha kuti abwerere ku Germany.
• Poland inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi doko la Germany la Danzig / Gdansk komanso umwini wa Silesia, ndi anthu olankhula Chijeremani a 3,000,000, 25% wa malasha ku Germany ndi 80% a zinki zake. Germany itavomereza, bungwe lapadziko lonse linapatsa malo ambiri ku Germany ndi malonda ambiri ndi migodi ku Poland. (Kuwonjezera apo, dziko la Poland linamenyana ndi Russia mpaka 1921 pamene Lenin adavomereza pangano la Riga, kulowetsa malire a dziko la Poland 200 makilomita ambiri ku Russia kuposa momwe Allies amalimbikitsa ndi kuwonjezera 4 miliyoni a Ukrainians, Ayuda 2 miliyoni ndi mamiliyoni a ku Byelorussia ku Poland. )
• Czechoslovakia inapatsidwa Sudetenland, dera lomwe limadutsa Germany ndi Austria ndi anthu olankhula Chijeremani a 3,000,000, komanso a Bohemia a Austria omwe anali ndi anthu ena olankhula Chijeremani a 3,000,000. Hitler anali woti adziwe chifukwa cha "anthu a ku Germany" omwe anali otayika ake ndipo adagonjetsa Sudetenland yakale pambuyo pa mgwirizano wa Munich ku 1938.
• Danish inabwereranso, kupyolera pambali, pulezidenti iwiri yomwe idagwidwa ndi Prussia.
• Mtundu wovomerezeka wa Lithuania unatengera pa doko la Germany la Memel ku Baltic.
• Germany inagonjetsa zombo zonse zankhondo, ndege, mfuti zolemera ndi mfuti za 25,000. Analoledwa gulu lankhondo la 100,000 ndi asilikali a 15,000, koma palibe asilikali apamtunda, akasinja, magalimoto okhwimitsa, mfuti zolemetsa, oyendetsa sitima zam'madzi. Zida zogulitsa zidale zinaletsedwa, ndipo mafakitale ochepa chabe a ku Germany ankaloledwa kupanga zida.

Kuwonongeka kwa ndalama, ndi zambiri za ku Ulaya mu chisokonezo ndi phulusa, zinali zovuta kudziŵa kuchuluka kwa dziko la Germany komwe kuli ngongole.

Akatswiri ofufuza magulu ankhondo a ku United States akuganiza kuti zingatenge zaka zoposa ziwiri kuti afike pozindikira. Koma kukweza nkhawa zilizonse zomwe zinali ndi ngongole ndi funso lofunika kwambiri la Allies: Funso la Germany lingawononge ndalama zingati popanda kubweza ndalama ndi chisokonezo, ndikupereka kwa a Bolshevik? (Pokhala ndi kusintha kwa mizinda m'midzi yambiri ya Germany kumapeto kwa nkhondo, izi zinali zodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri kwa Allies omwe adagonjetsa Russia kumapeto kwa nkhondo ndi asilikali a 200,000, kuthandiza asilikali a ku Russia kuti amenyane ndi a Bolshevik.Wilson anatumiza asilikali a 13,000 US ndi cruiser yolemera monga thandizo la America.)

Poyamba, Britain inkafuna $ 120 biliyoni, France $ 220 biliyoni ndi US $ 22 biliyoni. Pambuyo pake anabweretsa ngongole zing'onozing'ono ndipo chiwerengero chomaliza ku 1921 chinapanga Germany kuti akhoze $ 34 biliyoni ndi zigoli za golide, kugawa 52% ku France, 28% ku Britain ndi zina zonse zogawanika pakati pa Belgium, Italy ndi ena.

A US anali atalandira ndalama ku Britain ndi France kuposa $ 7 biliyoni komanso $ 3.5 biliyoni kuchokera ku mabanki a US. Ku Versailles, Britain idapempha ndipo US adavotera chigamulo chochotsa ngongole zonse zotsutsana.

Pakati pa 1924 ndi 1931, Germany idapereka 36 biliyoni kwa Allies, 33 biliyoni yomwe inalandiridwa kuchokera kwa anthu ogulitsa mabanki omwe anagula zida za German zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi makampani a Wall Street. Dziko la Germany linagwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo kuti lilipire malipiro ku England ndi ku France, zomwe zinagwiritsanso ntchito kubwezera ngongole za US. Anthony C. Sutton, akulemba "Wall Street ndi Rise of Hitler" adanena kuti, "Mabanki am'dziko lonse adakhala kumwamba, pansi pa mvula yamalipiro ndi ma komiti" opangidwa ndi kukopa ndalama za anthu ena ku Germany.

Pankhani ya munthu yekha, Kaiser Wilhelm, mdzukulu wa Queen Victoria, wa Britain, adatengedwa ku Holland. Mfumu George V, yemwe anali msuweni wa a Kaiser ku Britain, potsirizira pake anatsutsa chigamulo cha milandu ya nkhondo koma anatumiza Germany mndandanda wa mazana angapo omwe ankaganiza kuti ayesedwe. Mwa chiwerengero chimenecho, 12 anali. Ambiri amamasulidwa kamodzi pokhapokha kwa akalonga awiri amadzimadzi omwe anathawa m'ndende mkati mwa masabata angapo akuweruzidwa.

Munthu sangathe kuona zinthu zomwe zinachititsa kuti Hitler akule popanda kuphatikizapo zitsanzo zochepa zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mabungwe a US.

• Pakati pa nkhondo, a John Foster Dulles, pambuyo pake Secretary of State wa Eisenhower, anali CEO wa Sullivan ndi Cromwell (S&C), pomwe mchimwene wake, Allen, pambuyo pake Eisenhower ndi wamkulu wa CIA wa Kennedy, anali mnzake. Mapangano olimbikitsira omwe adapereka ndalama zaku US kumakampani aku Germany ngati IG Farben ndi Krupp. S & C "inali pachimake pamabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi a mabanki, mabungwe azachuma komanso mabungwe azachuma omwe adamanganso Germany pambuyo pa WWI."¹
• Dawes Plan, yomwe idapangidwa kuti imangenso mafakitale aku Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi ndikupereka ndalama ku England ndi France ku Charles Dawes, director woyamba wa US Budget Bureau ndi Owen Young, Purezidenti wa General Electric Co Pofika 1944, mafuta aku Germany ( 85% yopangidwa, yopangidwa ndiukadaulo wa Standard of NJ) idawongoleredwa ndi IG Farben, wopangidwa motsogozedwa ndi Dawes Plan ndikulipiridwa ndi ngongole za Wall Street zophatikizidwa ndi S & C. Memo yamkati ya Farben, yolembedwa mwangozi pa D-Day, 1944, idati ukadaulo wa Standard pamafuta opangira, mafuta opaka mafuta ndi lead tetra-ethyl anali "othandiza kwambiri kwa ife," popanda "njira zamakono zankhondo sizingatheke."²
• Ngakhale Hitler atayamba kulamulira mu 1933, Foster Dulles adapitilizabe kuyimira IG Farben ndipo adakana kutseka ofesi ya S & C ku Berlin mpaka anzawo, atatopa kusaina makalata, "Heil Hitler," adapanduka mu '35. Nthawi yonse yankhondo, Foster adateteza chuma cha ku United States cha Farben komanso Merck kuti asalandidwe ngati chuma chachilendo. A Arthur Goldberg, omwe adatumikira ndi Allen ku OSS, wotsogolera ku CIA, kenako ku Khothi Lalikulu, adati abale onse a Dulles anali ndi mlandu woukira boma.¹
• Chinsinsi chotseguka kupyolera mu '20 chinali Henry Ford akuthandizira ndalama kwa Hitler. A December 20, 1922 NY Times nkhani inanena kuti mafananidwe atsopano ndi zida zankhondo kwa anyamata a 1,000 mu "Battalion" a "Storming Battalion" ndi Ford komanso zithunzi za Fuehrer zikuwonetsedwa bwino ku ofesi yake ya ku Munich yomwe ili bwino kwambiri. (2) Mu 1938, Ford analandira Grand Cross ya mphotho ya German Eagle.
• Mu February 1933, Hermann Goering anagulitsa ndalama ku nyumba yake kwa National Trusteeship, gulu loyamba limene Rudolf Hess anapereka ndalama zowonetsera chisankho cha Party Party. Ochita zamalonda ndi ndalama adalonjeza zizindikiro za 3,000,000 kuphatikizapo 400,000 ku IG Farben ndi 60,000 kuchokera ku bungwe la General Electric Corporation, AEG. Bungwe la IG Farben la US linali gawo limodzi la Edsel Ford, Walter Teagle, membala wa bungwe la NY Federal Reserve ndi Standard Oil ya NJ ndi Carl Bosch, omwe ali m'bungwe la Ford AG, Ford AG. Patapita sabata imodzi, kutaya kwakukulu kwa ndalama za Reichstag zinatenthedwa. Patapita sabata, chisankho cha dziko chinapangitsa Anazi kukhala amphamvu.
• Mu mndandanda wa 1936, William Dodd, Ambassador wa ku United States ku Germany, adanena kuti IG Farben adapatsa 200,000 zizindikiro kuti "akugwira ntchito ku America."

Vietnam

Pazigawo zambiri za Versailles zomwe zinakula kwambiri kuti Ho Chi Minh, wogwira ntchito ku Paris monga kakhitchini ndi wothandizira zithunzi, adapempha kuti apite ku America chifukwa cha anthu a Annam (Vietnam).

Cholemba chenichenicho cholembera Wolemba wa boma wa United States, Robert Lansing, kuti apite limodzi ndi mndandanda wa zida za 8 kuchokera ku "Ammanite People," adalemba mndandanda wazinthu zomwe adafuna kuti:

Kuchokera ku chigonjetso cha Allies, nkhani zonse zimadandaula ndi chiyembekezo pakuyembekeza nthawi yowongoka ndi chilungamo, zomwe ziyenera kuwayambira chifukwa cha zochitika zomveka komanso zovomerezeka zopangidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za mgwirizano. nkhondo yolimbana ndi chitukuko.

Pamene tikudikira mfundo yakudzipatulira dziko kuti tipite kuchokera kumalo enieni mpaka kuwona mwa kulandira bwino ufulu wopatulika wa anthu onse kuti adziŵe cholinga chawo, anthu okhala mu ufumu wakale wa Annam, pakalipano Indochina ya France, maboma olemekezeka a mgwirizano wamba komanso makamaka boma lolemekezeka la France izi zidziwitso zodzichepetsa ...

Mndandandanda uli ndi zida zoyenera monga ufulu wa makampani ndi makonzedwe komanso zofunikira zomanga sukulu, koma sanafunse ufulu ku French, koma "nthumwi za anthu amtundu wina omwe amasankhidwa kuti azipita ku nyumba yamalamulo ku France kuti adziŵe za iwo zosowa. "

Anamaliza ndi kunena kuti:

Anthu a Annamite, pofotokoza zonena izi, akuwerengera chilungamo cha padziko lonse cha Mphamvu zonse, ndipo amadalira makamaka pa kukondwera kwa anthu olemekezeka achi French amene akudziwiratu m'manja mwathu ndi omwe, monga France ndi Republic, atitengera ife pansi pa chitetezo chawo.

Popempha chitetezero cha anthu a Chifalansa anthu a Annam, osadzimvera manyazi, mosiyana ndi iwo amadzilemekeza okha, chifukwa amadziwa kuti anthu a ku France akuyimira ufulu ndi chilungamo ndipo sadzasiya chiyanjano chawo cha ubale wapadziko lonse. Chifukwa chake, pomvera mawu a anthu oponderezedwa, anthu a ku France adzagwira ntchito yawo ku France komanso kwa anthu. "

M'dzina la gulu la anchito a Annamite ...
Nguyen Ai Quoc [Ho Chi Minh]

Kupita ku Nkhondo Yosatha

Mizimu ya Versailles sinathere ndi Vietnam.

Versailles anasiya malo a 1917 Balfour Declaration akulonjeza thandizo la Britain ku gulu lachionosite kuti atenge Palestina kwa dziko lachiyuda ndi Sykes-Picot Agreement ya 1916 yopereka Suriya ku France ndi Mesopotamia ku Britain (yomwe idagwirizana kale ndi mgwirizano ndi atsogoleri achiarabu kuti kulamulira mafuta chuma).

Pokhala ndi kudzidalira kwenikweni kukhala chigwiritsiro ntchito ku Paris mu 1919, panali umboni wochuluka wopanga zisankho zomwe zikanati zisawononge masautso ambiri padziko lapansi. Umboni wolimba wa izo uli mu phunziro lodziwika bwino, lolamulidwa ndi Purezidenti Wilson mu zokambirana za mtendere wa Paris ndipo kenaka anaikidwa mpaka 1922, wotchedwa "Report of the King-Crane Commission."

Kwa pafupi miyezi iwiri mamembala a nthumwi adagonjetsa zomwe ziri tsopano Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Palestine ndi Lebanoni, kukumana ndi anthu amtundu uliwonse, nthumwi zapadera ndi magulu ndi zopempha zomwe zikuwoneka kukhala kuyesa moona mtima kuzindikira maganizo a anthu. Malingaliro awo sizowonjezereka ndi kusintha, kuchokera pa zomwe taphunzira panopa.

"Tikulimbikitsa, m'malo achisanu, kusinthidwa kwakukulu kwa pulogalamu yaku Zionist yaku Palestine yosamukira kopanda malire kwa Ayuda, pomaliza ndikupanga Palestine kukhala Boma Lachiyuda.

(1) Okomishanawo adayamba kuphunzira za Zionism ndi malingaliro awo, koma zoona zenizeni ku Palestina, kuphatikizapo mphamvu za malamulo omwe Alliance amalandira ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi Asiriya adawatsutsa pazomwe adalangizidwa pano.

(2) Komitiyi idaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi mabuku pa pulogalamu ya Zionist ndi Zionist Commission ku Palestine; anamva pamisonkhano zambiri zokhudzana ndi zigawo za Zionisi ndi zifukwa zawo; ndipo patokha anawona chinachake cha zomwe zinali zitakwaniritsidwa. Iwo adapeza zambiri kuti avomereze mu zolinga ndi zolinga za Zionisti, ndipo adayamikila kudzipereka kwa azinji ambiri, ndi kupambana kwawo, ndi njira zamakono, pogonjetsa zovuta za chilengedwe.

(3) Commission idazindikiranso kuti chilimbikitso chotsimikizika chidaperekedwa kwa a Zionist ndi Allies m'mawu a Mr. Balfour omwe amatchulidwa kawirikawiri, povomerezedwa ndi nthumwi zina za Allies. Ngati, komabe, malamulo okhwima a Balfour Statement akutsatiridwa - kukomera "kukhazikitsidwa ku Palestina nyumba yokomera anthu achiyuda," "podziwikiratu kuti palibe chomwe chidzachitike chomwe chingawononge ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi chipembedzo womwe ulipo m'malo osakhala achiyuda ku Palestina ”- sizingakayikire konse kuti pulogalamu ya Zionist yoopsa iyenera kusinthidwa kwambiri.

Kwa "nyumba yachiyuda ya anthu achiyuda" sizofanana ndi kupanga Palestine kukhala Dziko Lachiyuda; komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Dziko Lachiyuda lotere sikungachitike popanda kulakwa kwakukulu pa "ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso wachipembedzo wa magulu omwe siali achiyuda ku Palestina."

Izi zidatuluka mobwerezabwereza pamsonkhano wa Commission ndi oimira achiyuda kuti a Zionist akuyembekeza kulanda kwathunthu anthu omwe si Ayuda achi Palestina, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogula.

M'mawu ake a Julayi 4, 1918, Purezidenti Wilson adalemba mfundo yotsatirayi ngati imodzi mwazinthu zinayi zazikulu "zomwe anthu ogwirizana padziko lapansi amamenyera"; "Kukhazikitsidwa kwa funso lirilonse, kaya lachigawo, laulamuliro, lachuma, kapena laubwenzi wandale pamaziko olandila malamulowo mwaufulu ndi anthu omwe akhudzidwa nthawi yomweyo, osati chifukwa cha chidwi chakuthupi kapena mwayi wa mtundu uliwonse kapena anthu ena omwe angafune kukhazikitsidwa kwina chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zakunja kapena kuwongolera. ”

Ngati mfundo imeneyi ndiyoti ilamulire, ndipo zofuna za anthu aku Palestine ziyenera kukhala zotsimikiza pazomwe zikuyenera kuchitika ndi Palestina, ndiye kuti ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti anthu omwe sanali Ayuda ku Palestina-pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi anayi mwa magawo khumi -Otsutsana motsutsana ndi pulogalamu yonse ya Zionist. Ma tebulo akuwonetsa kuti panalibe chinthu chimodzi chomwe anthu aku Palestina adagwirizana kuposa ichi.

Kumvera anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro osamukira ku Chiyuda mopanda malire, komanso kupsinjika kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe chawo kuti apereke malowo, ndikuphwanya kwakukulu mfundo yomwe yangotchulidwayi, komanso ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale umasungidwa munjira zamalamulo.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti kumverera motsutsana ndi dongosolo la Zionist sikutanthauza ku Palestina, koma kugawidwa kwa anthu onse ku Syria, monga momwe misonkhano yathu inasonyezera bwino. Zambiri kuposa 72 peresenti-1,350 mwa zonse-pempho ku Syria lonse anali kutsutsana ndi Zionist dongosolo. Zopempha ziwiri zokhazo-zomwe zogwirizanitsa Syria ndi ufulu wodzilamulira-zinali ndi thandizo lalikulu.

Msonkhano Wamtendere sayenera kutseka maso kuti malingaliro odana ndi Zionist ku Palestine ndi Syria ndiwokweza komanso osanyozedwa. Palibe msitikali waku Britain, yemwe adafunsidwa ndi Commissioners, amakhulupirira kuti pulogalamu ya Zionist ikhoza kuchitika kupatula ndi zida zankhondo. Nthawi zambiri oyang'anirawo amaganiza kuti pakufunika gulu lankhondo lochepera 50,000 kuti ayambitse ntchitoyi. Izi zokha ndiumboni wotsimikizira kusalungama kwa pulogalamu ya Zionist, kwa anthu omwe sanali achiyuda ku Palestina ndi Syria. Zisankho, zomwe zimafuna kuti asitikali achite, nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira, koma sizoyenera kuchitiridwa mopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha kupanda chilungamo kwakukulu. Ponena zoyambirira, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi oimira Zionist, kuti ali ndi "ufulu" ku Palestina, kutengera zaka 2,000 zapitazo, sizingaganizidwe mozama. "

Ndizinanso ziti zomwe zingathe kunenedwa pangano la Versailles kupatula kufunsa: kodi tikuchita chiyani lero zomwe zidzasokoneza dziko la 100 kuchokera pano?