Tsiku la Armistice Tsiku la 97 Pa

Ndi David Swanson

Novembala 11 ndi Tsiku la Armistice / Tsiku lokumbukira. Zochitika zikukonzedwa kulikonse ndi Ankhondo a Mtendere, World Beyond War, Pulogalamu Yotsutsana, Siyani Nkhondo Yachiwawa, ndi ena.

Zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, pa ola la 11 la tsiku la 11 la mwezi wa 11 wa 1918, nkhondo inatha mu "nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo zonse." Anthu adapitiliza kupha ndikufa mpaka nthawi yomwe idakonzedweratu, osakhudza china chilichonse koma kumvetsetsa kwathu kwakupusa kwa nkhondo.

Asitikali mamiliyoni makumi atatu anali ataphedwa kapena kuvulazidwa ndipo ena mamiliyoni asanu ndi awiri anali atagwidwa pankhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. M'mbuyomu anthu anali asanamvepo kuphedwa kogulitsa, anthu masauzande ambiri akugwa tsiku limodzi kuti akwaniritse mfuti ndi mpweya wapoizoni. Nkhondo itatha, chowonadi chambiri chidayambanso kubera mabodzawo, koma ngakhale anthu akukhulupirirabe kapena kuti akukana kufalitsa nkhani zankhondo, pafupifupi munthu aliyense ku United States sankaonanso nkhondo. Olemba Yesu akuwombera anthu aku Germany adatsala pomwe matchalitchi pamodzi ndi wina aliyense tsopano adati nkhondo idalakwika. Al Jolson adalemba mu 1920 kwa Purezidenti Harding:

"Dziko lotopa likuyembekezera
Mtendere kwamuyaya
Choncho chotsani mfutiyo
Kuchokera kwa mwana wa mayi aliyense
Ndipo kuthetsa nkhondo. "

Mukukhulupirira kapena ayi, Novembala 11th sanapangidwe holide kuti akondweretse nkhondo, magulu ankhondo, kapena asangalale chaka cha 15th chokhala m'dziko la Afghanistan. Tsiku lino linapangidwa tchuthi kuti akondweretse gulu lankhondo lomwe linamaliza mpaka pomwepo, mu 1918, chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa kwambiri zomwe mitundu yathu idazichita zokha, ndicho Nkhondo Yadziko I.

Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse, yomwe panopa imadziwika kuti nkhondo yapadziko lonse kapena nkhondo yaikulu, inali itagulitsidwa ngati nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo. Kukondwerera mapeto ake kumamvekanso ngati kusangalatsa mapeto a nkhondo zonse. Msonkhano wazaka khumi unayambika mu 1918 kuti mu 1928 anapanga Pangano la Kellogg-Briand, loletsedwa mwalamulo nkhondo zonse. Panganoli lidalibe m'mabuku, chifukwa chake kupanga nkhondo ndizochita zachiwawa komanso momwe a Nazi anazunziramo.

"[O] n November 11, 1918, pamapeto pake panathetseratu zovuta kwambiri, zovuta kwambiri pa zachuma, komanso nkhondo zowonongeka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Amuna ndi akazi okwana mamiliyoni makumi awiri, pa nkhondo imeneyo, anaphedwa, kapena kufa pambuyo pa mabala. Fuluwenza ya ku Spain, ndithudi inayambitsidwa ndi Nkhondo ndipo palibe china chilichonse, chophedwa, m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, anthu mamiliyoni zana ambiri. "- Thomas Hall Shastid, 1927.

Malinga ndi Bernie waku US Socialist a Victor Berger, a United States onse atapeza nawo gawo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi omwe adawaletsa. Sinali yachilendo. Anthu mamiliyoni aku America omwe adathandizira Nkhondo Yadziko I adabwera, m'zaka zotsatira kumalizidwa kwake mu Novembala 11, 1918, kukana lingaliro lakuti chilichonse chingapezeke mwa nkhondo.

Sherwood Eddy, yemwe adavomera kuti "Kuthetsa Nkhondo" ku 1924, adalemba kuti anali wothandizira kwambiri komanso wachidwi wa US kulowa mu Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse ndipo adanyansidwa ndi nkhondo. Iye adawona nkhondoyo ngati gulu lachipembedzo ndipo adalimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti United States inalowa mu nkhondo pa Lachisanu Lachisanu. Panthawi ya nkhondo, pamene nkhondo zinagwedezeka, Eddy analemba kuti, "tinauza asilikari kuti ngati apambana tidzawapatsa dziko latsopano."

Eddy akuwoneka, mwachizoloŵezi, kuti akhulupirire zabodza zake ndi kuti atsimikiza kuchita zabwino pa lonjezolo. "Koma ndikukumbukira," adatero motero, "ngakhale panthawi ya nkhondo ndinayamba kuvutika ndi kukayikira kwakukulu ndi kusamvetsetsana kwa chikumbumtima." Zinamutengera zaka 10 kuti afike pa udindo wa Outlawry wathunthu, ndiko kuti, kufuna kuthetsa nkhondo zonse mwalamulo. Ndi 1924 Eddy ankakhulupirira kuti ntchito ya Outlawry inali yodalirika komanso yodalirika chifukwa choyenera kupereka nsembe, kapena katswiri wa sayansi wa ku America William William adatcha "khalidwe lofanana ndi nkhondo." Eddy tsopano anatsutsa kuti nkhondo inali "yopanda chikhristu." Ambiri adagwirizana ndi maganizo amenewo omwe zaka khumi m'mbuyomo kale adakhulupirira kuti Chikhristu chimafuna nkhondo. Chinthu chachikulu pa kusinthaku chinali chodziwika bwino ndi gehena ya nkhondo zamakono, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Britain Wilfred Owen mu mizere yotchukayi:

Ngati muli ndi maloto odetsa nkhawa inunso mutha kuyenda
Kumbuyo kwa ngolo yomwe ife tinamuponyera iye,
Ndipo penyani maso oyera akukankhira mu nkhope yake,
Nkhope yake yokhotakhota, ngati wodetsedwa ndi satana wa tchimo;
Ngati mungamve, pa jolt iliyonse, magazi
Bwerani kumbali ya mapapu owonongeka ndi chisanu,
Zonyansa ngati khansara, zowawa ngati zowonda
Za zoipa, zilonda zosachiritsika ku malirime osalakwa,
Bwenzi langa, simungaziuze ndi zoposa zoterezi
Kwa ana okonda ulemerero wina wonyansa,
Wakale wabodza; Dulce et Decorum ali
Pro patria mori.

Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson ndi Komiti Yake Yachidziwitso inachititsa kuti anthu a ku America apite kunkhondo ndi nthano zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka za ku Germany komwe kunachitika nkhanza ku Belgium, zojambulazo zomwe zikuwonetsera Yesu Khristu pakuwona phokoso la mfuti, ndi malonjezo a kudzipangira kudzipangira kupanga dziko liri lotetezeka ku demokarase. Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anafawo kunabisika kwa anthu monga momwe zingathere panthawi ya nkhondo, koma pofika nthawi yomwe anthu ambiri anali ataphunzira kanthu kena kenizeni pa nkhondo. Ndipo ambiri adadza kudzisokoneza malingaliro apamwamba omwe adasankha mtundu wodziimira kupita kudziko lina.

Komabe, kufalitsa komwe kunalimbikitsa nkhondoyo sikunatuluke mwamsanga m'maganizo a anthu. Nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo ndikupanga dzikoli kukhala lotetezeka chifukwa cha demokalase silingakhoze kuthera popanda kufunafuna mtendere ndi chilungamo, kapena chinthu china chofunika kwambiri kuposa chifuwa ndi kuletsa. Ngakhale iwo akukana lingaliro lakuti nkhondoyo ingathandize mwanjira iliyonse kupangitsa chiyanjano cha mtendere chikugwirizana ndi onse omwe akufuna kupeŵa nkhondo zonse zamtsogolo - gulu lomwe mwina linaphatikizapo ambiri a US.

Monga Wilson adayankhulira mtendere monga chifukwa chomveka chopita ku nkhondo, miyoyo yosawerengeka idamugwira kwambiri. Robert Ferrell analemba kuti: "Sikokomeza kunena kuti panthaŵi imene nkhondo yapadziko lonse inali yochepa chabe, panopa panali mazana ndi zikwi" ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Zaka khumi pambuyo pa nkhondo inali zaka khumi kufunafuna mtendere: "Mtendere unadutsa mu maulaliki ambiri, maulendo, ndi mapepala a boma omwe adadziwongolera okha mu chidziwitso cha aliyense. Palibe konse mu mbiriyakale ya dziko munali mtendere wochuluka kwambiri wofunafuna, ochuluka kwambiri analankhula za, kuyang'anitsitsa, ndi kukonzekera, monga zaka khumi pambuyo pa 1918 Armistice. "

Bungwe la Congress linapereka chisankho cha tsiku la Armistice kufuna "zochitika zolimbitsa mtendere mwa chifuno chabwino ndi kumvetsetsa ... kuyitanira anthu a ku United States kusunga tsiku ku sukulu ndi mipingo ndi miyambo yoyenera ya ubale ndi anthu ena onse." Pambuyo pake, Congress inanenanso kuti November 11th iyenera kukhala "tsiku loperekedwa chifukwa cha mtendere padziko lonse."

Pamene mapeto a nkhondo adakondwerera mwezi wa November 11^th, Ankhondo akale sanachitiridwe zabwino kuposa masiku ano. Pamene omenyera nkhondo okwana 17,000 kuphatikiza mabanja awo ndi abwenzi adayenda ku Washington mu 1932 kukafuna mabhonasi awo, a Douglas MacArthur, George Patton, Dwight Eisenhower, ndi ngwazi zina za nkhondo yayikulu ikubwerayi zidawukira omenyera ufuluwo, kuphatikiza pakuchita zoyipazo ndi zomwe Saddam Hussein adzaimbidwa mlandu wosatha: "kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamankhwala kwa anthu awo." Zida zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito, monga za Hussein, zidachokera ku US A.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo ina yapadziko lonse, nkhondo yadziko lonse, nkhondo yapadziko lonse yomwe silingathe kufikira lero lino, Congress, ikutsatiranso nkhondo yomwe yayiwalika tsopano - iyi ku Korea - inasintha dzina la Tsiku la Armistice kuti Tsiku la Veterans pa June 1, 1954. Ndipo patadutsa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi theka, Eisenhower adatichenjeza kuti makampani ogwira ntchito zamagulu adzawononga dziko lonse. Tsiku la Veterans silingakhalenso, chifukwa cha anthu ambiri, tsiku loti asangalale kuthetsa nkhondo kapena ngakhale kulakalaka kuthetseratu. Tsiku la Veterans sali tsiku limene liyenera kulira kapena kukayikira chifukwa kudzipha ndikumenyana ndi asilikali a US kapena chifukwa chake adani ambiri alibe nyumba konse mu dziko limene mtsogoleri wina wamapulogalamu apamwamba akugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhanza amadola $ 66 biliyoni , ndipo 400 wa abwenzi ake apamtima ali ndi ndalama zambiri kuposa theka la dzikolo.

Sikuli ngakhale tsiku loona moona mtima, ngati sichikondweretsa, sichikondweretsa kuti pafupifupi onse amene amazunzidwa ndi nkhondo za ku United States ndi anthu omwe si Aamerica, kuti nkhondo zathu zotchedwa nkhondo zakhala zigawenga imodzi. M'malo mwake, ndi tsiku limene mungakhulupirire kuti nkhondo ndi yokongola komanso yabwino. Mizinda ndi mizinda ndi makampani ndi masewera a masewera amachitcha "tsiku lachidziwitso cha nkhondo" kapena "sabata loyamikira asilikali" kapena "mwezi wodzitamanda wachiwerewere." Chabwino, ine ndinapanga icho chotsiriza. Ingoyang'anani ngati mukumvetsera.

Kuwonongedwa kwa chilengedwe cha Nkhondo Yadziko lonse ikupitirira lero. Kukonzekera kwa zida zatsopano za nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo zida za mankhwala, zikupha lero. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse idapitabe patsogolo zofalitsa zankhaninkhani zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, zovuta kwambiri pakulimbana ndi chilungamo chachuma, ndi chikhalidwe chochulukirapo kwambiri, makamaka maganizo opusa monga kuletsa mowa, komanso okonzeka kuletsa ufulu wa anthu pa dzina za dziko, ndi zonse zomwe zinagulidwa mtengo, monga momwe wolemba wina anawerengera panthawiyo, ndalama zokwanira kuti apereke ndalama $ 2,500 kunyumba ndi ndalama za $ 1,000 zamtengo wapatali ndi maekala asanu a malo kwa mabanja onse ku Russia, ambiri a ku Ulaya mayiko, Canada, United States, ndi Australia, kuphatikizapo kupereka mzinda uliwonse wa 20,000 $ ya $ 2 miliyoni, chipatala cha $ 3 milioni, koleji ya $ 20 miliyoni, ndipo mwatsala pang'ono kugula katundu aliyense Germany ndi Belgium. Ndipo izo zonse zinali zalamulo. Opusa kwambiri, koma mwamtheradi. Nkhanza zazikulu zinaphwanya malamulo, koma nkhondo sizinali zolakwa. Izo sizinakhale, koma posachedwa zikanakhala.

Sitiyenera kulekerera nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse chifukwa palibe amene adadziwa. Sikuti nkhondo zimayenera kumenyedwa kuti tiphunzire nthawi iliyonse kuti nkhondo ndi gehena. Sikuti ngati zida zatsopano zatsopano zimapangitsa nkhondo kukhala yoipa. Sikuti ngati nkhondo siinali chinthu choipitsitsa cholengedwa chilichonse. Sikuti ngati anthu sananene choncho, sanakane, sanakonzekere njira zina, sanapite kundende chifukwa cha zomwe amakhulupirira.

Mu 1915, Jane Addams anakumana ndi Purezidenti Wilson ndipo adamupempha kuti apereke mgwirizano ku Ulaya. Wilson adatamanda mawu amtendere olembedwa ndi msonkhano wa amayi kuti azikhala mwamtendere ku La Haye. Analandira telefoni za 10,000 kwa amayi kumupempha kuti achite. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti atachita ku 1915 kapena kumayambiriro kwa 1916 akanatha kuti athandize nkhondo yaikuluyo kuti ithetse mavuto omwe akanatha kukhala ndi mtendere wochuluka kuposa umene unapangidwa ku Versailles. Wilson anachita malangizowo a Addams, ndi a Mlembi wake wa boma William Jennings Bryan, koma sanafike mochedwa. Panthawi imene ankachita, Ajeremani sanadalire mkhalapakati yemwe adathandizira nkhondo ya Britain. Wilson anatsalira kuti adzalengeze kuti adzalumikizanso pa nsanja yamtendere ndikufulumizitsa propaglize ndikuyendetsa dziko la United States ku nkhondo ya ku Ulaya. Ndipo chiwerengero cha opititsa patsogolo Wilson anabweretsa, mwachangu mwachidule, kumbali ya nkhondo yachikondi kumapangitsa Obama kuoneka ngati amateur.

Bungwe la Outlawy Movement of the 1920s-kayendetsedwe ka nkhondo yotsutsana ndi nkhondo-inkafuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndi kukangana, poyamba kuletsa nkhondo ndikukhazikitsa malamulo a mayiko apadziko lonse ndi khoti lokhala ndi ulamuliro kuthetsa mikangano. Gawo loyamba linatengedwa ku 1928 ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact, yomwe inaletsa nkhondo yonse. Masiku ano mayiko a 81 apanga panganoli, kuphatikizapo United States, ndipo ambiri a iwo amatsatira. Ndikufuna kuwona amitundu ena, amitundu osauka amene atsala m'panganoli, alumikizane nawo (zomwe angathe kuchita pofotokoza cholinga chimenecho ku Dipatimenti Yachigawo cha US) ndikukakamiza kwambiri purveyor yachiwawa padziko lapansi .

Ndinalemba buku lonena za kayendetsedwe kamene kanapanga mgwirizanowu, osati chifukwa choti tikufunikira kupitiliza ntchito yake, komanso chifukwa titha kuphunzira kuchokera munjira zake. Apa panali gulu lomwe lidalumikiza anthu kudera landale, omwe amamwa mowa komanso amatsutsa, omwe ali mgulu la League of Nations komanso akufuna kuti aphe nkhondo. Unali mgwirizano waukulu mosavomerezeka. Panali zokambirana ndi mtendere pakati pa magulu omenyera nkhondo. Panali mlandu wokhudza zamakhalidwe omwe amayembekezera anthu abwino kwambiri. Nkhondo sinatsutsidwe pazifukwa zachuma zokha kapena chifukwa ikhoza kupha anthu ochokera kudziko lathu. Ankatsutsidwa ngati kupha anthu ambiri, mopanda nkhanza kuposa kungolimbikira ngati njira yothetsera mikangano ya anthu. Apa panali kuyenda kokhala ndi masomphenya a nthawi yayitali kutengera kuphunzitsa ndi kukonza. Panali mphepo yamkuntho yopitilira kukakamiza anthu, koma osavomereza andale, osagwirizana ndi gulu. M'malo mwake, onse anayi - inde, anayi - maphwando akuluakulu adakakamizidwa kuti ayime kumbuyo kwa gululi. M'malo Clint Eastwood amalankhula ndi mpando, Republican National Convention ya 1924 idawona Purezidenti Coolidge akulonjeza kuti athetsa nkhondo ngati atasankhidwanso.

Ndipo pa August 27, 1928, ku Paris, France, chochitikacho chinachitika kuti chinakhala nyimbo ya mtundu wa 1950s ngati chipinda chodzaza ndi amuna, ndipo mapepala omwe amasaina adati sakanamenyana. Ndipo iwo anali amuna, akazi anali kunja akutsutsa. Ndipo icho chinali mgwirizano pakati pa mafuko olemera omwe akanapitirizabe kumenyana ndi kupha osauka. Koma chinali mgwirizano wamtendere womwe unathetsa nkhondo ndipo unathetsa kuvomerezedwa kwa madera opangidwa ndi nkhondo, kupatula ku Palestina. Ilo linali mgwirizano lomwe linali lofunikiratu malamulo ndi khoti lapadziko lonse limene ife tiribebe. Koma chinali mgwirizano kuti m'zaka za 87 mayiko olemerawo akanatha kuphwanya kamodzi kokha. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, pangano la Kellogg-Briand linagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa chilungamo cha victor. Ndipo mafuko akuluakulu ankhondo sanapite konse kunkhondo wina ndi mzake kachiwiri, komabe. Ndipo kotero, chigwirizanochi chikuwoneka kuti chalephera. Tangoganizirani ngati taletsedwa chiphuphu, ndipo chaka chotsatira anaponya m'ndende Sheldon Adelson, ndipo palibe amene adayambanso kubwezeretsanso. Kodi tingalengeze kuti lamuloli ndi lolephera, kuliponyera kunja, ndi kulengeza kuti ziphuphu zimachokera kuntchito ngati zachilengedwe? N'chifukwa chiyani nkhondo iyenera kukhala yosiyana? Tikhoza kuthetsa nkhondo, ndipo motero tingathe kuchotsa ziphuphu, kapena_ndipatseni zopereka zothandizira.