mu 2011 David Hooks anafufuza mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndiponso zamalamulo zimene zikuchititsa kuti pakhale kuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ndege zankhondo, zopanda munthu pa ‘nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga’ .
Kuchulukirachulukira kogwiritsa ntchito zida zamaloboti mumlengalenga zomwe zimatchedwa 'nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga' zikudzutsa mafunso ambiri okhudza zamakhalidwe komanso zamalamulo. Ma Drones, omwe amadziwika kuti amalankhula zankhondo monga 'UAVs' kapena 'Unmanned Aerial Vehicles' amabwera mosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku ndege zazing'ono kwambiri zoyang'anira, zomwe zimatha kunyamulidwa mu chikwama cha msilikali ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa luntha lankhondo, mpaka kufika pamlingo waukulu, Mabaibulo okhala ndi zida zomwe zimatha kunyamula katundu wochuluka wa zida zoponya ndi mabomba otsogozedwa ndi laser.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu womaliza wa UAV ku Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan ndi kwina kwadzetsa nkhawa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu - mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba osalakwa pafupi ndi atsogoleri omwe akufuna 'zigawenga'. . Kuvomerezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo pochita zomwe ndi kupha anthu popanda milandu, kunja kwa bwalo lankhondo lililonse lodziwika, ndikuwonjezera nkhawa.
Background
Ma UAV akhalapo kwa zaka zosachepera 30 mwanjira ina. Poyamba ankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ndi kusonkhanitsa nzeru (S&I); ndege wamba idzachitapo kanthu pa zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuti zipereke chiwonongeko chakupha. Ma UAV akugwiritsidwabe ntchito pa ntchitoyi koma, m'zaka khumi zapitazi, adayimitsidwanso ndi zida zoponyera mabomba ndi mabomba otsogolera kuwonjezera pa luso lawo la S&I. Mabaibulo osinthidwawa nthawi zina amatchedwa UCAVs pomwe 'C' imayimira 'Kulimbana'.
'Kupha' koyamba kojambulidwa ndi UCAV, ndege ya Predator yoyendetsedwa ndi CIA, idachitika ku Yemen mchaka cha 2002. Pazochitikazi galimoto ya 4 × 4 yomwe akuti idanyamula mtsogoleri wa Al-Qaida ndi anzake asanu adawukiridwa ndipo onse okhalamo. kuwonongedwa.1 Sizikudziwika ngati boma la Yemen lidavomereza kuphedwa kumeneku pasadakhale.
Zokonda zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi…
Monga momwe tingayembekezere, asilikali a US akutsogolera chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma UAV, makamaka pambuyo pa 9 / 11, zomwe zinayambitsa kukwera kofulumira kwa kupanga ndi kutumizidwa kwa drone. Pakadali pano ali ndi zida za 200 'Predator' komanso pafupifupi 20 ya mchimwene wake wamkulu 'Reaper' drone yomwe ikugwira ntchito m'bwalo lotchedwa AF-PAK (Afghanistan-Pakistan).
Ena mwa ma drones awa adabwereketsa kapena kugulitsidwa kwa asitikali aku UK, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku Afghanistan, komwe achita maulendo othawa 84 mpaka pano. Wokolola amatha kunyamula mizinga 14 ya 'Hellfire' kapena kusakaniza kwa mizinga ndi mabomba owongoleredwa.
Mwina n'zosadabwitsa, Israeli nayenso amapanga ma UAVs, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito m'madera a Palestina. Pali zochitika zingapo zolembedwa2 Asitikali aku Israeli akuti adawagwiritsa ntchito kulimbana ndi atsogoleri a Hamas, panthawi yomwe Israeli idaukira Gaza mu 2008-9, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu wamba aphedwe. M'modzi mwa omwe adaphedwa anali mnyamata wazaka 10, Mum'min 'Allaw. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Dr Mads Gilbert, dokotala wa ku Norway yemwe ankagwira ntchito ku Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital panthawi ya chiwembu cha Gaza: "Usiku uliwonse anthu a Palestine ku Gaza amakhalanso ndi maloto awo oipa kwambiri akamva drones; sichiyima ndipo simukutsimikiza ngati ndi drone yoyang'anira kapena ngati idzayambitsa kuukira kwa rocket. Ngakhale phokoso la Gaza ndi lochititsa mantha: phokoso la drones la Israeli mumlengalenga.
Kampani ya zida zankhondo yaku Israeli ya Elbit Systems, mu mgwirizano ndi kampani ya zida zankhondo yaku France ya Thales yapambana mgwirizano wopatsa gulu lankhondo la Britain ndi ndege yoyang'anira yomwe imatchedwa 'Watchkeeper'. Uwu ndi mtundu wowongoleredwa wa drone ya Israeli yomwe ilipo, Hermes 450, yogwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi asitikali aku UK ku Afghanistan. Injini yake ya Wankel imapangidwa ku Litchfield, UK ndi UEL Ltd, kampani ya Elbit Systems. Akuti Watchkeeper amatha kuzindikira mapazi pansi kuchokera pamwamba pa mitambo.
Mayiko ena ambiri alinso ndi mapulogalamu oyendetsa ndege: Russia, China ndi ma consortia osiyanasiyana a EU ali ndi zitsanzo zomwe zikukula. Ngakhale Iran ili ndi drone yogwira ntchito, pamene Turkey ikukambirana ndi Israeli kuti ikhale yopereka.3
Zachidziwikire, UK ili ndi pulogalamu yake yayikulu, yodziyimira payokha ya chitukuko cha drone, yolumikizidwa ndikutsogozedwa ndi BAE Systems. Zofunika kwambiri ndi 'Taranis'4 ndi 'Mantis'5 ma drones okhala ndi zida omwenso amati ndi 'odziyimira pawokha', kutanthauza kuti, amatha kudziyendetsa okha, kusankha zomwe akufuna komanso mwina kumenya nawo zida za ndege zina.
Taranis amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa 'stealth' kuti asadziwike ndipo amawoneka ngati mtundu wawung'ono wa bomba la US B2 'Stealth'. Taranis adawululidwa, kutali ndi anthu, ku Warton Aerodrome ku Lancashire mu July 2010. Malipoti apawailesi yakanema adatsindika kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu wamba pantchito zapolisi. Zikuwoneka kuti zafotokozedwa mopitilira muyeso, chifukwa zimalemera matani asanu ndi atatu, zili ndi zida ziwiri zankhondo ndipo zimawononga ndalama zokwana £ 143m kupanga. Mayesero a ndege akuyembekezeka kuyamba mu 2011.
Mantis ali pafupi kwambiri ndi ma drone okhala ndi zida omwe alipo koma apamwamba kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane ndipo amayendetsedwa ndi injini ziwiri za Rolls Royce 250 turboprop (onani chithunzi). Ulendo wake woyamba unachitika mu Okutobala 2009.
Monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu lipoti la SGR Kumbuyo Makomo Otsekedwa, Ophunzira a ku UK akhala akugwira nawo ntchito yopititsa patsogolo ndege zotsogozedwa ndi BAE kudzera mu pulogalamu ya £ 6m FLAVIIR, yothandizidwa ndi BAE ndi Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.6 Mayunivesite khumi aku UK akukhudzidwa, kuphatikiza Liverpool, Cambridge ndi Imperial College London.
... ndi zifukwa zake
Chidwi cha asitikali pa ma drones sizovuta kufotokoza. Chifukwa chimodzi, ma drones ndi otsika mtengo, iliyonse imawononga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a mtengo wandege wamba wamagulu angapo. Ndipo amatha kukhala mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa ndege wamba - nthawi zambiri kuposa maola 24. Pakali pano 'amayendetsedwa' patali, nthawi zambiri kuchokera pamalo omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita zikwi zambiri kuchokera kumalo omenyera nkhondo, pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a satellite. Ma drones omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US ndi UK ku AF-PAK amawongoleredwa kuchokera pama trailer aku Creech Airforce base m'chipululu cha Nevada. Motero oyendetsa ndege amakhala otetezeka, angapewe kupsinjika maganizo ndi kutopa, ndipo ndi otchipa kwambiri kuphunzitsa. Popeza kuti ma drones amanyamula machitidwe owonetsetsa amitundu yambiri, mitsinje yambiri ya deta ikhoza kuyang'aniridwa mofanana ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito m'malo moyendetsa ndege imodzi. Mwachidule, muzovuta za kuchepa kwachuma komwe kukupitilira, ma drones amakupatsani 'chiwopsezo chachikulu chandalama zanu'. Malinga ndi mtolankhani woteteza nyuzipepala ya Telegraph, Sean Rayment,
ma drones okhala ndi zida ndi "njira yankhondo yopanda chiwopsezo kwambiri yomwe ingayambike", mawu omwe, ndithudi, amapewa kuopsa kwa imfa kwa anthu wamba osalakwa.
Malamulo ndi makhalidwe abwino
Pakhala pali zovuta zingapo zamalamulo pakugwiritsa ntchito ma drones. Bungwe la American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ndi Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) apereka chigamulo chotsutsa kuvomerezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kunja kwa madera omwe kuli nkhondo. Iwo amatsutsa kuti, kupatulapo m'mikhalidwe yosadziwika bwino, "kupha munthu wofuna kupha kumafanana ndi kuperekedwa kwa chilango cha imfa popanda mlandu, kuzengedwa mlandu, kapena kutsutsidwa", mwa kuyankhula kwina, kusakhalapo konse kwa ndondomeko yoyenera.7
Mtolankhani Wapadera wa UN pa kupha anthu mopanda chilungamo, mwachidule kapena mopanda tsankho, Philip Alston, akutero m’lipoti lake la May 20108 kuti, ngakhale m'dera lankhondo,
"Kuvomerezeka kwa ntchito zopha anthu kumadalira kwambiri kudalirika kwa nzeru zomwe zakhazikitsidwa".
Zawonetsedwa muzochitika zambiri kuti izi ndi nzeru nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolakwika. Alston ananenanso kuti:
"Kunja kwa nkhondo yankhondo kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones popha anthu omwe akufuna kupha munthu sikungakhale kovomerezeka," ndikuwonjezera kuti, "kuphatikizanso, kupha munthu wina aliyense kupatulapo zomwe akufuna (abanja kapena ena omwe ali pafupi, mwachitsanzo) kukakhala kulandidwa moyo mwachisawawa pansi pa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo kungapangitse kuti Boma likhale ndi mlandu komanso mlandu wa munthu aliyense.”
Ngakhale kuyerekeza kosamala kwambiri kukuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu omwe amafa chifukwa cha kumenyedwa ndi ma drone mubwalo lankhondo la AF-PAK sakhala omenya nkhondo. Ziŵerengero zina zimati chiŵerengerocho n’chokwera kwambiri. Nthawi ina, panali anthu 50 omwe sanali ankhondo omwe adaphedwa pagulu lililonse lomwe akuti adaphedwa. Kuyang'anira uku kukugogomezeredwa m'nkhani yachidule cha Wopanga Mtendere9: "Chisangalalo chokhudza kufa kwachiwopsezo chochepa cha kufa kwa ma drones m'magulu achitetezo, ogwirizana ndi malingaliro akuti ziwopsezo ndizolunjika ndendende komanso zolondola, zikuwoneka kuti zikunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti osachepera 1/3 mwa omwe adaphedwa mwina ndi anthu wamba."
Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ma drones ndi chakuti amawoneka ngati opangidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi umphawi omwe, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, angakhale akutsutsa chifuniro cha mphamvu zamakono zamakono. Anthu oterowo amawatchula mosiyanasiyana kuti 'zigawenga' kapena 'zigawenga' koma n'kutheka kuti akungoyesetsa kulamulira chuma chawo komanso tsogolo lawo pandale. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi luso lochepa kapena lopanda luso laukadaulo. Ndizovuta kuwona kuti ma drones atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera m'gawo lamphamvu zaukadaulo chifukwa amatha kuwomberedwa ndi mivi, omenyera wamba, kapena ma drones ena okhala ndi zida. Ngakhale ukadaulo waukadaulo sumapereka 100% kusawoneka, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi kugwetsa bomba la B2 panthawi ya bomba la NATO ku Serbia.
Kutsiliza
Drones ayenera kuonedwa ngati nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa mamembala a SGR chifukwa amatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, za sayansi, zamakono, zomwe zimayikidwa pa ntchito ya usilikali. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma drones nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi zovomerezeka zokayikitsa, ndipo machitidwe operekera zida zapamwamba, zaumisiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi safuna ndemanga.
Dr David Hooks is Wolemekezeka Senior Research Fellow mu dipatimenti ya Computer Science ku Liverpool University. Ndi membala wa National Co-ordinating Committee ya SGR.
