Mafunso Ndi Alice Slater

Pa Juni 6, ife ku Pressenza tidawonetsa filimu yathu yaposachedwa, “Chiyambi cha Mapeto a Zida za Nyukiliya”. Pa filimuyi, tidafunsa anthu a 14, akatswiri m'magawo awo, omwe adatha kupereka chidziwitso cha mbiri ya nkhaniyi, ndondomeko yomwe inachititsa kuti Pangano la Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, ndi kuyesetsa kwamakono kuti aziwasala ndi kutembenuza kuletsa kuchotsedwa. Monga gawo la kudzipereka kwathu kuti chidziwitsochi chipezeke padziko lonse lapansi, tikusindikiza mitundu yonse ya zoyankhulanazi, pamodzi ndi zolemba zawo, ndikuyembekeza kuti chidziwitsochi chikhala chothandiza kwa opanga mafilimu amtsogolo, olimbikitsa komanso olemba mbiri omwe ngati kumva maumboni amphamvu olembedwa muzoyankhulana zathu.

Kuyankhulana uku kuli ndi Alice Slater, mlangizi wa Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, kwa iye kunyumba ku New York, pa 560 Seputembara, 315.

M'mafunso amphindi 44 awa tikufunsa Alice za masiku ake oyambilira monga womenyera ufulu, ntchito ndi zotsatira za Abolition 2000, NPT, Pangano la Kuletsa Zida za Nuclear, World Beyond War, zomwe anthu angachite kuti athetse zida za nyukiliya ndi zolinga zake.

Mafunso: Tony Robinson, Cameraman: Álvaro Orús.

Zinalembedwa

Moni. Ndine Alice Slater. Ndikukhala kuno m’mimba mwa chilombo ku New York City, ku Manhattan.

Tiuzeni za masiku anu oyambirira monga wotsutsa zida za nyukiliya

Ndakhala wotsutsa zida za nyukiliya kuyambira 1987, koma ndidayamba kuchita ziwonetsero mu 1968, monga mayi wapakhomo wokhala ku Massapequa ndi ana anga awiri, ndipo ndimawonera kanema wawayilesi ndipo ndidawona filimu yakale ya Ho Chi Minh ikupita. kwa Woodrow Wilson mu 1919, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha, kutipempha kuti timuthandize kutulutsa Afalansa ku Vietnam, ndipo tinamukana, ndipo Asovieti anali okondwa kwambiri kuthandiza ndipo ndimomwe adakhala chikomyunizimu.

Iwo adawonetsa kuti adatengeranso Constitution yake pa yathu, ndipo apa ndipamene nkhani zidakuwonetsani nkhani zenizeni. Ndipo usiku womwewo ana a ku Columbia University anali kuchita zipolowe ku Manhattan. Iwo anali atamutsekera pulezidenti mu ofesi yake. Iwo sanafune kumenya nawo nkhondo yoopsa imeneyi ya ku Vietnam, ndipo ndinkachita mantha.

Ndinaganiza kuti kunali kutha kwa dziko, ku America, ku New York ndi mzinda wanga. Ana awa akuchita, ine kulibwino ndichitepo kanthu. Ndinali nditangokwanitsa zaka 30, ndipo anali kunena kuti musakhulupirire aliyense wazaka zoposa 30. Umenewu unali mawu awo, ndipo ndinapita ku Democratic Club sabata imeneyo, ndipo ndinalowa nawo. Iwo anali ndi mkangano pakati pa Hawks ndi Nkhunda, ndipo ine ndinalowa nawo Nkhunda, ndipo ndinakhala wokangalika mu kampeni ya Eugene McCarthy yotsutsa nkhondo ya Democratic Party, ndipo sindinasiye. Zinali choncho, ndipo tidadutsa pomwe McCarthy adataya, tidatenga chipani chonse cha Democratic Party. Zinatitengera zaka zinayi. Tidasankha George McGovern kenako atolankhani adatipha. Sanalembe mawu amodzi onena za McGovern. Sanalankhule za nkhondo, umphawi kapena ufulu wachibadwidwe, ufulu wa amayi. Zonse zinali za wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa McGovern yemwe adagonekedwa m'chipatala zaka 20 m'mbuyomo chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo. Zinali ngati OJ, Monica. Zinali ngati zinyalala zimenezi ndipo anataya kwambiri.

Ndipo ndizosangalatsa chifukwa mwezi uno ma Democrat ati achotsa nthumwi zapamwamba. Adayika nthumwi zapamwamba a McGovern atasankhidwa, chifukwa adadabwa kwambiri kuti anthu wamba amapita khomo ndi khomo - ndipo tinalibe intaneti, tidayimba mabelu ndikulankhula ndi anthu - adatha kugwira. chipani chonse cha Democratic Party ndikusankha munthu wotsutsana ndi nkhondo.

Kotero izo zinandipatsa lingaliro lakuti, ngakhale kuti sindinapambane pa nkhondo zimenezi, demokalase ikhoza kugwira ntchito. Ndikutanthauza, mwayi ulipo kwa ife.

Nanga ndinakhala bwanji wotsutsa zida za nyukiliya?

Ku Massapequa ndinali mkazi wapakhomo. Akazi sanapite kuntchito nthawi imeneyo. M'buku langa la junior sekondale autograph, pamene adanena zokhumba za moyo wanu, ndinalemba "ntchito zapakhomo". Izi n’zimene tinkakhulupirira m’zaka zimenezo. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndikugwirabe ntchito zapakhomo zapadziko lonse lapansi pomwe ndikungofuna kuuza anyamatawo kuti achotse zoseweretsa zawo ndikuchotsa zonyansa zomwe adapanga.

Chotero ndinapita kusukulu ya zamalamulo ndipo zimenezo zinali zovuta ndithu, ndipo ndinali kugwira ntchito m’makhoti anthaŵi zonse. Ndinasiya ntchito zanga zonse zabwino zomwe ndidachita zaka zonsezi, ndipo ndikuwona mu Law Journal muli chakudya chamasana cha Lawyers Alliance for Nuclear Arms Control, ndipo ndinati, "Chabwino, ndizosangalatsa."

Chifukwa chake ndimapita ku nkhomaliro ndikumaliza wachiwiri kwa wapampando wa mutu wa New York. Ndikupita pa bolodi ndi McNamara ndi Colby. Stanley Resor, anali Mlembi wa Chitetezo cha Nixon, ndipo titapeza kuti Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty yadutsa, adabwera nati, "Tsopano ndiwe wokondwa, Alice?" Chifukwa ndinali wovuta kwambiri!

Chifukwa chake, pamenepo ndinali ndi Lawyers Alliance, ndipo Soviet Union pansi pa Gorbachev idasiya kuyesa zida zanyukiliya. Iwo anali ndi ulendo ku Kazakhstan umene unatsogoleredwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Kazakh Olzhas Suleimenov, chifukwa anthu a ku Soviet Union anali okhumudwa kwambiri ku Kazakhstan. Iwo anali ndi khansa yambiri ndi zilema zobadwa ndi zinyalala m'dera lawo. Ndipo adaguba ndikusiya kuyesa zida zanyukiliya.

Gorbachev adati, "Chabwino, sitichitanso izi."

Ndipo zinali mobisa panthawiyo, chifukwa Kennedy ankafuna kuthetsa kuyesa nyukiliya ndipo sanamulole. Chifukwa chake adangomaliza kuyesa mumlengalenga, koma zidapita mobisa, ndipo tidayesa chikwi chimodzi titapita mobisa kudera lopatulika la Western Shoshone ku Nevada, ndipo likutuluka ndikuwononga madzi. Ndikutanthauza, sichinali chinthu chabwino kuchita.

Chifukwa chake tidapita ku Congress ndikuti, "Mverani. Russia," - maloya athu a Alliance, tinali ndi malumikizano kumeneko - "Russia idayima," (mumadziwa Soviet Union pambuyo pake). "Tiyime."

Ndipo iwo anati, “O, inu simungakhoze kuwadalira Achirasha.”

Kotero Bill de Wind - yemwe anali woyambitsa wa Lawyers Alliance for Nuclear Arms Control, anali pulezidenti wa New York City Bar Association, ndipo anali mbali ya Dutch de Wind's yomwe inali ndi theka la Hudson, mukudziwa, okhazikika oyambirira, okalamba kwenikweni. -wine American - adakweza madola mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu kuchokera kwa abwenzi ake, adasonkhanitsa gulu la akatswiri a seismologists ndipo tinapita ku Soviet Union - nthumwi - ndipo tinakumana ndi Soviet Lawyers Association ndi boma la Soviet ndipo adagwirizana kuti alole akatswiri athu a seismologists aku America. kuti aikidwe mozungulira Malo Oyesera a Kazakh, kuti titsimikizire ngati akubera ndipo tidabwerera ku Congress ndikuti, "Chabwino, simuyenera kudalira anthu aku Russia. Tili ndi akatswiri a zivomezi akupita kumeneko. "

Ndipo Congress idavomereza kuyimitsa kuyesa kwa nyukiliya. Ichi chinali ngati chipambano chodabwitsa. Koma monga chigonjetso chilichonse, zidabwera ndi mtengo woti angayime ndikudikirira miyezi 15, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa zida zankhondo ndi mtengo wake ndi zopindulitsa, atha kukhala ndi mwayi wochita mayeso ena a nyukiliya a 15 pambuyo pakuyimitsa uku.

Ndipo tidati tiyenera kuyimitsa mayeso a nyukiliya a 15, chifukwa chingakhale chikhulupiliro cholakwika ndi Soviet Union yomwe imalola akatswiri athu amatsenga kulowa ndipo ndinali pamsonkhano - gululi tsopano likutchedwa Alliance on Nuclear Accountability - koma zinali pamenepo. Military Production Network, ndipo anali malo onse ku US monga Oak Ridge, Livermore, Los Alamos omwe amapanga bomba, ndipo ndinali nditasiya lamulo pambuyo pa ulendo wa Soviet. Katswiri wina wa zachuma anandifunsa ngati ndingawathandize kukhazikitsa Economist's Against the Arms Race. Choncho ndinakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu. Ndinali ndi 15 Nobel laureates ndi Galbraith, ndipo tinalowa nawo pa intaneti kuti titembenuzire ntchito, monga kutembenuka kwachuma kumalo osungira zida za nyukiliya, ndipo ndinapeza ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa McArthur ndi Plowshares - amakonda izi - ndipo ndimapita ku msonkhano woyamba. ndipo tikukhala ndi msonkhano ndipo tikunena tsopano kuti tisiye mayeso a chitetezo 15 ndipo Darryl Kimball, yemwe panthawiyo anali mkulu wa Physicians for Social Responsibility anati, "O, ayi Alice. Ndilo mgwirizano. Achita mayeso 15 achitetezo. ”

Ndipo ndidati sindikugwirizana nazo, ndipo Steve Schwartz yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala mkonzi wa The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, koma panthawiyo anali ndi Greenpeace, adati, New York Times akuti 'Osawomba Bill', ndi Bill Clinton ndi saxophone yake. Onse anali kumuwonetsa ndi kuphulika kwa nyukiliya kutuluka mu sax yake. Chifukwa chake ndimabwerera ku New York, ndipo ndili ndi a Economists, ndipo ndili ndi ofesi yaulere - ndimakonda kuwatcha anyamatawa mamiliyoni achikomyunizimu, anali akumanzere koma anali ndi ndalama zambiri ndipo amandipatsa kwaulere. ofesi, ndipo ndinapita kumutu, ofesi ya Jack, ndinati, "Jack, tili ndi zoletsa koma Clinton apanga mayesero ena 15 a chitetezo, ndipo tiyenera kuyimitsa."

Ndipo iye anati, “Kodi ife tichite chiyani?”

Ndinati, "Tikufuna zotsatsa zamasamba zonse mu New York Times."

Iye anati, “Ndi zingati?”

Ndinati, "$75,000".

Iye anati, “Ndani ati alipire izo?”

Ine ndinati, “Iwe ndi Murray ndi Bob.”

Iye anati, “Chabwino, aimbireni iwo. Ngati anena bwino, ndiyika 25. "

Ndipo mu maminiti khumi ine ndikuikweza iyo, ndipo ife tiri ndi chojambula. Mutha kuwona, 'Osawuwomba Bili' ndipo idavala ma t-shirts ndi makapu ndi mbewa. Zinali pamtundu uliwonse wa malonda, ndipo sanachitepo mayeso owonjezera 15. Tinayimitsa. Zinatha.

Ndiyeno pamene Clinton anasaina Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, amene anali ndawala yaikulu, iwo anali ndi kicker izi mmenemo pamene iye anali kupereka 6 biliyoni madola ku ma lab kwa mayesero ang'onoang'ono otsutsa ndi mayesero zasayansi, ndipo iwo sanasiye kwenikweni anasiya. , mukudziwa.

Anati mayeso a subcritical si mayeso chifukwa amaphulitsa plutonium ndi mankhwala ndipo adachita ngati 30 aiwo ali kale pamalo a Nevada koma chifukwa alibe unyolo, adati si mayeso. Monga "Sindinapume mpweya", "Sindinagone" ndi "Sindikuyesa".

Chifukwa chake, India adayesa, chifukwa adanena kuti sitingakhale ndi Mgwirizano Wonse Woletsa Mayeso pokhapokha titalepheretsa otsutsa ndi ma laboratory, chifukwa mwakachetechete anali ndi bomba lawo m'chipinda chapansi, koma iwo anali '. kwa ife, ndipo sanafune kutsalira mmbuyo.

Ndipo tidachita izi chifukwa chakutsutsa kwawo, ngakhale mungafunike chilolezo chogwirizana ku Komiti Yopereka Zida ku Geneva, adazichotsa mu komiti ndikubweretsa ku UN. CTBT, idatsegula kuti isayine ndipo India adati, "Ngati simusintha, sitikusayina."

Ndipo miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake adayesa, kutsatiridwa ndi Pakistan kotero kuti anali atsamunda ena odzikuza, akumadzulo, oyera ...

Kunena zoona, ndikuuzani nkhani yaumwini. Tinali ndi phwando ku NGO Committee on Disarmament, cocktails, kuti tilandire Richard Butler, kazembe waku Australia yemwe adazitulutsa mu Komiti yotsutsa India ndikubweretsa ku UN, ndipo ndikuyimilira ndikulankhula naye ndi aliyense. nditamwa pang'ono, ine ndinati, “Kodi inu muchita chiyani za India?”

Iye akuti, "Ndinangobwera kumene kuchokera ku Washington ndipo ndinali ndi Sandy Berger." Mnyamata wa chitetezo Clinton. "Tiwononga India. Tidzawononga India. "

Iye ananena izo kawiri monga choncho, ndipo ine ndinati, “Mukutanthauza chiyani?” Ndikutanthauza kuti India si…

Ndipo amandipsompsona patsaya limodzi ndikundipsompsona patsaya lina. Mukudziwa, munthu wamtali, wowoneka bwino ndi ine timabwerera kumbuyo ndipo ndikuganiza, ndikanakhala mnyamata sakanandiletsa motero. Anandiletsa kuti ndisamakangane naye koma maganizo ndiwo anali. Akadali malingaliro. Ndi mtima wodzikuza, Wachizungu, wachitsamunda umene ukuchititsa kuti zonse zikhale m’malo mwake.

Tiuzeni za kukhazikitsidwa kwa Abolition 2000

Izi zinali zodabwitsa. Tonse tinabwera ku NPT mu 1995. Pangano lopanda kufalikira linakambitsirana mu 1970, ndipo mayiko asanu, US, Russia, China, England ndi France adalonjeza kuti asiya zida zawo za nyukiliya ngati dziko lonse lapansi silikanatero. apezeni, ndipo aliyense adasaina panganoli, kupatula India, Pakistan ndi Israel, ndipo anapita kukatenga mabomba awo, koma mgwirizanowu unali ndi mgwirizano wa Faustian kuti ngati mutasaina panganolo tidzakupatsani makiyi a bomba. fakitale, chifukwa tidawapatsa zomwe zimatchedwa "mphamvu yanyukiliya yamtendere."

Ndipo ndi zomwe zidachitika ndi North Korea, adapeza mphamvu zawo zanyukiliya zamtendere. Iwo atuluka, iwo apanga bomba. Tidali ndi nkhawa kuti Iran ikhoza kuchita izi chifukwa akulemeretsa uranium yawo.

Chifukwa chake panganoli liyenera kutha, ndipo tonse timabwera ku UN, ndipo aka ndi nthawi yanga yoyamba ku UN. Sindikudziwa kalikonse kokhudza UN, ndikukumana ndi anthu ochokera padziko lonse lapansi, komanso ambiri mwa omwe adayambitsa kuthetsa 2000. Ndipo pali munthu wina wodziwa zambiri kumeneko wochokera ku Union of Concerned Scientists, Jonathan Dean, yemwe anali wophunzira. kazembe wakale. Ndipo tonse tinali ndi msonkhano, ma NGO. Ndikutanthauza kuti amatitcha ma NGO, mabungwe omwe si aboma, ndiye mutu wathu. Sitili bungwe lomwe ndife "osakhala", mukudziwa.

Chifukwa chake tili ndi a Jonathan Dean, ndipo akuti, "Mukudziwa, ife ma NGO tiyenera kulemba mawu."

Ndipo ife tinati, “Eya.”

Iye anati, “Ndili ndi chitsogozo.” Ndipo iye amachipereka icho ndipo icho chiri US Uber Alles, ndi kulamulira kwa manja kosatha. Sizinapemphe kuthetsedwa, ndipo tidati, "Ayi, sitingathe kusaina izi."

Ndipo ife tinakhala palimodzi ndipo tinakonza ndemanga yathu yathu, pafupi khumi a ife, Jacqui Cabasso, David Krieger, inemwini, Alyn Ware.

Tonse tinali akale, ndipo tinalibe intaneti panthawiyo. Tinatumiza fax ndipo kumapeto kwa msonkhano wa masabata anayi mabungwe mazana asanu ndi limodzi adasaina ndipo m'mawu omwe tidapempha kuti tipeze mgwirizano wothetsa zida za nyukiliya pofika chaka cha 2000. Timavomereza kugwirizana kosatha pakati pa zida za nyukiliya ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya, ndipo adapempha kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya zithetsedwe komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa International Renewable Energy Agency.

Ndiyeno tinapanga bungwe. Ndimagwira ntchito yopanda phindu, ndidasiya ya Economist. Ndinali ndi GRACE, Global Resource Action Center for the Environment. Chifukwa chake David Krieger anali Secretariat yoyamba pa Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, kenako idasamukira kwa ine, ku GRACE. Tinasunga zaka zisanu. Sindikuganiza kuti David anali ndi zaka zisanu, koma zinali ngati zaka zisanu. Kenako tidasuntha, mukudziwa, timayesa, sitikufuna kuti tipange ...

Ndipo pamene ndinali ku GRACE, ife tinapeza zisathe mphamvu bungwe kudzera. Tinali mbali ya…

Tidalowa nawo Commission on Sustainable Development, ndikukopa ndikutulutsa lipoti lokongola ili ndi zolemba zapansi za 188, mu 2006, zomwe zidati, mphamvu zokhazikika ndizotheka tsopano, ndipo zikadali zowona ndipo ndikuganiza zofalitsa lipotilo chifukwa siziri choncho. Zachikale. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kulankhula za chilengedwe ndi nyengo ndi mphamvu zokhazikika, pamodzi ndi zida za nyukiliya, chifukwa ife tiri mu nthawi yovutayi. Tikhoza kuwononga dziko lathu lonse pogwiritsa ntchito zida zanyukiliya kapena masoka a nyengo. Choncho tsopano ndili nawo m’magulu osiyanasiyana amene akuyesetsa kubweretsa uthenga pamodzi.

Kodi zabwino zomwe zaperekedwa kuchokera ku Abolition 2000 zakhala zotani?

Chabwino kwambiri tinali tidakonza msonkhano wa zida za nyukiliya ndi maloya ndi asayansi ndi omenyera ufulu ndi opanga mfundo, ndipo idakhala chikalata chovomerezeka cha UN, ndipo inali ndi mgwirizano; nazi zomwe mukuyenera kusaina.

Zachidziwikire, zitha kukambirana koma osachepera timapereka chitsanzo kuti anthu awone. Zinapita padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo kukwaniritsidwa kwa mphamvu zokhazikika mwanjira ina…

Ndikutanthauza kuti zimenezo zinali zolinga zathu ziwiri. Tsopano zomwe zinachitika mu 1998. Aliyense ananena bwino, "kuthetsa 2000." Tidati tikhala ndi mgwirizanowu pofika chaka cha 2000. Mu 95, muchita chiyani pa dzina lanu? Chifukwa chake ndidati titenge mabungwe 2000 ndipo tinene kuti ndife 2000, kuti tisunge dzina. Kotero ine ndikuganiza izo zinali zabwino. Zingakhale network. Zinali m’maiko ambiri. Zinali zosagwirizana kwambiri. Secretariat inachoka kwa ine kupita kwa Steve Staples ku Canada, kenako idapita kwa Pax Christi ku Pennsylvania, David Robinson - iye salipo - kenako Susi adayitenga, ndipo tsopano ili ndi IPB. Koma pakadali pano, cholinga cha Abolition 2000 chinali chokhazikika pa NPT, ndipo tsopano kampeni yatsopano ya ICAN idakula chifukwa sanakwaniritse malonjezo awo.

Ngakhale Obama. Clinton adaphwanya Pangano Loletsa Mayeso Okwanira: silinali lonse, silinaletse mayeso. Obama adalonjeza, chifukwa cha ntchito yake yaying'ono yomwe adapanga pomwe adachotsa zida za 1500, madola thililiyoni pazaka khumi zikubwerazi kwa mafakitale awiri atsopano a bomba ku Kansas ndi Oak Ridge, ndi ndege, sitima zapamadzi, zoponya, mabomba. Chifukwa chake ili ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu, oyambitsa nkhondo yanyukiliya kumeneko, ndipo ndi wamisala. Simungathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Tidangogwiritsa ntchito kawiri kokha.

Kodi zolakwika zazikulu za NPT ndi chiyani?

Chabwino pali loophole chifukwa sichimalonjeza. Zida za mankhwala ndi zachilengedwe [mapangano] amati ndizoletsedwa, ndizosaloledwa, ndizosaloledwa, simungakhale nazo, simungathe kugawana nazo, simungagwiritse ntchito. NPT yangonena kuti, ife maiko asanu, tiyesetsa kuchita mwachikhulupiriro - ndicho chinenerocho - kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya. Ndinali pa gulu lina la maloya, The Lawyers Committee for Nuclear Policy lomwe linatsutsa zida za nyukiliya States. Tinabweretsa mlandu ku Khoti Lapadziko Lonse, ndipo Khoti Lapadziko Lonse lidatigwetsa pansi chifukwa adasiya malowo. Iwo adati, zida za nyukiliya nthawi zambiri siziloledwa - zili ngati kukhala ndi pakati - kenako adati, "Sitinganene ngati sizololedwa ngati kupulumuka kwa dziko kuli pachiwopsezo."

Chifukwa chake adalola kuletsa, ndipo ndipamene lingaliro la Ban Treaty linabwera. “Tamverani. Sizovomerezeka tiyenera kukhala ndi chikalata chonena kuti ndizoletsedwa ngati mankhwala komanso zachilengedwe. ”

Tinalandira chithandizo chochuluka kuchokera ku International Red Cross chomwe chinasintha zokambiranazo chifukwa zinali zovuta kwambiri. Zinali zolepheretsa komanso njira zankhondo. Chabwino iwo anachibweretsa icho ku mlingo waumunthu wa zotulukapo zowopsa za kugwiritsira ntchito chida chirichonse cha nyukiliya. Choncho ankakumbutsa anthu za zida zimenezi. Tinayiwala kuti Cold War yatha.

Ndicho chinthu china! Ndimaganiza kuti kuzizira kwatha, chabwino, mukudziwa, vuto ndi chiyani? Sindinakhulupirire kuti anali okhazikika bwanji. Pulogalamu yoyang'anira masheya ya Clinton idabwera khoma litagwa.

Ndiyeno iwo anali gulu la akale amene anamva chisoni kwambiri chifukwa chakuti anabweretsa Khoti Lalikulu la Dziko [m’menemo]. Ndinali m’komiti ya a Lawyers Committee, ndinasiya chifukwa ndinabwera kudzapangana. Sanali kuchirikiza Pangano la Ban chifukwa anali ndi ndalama zambiri pazomwe adachita ku Khothi Ladziko Lonse kotero kuti amayesa kunena kuti, "Chabwino, ndizosaloledwa kale ndipo sitifunika pangano kuti tinene kuti ali. zoletsedwa.”

Ndipo ndinaganiza kuti imeneyo sinali njira yabwino yosinthira zokambiranazo ndipo ndinachotsedwa ntchito. “Simukudziwa zimene mukunena. Sindinamvepo chilichonse chopusa chotero.”

Ndiye ndidasiya Komiti ya Lawyers on Nuclear Policy chifukwa zinali zopusa.

NPT ndi yolakwika chifukwa cha mayiko asanu a zida za nyukiliya.

Kulondola. Zili ngati Security Council yawonongeka. Ndi mayiko asanu omwewo pa UN Security Council. Mukudziwa, awa ndi opambana pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndipo zinthu zikusintha. Zomwe zidasintha, zomwe ndimakonda, ndikuti Pangano la Ban linakambidwa kudzera mu General Assembly. Tinadutsa Security Council, tinadutsa ma veto asanu, ndipo tinali ndi voti ndipo mayiko 122 adavota.

Tsopano mayiko ambiri a zida za nyukiliya adanyanyala. Iwo adachita, adachinyanyala, ndipo ambulera ya nyukiliya yomwe ndi mgwirizano wa NATO, ndi mayiko atatu ku Asia: Australia, South Korea ndi Japan ali pansi pa chitetezo cha nyukiliya cha US.

Chifukwa chake adatithandizira zomwe sizinali zachilendo komanso zomwe sizidatchulidwe zomwe ndikuganiza kuti zinali zosokoneza, pomwe adavota koyamba pa Msonkhano Waukulu ngati payenera kukhala zokambirana, North Korea idavota inde. Palibe ngakhale adanena zimenezo. Ndinkaganiza kuti izi zinali zofunikira, akutumiza chizindikiro kuti akufuna kuletsa bomba. Kenako kenako iwo anakoka… Trump anasankhidwa, zinthu zinapenga.

Pamsonkhano wa 2015 NPT South Africa idapereka mawu ofunikira kwambiri

Ban Treaty idayamba. Tidakhala ndi msonkhano uwu ku Oslo, kenako msonkhano wina ku Mexico kenako South Africa adalankhula ku NPT pomwe adati izi zikufanana ndi tsankho la nyukiliya. Sitingathe kubweranso kumsonkhanowu pomwe palibe amene akusunga malonjezo awo oletsa zida za nyukiliya ndipo mayiko omwe ali ndi zida za nyukiliya akugwira dziko lonse lapansi ku mabomba awo a nyukiliya.

Ndipo ichi chinali chikoka chachikulu kupita ku msonkhano waku Austria komwe tidalandiranso mawu kuchokera kwa Papa Francis. Ndikutanthauza kuti zinasinthadi zokambiranazo, ndipo a Vatican adavotera pa zokambiranazo ndikuyika mawu abwino, ndipo Papa mpaka nthawiyo anali atagwirizana ndi ndondomeko yoletsa kuletsa kwa US, ndipo iwo anati kuletsa kunali bwino, zinali bwino kukhala nawo. zida za nyukiliya ngati mumazigwiritsa ntchito podziteteza, pamene kupulumuka kwanu kuli pachiwopsezo. Izi zinali zosiyana ndi zomwe Khoti Lalikulu la Dziko Lonse linapanga. Kotero izo zatha tsopano.

Chifukwa chake pali zokambirana zatsopano zomwe zikuchitika tsopano ndipo tili kale ndi mayiko khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi omwe adavomereza, ndipo makumi asanu ndi awiri kapena kuposerapo asayina, ndipo tikufunika 50 kuti tivomereze isanayambe kugwira ntchito.

Chinthu chinanso chosangalatsa, mukanena kuti, "Tikuyembekezera India ndi Pakistan." Sitikuyembekezera India ndi Pakistan. Monga ndi India tinatulutsa CTBT mu Komiti Yopereka Zida ngakhale adatsutsa. Tsopano tikuyesera kuchita zomwezo ku Pakistan.

Akufuna kuti panganoli lidule zida zankhondo, ndipo Pakistan ikunena kuti, "Ngati simuchita chilichonse, sitisiyidwa pampikisano wa plutonium."

Ndipo tsopano iwo akuganiza kugonjetsa Pakistan, koma China ndi Russia akufuna mu 2008 ndi 2015 pangano kuletsa zida mu mlengalenga, ndi US vetoes izo mu Komiti ya Zida. Palibe zokambirana. Sitilola ngakhale kukambidwa. Palibe amene akubweretsa mgwirizanowu ku UN pazotsutsa zathu. Ndife dziko lokha lomwe likumva izi.

Ndipo ndikuganiza, ndikuyembekezera tsopano, tipita bwanji ku zida zanyukiliya? Ngati sitingathe kuchiza ubale wa US-Russian ndikunena zowona za izi titha chifukwa pali zida zanyukiliya pafupifupi 15,000 padziko lapansi ndipo 14,000 ili ku US ndi Russia. Ndikutanthauza kuti mayiko ena onse ali ndi chikwi pakati pawo: ndi China, England, France, Israel, India, Pakistan, North Korea, koma ndife a gorilla akuluakulu pamtanda ndipo ndakhala ndikuphunzira ubalewu. Ndine wodabwa.

Choyamba mu 1917 Woodrow Wilson anatumiza asilikali 30,000 ku St. Ndikutanthauza chiyani tinkachita kumeneko mu 1917? Izi zili ngati capitalism imachita mantha. Mukudziwa kuti panalibe Stalin, panali anthu wamba omwe amayesa kuchotsa Tsar.

Komabe chimenecho chinali chinthu choyamba chimene ndinaona chimene chinali chodabwitsa kwa ine kuti tinali odana kwambiri ndi Russia, ndipo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II pamene ife ndi Soviet Union tinagonjetsa Nazi Germany, ndipo tinakhazikitsa United Nations kuthetsa mliri wa nkhondo. , ndipo zinali zongoganizira chabe. Stalin adati kwa Truman, "Tembenuzirani bomba ku UN," chifukwa tinali titangogwiritsa ntchito, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, ndipo zinali ukadaulo wowopsa kwambiri. Truman adati "ayi".

Choncho Stalin anatenga bomba lake. Sanasiyidwe, ndipo khomalo litatsika, Gorbachev ndi Reagan adakumana nati tiyeni tichotse zida zathu zonse zanyukiliya, ndipo Reagan adati, "Inde, lingaliro labwino."

Gorbachev adati, "Koma musachite Star Wars."

Tili ndi chikalata chomwe ndikuyembekeza kuti mudzachiwonetsa nthawi ina "Vision 2020" yomwe ndi US Space Command ili ndi cholinga chake, kulamulira ndi kulamulira zofuna za US mumlengalenga, kuteteza zofuna za US ndi ndalama. Ndikutanthauza kuti alibe manyazi. Izi ndi zomwe mission statement ikunena kuchokera ku US kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake Gorbachev adati, "Inde, koma musachite Star Wars."

Ndipo Reagan adati, "Sindingathe kusiya izi."

Chifukwa chake Gorbachev adati, "Chabwino, iwalani za zida zanyukiliya."

Ndiyeno iwo anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi East Germany pamene khoma linagwa, pokhala United ndi West Germany ndi kukhala mbali ya NATO chifukwa Russia anataya anthu 29 miliyoni pa Nkhondo Yadziko II chifukwa cha chiwembu cha Nazi.

Sindingakhulupirire zimenezo. Ndikutanthauza kuti ndine Myuda, timalankhula za ife anthu mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi. Zowopsa bwanji! Ndani anamva za anthu mamiliyoni makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi? Ndikutanthauza, tawonani zomwe zidachitika, tidataya 3,000 ku New York ndi World Trade Center, tidayambitsa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse 7.

Komabe Reagan adati kwa Gorbachev, "Osadandaula. Lolani East Germany igwirizane ndi West Germany ndikulowa mu NATO ndipo tikukulonjezani kuti sitidzakulitsa NATO inchi imodzi kummawa. "

Ndipo Jack Matlock yemwe ndi kazembe wa Reagan ku Russia adalemba op-ed mu The Times akubwereza izi. Sindikungopanga izi. Ndipo tsopano tili ndi NATO mpaka kumalire a Russia!

Kenako titadzitamandira za kachilombo ka Stuxnet, Putin adatumiza kalata oh ayi ngakhale izi zisanachitike.

Putin adafunsa Clinton, "Tiyeni tisonkhane ndikudula zida zathu mpaka chikwi ndikuyitanira aliyense pagome kuti akambirane za zida zanyukiliya, koma osaponya zida za nyukiliya ku Eastern Europe."

Chifukwa anali atayamba kale kukambirana ndi Romania kuti apange mizinga.

Clinton adati, "Sindingathe kulonjeza izi."

Chifukwa chake kunali kutha kwa mwayiwo, kenako a Putin adapempha Obama kuti akambirane za pangano la cyberspace. “Tisakhale ndi nkhondo ya pa intaneti,” ndipo tinakana.

Ndipo ngati muyang'ana zomwe America ikuchita tsopano akukonzekera nkhondo ya cyber, akukonzekera kulimbana ndi zida za nyukiliya za Russia, ndipo ngati ndingathe, ndikungofuna kuti ndiwerenge zomwe Putin adanena panthawi yake ya State of the Union. mu March.

Ife tikumuchitira ziwanda, tikumuimba mlandu pa chisankho chomwe chiri chopusa. Ndikutanthauza kuti ndi Electoral College. Gore adapambana chisankho, tikumuimba mlandu Ralph Nader yemwe anali woyera mtima waku America. Anatipatsa mpweya wabwino, madzi aukhondo. Kenako Hillary anapambana zisankho ndipo tikuimba mlandu Russia m'malo mokonza Electoral College yathu yomwe ili yotsalira kwa azungu, okwera pansi omwe amayesa kulamulira mphamvu zotchuka. Monga momwe tinachotsera ukapolo, ndipo akazi adavotera, tiyenera kuchotsa Electoral College.

Komabe mu Marichi, a Putin adati, "Kale mu 2000 US idalengeza kuti ichoka ku mgwirizano wa zida zolimbana ndi ballistic." (Bush adatulukamo). "Russia idatsutsana kwambiri ndi izi. Tidawona Pangano la Soviet-US ABM lomwe lidasainidwa mu 1972 ngati mwala wapangodya wapadziko lonse lapansi limodzi ndi Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, Mgwirizano wa ABM sunangopangitsa kuti pakhale kukhulupirirana komanso kulepheretsa mbali zonse kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanyukiliya mosasamala. anthu. Tinachita zonse zomwe tingathe kuti tisalepheretse anthu a ku America kuti asachoke pa mgwirizanowu. Zonse pachabe. A US adatuluka mumgwirizanowu mu 2002, ngakhale zitatha izi tidayesa kukhazikitsa zokambirana zolimbikitsa ndi aku America. Tinaganiza zogwirira ntchito limodzi m'derali kuti tichepetse nkhawa komanso kuti pakhale kukhulupirirana. Nthaŵi ina ndinaganiza kuti kulolerana n’kotheka, koma izi sizinali zotheka. Malingaliro athu onse, onse adakanidwa ndiyeno tidati tifunika kukonza njira yathu yamakono kuti titeteze chitetezo chathu. ”

Ndipo iwo anatero ndipo ife tikugwiritsa ntchito zimenezo ngati chowiringula chomangira gulu lathu lankhondo, pamene tinali ndi mwayi wabwino woyimitsa mpikisano wa zida. Iwo nthawi iliyonse ankatipatsa zimenezo, ndipo nthawi iliyonse tinkazikana.

Kodi kufunikira kwa Pangano la Ban Treaty ndi chiyani?

O, tsopano tikhoza kunena kuti ndizoletsedwa, ndizoletsedwa. Sichilankhulidwe china chamwano. Choncho tikhoza kulankhula mwamphamvu. Dziko la US silinasainepo mgwirizano wa mabomba okwirira pansi, koma sitimapanganso ndipo sitigwiritsa ntchito.

Chifukwa chake tiletsa bomba, ndipo pali kampeni yodabwitsa, makamaka kampeni yochotsa. Tikuphunzira kuchokera kwa anzathu amafuta amafuta omwe anali kunena kuti musagwiritse ntchito zida zanyukiliya, ndikuwukira makampani. Ndipo tili ndi projekiti yayikulu yomwe idatuluka ku ICAN, Musati Banki pa Bomba, yomwe ikuthamangitsidwa kuchokera ku Netherlands, ya Pax Christi, ndipo kuno ku New York tinali ndi chokumana nacho chodabwitsa.

Tinapita ku Khonsolo Yathu Yamzinda kukasudzulana. Tinalankhula ndi wapampando wa zachuma wa khonsoloyo, ndipo adati alemba kalata kwa Comptroller - yemwe amawongolera ndalama zonse za penshoni za mzindawu, mabiliyoni a madola - ngati titha kupeza mamembala khumi a khonsolo kuti asaine. naye. Choncho tinali ndi komiti yaing’ono yochokera ku ICAN, ndipo sinali ntchito yaikulu, ndipo tinangoyamba kuyimba mafoni, ndipo tinapeza ambiri, monga mamembala 28 a City Council, kuti asaine kalatayi.

Ndinaimbira foni aphungu anga, ndipo anandiuza kuti ali patchuthi cha abambo. Iye anali ndi mwana wake woyamba. Chifukwa chake ndidamulembera kalata yayitali yonena kuti ndi mphatso yabwino kwambiri kwa mwana wanu kukhala ndi dziko lopanda zida zanyukiliya ngati mungasaine kalatayi, ndipo adasaina.

Zinali zosavuta. Zinali zabwino kwambiri kuti tinachita izi ...

Komanso ku NATO States, iwo sangayime izi. Sadzaimirira chifukwa anthu sakudziwa kuti tili ndi zida zanyukiliya za US m'mayiko asanu a NATO: Italy, Belgium, Holland, Germany ndi Turkey. Ndipo anthu sadziwa nkomwe izi, koma tsopano tikuchita zionetsero, anthu akumangidwa, zolima zolimira, masisitere onsewa ndi ansembe ndi ma Jesuit, gulu lodana ndi nkhondo, ndipo panali chiwonetsero chachikulu cha maziko a Germany. ndipo izo zinadziwika ndipo ine ndikuganiza iyo ikhala njira ina yodzutsa chidwi cha anthu, chifukwa iyo inapita. Iwo sanali kuganiza za izo. Mukudziwa, nkhondo inali itatha, ndipo palibe amene ankadziwa kuti tikukhala ndi zinthu izi zikulozerana wina ndi mzake, ndipo sikuti zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwadala, chifukwa ndikukayikira ngati wina angachite zimenezo, koma mwayi wa ngozi. Tikhoza kukhala ndi mwayi.

Takhala tikukhala pansi pa nyenyezi yamwayi. Pali nkhani zambiri za ophonya pafupi ndi Colonel Petrov waku Russia yemwe anali ngwazi. Anali mu silo ya missile, ndipo adawona china chake chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti akuwukiridwa ndi ife, ndipo amayenera kutulutsa mabomba ake onse ku New York ndi Boston ndi Washington, ndipo adadikirira ndipo kunali kusokonezeka kwa kompyuta, ngakhale anadzudzulidwa chifukwa chosatsatira malamulo.

Ku America, pafupifupi zaka zitatu zapitazo, kunali Minot Air Force Base, ku North Dakota, tinali ndi ndege yodzaza ndi mizinga 6 yonyamula zida za nyukiliya yomwe inapita ku Louisiana mwangozi. Inasowa kwa maola 36, ​​ndipo sankadziwa kumene inali.

Ndife mwayi basi. Tikukhala mu zongopeka. Izi zili ngati zinthu za anyamata. Ndizoyipa. Tiyenera kusiya.

Kodi anthu wamba angachite chiyani?  World Beyond War.

Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kukulitsa zokambirana, ndichifukwa chake ndikugwira ntchito World Beyond War, chifukwa ndi netiweki yatsopano yodabwitsa yomwe ikuyesera kuti kutha kwa nkhondo padziko lapansi kukhale lingaliro lomwe nthawi yake yafika, ndipo amachitanso kampeni yotsatsira, osati nyukiliya koma chilichonse, ndipo akugwira ntchito ndi Code Pink zomwe ndi zodabwitsa. . Ali ndi kampeni yatsopano ya divest yomwe mutha kulowa nawo.

Ndikudziwa Medea (Benjamin) kwa zaka zambiri. Ndinakumana naye ku Brazil. Ndinakumana naye kumeneko, ndipo ndinapita ku Cuba, chifukwa iye amayendetsa maulendo awa ku Cuba. Iye ndi womenyera ufulu.

Choncho mulimonse World Beyond War is www.worldbeyondwar.org. Lowani. Lowani.

Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe mungachite, kapena nazo. Mukhoza kulemba, kapena kulankhula za izo, kapena kulembetsa anthu ambiri. Ndinali m'bungwe lotchedwa The Hunger Project mu 1976 ndipo linali lofuna kuthetsa njala padziko lapansi lingaliro lomwe nthawi yafika, ndipo tidangolembetsa anthu, ndikutulutsa zowona. Ichi ndi chiyani World Beyond War amachita, nthano za nkhondo: ndi zosapeweka, palibe njira yothetsera izo. Ndiyeno mayankho.

Ndipo tidachita izi ndi njala, ndipo tidati njala siipeweka. Chakudya chili chokwanira, kuchuluka kwa anthu si vuto chifukwa anthu amangochepetsa kukula kwa mabanja awo akadziwa kuti akudyetsedwa. Kotero ife tinali ndi mfundo zonsezi zomwe tinkangokhalira kuzifalitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo tsopano, sitinathe kuthetsa njala, koma ndi gawo la Millennium Development Goals. Ndi lingaliro lolemekezeka. Tikamanena kuti n’zopusa, n’kumanena kuti tikhoza kuthetsa nkhondo, anthu amati, “Musachite zinthu zopusa. Padzakhala nkhondo nthawi zonse.”

Chabwino cholinga chonse ndikuwonetsa mayankho onse ndi zotheka ndi nthano za nkhondo ndi momwe tingathere. Ndipo kuyang'ana ubale wa US-Russia ndi gawo lake. Tiyenera kuyamba kunena zoona.

Ndiye pali, ndipo pali ICAN, chifukwa akugwira ntchito kuti afotokozere za Pangano la Ban m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kotero ine ndithudi fufuzani izo www.icanw.org, Kampeni Yapadziko Lonse Yothetsa Zida Zanyukiliya.

Ndimayesetsa kulowa mumtundu wina wa mphamvu zakumaloko, mphamvu zokhazikika. Ndikuchita zambiri tsopano, chifukwa ndizopusa kuti tikulola mabungwewa kuti atiwononge ndi zida za nyukiliya ndi zinthu zakale komanso biomass. Akuwotcha chakudya pamene tili ndi mphamvu zambiri za Dzuwa ndi mphepo ndi geothermal ndi hydro. Ndipo mwachangu!

Ndiye ndi zomwe ndingapangire kwa womenyera ufulu.

Kodi mungawauze chiyani anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu?

Chabwino, choyamba auzeni kuti awonetsetse kuti alembetsa kuti adzavote. Sayenera kusamalira zida za nyukiliya, ingosamalira kukhala nzika! Lembetsani kuvota, ndikuvotera anthu omwe akufuna kuchepetsa ndalama zankhondo ndikufuna kuyeretsa chilengedwe. Tidakhala ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri ku New York, Alexandria Cortes. Iye ankakhala m’dera limene ndinkakhala ku Bronx, kumene ndinakulira. Kumeneko ndi kumene akukhala tsopano ndipo wangokhala ndi zochitika zodabwitsa zotsutsana ndi wandale weniweni wokhazikika, ndipo ndichifukwa chakuti anthu adavota. Anthu ankasamala.

Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza, polankhula ngati waku America, tikadafunikira Civics kwa wamkulu aliyense kusukulu yasekondale, ndipo tiyenera kukhala ndi mavoti a mapepala okha, ndipo ngati akuluakulu amabwera ku chisankho ndikuwerengera mapepala, ndikulembetsa kuvota. Choncho akhoza kuphunzira masamu, ndipo akhoza kulembetsa kuvota, ndipo sitiyenera kudandaula kuti kompyuta imatibera voti.

Izi ndizachabechabe mukangowerenga mavoti. Ndikuganiza kuti unzika ndi wofunikira, ndipo tiyenera kuyang'ana mtundu wa nzika. Ndinamva nkhani yabwinoyi yoperekedwa ndi mayi wachisilamu ku Canada. Mu World Beyond War, tangochita msonkhano waku Canada. Tiyenera kuganiziranso ubale wathu ndi dziko lapansi.

Ndipo amakamba za chitsamunda chomwe chinabwereranso ku Ulaya pamene anali ndi Bwalo la Inquisition, ndipo sindinaganizirepo za kubwerera kutali. Ndinkaganiza kuti tidayambitsa ku America, koma adayambitsa pomwe adathamangitsa Asilamu ndi Ayuda ku Spain. Ndipo iwo anali kuchita izo ndiye ndipo ife tiyenera kuganiziranso izi. Tiyenera kukhudzana ndi nthaka, ndi anthu, ndi kuyamba kunena zoona pa zinthu, chifukwa ngati sitili oona mtima, sitingathe kukonza.

Cholinga chanu ndi chiyani?

Chabwino, ine ndikuganiza ine ndinanena pachiyambi. Nditayamba kukhala womenyera nkhondo ndinapambana. Ndikutanthauza kuti ndalanda chipani chonse cha Democratic Party! N’zoona kuti atolankhani atigonjetsa. Tinapita ku Congress ndipo tinapambana. Ife timawapangitsa iwo kuti ayimitse, koma ife nthawizonse timaluza pamene ife tikupambana.

Ndikutanthauza kuti zili ngati masitepe 10 kutsogolo, sitepe imodzi kumbuyo. Ndiye ndizomwe zimandipangitsa kuti ndizipitabe. Sikuti sindinapambanepo, koma sindinakhalepo ndi chipambano chenicheni cha dziko lopanda nkhondo. Si zida za nyukiliya chabe, zida za nyukiliya ndi nsonga ya mkondo.

Tiyenera kuchotsa zida zonse.

Zinali zolimbikitsa kwambiri pamene ana ameneŵa anaguba motsutsana ndi National Rifle [Association]. Tinali ndi anthu zikwi zana limodzi akuguba mu New York, ndipo onse anali achichepere. Ochepa azaka zanga. Ndipo amalembetsa anthu kuti adzavote pa intaneti. Ndipo pulaimale yomalizayi yomwe tinali nayo ku New York, panali anthu ochuluka kuwirikiza kawiri omwe adavota m'mapulaimale kuposa chaka cham'mbuyo.

Zili ngati 60s tsopano, anthu akuyamba kuchita khama. Iwo amadziwa kuti ayenera kutero. Sikungochotsa zida za nyukiliya, chifukwa ngati tichotsa nkhondo, tidzachotsa zida za nyukiliya.

Mwina zida za nyukiliya ndizopadera kwambiri. Muyenera kudziwa komwe mitembo imayikidwa, ndikutsata kampeni ya ICAN, koma simuyenera kukhala wasayansi wa rocket kuti mudziwe kuti nkhondo ndi yopusa. Ndi zaka za zana la 20!

Sitinapambanepo nkhondo chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndiye tikuchita chiyani kuno?

Ndi chiyani chomwe chiyenera kusintha ku America kuti apite patsogolo polimbana ndi nkhondo?

Ndalama. Tiyenera kulamulira. Tinkakonda kukhala ndi Chiphunzitso cha chilungamo pomwe sumatha kulamulira mawayilesi chifukwa uli ndi ndalama. Tiyenera kubweza zambiri zazinthu izi. Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kupanga kampani yathu yamagetsi ku New York poyera. Boulder, Colado adachita izi, chifukwa amakankhira mafuta a nyukiliya ndi mafuta pakhosi pawo, ndipo amafuna mphepo ndi dzuwa, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kulinganiza chuma, chikhalidwe. Ndipo ndi zomwe mukuwona kuchokera kwa Bernie.

Zikukula… Tidachita zisankho za anthu. Anthu 87 pa XNUMX alionse aku America anati tiyeni tiwachotse, ngati wina aliyense avomereza. Choncho tili ndi maganizo a anthu kumbali yathu. Timangoyenera kusonkhanitsa kupyolera muzitsulo zowopsya zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi zomwe Eisenhower anachenjeza; zankhondo-zamakampani, koma ndikuzitcha kuti zankhondo-zamakampani-zamsonkhano-zofalitsa nkhani. Pali kukhazikika kochuluka.

Occupy Wall Street, adatulutsa meme iyi: 1% motsutsana ndi 99%. Anthu sankadziwa mmene zinthu zinalili molakwika.

FDR inapulumutsa America ku chikominisi pamene anapanga Social Security. Iye adagawana chuma china, ndiye adachitanso umbombo kwambiri, ndi Reagan kudzera mwa Clinton ndi Obama, ndichifukwa chake Trump adasankhidwa, chifukwa anthu ambiri adavulala.

malingaliro Final

Pali chinthu chimodzi chomwe sindinakuuzeni chomwe chingakhale chosangalatsa.

M’zaka za m’ma 50 tinali kuchita mantha kwambiri ndi chikomyunizimu. Ndinapita ku Queens College. Iyo inali nthawi ya McCarthy Era, ku America. Ndinapita ku Queens College mu 1953, ndipo ndinali kukambirana ndi munthu wina, ndipo iye anati, “Apa. Uyenera kuwerenga izi. "

Ndipo iye amandipatsa ine kabuku aka kakuti “Chipani cha Chikominisi cha America”, ndipo mtima wanga ukugunda. Ndikuchita mantha. Ndinayika chikwama changa cha mabuku. Ndikwera basi yobwerera kunyumba. Ndimapita molunjika kuchipinda cha 8, ndikuyenda kupita kowotchera, ndikuponyera pansi osayang'ana. Ndimomwemo mantha.

Ndiyeno mu 1989 kapena zilizonse, Gorbachev atalowa, ndinali ndi Lawyers Alliance, ndinapita ku Soviet Union kwa nthaŵi yoyamba.

Choyamba, munthu aliyense wazaka zopitilira 60 adavala mendulo zake za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndipo ngodya iliyonse yamsewu inali ndi chipilala chamwala kwa akufa, 29 miliyoni, ndiyeno mumapita kumanda a Leningrad ndipo kuli manda ochuluka, milu yayikulu ya anthu. Anthu 400,000. Ndiye ndimayang'ana izi, ndipo wonditsogolera adati kwa ine, "Bwanji inu Achimereka simumatikhulupirira?"

Ine ndinati, “Bwanji ife sitimakukhulupirira iwe? Nanga bwanji Hungary? Nanga bwanji Czechoslovakia?”

Inu mukudziwa, Amereka wodzikuza. Amandiyang'ana misozi ili m'maso mwake. Iye anati: “Koma tinkafunika kuteteza dziko lathu ku Germany.”

Ndipo ine ndinayang'ana pa mnyamatayo, ndipo icho chinali choonadi chawo. Osati kuti zomwe adachita zinali zabwino, koma ndikutanthauza kuti anali kuchita chifukwa choopa kuwukiridwa, ndi zomwe adakumana nazo, ndipo sitinali kupeza nkhani yoyenera.

Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza ngati tipanga mtendere tsopano, tiyenera kuyamba kunena zoona za ubale wathu, ndi ndani akuchita chiyani kwa ndani, ndipo tiyenera kukhala omasuka, ndikuganiza kuti zikuchitika ndi #MeToo. , ndi ziboliboli za Confederate, ndi Christopher Columbus. Ndikutanthauza kuti palibe amene anaganizapo za choonadi cha izo, ndipo ife tiri tsopano. Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza ngati titayamba kuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika, titha kuchita moyenera.