lolemba Joseph Essertier, Okutobala 31, 2017
kuchokera CounterPunch
"Palibe munthu kapena gulu kapena fuko lomwe silingadaliridwe kuti likuchita zinthu mwaumunthu kapena kuganiza moyera mwa kuopedwa kwambiri."
- Bertrand Russell, Ma Essays Osasangalatsa (1950) [1]
Mavuto aku North Korea amapatsa anthu kumanzere kupita kumawonekedwe owala ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri lomwe tidakumana nalo. Tsopano, kuposa kale, tikuyenera kuyika pambali mantha athu achilengedwe komanso tsankho lomwe lazungulira vuto la zida za nyukiliya ndikufunsa mafunso ovuta omwe amafuna mayankho omveka. Yakwana nthawi yoti mubwerere ndikuganiza kuti ndani yemwe wavutitsa anthu ku Korea, yemwe akuopseza mtendere wamayiko komanso kupulumuka kwa mitundu ya anthu. Yapita nthawi yayitali kuti tinali ndi zokambirana zofunsa za vuto la Washington ku North Korea ndi makina ake ankhondo. Nayi chakudya choti chilingaliridwe pazinthu zomwe zikufotokozedwa pansi pa kapeti ndi kugwada kwa mawondo. Atolankhani wamba komanso ambiri kunja kwaofalitsa nkhani zofalitsa komanso zotsogola, mosavomerezeka amatsutsa zachinyengo za Washington, amasala anthu aku North Korea, ndikuwonetsa zovuta zomwe tili nazo pankhondo yomwe maphwando onse ali osavomerezeka.
Choyamba, tiyenera kukumana ndi chovuta chakuti ife a America, komanso boma lathu koposa zonse, ndiye vuto lalikulu. Monga anthu ambiri ochokera Kumadzulo, sindikudziwa chilichonse chokhudza anthu aku North Korea, chifukwa chake ndinganene zochepa za iwo. Zomwe titha kulankhula mwachidaliro chilichonse ndi boma la Kim Jong-un. Kuletsa zokambiranazi kutero, titha kunena kuti zomwe akunopseza sizowona. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chimodzi chosavuta:
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa kuthekera kwa asirikali aku US, kuphatikiza omwe ali nawo pankhondo, ndi North Korea. Kusiyana kwake ndikwakukulu kwambiri kotero sikokwanira kukambirana, koma nazi zazikulu:
Maziko aku US: Washington ili ndi zigawo za asirikali zosachepera 15 zomwe zidabalalika ku South Korea, ambiri aiwo pafupi ndi malire ndi North Korea. Palinso malo oyambira ku Japan konse, kuchokera ku Okinawa kumwera chakumwera mpaka kumpoto kupita ku Misawa Air Force Base.[2] Maziko ku South Korea ali ndi zida zowononga kwambiri kuposa zida za nyukiliya zomwe Washington adasunga ku South Korea kwa zaka 30 kuyambira 1958 mpaka 1991.[3] Ma Japan ku Japan amakhala ndi ndege za Osprey zomwe zimatha kukwera mabasi awiri amzindawu zodzaza ndi asitikali ndi zida kupita ku Korea paulendo uliwonse.
Zonyamula ndege: Palibe zosakwana ndege zitatu zomwe zimanyamula m'madzi kuzungulira Peninsula ya Korea ndi gulu lawo lankhondo la owononga.[4] Mayiko ambiri alibe ngakhale ndege imodzi yonyamula.
THAAD: Mu Epulo chaka chino Washington idagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la THAAD ("malo okwera kwambiri") ngakhale anali otsutsa kwambiri nzika zaku South Korea.[5] Kungoyenera kuthana ndi zida za kumpoto kwa Korea zomwe zikubwera, koma akuluakulu aku China ku Beijing akudandaula kuti cholinga chenicheni cha THAAD ndi "kutsata zida zomwe zapezeka kuchokera ku China" popeza THAAD imatha kuwunika.[6] Chifukwa chake, THAAD ikuwopseza North Korea mosatengera, ndikuwopseza mgwirizano wake.
Asitikali aku South Korea: Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zida zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chokhala ndi gulu lankhondo lodzaza ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri chokwanira kukwaniritsa kuwopseza kochokera ku North Korea.[7] Asitikali aku South Korea amaphunzitsidwa bwino komanso kuphatikizidwa limodzi ndi asitikali aku US popeza nthawi zonse amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi monga "chachikulu nyanjayi, pamtunda komanso pamlengalenga" wotchedwa "Ulchi Ufulu Guardian" wophatikizapo magulu masauzande makumi.[8] Posataya mwayi wowopseza Pyongyang, izi zidachitika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti 2017 ngakhale panali zovuta.
Asitikali aku Japan: Gulu lankhondo lotchedwa "Kudzitchinjiriza" ku Japan lili ndi zida zina zapamwamba kwambiri, zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, monga ndege za AWACS ndi Ospreys.[9] Ndi lamulo lamtendere ku Japan, zida izi "ndizowipitsa" m'njira zingapo mawu.
Ma sitima apamadzi okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya: US ili ndi sitima zapamadzi kufupi ndi Peninsula yaku Korea yomwe ili ndi zida zoponya zida za nyukiliya zomwe "sizitha kupha anthu mwachangu" chifukwa cha chipangizo chatsopano kwambiri chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso zida zankhondo zakale zamphamvu kwambiri. Izi zikuyenera kutumizidwa pamisasa yonse yamayendedwe aku US.[10] "Kugwiritsa ntchito molimbika kupha" kumatanthauza kuthekera kwawo kuwononga zolimba monga Russia ICBM silos (mwachitsanzo, zoponyera pansi pa nyukiliya). Izi kale zinali zovuta kwambiri kuwononga. Izi zikuwopseza North Korea popeza Russia ndi limodzi mwa mayiko omwe angathandizire pakagwa koyambirira kwa US.
Monga mlembi wa Zachitetezo ku United States a James Mattis adanenanso kuti, nkhondo ndi North Korea "idzakhala yoopsa."[11] Izi ndi zowona - zowopsa makamaka kwa aku Korea, kumpoto ndi kumwera, komanso mwina kwa mayiko ena m'chigawochi, koma osati ku USA Ndipo ndizowona kuti "amathandizira kukhoma," akazembe aku North Korea "adzamenya nkhondo," Pulofesa Bruce Cumings, wolemba mbiri wakale ku Korea ku yunivesite ya Chicago, akutsimikiza.[12] US "iwonongeratu" boma ku likulu la North Korea Pyongyang, ndipo mwina ngakhale a North Korea onse, monga Purezidenti wa ku America akuwopseza.[13] Nawonso North Korea ikhoza kuwononga kwambiri mzinda wa Seoul, womwe ndi umodzi mwamizinda yoipa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuchititsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ovulala ku South Korea komanso makumi masauzande ku Japan. Monga wolemba mbiri Paul Atwood akulembera, popeza tikudziwa kuti "boma la kumpoto lili ndi zida za nyukiliya zomwe ziziwulitsidwa pamiyala yaku America [ku South Korea] ndi Japan, tikuyenera kufuula kuchokera padenga kuti kuukira kwa America kudzagwetsa aphulawo. kukhoza ku mbali zonse, ndipo kuwonongeraku kungasinthe mwachangu kukhala tsiku lamasiku owerengeka la mitundu yonse ya anthu. ”[14]
Palibe dziko lapansi lomwe lingawopseze US. Nthawi. A David stockman, omwe kale anali Congressman waku Michigan adalemba, "Ngakhale mutachita izi, kulibe mayiko olemera, otukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi omwe angawopseze dziko la America kapena ngakhale lingaliro laling'ono lochita izi. . ”[15] Adafunsa mopupuluma, "Kodi mukuganiza kuti [Putin] angachite chipongwe kapena kudzipha kuti awopseze US ndi zida za nyukiliya?" Ndiye munthu wina yemwe ali ndi zida zanyukiliya za 1,500.
"Siegfried Hecker, yemwe ndi mkulu wa bungwe la Los Alamos National Laboratory komanso wogwira ntchito yomaliza ku US kuyesa malo opangira zida zanyukiliya ku North Korea, awerengetsa kukula kwa zida zaku North Korea posaposa 20 mpaka bomba la 25."[16] Ngati atakhala odzipha kwa Putin kuti ayambe nkhondo ndi US, ndiye kuti zingakhale zopanda pake kwa Kim Jong-un waku North Korea, dziko lomwe lili limodzi mwa magawo khumi a anthu aku US ndi chuma chochepa.
Mlingo wakukonzekera zankhondo waku US ukupitilira pamenepo komanso kupitilira zomwe ndizofunikira kuteteza South Korea. Imawopseza mwachindunji North Korea, China, ndi Russia. Monga a Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. adanenapo kuti ku US ndiye "wochita zachiwawa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi." Izi zidali zowona mu nthawi yake ndipo ndizowona momwe ziliri masiku ano.
Ponena za North Korea, kufunikira kwa maboma ake kuyang'ana zachiwawa kumadziwika ndi mawu oti "gulu lankhondo,"[17]momwe Cumings imagawa. Mawuwa akuvomereza mfundo yosatsutsika yoti anthu aku North Korea amathera nthawi yawo yambiri akukonzekera nkhondo. Palibe amene amatchedwa North Korea "wopambana kwambiri wachiwawa".
Ndani ali ndi chala chawo pabatani?
Katswiri wazamisala waku America dzina lake Robert Jay Lifton posachedwapa adatsimikiza "kufotokozedwa kwa Donald Trump."[18] Akufotokozera kuti a Trump "amawona dziko lapansi kudzera m'maganizo ake, zomwe amafunikira komanso zomwe akumva. Ndipo sangakhale wosasunthika kwambiri kapena womwazikana kapena wowopsa. ”
Munthawi ya kampeni yake yokhudza zisankho Trump samangokangana za nyukiliya ya Japan ndi South Korea, koma adawonetsa chidwi choopsa chogwiritsa ntchito zida zotere. Kuti a Donald Trump, munthu woganiza kuti ndi wosakhazikika m'maganizo, ali ndi zida zomwe angathe kugwiritsa ntchito kuti awononge dziko lapansi kangapo konse, akuwopsa.
Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, "chiopsezo" cha North Korea chikuwoneka ngati chimphepo chamkuntho.
Ngati mukuwopa Kim Jong-un, taganizirani momwe aku Korea akuyenera kukhala owopsa. Kuthekera kwa Trump kulola mtundu wosagwedezeka wa nyukiliya kutuluka mu botolo kuyeneradi kukhala chiyembekezo chodzutsa kwa anthu onse kulikonse pazithunzi zandale kuti adzuke ndikuchita asanachedwe.
Ngati kuopa kwathu Kim Jong-un kutimenya koyamba sikwanzeru, komanso ngati lingaliro loti ali "kudzipha" pakadali pano silopanda pake - popeza iye, akazembe ake, ndi akuluakulu aboma ake ndi omwe amapindula ndi mzera womwe umapereka mphamvu ndi mwayi wofunikira - ndiye gwero lotani la kusalingalira kwathu, mwachitsanzo, kupanda nzeru kwa anthu ku US? Kodi nkhani yonseyi imakamba za chiyani? Ndikufuna kunena kuti gwero limodzi lamalingaliro amtunduwu, mtundu wamaganizidwe omwe timawona nthawi zonse m'banja, ndiye kusankhana mitundu. Tsankho lamtunduwu, monga mitundu ina yabodza, limalimbikitsidwa ndi boma lomwe limalimbikitsa mfundo zakunja motsogozedwa ndi umbombo wa 1% osati zosowa za 99%.
The "khomo lotseguka"Zongopeka
Pomwe mfundo zathu zakunja zitha kufotokozedwera mwachidule ndi mawu achisoni omwe adakali akuti "Open Door Policy," monga tafotokozera posachedwa ndi Atwood.[19] Mungakumbukire mawu akale awa kuchokera ku kalasi ya mbiri yakale. Kafukufuku wachidule wa mbiri ya Open Door Policy akutifotokozera chifukwa chomwe chitha kukhala chotsegulira maso, ndikupereka chinsinsi chomvetsetsa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika posachedwapa ndi ubale wa North Korea-Washington. Atwood akulemba kuti "US ndi Japan zidagundana kuyambira nthawi ya 1920s ndi 1940, mkati mwa mavuto azachuma, adatsekedwa pamkhondo yolimbana ndi omwe adzapindule kwambiri pamisika ndi chuma cha Greater China ndi East Asia. ”Ngati wina angafotokozere zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo ya Pacific, chiganizo chimodzi chikhala kutali. Atwood akupitiliza kuti, "Chifukwa chenicheni chomwe US chidatsutsana ndi a Japan ku Asia sichikambidwa konse. Ndi nkhani yoletsedwa kutulutsa nkhani ngati zomwe zili zenizeni zakulembedwera ku America."
Nthawi zina amakambirana kuti US idatseka kulowa ku Japan ku zothandizira ku East Asia, koma vutoli likuwonetsedwa munjira imodzi, ngati imodzi mwadyera ku Japan ndipo ikulamulira zomwe zikuyambitsa mkanganowu m'malo mwa Washington.
Atwood akufotokozera, "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere yaku Japan idatseka zolimba kuti" Open Door 'kuti isalowe ku America ndikupeza chuma chambiri cha Asia panthawi yovuta. Pamene Japan idalamulira East Asia US idasunthira Pacific Fleet kupita ku Hawaii mtunda wopita ku Japan, idaletsa zachuma, kuyika zitsulo ndi mafuta ndipo mu Ogasiti 1941 idapereka lingaliro lakuchotsa China ndi Vietnam 'kapena ayi.' Poona kuti ndiwopseza, Japan idayamba ku Hawaii. ”Zomwe ambiri takhulupirira, kuti Japan idangopita chifukwa choti idalamulidwa ndi boma lopanda demokalase komanso zankhondo. kwenikweni inali nkhani yakale yachiwawa ya yemwe ali ndi chuma chambiri padziko lapansi.
Inde, malingaliro a Cumings, yemwe adakhala zaka zambiri akufufuza mbiri yaku Korea, makamaka pokhudzana ndi ubale ndi US-Korea, zikugwirizana bwino ndi a Atwood: "Kuyambira kusindikizidwa kwa 'lotseguka zolemba' mu 1900 pakadali kovuta kwa Zogulitsa nyumba zaku China, cholinga chachikulu cha Washington sichinali cholepheretsa anthu kupita ku dera la East Asia; Inafunanso kuti maboma aboma akhale olimba kuti athe kudzilamulira pawokha koma osati olimba mokwanira kuti athetse mphamvu za Western. ”[20] Nkhani yachidule koma yamphamvu ya Atwood imapatsa chithunzi chachikulu cha Open Door Policy, pomwe kudzera mu ntchito ya Cumings, munthu atha kuphunzira za momwe zimakhalira ku Korea panthawi yomwe dziko la America limalandira dziko lapansi pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Pacific, kudzera mu - chisankho chakutsogolo komanso chosakondera cha wolamulira wankhanza woyamba waku South Korea Syngman Rhee (1875-1965), ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Korea yomwe idatsatira. "Kufikika kwa dera la East Asia" kunapangitsa kuti misika ya anthu osankhika apamwamba aku America ichitike, ndipo malonda ake anali otsogola.
Vutoli linali loti maboma opondererawa adayamba kulamulira ku Korea, Vietnam, ndi China. Mabomawa amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chawo popanga chitukuko chokha kuti athandize anthu am'dziko lawo, koma zinali, ndipo zilipobe, mbendera yofiira ya "ng'ombe" yomwe ndiofesi yamafakitale aku America. Zotsatira zakusaka kotereku, ufulu waku Washington, "adasankha zabwino". "Akonzedwe aku America adapanga dziko lachiwiri labwino kwambiri lomwe lidagawanitsa Asia m'badwo."[21] Wogwirizana naye Pak Hung-sik adati "osinthira ufulu ndi osinthira dziko" ndiye vuto, mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti kukwera kwachuma ku Korea kuyenera kupindulitsa makamaka aku Korea, ndipo akuganiza kuti Korea ibwerera kukhala mtundu wophatikizika (monga momwe zidalili kale) kwa zaka zosachepera 1,000).
"Tsoka lowoneka" tsankho
Popeza kuti malingaliro okhwima ngati "kukonda dziko lako" nthawi zonse amayenera kuthetsedwa pamtengo uliwonse, ndalama zazikulu zankhondo zodula zimafunika. (Anthu onse kukhala osunga ndalama ndi mabungwe osunga katundu!) Kubweza ndalama koteroko kumafunikira mgwirizano wamamiliyoni aku America. Ndipamene malingaliro a "Mavuto Achikasu" adakhala othandiza. The Yellow Peril ndi malingaliro abodza omwe asintha mogwirizana ndi Open Door Policy, mwanjira iliyonse yomwe ikudziwonetsera ngati.[22] Maulumikizowo akuwonetsedwa bwino pakupanga kwamabuku apamwamba kwambiri a Yellow Peril kuyambira nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya Sino-Japan (1894-95) yolowerera mu nkhani ndi pulofesa wa mbiri yakale Peter C. Perdue ndi Director of Creative wa Kuwona Makulidwe a Ellen Sebring ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[23] Monga nkhani yawo ikulongosolera, "chifukwa chakuchulukitsa maiko akunja ofunitsitsa kubweretsa China kukhala magawo azikopa, lingaliro lawo, kuti phindu lopanda tanthauzo lingatenge izi. Golide wokongola ngatiyu anali mbali inanso ya 'ngozi ya chikaso.' ”Chithunzi chimodzi chabodza ndi chithunzi chamunthu waku China, yemwe adakhala m'matumba agolide tsidya lina la nyanja.
Tsankho lakumadzulo kwa anthu Akumawa lakhala likuwonetsedwa ndi mawu oti "gook." Mwamwayi, mawu amenewo amatha. Anthu aku Korea sanayamikire kuchitiridwa nkhaza zamtundu ngati izi,[24] osatinso a Filipinos kapena Vietnamese.[25] (Ku Vietnam kunali kosasankhidwa koma kofotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri "lamulo lokha" kapena "MGR," lomwe linati Vietnamese anali nyama zomwe zitha kuphedwa kapena kuzunzidwa mwakufuna). Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza anthu aku Korea, nawonso, kumpoto ndi kumwera. Zolemba zikutiuza kuti "wolemba ankhondo olemekezeka" a Hanson Baldwin pa nthawi ya nkhondo yaku Korea akufanizira aku Korea ndi dzombe, alendo komanso gulu la Genghis Khan, komanso kuti adawagwiritsa ntchito mawu kuwafotokozera ngati "akale."[26]Ally Japan ku Japan imathandizanso kusankhana mitundu ndi aku Korea kuti akule bwino ndipo adangokhazikitsa lamulo lake loyamba lotsutsana ndi mawu achidani ku 2016.[27]Tsoka ilo, ndi lamulo loyimira anthu limodzi komanso sitepe yoyamba.
Mantha abodza okhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro zauzimu zomwe sizili zachikhristu, mafilimu okhudza zamatsenga Fu Manchu,[28] komanso kufalitsa nkhani zosankhana mitundu m'zaka za zana la 20th onse adatenga gawo popanga chikhalidwe chomwe George W. Bush amatha, ndi nkhope zowongoka, kusankha North Korea imodzi mwa mayiko atatu a "Axis of Evil" pambuyo pa 9 / 11.[29] Osangokhala osachita chidwi komanso otchuka atolankhani ya Fox News koma ma media ena ndi mapepala ena amabwereza zolemba izi, nkumazigwiritsa ntchito ngati "shorthand" pazochita zina za US.[30] Mawu akuti "axis of hate" anali atangotsala pang'ono kugwiritsidwa ntchito, asanasinthidwe kuchokera ku mawu oyamba. Koma chenicheni chakuti izi zimatengedwa mwamphamvu ndi chizindikiro cha manyazi mbali yathu ", chizindikiro cha zoyipa ndi chidani m'magulu athu.
Maganizo a Trump okonda tsankho kwa anthu amitundu ndiwodziwikiratu kuti sizifunikira kulembedwa.
Kuyanjana pambuyo pa nkhondo pakati pa Koreas awiri ndi Japan
Ndi tsankho lakumbuyo - tsankho lomwe anthu aku US amakhala nalo kwa aku Koreya - nzosadabwitsa kuti ndi anthu ochepa aku America omwe adapondaponda ndikufuula, "ndikwanira" ponena za kuzunzidwa kwa Washington pambuyo pa nkhondo. Imodzi mwa njira zoyambirira komanso zoopsa zomwe Washington idalakwira aku Koreya pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Pacific inali nthawi ya Khothi Lankhondo Lapadziko Lonse ku Far East yomwe idakumana mu 1946: ukapolo wogonana wankhondo waku Japan (mwamatchulidwe amatchedwa "akazi otonthoza" dongosolo) sanazunzidwe, ndikupangitsa kuti kugwirira anthu ogwirirako nkhondo komwe kunayambitsa nkhondo mdziko lililonse, kuphatikiza US, kuthekera kobwerera. Monga a Gay J. McDougall a UN adalemba mu 1998, “… miyoyo ya amayi ikupitilirabe mtengo. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti kulephera kuthana ndi milandu yokhudzana ndi chiwerewere yomwe idachitika kwambiri pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kwapangitsa kuti milandu yofananayi ichitike masiku ano. ”[31] Zachiwerewere zomwe zimachitika kwa amayi aku Korea ndi asitikali aku US akale komanso masiku ano zimalumikizana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi asitikali aku Japan kale.[32] Miyoyo ya azimayi ambiri idachepetsedwa, koma miyoyo ya Korean azimayi makamaka samasamalidwa ngati "ma nkhokwe" - kuphatikiza kusankhana mitundu.
Magulu ankhondo aku US osachita nkhanza zachiwerewere adawonetsedwa ku Japan momwe Washington idalolezera asitikali aku America kuti achite uhule azimayi achi Japan, ozunzidwa ndi boma la Japan omwe amathandizira kuti azigonana, omwe amatchedwa "Zosangalatsa ndi Zosangalatsa Association," yomwe idawonekera poyera chisangalalo cha onse ogwirizana.[33] Pankhani ya Korea, zidapezeka chifukwa cha zolembedwa zanyumba yamalamulo yaku South Korea kuti "posinthanitsa ku 1960, opanga malamulo awiri adapempha boma kuti liphunzitse ophatikizira mahule kuti akwaniritse zomwe amadziwika kuti ndi zosowa zachilengedwe za asitikali ogwirizana alepheretse kuwononga madola awo ku Japan m'malo mwa South Korea. Wachiwiri kwa nduna panyumba panthawiyo, a Lee Sung-woo, adayankha kuti boma lasintha zina ndi zina mwa njira zopezera 'mahule' komanso 'zosangalatsa' za asitikali aku America. ”[34]
Tisaiwalenso kuti asitikali aku US agwiririra amayi achi Korea kunja kwa mahule. Amayi achi Japan, ngati azimayi achi Korea, akhala akuzunzidwa pa nthawi yomwe anthu aku US amakhala komweko ndipo pafupi ndi zipata zankhondo zaku US - azimayi ochita zachiwerewere komanso azimayi omwe amangoyenda mumsewu.[35] Ozunzidwa m'maiko onsewa akuvutikabe ndi mabala akuthupi ndi PTSD — zonsezi chifukwa chokhala pantchito ndi magulu ankhondo. Ndi cholakwa pagulu lathu kuti "anyamata akhale anyamata" chikhalidwe cha US chankhondo chikupitilirabe. Iyenera kuti idadulidwa mu bud ku International Mil Army Tribute ku Far East.
MacArthur omwe anali anthu omenyera ufulu wawo pambuyo pa nkhondo ku Japan anali ataphatikizaponso njira zothandizira demokalase yadziko lapansi, ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, ndikuloleza kugwirizanitsidwa kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito; kuyeretsa kwa aboma aboma a ultranationalist; ndikuwongolera kwa Zaibatsu (mwachitsanzo, oyang'anira bizinesi yanthawi ya Pacific Nkhondo, omwe adachita bwino kuchokera kunkhondo) ndikuwongolera zigwirizano zaupandu; komaliza, malamulo okhazikitsidwa mwamtendere padziko lonse lapansi ndi Article 9 "Anthu aku Japan asiyiretu nkhondo ngati ufulu wakudzilamulira dziko lonse komanso kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ngati njira yothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse." Mwachidziwikire, zambiri za izi zitha mukhale olandilidwa kwa aku Korea, makamaka kupatula maan-solanationalists kuchokera kuulamuliro ndi lamulo lamtendere.
Tsoka ilo, kuyenda kotereku sikuloledwa konse ku mabungwe kapena kumalo opanga zida zankhondo, choncho koyambirira kwa 1947 kudaganizidwa kuti makampani aku Japan adzakhalanso "msonkhano waku East ndi Southeast Asia," ndikuti Japan ndi South Korea zilandire thandizo kuchokera Washington kuti ikwaniritse zachuma motsatira ndondomeko ya Marshall ku Europe.[36] Ganizo limodzi pamakalata ochokera kwa Secretary of State George Marshall kupita kwa a Dean Acheson mu Januwale 1947 afotokoza mwachidule mfundo zaku US zomwe zichitike kuyambira chaka chimenecho mpaka 1965: "Konzani boma lenileni la South Korea ndikumalumikiza [sic] chuma ndi cha Japan. ”Acheson adalowa m'malo mwa Marshall kukhala Secretary of State kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1953. "Adakhala wochirikiza kwambiri kummwera kwa Korea ndi gawo la America ndi Japan, ndipo adalemba mosavomerezeka kuti aku America alowerere Nkhondo yaku Korea," m'mawu a Cumings.
Zotsatira zake, ogwira ntchito ku Japan adataya maufulu osiyanasiyana ndipo anali ndi mphamvu zochepa zogulira, olamulira omwe adadziwika kuti "Kudziteteza" adakhazikitsidwa, ndipo akatswiri azachipembedzo monga Prime Minister Abe agogo a Kishi Nobusuke (1896-1987) adaloledwa kubwerera ku boma . Kukonzanso kwa Japan kukupitirirabe lero, kuwopseza onse a Koresi komanso China ndi Russia.
Wolemba mbiri ya Mphotho ya Pulitzer, a John Dower, adanenanso za zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zidatsatira mgwirizano wamtendere ku Japan womwe udayamba kugwira ntchito tsiku lomwe Japan idakhazikitsanso ulamuliro wake 28 April 1952: "Japan idalephereka kuti iyende bwino kuyanjananso ndikudziyanjanso oyandikana nawo aku Asia. Kubweretsa mtendere kunachedwa. ”[37] Washington idatseka bata pakati pa Japan ndi awiri oyandikana nawo omwe adachita, Korea ndi China, kukhazikitsa "mtendere wina" womwe umapatula onse a Koreya komanso People's Republic of China (PRC) pazonse. Washington idasokoneza mkono waku Japan kuti achite mgwirizano wawo powopseza kuti apitiliza kugwira ntchito yomwe idayamba ndi General Douglas MacArthur (Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) Popeza Japan ndi South Korea sizinasinthe ubale mpaka June 1965, ndi mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa Japan ndi PRC sinasainidwe mpaka 1978, kunali kuchedwa, pomwe malinga ndi Dower, "Mabala ndi miyendo yowawa yaukapolo, kuwukira, ndi kubedwa zidasiyidwa; sizinadziwike konse koma sizinadziwike ku Japan. inayamba kukhazikika kum'mawa kwa Pacific kupita ku America kuti ikatetezedwe, komanso kuti idziwe mtundu wawo. ”Chifukwa chake Washington idayambitsa kulumikizana pakati pa Japan mbali imodzi ndi Koresi ndi China mbali inayo, ndikuletsa Japan kuwunikira zochita zawo pankhondo, kupepesa, ndi kumanganso maubwenzi ochezeka. - Tsankho la ku Japan motsutsana ndi aku Koresi ndi China ndikodziwika bwino, koma ochepa okha anthu odziwa bwino amamvetsetsa kuti Washington ndiyomwe iyenera kutsutsidwa.
Osalola kuti chitseko chitsekere ku East Asia
Kuti tibwerere ku Atwood pa Open Door Policy, akufotokozera momveka bwino izi chiphunzitso chachi impritiki: "Ndalama ndi mabungwe aku America ziyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wosaloledwa m'misika yamayiko onse ndi zigawo ndikupeza zothandizira zawo komanso mphamvu yotsika mtengo pantchito Mawu achi America, nthawi zina mwaukatswiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala achiwawa. ”[38] Afotokoza momwe chiphunzitsochi chidakhalira. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yathu Yapachiweniweni (1861-65), gulu lankhondo la US lidasungabe "ku Pacific Ocean makamaka ku Japan, China, Korea ndi Vietnam komwe kudachitika zochitika zankhondo zambiri." Cholinga cha gulu lankhondo "chinali" kuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo ndi dongosolo ndikuwonetsetsa kupezeka pachuma ... ukuletsa mphamvu za ku Europe ... kulandira maupangiri omwe angapulumutse anthu aku America. "
Mukuyamba kumveka bwino?
Open Door Policy idabweretsa nkhondo zina zolowererapo, koma a US sanayese kuyesetsa mwamphamvu kuletsa mayendedwe olimbana ku East Asia, malinga ndi Cumings, mpaka 1950 National Security Council yanena kuti 48 / 2, zomwe zinali zaka ziwiri ku kupanga. Ili ndi mutu wa "Position of United States With a Asia 'ndipo idakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano" lomwe silimaganiziridwa kwenikweni kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse: ikonzekera kukhudzana ndi nkhondo motsutsana ndi magulu osagwirizana ndi anthu ku East Asia, Korea yoyamba, kenako Vietnam, ndi Revolution ya China monga malo obwezeretsera. ”[39] NSC 48 / 2 idatsutsa kutsutsa "kutukuka kwachuma." Mwanjira ina, zingakhale bwino kuti mayiko a East Asia akhale ndi misika yocheperako, koma sitikufuna kuti iwo atukule ntchito zathu zonse monga US anali, chifukwa pamenepo adzatha kupikisana nafe m'minda momwe tili ndi "mwayi wofananizira."[40] Izi ndi zomwe NSC 48 / 2 amatcha "kunyada ndi dziko," zomwe "zingalepheretse mgwirizano wogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi."
Kuphatikizika kwa Korea
Japan asanazindikire dziko la Korea ku 1910, aku Korea ambiri anali "anthu wamba, ambiri mwa anthuwa omwe amagwira ntchito malo omwe amodzi mwa odziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi," mwachitsanzo, yangbanaristocracy.[41] Mawuwa amapangidwa ndi zilembo ziwiri zaku China, yang kutanthauza "awiri" ndi kuletsedwa kutanthauza "gulu." Gulu lankhondo lazachipembedzo linapangidwa ndi magulu awiri - ogwira ntchito zaboma ndi asitikali ankhondo. Ndipo ukapolo sunathetsedwe ku Korea mpaka 1894.[42] Kulanda dziko la US komanso boma latsopano, losatchuka la South Korea ku Syngman Rhee lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu Ogasiti 1948 adatsata njira zogawanitsa ndikugonjetsa kuti, atatha zaka 1,000 zogwirizana, adakantha Peninsula ya Korea kuchita nkhondo yachiweniweni yodzaza ndi zigawenga limodzi mizere.
Ndiye pamakhala mlandu wanji wa anthu ambiri aku Koresi omwe tsopano akufuna kulangidwa? Umboni wawo woyamba ndikuti adabadwira m'magulu azachuma omwe ali mdziko lophatikizidwa ndi mayiko awiri olemera komanso amphamvu, mwachitsanzo, China ndi Japan. Atatha kuvutika kwambiri pansi paulamuliro wa Japan kwa zaka zopitilira 30, adakhala ndi mwayi womasuka womwe udayamba mchilimwe cha 1945, koma posakhalitsa US idatenga komwe Ufumu wa Japan udachoka. Chiwopsezo chawo chachiwiri chinali kukaniza ukapolo wachiwiriwu motsogozedwa ndi Syngman Rhee waku Washington, ndikuyambitsa nkhondo yaku Korea. Ndipo chachitatu, ambiri a iwo adafuna kugawana mwachilungamo chuma cha dziko lawo. Mitundu iwiri yomalizayi idawadzetsa mabvuto ndi Bully Nambala 1, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, adaganiza mwamseri kuti asalole "kutukuka wamba" mu NSC 48 / 2, mogwirizana ndi njira yake yomwe ikukhudzidwa, kulanga kwambiri mayiko omwe akufuna Odziimira chitukuko cha zachuma.
Mwina mwanjira imodzi yovomerezeka kuti UN yatsopano, yofooka, komanso yolamulidwa ndi US idapereka boma la Syngman Rhee, ophunzira ochepa ku West adayang'ana kuzunzidwa kochitidwa ndi US panthawi yomwe adalanda Korea, kapenanso ngakhale munthawi yomweyo. zoyipa zomwe zidatsagana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la Rhee. Pakati pa 100,000 ndi 200,000 Koreans adaphedwa ndi boma la South Korea asanafike June 1950, pomwe "nkhondo wamba" idayamba, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa a Cumings, ndi "anthu a 300,000 adamangidwa ndikuphedwa kapena adangotayika ndi a South Korea. boma m'miyezi yoyambirira itatha zachilendo nkhondo idayamba. ”[43] (Zosangalatsa zanga). Chifukwa chake kuyika kukanidwa kwa Korea koyambirira kwake kunakhudza kupha anthu pafupifupi theka miliyoni. Uwu wokha ndi umboni kuti aku Korea ambiri akummwera, osati aku Korea okha omwe ali kumpoto (mamiliyoni ambiri omwe anaphedwa mkati mwa Nkhondo yaku Korea), sanalandire ndi omenyera ufulu wawo wotsutsana ndi US.
Kuyamba kwa "nkhondo yanthawi zonse," mwa njira, nthawi zambiri kumadziwika kuti 25 June 1950, pomwe aku Korea kumpoto "adalowa" dziko lawo, koma nkhondo ku Korea idayamba kale ndi 1949 yoyambilira, komabe ngakhale pali ambiri amaganiza kuti Nkhondo inayambika mu 1950, Cumings imakana izi.[44] Mwachitsanzo, panali nkhondo yayikulu yapa anthu pachilumba cha Cheju ku 1948-49 pomwe ena pakati pa 30,000 ndi 80,000 amakhala kuti anaphedwa, mwa anthu ambiri a 300,000, ena aiwo adaphedwa mwachindunji ndi aku America ndipo ambiri mwa iwo mosadziwika bwino ku America malingaliro oti Washington idathandizira ndi ziwawa za boma za Syngman Rhee.[45] Mwanjira ina, zingakhale zovuta kunena kuti nkhondo ya ku Korea ikuchitika pa Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), koma osavuta kuiimba mlandu ku Washington ndi Syngman Rhee.
Pambuyo pa kuvutika konse komwe US yadzetsa ku Korea, kumpoto ndi kumwera, siziyenera kudabwitsidwa kuti boma la North Korea likutsatira komanso kutsutsana ndi America, ndikuti ma Korea ena kumpoto amagwirizana ndi boma la Kim Jong-un pothandiza Kumpoto kukonzekera nkhondo ndi US, ngakhale boma litakhala lopanda demokalase. (Osachepera zigawo zomwe timawonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza pa TV zikuluzikulu, za asitikali akuyenda zikuwonetsa mgwirizano wina). M'mawu a Cumings, "DPRK si malo abwino, koma ndi malo omveka, dziko lokhalamo antchito achipembedzo omwe amakula pakati pa theka la ulamuliro wamakolonamu waku Japan komanso theka lina la kukumana mosalekeza ndi hegemonic United States komanso dziko la South Korea lolimba kwambiri, ndi zovuta zilizonse zodziwikiratu (boma lankhondo, ndale zathunthu, kuyambiranso kwa akunja) ndikuwonetsetsa kwambiri zakuphwanya ufulu wake monga mtundu. "[46]
Nanga bwanji tsopano?
Pamene Kim Jong-un amawopseza, sakhala ndi mbiri iliyonse. Purezidenti wa US Trump akaopseza North Korea, ndizowopsa. Nkhondo yanyukiliya yomwe idayamba ku Peninsula yaku Korea "ingatulutse mwala ndi zinyalala kuti zingaopseze anthu padziko lonse lapansi,"[47] chifukwa chake akuwopseza kupezeka kwa anthu.
Chofunikira chokha chongowona otchedwa "Doomsday Clock" kuti muwone momwe zili zofunikira tsopano.[48] Anthu ambiri odziwa zambiri agonjera, makamaka, ku nkhani yomwe imazunza aliyense ku North Korea. Mosasamala kanthu za zikhulupiriro zandale, tiyenera kulingaliranso ndikusinthanso zokambirana zaposachedwa pankhaniyi US vuto —kuwonjezereka kwa Washington mu mkangano. Izi zikufunika kuwona kuti kukubwera "kosatheka," osati chochitika chokha komanso chifukwa chosagwedezeka chifukwa cha zochitika zachiwawa zachi impirikiti komanso capitalism nthawi yayitali - osati "kungoona", koma kuyesetsa kusintha mitundu yathu. kuchuluka kwa chiwawa.
Mfundo.
[1] Bertrand Russell, Ma Essays Osasangalatsa (Simon And Schuster, 1950)
[2] "Magulu A Asitikali a US ku Japan Asitikali a Asitikali"
[3] Zolemba, Malo A Korea ku Dzuwa: Mbiri Yamakono (WW Norton, 1988) p. 477.
Alex Ward,South Korea Ikufuna US Ku Station Zida Zanyukiliya M'dzikoli. Ndiye Choipa Chosalakwika. " Vox (5 September 2017).
[4] Alex Lockie,US amatumiza ndege yachitatu yonyamula anthu ku Pacific ngati zida zazikulu zankhondo pafupi ndi North Korea" Business Insider (5 June 2017)
[5] Bridget Martin, "Mwezi wa Jae-In wa THAAD Conundrum: Mtsogoleri wa ku South Korea" Purezidenti wa ku Kandulo "Akumana ndi Nzika Zamphamvu Zotsutsana Ndi Chitetezo" Asia Pacific Journal: Kuganizira ku Japan 15: 18: 1 (15 September 2017).
[6] Jane Perlez,Ku China, Njira Yodzitchinjiriza ku South Korea Imafotokoza Zaulesi Wosakwaniritsidwa," New York Times (8 Julayi 2016)
[7] Bruce Klingner,South Korea: Kutenga Njira Zoyenera Zodzitetezera, ”Heritage Heritage (19 October 2011)
[8] Oliver Holmes,US ndi South Korea kuti achite masewera olimbitsa thupi ngakhale atakhala ku North Korea" The Guardian (11 August 2017)
[9] "Japan-Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) Mission Computing Upgrade (MCU),”Defence Security Cooperation Agency (26 September 2013)
[10] Hans M. Kristensen, a Matthew McKinzie, ndi Theodore A. Postol,Momwe US Nuclear Force Modernization Ikuwunikira Kukhazikika Kwamasamba: Kukula Kwambiri Kukula Kwambiri" Bulletin ya Atomic Scientists (March 2017)
Msodzi m'modzi adasamukira kudera la Epulo 2017. Onani a Barbara Starr, Zachary Cohen ndi Brad Lendon, "US Navy Yotsogolera-Zida Zankhondo ku US Korea, ”CNN (25 April 2017).
Payenera kukhala osachepera awiri m'chigawocho. Onani “Trump akuuza Duterte za ma subs awiri aku US mumadzi aku Korea: NYT, ”Reuters (24 Meyi 2017)
[11] Dakshayani Shankar, "Mattis: Nkhondo ndi North Korea ikhoza kukhala 'yowopsa',”ABC News (10 Aug 2017)
[12] Bruce Cumings, "Ulembedwe wa Maofesi a Hermit" LA Times (17 Julayi 1997)
[13] David Nakamura ndi Anne Gearan, "M'mawu a UN, a Trump akuwopseza 'kuwonongeratu North Korea' ndikuyitanira Kim Jong Un 'Rocket Man'" Washington Post (19 September 2017)
[14] Paul Atwood, “Korea? Zakhala Zikukhalapo Zokhudza China! ” CounterPunch (22 September 2017)
[15] David Stockman, "Bogus 'Zoopsa Zaku Iran ”" Antiwar.com (14 October 2017)
[16] Joby Warrick, Ellen Nakashima, ndi Anna Fifield "North Korea tsopano ikupanga zida zanyukiliya zomwe zakonzedwa kale, akatswiri aku US ati" Washington Post (8 August 2017)
[17] Bruce Cumings, North Korea: Dziko Lina (The New Press, 2003) p. 1.
[18] Zolemba zofunsa, "Psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton pa Duty to Chenjezo: 'Chibale Cha Trump' Chili Choopsa Kwa Tonse, ”DemocracyNow! (13 October 2017)
[19] Atwood, “Korea? Zakhala Zikukhalapo Zokhudza China! ” CounterPunch.
[20] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Chaputala 8, gawo lotchedwa "Military-Industrial Complex," 7th ndime.
[21] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Chaputala 8, gawo lotchedwa "Military-Industrial Complex," 7th ndime.
[22] Aaron David Miller ndi Richard Sokolsky, “Tiye 'axis ya zoyipa' wabwerera, ”CNN (26 Epulo 2017) l
[23] "Kuyambitsa Boxer — Ine: Mphepo Yamkuntho Kumpoto kwa China (1860-1900), ”MIT Kuyang'ana Zikhalidwe, Webusayiti ya Creative Commons:
[24] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Chaputala 4, 3rd ndime.
[25] Nick Turse akuwuza mbiri yatsankho loyipa lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi liwu mu Ipha Chilichonse Chimene Chimasuntha: Nkhondo Yachimereka Yaku America ku Vietnam (Picador, 2013), Chaputala 2.
[26] Kuti mupeze nkhani yankhanza yoyambirira, onani a Hanson W. Baldwin, "Phunziro la Korea: Luso la Reds, Mphamvu Yofunsanso Kukwanilitsanso Zida Zodzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi Kubedwa Mwadzidzidzi," New York Times (14 Julayi 1950)
[27] Tomohiro Osaki,Zakudya zimapatsa lamulo loyamba ku Japan loletsa kutukwana" Japan Times (24 Meyi 2016)
[28] Julia Lovell,Zowopsa Zachikaso: Dr Fu Manchu & the Rise of Chinaphobia wolemba Christopher Frayling - onaninso" The Guardian (30 October 2014)
[29] Christine Hong,Nkhondo Zina Njira Zina: Chiwawa cha Ufulu wa Anthu ku North Korea" Asia Pacific Journal: Kuganizira ku Japan 12: 13: 2 (30 March 2014)
[30] Lucas Tomlinson ndi Associated Press, "'Axis of Evil 'akadali moyo ku North Korea, Iran ikukhazikitsa zida zopumira, maulendo opita ku ndege, ”Fox News (29 Julayi 2017)
Jaime Fuller,4th yabwino State of the Union adilesi: 'Axis of evil, ' Washington Post (25 Januari 2014)
[31] Caroline Norma, Akazi a Chitetezo cha ku Japan ndi Ukapolo wa Uchiwerewere ku China ndi Pacific Wars (Bloomsbury, 2016), Mapeto, 4th ndime.
[32] Tessa Morris-Suzuki, “Simufuna Kudziwa Zokhudza Atsikana? "Akazi Omasulira ', Asitikali Aku Japan ndi Omwe Akumenya Nkhondo ku Asia-Pacific," Asia Pacific Journal: Kuganizira ku Japan 13: 31: 1 (3 August 2015).
[33] A John W. Dower, Kuzindikira Kutha: Japan pa Wake wa Nkhondo Yadziko II. (Norton, 1999)
[34] Katharine HS Mwezi, "Unkhondo Wankhondo ndi Asitikali aku US ku Asia," Asia Pacific Journal: Kuganizira ku Japan Voliyumu 7: 3: 6 (12 Januari 2009)
[35] Norma, Akazi a Chitetezo cha ku Japan ndi Ukapolo wa Uchiwerewere ku China ndi Pacific Wars, Chaputala 6, gawo lomaliza la mutu wakuti "Ozunzidwa mpaka kumapeto."
[36] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Chaputala 5, gawo lachiwiri ndi lomaliza la gawo loyamba asanafike "Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Korea panthawi ya Boma Lankhondo."
[37] A John W. Dower,Dongosolo la San Francisco: Zakale, Zapano, Zam'tsogolo ku US-Japan-China ubale" Asia Pacific Journal: Kuganizira ku Japan 12: 8: 2 (23 February 2014)
[38] Atwood,Korea? Zakhala Zikupezeka Zokhudza China!" ChikaPonder.
[39] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Chaputala 8, gawo lotchedwa "Military-Industrial Complex," 6th ndime.
[40] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Chaputala 8, gawo lotchedwa "Military-Industrial Complex," 9th ndime.
[41] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Chaputala 1, ndima 3rd.
[42] Kulemba, North Korea: Dziko Linanso, Mutu 4, 2nd ndime.
[43] Zolemba, "Mbiri Yopweteka Kwambiri ku Korea," Kukambirana kwa Mabuku a London 39: 10 (18 Meyi 2017).
[44] Kulemba, Malo a Korea ku Sun: Mbiri Yakale, p. 238.
[45] Kulemba, Nkhondo ya Korea, Mutu 5, "The Cheju Insurgency."
[46] Kulemba, North Korea: Dziko Lina, Mutu 2, gawo la "American Nuclearopseza" gawo lomaliza.
[47] Zolemba Bruce, "Mbiri Yovuta Kwambiri ku Korea," Kukambirana kwa Mabuku a London (18 Meyi 2017). Ili ndiye nkhani yayikulu kwambiri koma yachidule, yofotokoza mbiri ya ku Korea momwe ikukhudzana ndi zovuta zomwe zilipo.
[48] Bulletin ya Atomic Scientists
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Joseph Essertier ndi pulofesa mnzake ku Nagoya Institute of Technology ku Japan.
