Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard waku Hawaii, membala wa makomiti a Armed Services ndi Foreign Affairs, wakonza malamulo zomwe zingalepheretse thandizo lililonse la US ku mabungwe achigawenga ku Syria komanso ku bungwe lililonse lomwe likugwira nawo ntchito mwachindunji. Chofunikanso, chidzaletsa kugulitsa asilikali a US ndi mitundu ina ya mgwirizano wankhondo ndi mayiko ena omwe amapereka zida kapena ndalama kwa zigawenga ndi ogwira nawo ntchito.

Gabbard ndi "Stop Arming Terrorists Act" zovuta kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Congress ndondomeko ya US yokhudzana ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Syria yomwe iyenera kuti inayambitsa mabelu a alamu kalekale: mu 2012-13 olamulira a Obama anathandiza ogwirizana nawo a Sunni Turkey, Saudi Arabia, ndi Qatar kupereka zida ku Syria. komanso magulu ankhondo omwe si a Syria kuti akakamize Purezidenti Bashar al-Assad kuti achoke pampando. Ndipo mu 2013 olamulira adayamba kupereka zida ku zomwe CIA idawona kuti ndi magulu odana ndi Assad "ocheperako" kutanthauza kuti adaphatikiza magawo osiyanasiyana achisilamu onyanyira.

Ndondomekoyi, yomwe ikufuna kuthandiza m'malo mwa boma la Assad ndi njira ina yademokalase, yathandizira kukulitsa mwayi wa al Qaeda waku Syria. al Nusra Front kuopseza kwakukulu kwa Assad.

Othandizira mfundo yopereka zida izi amakhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira ngati kukankhira kumbuyo ku chikoka cha Iran ku Syria. Koma mkangano umenewo umatsutsana ndi nkhani yeniyeni imene yatulutsidwa ndi mbiri ya ndondomekoyi.  Ndondomeko ya Obama Administration ku Syria anagulitsa chidwi cha US chomwe chimayenera kukhala chida chothandizira pa "Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse Yolimbana ndi Uchigawenga" - kuthetsedwa kwa gulu la al Qaeda ndi zigawenga zomwe zimagwirizana nawo. United States m'malo mwake idayika chidwi cha US pakuthana ndi uchigawenga ku zofuna za ogwirizana nawo a Sunni. Pochita izi zathandiza kupanga chiwopsezo chatsopano cha uchigawenga pakati pa Middle East.

Ndondomeko yamagulu ankhondo omwe adadzipereka kuti agwetse boma la Purezidenti Bashar al-Assad idayamba mu Seputembala 2011, pomwe Purezidenti Barack Obama adakakamizidwa ndi ogwirizana nawo a Sunni - Turkey, Saudi Arabia ndi Qatar - kuti apereke zida zolemetsa kwa gulu lotsutsa Assad. iwo anali otsimikiza kukhazikitsa. Maboma a Turkey ndi Gulf adafuna kuti United States ipereke zida zotsutsana ndi akasinja ndi ndege kwa zigawenga, malinga ndi mkulu wina wakale wa Obama Administration okhudzidwa ndi zovuta za Middle East.

Obama anakana kupereka zida kwa otsutsa, koma adavomera kupereka thandizo lachinsinsi la US lothandizira in kuchita ndawala yothandiza asilikali ku magulu otsutsa zida. Kutengapo gawo kwa CIA pakunyamula zida zankhondo zotsutsana ndi Assad kudayamba ndikukonzekera kutumiza zida kuchokera m'matangadza a boma la Gaddafi zomwe zidasungidwa ku Benghazi. Makampani oyendetsedwa ndi CIA adatumiza zidazo kuchokera ku doko lankhondo la Benghazi kupita ku madoko awiri ang'onoang'ono ku Syria pogwiritsa ntchito asitikali akale aku US kuti aziwongolera zida, monga mtolankhani wofufuza. Sy Hersh mwatsatanetsatane mu 2014. Ndalama zothandizira pulogalamuyi zidachokera makamaka ku Saudis.

Lipoti losasinthika la October 2012 Defense Intelligence Agency idawulula kuti zomwe zidatumizidwa kumapeto kwa Ogasiti 2012 zidaphatikizanso mfuti zowombera 500, 100 RPG (zoyambitsa rocket propelled grenade) komanso zozungulira 300 RPG ndi ma 400 howiters. Chilichonse chonyamula zida chinali ndi makontena opitilira khumi, idatero, chilichonse chomwe chidanyamula katundu wokwana mapaundi 48,000. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zida zonse zimalipidwa mpaka matani 250 pa katundu aliyense. Ngakhale CIA ikanakonza kutumiza kumodzi kokha pamwezi, zida zonyamula zida zikadakhala zidakwana matani a 2,750 omangidwa kumapeto kwa Syria kuyambira Okutobala 2011 mpaka Ogasiti 2012. Mwachiwonekere chinali chochuluka mwa chiwerengero chimenecho.

Kutumiza zida zobisika za CIA kuchokera ku Libya kudayima mwadzidzidzi mu Seputembara 2012 pomwe zigawenga zaku Libya zidaukira ndikuwotcha ofesi ya kazembe ku Benghazi yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira ntchitoyi. Komabe, panthawiyo, njira yokulirapo yopezera zida zankhondo zotsutsana ndi boma inali itatsegulidwa. CIA idalumikizana ndi a Saudis ndi mkulu wina waku Croatia amene anadzipereka kugulitsa zida zambiri zomwe zinatsalira ku Balkan Wars za 1990s. Ndipo CIA anawathandiza kugula zida kuchokera kwa ogulitsa zida ndi maboma m'maiko ena angapo omwe kale anali bloc Soviet.

Kuthamangitsidwa ndi zida zomwe zidapezedwa kuchokera ku pulogalamu ya CIA Libya komanso kuchokera kwa aku Croatia, Saudis ndi Qataris adachulukitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ndege zonyamula zida zankhondo kupita ku Turkey mu Disembala 2012 ndikupitilira liwiro lawo kwa miyezi iwiri ndi theka yotsatira. The New York Times Adanenanso za maulendo 160 otere mpaka pakati pa Marichi 2013. Ndege zonyamula katundu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Gulf, Ilyushin IL-76, imatha kunyamula katundu wokwana matani a 50 paulendo wa pandege, zomwe zingasonyeze kuti zida zokwana matani 8,000 zidatsanuliridwa kumalire a Turkey kupita ku Syria kumapeto kwa 2012 ndi 2013.

Mkulu wina wa ku United States anaimba foni Mlingo watsopano wa zida zoperekera zida kwa zigawenga zaku Syria "chiwonongeko cha zida." Ndipo kufufuza kwa chaka chonse ndi Balkan Investigative Reporting Network ndi Project Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project inavumbulutsa kuti a Saudis akufuna kumanga gulu lankhondo lamphamvu ku Syria. "Satifiketi yogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto" ya zida zogulidwa ku kampani ya zida ku Belgrade, Serbia, mu Meyi 2013. zikuphatikizapo Zoyambitsa roketi za 500 zopangidwa ndi Soviet PG-7VR zomwe zimatha kulowa ngakhale akasinja okhala ndi zida zankhondo, komanso kuzungulira mamiliyoni awiri; 50 Konkurs anti-tank missile launchers ndi 500 mizinga, 50 odana ndege mfuti wokwera pa oti muli nazo zida, 10,000 magawidwe kuzungulira kwa OG-7 rocket launchers okhoza kuboola katundu katundu zida; BM-21 GRAD yokhala ndi ma rocket angapo okwera pamagalimoto anayi, iliyonse yomwe imawotcha maroketi a 40 nthawi imodzi yokhala ndi ma 12 mpaka 19 mailosi, limodzi ndi maroketi a 20,000 GRAD.

Chikalata chomaliza cha lamulo lina la Saudi ochokera ku kampani yomweyi yaku Serbia adalembapo akasinja 300, zowombera 2,000 za RPG, ndi zowulutsa roketi zina 16,500, zozungulira miliyoni imodzi zamfuti za ndege za ZU-23-2, ndi makatiriji 315 miliyoni amfuti zina zosiyanasiyana.

Zogula ziwirizo zinali gawo lokhalo la zida zonse zomwe a Saudis adapeza pazaka zingapo zotsatira kuchokera ku mayiko asanu ndi atatu a Balkan. Ofufuza adapeza kuti a Saudis adapanga zida zawo zazikulu kwambiri ndi mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet bloc mu 2015, ndikuti zidazo zidaphatikizapo zambiri zomwe zidangotuluka kumene. Pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya zida zomwe Saudis adagula kuchokera ku mayiko amenewo, komabe, zinali zisanaperekedwe kumayambiriro kwa 2017. Kotero Saudis anali atapanga kale mgwirizano wa zida zokwanira kuti asunge nkhondo yaikulu ku Syria kwa zaka zingapo.

Kugula zida zankhondo ku Saudi komwe kunali kofunikira kwambiri sikuchokera ku Balkan, komabe, koma ku United States. Inali December 2013 Kugulitsa kwa US kwa 15,000 TOW anti-tank mizinga ku Saudis pamtengo wa pafupifupi $1 biliyoni—zotsatira za chigamulo cha Obama kumayambiriro kwa chaka chimenecho chothetsa chiletso chake chopereka chithandizo chakupha kwa magulu ankhondo odana ndi Assad. A Saudis adavomerezanso kuti mivi yolimbana ndi akasinja iperekedwa kumagulu aku Syria pokhapokha pakufuna kwa US. Zoponya za TOW zidayamba kufika ku Syria mu 2014 ndipo posakhalitsa zidachitika kukhudzidwa kwakukulu pamlingo wankhondo.

Kusefukira kwa zida zankhondo ku Syria, komanso kulowa kwa omenyera akunja a 20,000 m'dzikolo-makamaka kudzera ku Turkey-kunatanthawuza kwambiri momwe nkhondoyi idakhalira. Zida zankhondo izi zidathandizira kuti gulu la al Qaeda la Syria, al Nusra Front (lomwe tsopano likutchedwa Tahrir al-Sham kapena Levant Liberation Organisation) ndi ogwirizana nawo pafupi ndi magulu ankhondo amphamvu kwambiri odana ndi Assad ku Syria—ndipo adayambitsa Islamic State.

Pofika kumapeto kwa 2012, zidawonekera kwa akuluakulu aku US kuti gawo lalikulu kwambiri la zida zomwe zidayamba kuyenderera ku Syria koyambirira kwa chaka zikupita ku gulu lomwe likukula mwachangu la al Qaeda mdzikolo. Mu October 2012, US akuluakulu adavomereza zomwe sizinalembedwe kwa nthawi yoyamba ku New York Times kuti "zambiri" zankhondo zomwe zidatumizidwa kumagulu otsutsa ku Syria ndi thandizo lazachuma la US chaka chatha zidapita kwa "ankhondo achisilamu olimba mtima" - mwachiwonekere kutanthauza chilolezo cha al Qaeda ku Syria, al Nusra.

Al Nusra Front ndi ogwirizana nawo adakhala olandira kwambiri zida zankhondo chifukwa Saudis, Turks, ndi Qataris ankafuna kuti zida zipite kumagulu ankhondo omwe anali opambana kwambiri pomenyana ndi maboma. Ndipo pofika m'chilimwe cha 2012, al Nusra Front, atalimbikitsidwa ndi masauzande a jihadists akunja omwe adalowa mdziko kudutsa malire a Turkey, anali kale. kutsogolera pakuwukira pa boma la Syria mogwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo a "Free Syrian Army".

Mu Novembala ndi Disembala 2012, al Nusra Front adayamba kukhazikitsa "zipinda zogwirira ntchito limodzi" ndi omwe amadzitcha "Free Syrian Army" pankhondo zingapo, monga Charles Lister akulemba m'buku lake. Siriya Jihad. Mmodzi mwa akuluakulu oterowo amene ankakondedwa ndi Washington anali a Col. Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi, yemwe kale anali msilikali wa asilikali a dziko la Syria yemwe ankatsogolera bungwe lotchedwa Aleppo Revolutionary Military Council. Kazembe Robert Ford, yemwe adapitilirabe udindowu ngakhale atachotsedwa ku Syria, adayendera poyera ku Oqaidi mu May 2013 kufotokoza thandizo la US kwa iye ndi FSA.

Koma Oqaidi ndi asitikali ake anali othandizana nawo achichepere mumgwirizano ku Aleppo momwe al Nusra ndiye anali wamphamvu kwambiri. Zimenezi n’zoonekeratu kuwonetsedwa muvidiyo momwe Oqaidi akufotokozera ubale wake wabwino ndi akuluakulu a "Islamic State" ndipo akuwonetsedwa akulumikizana ndi wamkulu wa Jihadist m'chigawo cha Aleppo pokondwerera kulandidwa kwa Menagh Air Base ya boma la Syria mu Seputembala 2013.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa 2013, kwenikweni, "Ankhondo a Syrian Free," omwe anali asanakhalepo gulu lankhondo ndi asitikali aliwonse, adasiya kukhala ndi tanthauzo lenileni pankhondo ya Syria. Magulu atsopano odana ndi Assad adasiya kugwiritsa ntchito dzinali ngati "chizindikiro" kuti adzizindikiritse, ngati katswiri wotsogola pagulu. mkangano wawonedwa.

Kotero, pamene zida zochokera ku Turkey zidafika kumalo omenyera nkhondo osiyanasiyana, zidamveka ndi magulu onse omwe si a jihadist kuti adzagawidwa ndi al Nusra Front ndi ogwirizana nawo. Lipoti la McClatchy Kumayambiriro kwa 2013, m'tawuni yomwe ili kumpoto chapakati pa Syria, adawonetsa momwe makonzedwe ankhondo pakati pa al Nusra ndi magulu ankhondo omwe amadzitcha "Free Syrian Army" amalamulira kugawa zida. Mmodzi mwa maguluwa, a Victory Brigade, adatenga nawo gawo mu "chipinda cholumikizirana" ndi mnzake wofunikira kwambiri wa al Qaeda, Ahrar al Sham, pakuwukira bwino tawuni yomwe inali yabwino masabata angapo m'mbuyomu. Mtolankhani woyendera adawona kuti gulu lankhondo ndi Ahrar al Sham akuwonetsa zida zatsopano zotsogola zomwe zidaphatikizapo zida zopangidwa ndi Russia za RPG27 zowombera pamapewa zolimbana ndi akasinja ndi zida za RG6 zowombera.

Atafunsidwa ngati a Victory Brigade adagawana zida zake zatsopano ndi Ahrar al Sham, wolankhulira womalizayo adayankha, "Zowona amagawana nafe zida zawo. Tikulimbana limodzi.”

Turkey ndi Qatar mwadala anasankha al Qaeda ndi mnzake wapamtima, Ahrar al Sham, monga olandira zida zida. Chakumapeto kwa 2013 komanso koyambirira kwa 2014, zida zingapo zonyamula zida kupita kuchigawo cha Hatay, chakumwera kwa malire a Turkey, adagwidwa ndi apolisi aku Turkey. Anali ndi ogwira ntchito zanzeru zaku Turkey, malinga ndi umboni pambuyo pake bwalo la apolisi ku Turkey. Chigawochi chinkalamulidwa ndi Ahrar al Sham. M'malo mwake Turkey posakhalitsa idayamba kuchitira Ahrar al Sham ngati kasitomala wake wamkulu ku Syria, malinga ndi Faysal Itani, munthu wamkulu ku Atlantic Council's Rafik Hariri Center ku Middle East.

Wogwira ntchito zanzeru zaku Qatari yemwe adagwira nawo ntchito yotumiza zida kumagulu ochita zinthu monyanyira ku Libya anali munthu wofunikira pakuwongolera zida zochokera ku Turkey kupita ku Syria. A Arab intelligence source omwe akudziwa bwino zokambirana pakati pa ogulitsa kunja pafupi ndi malire a Syria ku Turkey pazaka zimenezo adauza Washington Post David Ignatius kuti pamene mmodzi mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali adachenjeza kuti mphamvu zakunja zikumanga jihadists pamene magulu omwe si achi Islam akufota, wogwira ntchito ku Qatari adayankha, "Nditumiza zida kwa al Qaeda ngati zingathandize."

A Qataris adapereka zida ku al Nusra Front ndi Ahrar al Sham, malinga ndi a Middle East diplomatic source. Bungwe la Obama Administration Ogwira ntchito ku National Security Council adafunsidwa mu 2013 kuti United States ikuwonetsa kusakondwa kwa US ndi Qatar chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo ku Syria ndi Libya pochotsa gulu la ndege zankhondo ku bwalo la ndege la US ku al-Udeid, Qatar. Pentagon idavotera kukakamizidwa kocheperako, komabe, kuti ateteze mwayi wake ku Qatar.

Purezidenti Obama mwiniyo adakumana ndi Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan chifukwa cha thandizo la boma lake kwa omenyera ufulu wa jihadist pamwambo wapayekha wa White House mu Meyi 2013, monga adafotokozera Hersh. "Tikudziwa zomwe mukuchita ndi anthu aku Syria," adatero Obama pouza Erdogan.

Oyang'anirawo adalankhula ndi mgwirizano wa Turkey ndi al Nusra poyera, komabe, mwachidule kumapeto kwa 2014. Atangochoka ku Ankara, Francis Ricciardone, kazembe wa US ku Turkey kuchokera ku 2011 mpaka pakati pa 2014, adanena The Telegraph Daily  ku London kuti Turkey "inagwira ntchito ndi magulu, moona mtima, kwa kanthawi, kuphatikizapo al Nusra."

Washington yapafupi kwambiri idadzudzula anthu ogwirizana nawo pakugwiritsa ntchito zigawenga ku Syria pomwe Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Joe Biden adadzudzula udindo wawo mu Okutobala 2014. Mu ndemanga zosayembekezereka ku Harvard University's Kennedy School, Biden adadandaula kuti "vuto lathu lalikulu ndi ogwirizana athu." Asitikali omwe adapereka zida zankhondo, adatero, anali "al Nusra ndi al Qaeda komanso ochita monyanyira a jihadis ochokera kumadera ena padziko lapansi."

Biden mwachangu anapepesa pa ndemanga, pofotokoza kuti sakutanthauza kuti ogwirizana a US adathandizira dala jihadists. Koma kazembe Ford adatsimikizira kudandaula kwake, kuuza BBC"Zomwe a Biden adanena za ogwirizana omwe akukulitsa vuto la kuchita zinthu monyanyira ndizowona."

Mu June 2013 Obama ovomerezeka thandizo loyamba lachindunji lankhondo laku US kwa zigawenga zomwe zidawunikiridwa ndi CIA. Pofika mchaka cha 2014, zida zankhondo zaku US za BGM-71E zochokera ku 15,000 zomwe zidasamutsidwa ku Saudis. anayamba kuonekera m'manja mwa magulu osankhidwa odana ndi Assad. Koma CIA idakhazikitsa lamulo loti gulu lomwe likuwalandira silingagwirizane ndi al Nusra Front kapena ogwirizana nawo.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti Washington ikupereka magulu ankhondo omwe anali amphamvu mokwanira kuti asunge ufulu wawo kuchokera ku al Nusra Front. Koma magulu omwe ali pamndandanda wa CIA wamagulu ankhondo "odziyimira pawokha" onse anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cholandidwa ndi gulu la al Qaeda. Mu Novembala 2014, asitikali a al Nusra Front anakantha magulu ankhondo amphamvu kwambiri omwe amathandizidwa ndi CIA, Harakat Hazm ndi Syrian Revolutionary Front masiku otsatizana ndipo adalanda zida zawo zolemetsa, kuphatikiza zida zonse ziwiri za TOW anti-tank ndi maroketi a GRAD.

Kumayambiriro kwa Marichi 2015, nthambi ya Harakat Hazm Aleppo idadziyimitsa yokha, ndipo al Nusra Front idawonetsa zithunzi za zida za TOW ndi zida zina zomwe adalanda. Ndipo mu Marichi 2016, al Nusra Front asitikali anaukira likulu ya 13th Division kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Idlib ndipo idalanda zida zake zonse za TOW. Pambuyo pake mwezi womwewo, al Nusra Front anatulutsa kanema ankhondo ake pogwiritsa ntchito mizinga ya TOW yomwe idawagwira.

Koma iyi sinali njira yokhayo kuti al Nusra Front apindule ndi kuchuluka kwa CIA. Pamodzi ndi mnzake wapamtima Ahrar al Sham, gulu la zigawenga anayamba kupanga pa kampeni yoti athe kulamulira chigawo cha Idlib m'nyengo yozizira ya 2014-15. Kusiya kunyengerera kulikonse kuchokera ku al Qaeda, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, ndi Qatar adagwira ntchito ndi al Nusra pakupanga gulu lankhondo latsopano la Idlib lotchedwa "Army of Conquest," yopangidwa ndi gulu la al Qaeda ndi ogwirizana nawo apamtima. Saudi Arabia ndi Qatar anapereka zida zambiri kwa kampeni, pomwe Turkey adathandizira kupita kwawo. Pa Marichi 28, patangotha ​​​​masiku anayi atayambitsa kampeni, Gulu Lankhondo Logonjetsa adagonjetsa bwino mzinda wa Idlib.

Magulu ankhondo omwe si a jihadist omwe adalandira zida zapamwamba kuchokera ku thandizo la CIA sanali gawo la kuukira koyamba ku Idlib City. Pambuyo pa kulandidwa kwa Idlib, chipinda chogwirira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi US ku Syria kum'mwera kwa Turkey chidasainira magulu othandizidwa ndi CIA ku Idlib kuti tsopano atha kutenga nawo gawo pa kampeni yophatikiza ulamuliro kudera lonselo. Malinga ndi Lister, wofufuza waku Britain pa jihadists ku Syria yemwe amalumikizana ndi a jihadist ndi magulu ena ankhondo, omwe amalandila zida za CIA, monga Fursan al haq brigade ndi Division 13, adalowa nawo kampeni ya Idlib pambali pa al Nusra Front popanda kusuntha kwa CIA kuti awadule.

Pamene kuukira kwa Idlib kudayamba, magulu othandizidwa ndi CIA anali kupeza zida za TOW zochulukirapo, ndipo tsopano anazigwiritsa ntchito mogwira mtima kwambiri polimbana ndi akasinja ankhondo aku Syria. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha gawo latsopano la nkhondo, momwe mfundo za US zinali kuthandizira mgwirizano pakati pa magulu "ochepa" ndi al Nusra Front.

Mgwirizano watsopanowu udapititsidwa ku Aleppo, komwe magulu achigawenga pafupi ndi Nusra Front adapanga lamulo latsopano lotchedwa Fateh Halab ("Aleppo Conquest") ndi magulu asanu ndi anayi okhala ndi zida m'chigawo cha Aleppo omwe amalandila thandizo la CIA. Magulu omwe amathandizidwa ndi CIA atha kunena kuti sakugwirizana ndi al Nusra Front chifukwa chilolezo cha al Qaeda sichinali pamndandanda wa omwe adatenga nawo gawo. Koma monga lipoti la lamulo latsopanoli momveka bwino, iyi inali njira chabe yololeza CIA kuti ipitilize kupereka zida kwa makasitomala ake, ngakhale anali ogwirizana ndi al Qaeda.

Tanthauzo la zonsezi ndi lodziwikiratu: pothandiza ogwirizana nawo a Sunni kupereka zida kwa al Nusra Front ndi ogwirizana nawo komanso powombera m'dera lankhondo zida zankhondo zomwe zidayenera kugwera m'manja mwa al Nusra kapena kulimbitsa udindo wawo wonse wankhondo, ndondomeko ya US anali ndi udindo waukulu wokulitsa mphamvu za al Qaeda kudera lalikulu la Syria. A CIA ndi Pentagon akuwoneka kuti ali okonzeka kulekerera kusakhulupirika kwa ntchito yaku America yolimbana ndi uchigawenga. Pokhapokha ngati Congress kapena White House ikutsutsana ndi kusakhulupirika momveka bwino, monga momwe malamulo a Tulsi Gabbard angawakakamize kutero, ndondomeko ya US idzapitirizabe kugwirizanitsa mphamvu ndi al Qaeda ku Syria, ngakhale dziko la Islamic litagonjetsedwa kumeneko.

Gareth Porter ndi mtolankhani wodziimira yekha ndipo wapambana mphoto ya 2012 Gellhorn yolemba. Iye ndi mlembi wa mabuku ambiri, kuphatikizapo   Mavuto Opangidwa: The Untold Story ya Iran Nuclear Scare (Mabuku a Padziko Lonse, 2014).