by Tanupriya Singh, Kutsutsana Kwambiri, December 20, 2022
M23 ndi Kupanga Nkhondo ku Congo.
Peoples Dispatch idalankhula ndi womenyera ufulu komanso wofufuza wa ku Congo Kambale Musavuli za kuwukira kwaposachedwa kwa gulu la zigawenga la M23 kum'mawa kwa DRC komanso mbiri yakale yankhondo zomwe zidachitika mderali.
Lolemba, Disembala 12, panachitika msonkhano pakati pa zigawenga za M23, gulu lankhondo la Congolese (FARDC), wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo la East African Community (EAC), Joint Expanded Verification Mechanism (JMWE), Ad-Hoc. Verification Mechanism, ndi gulu lankhondo la UN losunga mtendere, MONUSCO, ku Kibumba mdera la Nyiragongo m'chigawo cha North Kivu chomwe chili kum'mawa kwa DRC.
Msonkhanowu udachitika potsatira malipoti Kulimbana pakati pa M23 ndi FARDC, patangopita masiku ochepa gulu la zigawenga lidalonjeza "kukhazikitsa mtendere" m'dera lomwe lili ndi mchere wambiri. M23 imadziwika kuti ndi gulu lankhondo la dziko loyandikana nalo la Rwanda.
Lachiwiri, pa Disembala 6, M23 idalengeza kuti ndiyokonzeka "kuyamba kudzipatula ndikuchoka" m'malo omwe alandidwa, komanso kuti imathandizira "zoyesayesa zachigawo kubweretsa mtendere wamuyaya ku DRC." Chidziwitsocho chinaperekedwa pambuyo pomaliza kwa Dialogue Yachitatu ya Inter-Congo Motsogozedwa ndi bloc ya East African Community (EAC) yomwe idachitikira ku Nairobi, motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti wakale wa Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta.
Pafupifupi magulu 50 okhala ndi zida adayimilira pamsonkhanowu ku Nairobi, kupatula M23. Zokambiranazi zidachitika pa Novembara 28, atsogoleri ochokera ku Kenya, Burundi, Congo, Rwanda, ndi Uganda nawonso analipo. Zinatsatira ndondomeko yosiyana ya zokambirana zomwe zinachitikira ku Angola kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa November, zomwe zinapereka mgwirizano wothetsa nkhondo womwe uyenera kuchitika kuyambira November 25. Izi zikanatsatiridwa ndi kuchoka kwa M23 kumadera omwe adalanda - kuphatikizapo Bunagana, Kiwanja, ndi Rutshuru.
Ngakhale kuti M23 sinali mbali ya zokambiranazo, gululi lidati livomereza kuyimitsa nkhondo pomwe lili ndi "ufulu wonse wodziteteza." Adapemphanso "kukambilana mwachindunji" ndi boma la DRC, zomwe zidabwerezanso m'mawu ake a Disembala 6. Boma la DRC lakana izi, ponena kuti gulu la zigawenga ndi "gulu la zigawenga."
Lieutenant-Colonel Guillaume Njike Kaiko, mneneri wa gulu lankhondo m'chigawochi, adanena pambuyo pake kuti msonkhano wa pa 12 December adapemphedwa ndi zigawenga, kuti awatsimikize kuti sangawukidwe ndi a FARDC ngati achoka m'madera omwe adalandidwa.
Komabe, Lieutenant-General Constant Ndima Kongba, bwanamkubwa wa North Kivu, anatsindika kuti msonkhanowu sunali wokambilana, koma udachitika pofuna kutsimikizira zisankho zomwe zili pansi pa ndondomeko ya mtendere ya Angola ndi Nairobi.
Pa Disembala 1, asitikali aku Congo adadzudzula M23 ndi magulu ogwirizana nawo kuti adapha anthu wamba 50 pa Novembara 29 ku Kishishe, ku Rutshuru Territory, makilomita 70 kumpoto kwa mzinda wa Goma. Pa Disembala 5, boma lidasintha chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira kukhala 300, kuphatikiza ana osachepera 17. M23 idakana izi, ponena kuti anthu asanu ndi atatu okha ndi omwe adaphedwa ndi "zipolopolo zosokera."
Komabe, kuphana kumeneku kunatsimikiziridwa ndi MONUSCO, ndi Ofesi Yogwirizana Yoona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (UNJHRO) pa December 7. Malinga ndi kafukufuku woyambirira, lipotilo linanena kuti pafupifupi anthu wamba 131 anaphedwa m’midzi ya Kishishe ndi Bambo pakati pa November 29 ndi Bambo. 30.
"Ophedwawo anaphedwa popanda chilolezo ndi zipolopolo kapena zida zowombera," werengani chikalatacho. Idaonjezanso kuti pafupifupi amayi 22 ndi atsikana asanu adagwiriridwa, ndipo nkhanzazi "zidachitika ngati gawo limodzi la kampeni yakupha, kugwiririra, kubedwa ndi kubedwa m'midzi iwiri ya Rutshuru Territory pobwezera chifukwa cha mikangano pakati pa M23 ndi gulu lankhondo. Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR-FOCA), ndi magulu ankhondo Mai-Mai Mazembe, ndi Nyatura Coalition of Movements for Change.
Lipotilo lidawonjezeranso kuti asitikali a M23 adakwiriranso mitembo ya anthu omwe adaphedwa "pofuna kuwononga umboni."
Kupha anthu ku Rutshuru sizochitika zokhazokha, koma m'malo mwake ndi zaposachedwa kwambiri pazankhanza zomwe zachitika ku DRC pafupifupi zaka 30, zomwe zikuyerekezedwa kuti zidapha anthu 6 miliyoni aku Congo. Pomwe M23 idadziwika pambuyo polanda Goma mchaka cha 2012, komanso ndi kuyambiranso kwa ziwawa zake zaposachedwa mu Marichi, ndizotheka kutsata zomwe gululi lidachita mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, komanso, zofuna za imperialist zomwe zikuyambitsa ziwawa. Kongo.
Zaka makumi a Nkhondo ya Proxy
"Dziko la DRC lidalandidwa ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo, Rwanda ndi Uganda, mchaka cha 1996 ndi 1998. Ngakhale kuti mayiko awiriwa adatuluka m'dzikolo pambuyo posainirana mapangano mu 2002, adapitilizabe kuthandiza magulu a zigawenga," adatero Kambale Musavuli, Wofufuza wa ku Kongo komanso wotsutsa, poyankhulana ndi Kutumiza Anthu.
M23 ndi chidule cha "March 23 Movement" yopangidwa ndi asilikali mkati mwa asilikali a Congo omwe anali a gulu lachigawenga la National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP). Iwo adadzudzula boma chifukwa chokana kulemekeza pangano lamtendere lomwe linasainidwa pa Marichi 23, 2009, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti CNDP igwirizane ndi FARDC. Mu 2012, asilikali akale a CNDP anapandukira boma, n’kupanga M23.
Komabe, a Musavuli ananena kuti zonena za pangano la mtendere zinali zabodza: “Chomwe anachoka n’chakuti mmodzi wa akuluakulu awo, Bosco Ntaganda, anaopsezedwa kuti amumanga. Khoti la International Criminal Court linali litapereka zilolezo ziwiri chifukwa chomangidwa, mu 2006 ndi 2012, pa milandu ya nkhondo ndi zolakwa za anthu. Anali pansi pa ulamuliro wake kuti asitikali a CNDP adapha anthu pafupifupi 150 mtawuni ya Kiwanja ku North Kivu mu 2008.
Pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti mu 2011, panali kukakamiza boma la Congo kuti litembenukire Ntaganda, Musavuli adawonjezera. Pomaliza adadzipereka mu 2013, ndipo adapezeka wolakwa ndikuweruzidwa ndi ICC mu 2019.
Patangotha miyezi yochepa chigamulochi chikhazikitsidwe, gulu la zigawenga la M23 linalanda mzinda wa Goma mu November, 2012. Komabe, dzikoli silinatenge nthawi yaitali, ndipo pofika mwezi wa December, gululo linali litachoka. Pafupifupi anthu 750,000 aku Congo adasamutsidwa chifukwa chankhondo chaka chimenecho.
“Pa nthawiyo, mayiko onse anazindikira kuti dziko la Rwanda likuthandiza zigawenga ku Congo. Munali ndi maiko aku US ndi Europe akukakamiza Rwanda, zomwe zidathetsa thandizo lake. " Asilikali aku Congo adathandizidwanso ndi asitikali ochokera kumayiko akummwera kwa Africa Development Community (SADC) - makamaka South Africa ndi Tanzania, omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi asitikali a UN.
Ngakhale kuti M23 idzayambiranso zaka khumi pambuyo pake, mbiri yake sinali ya CNDP yokha. "Omwe adatsogolera CNDP anali a Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), gulu la zigawenga lothandizidwa ndi Rwanda lomwe lidamenya nkhondo ku Congo pakati pa 1998 mpaka 2002, pomwe mgwirizano wamtendere udasainidwa, pambuyo pake RCD idalowa nawo gulu lankhondo la Congo," Musavuli adatero.
"RCD yokha idatsogozedwa ndi AFDL (Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire), gulu lankhondo lochirikizidwa ndi Rwanda lomwe linalanda dziko la DRC mu 1996 kuti ligwetse boma la Mobuto Sese Seko." Pambuyo pake, mtsogoleri wa AFDL Laurent Désiré Kabila adakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, Musavuli akuwonjezera kuti, posakhalitsa kusagwirizana kunakula pakati pa AFDL ndi boma latsopano la Congo makamaka pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mizere yaying'ono ya ndale.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, Kabila adalamula kuti asitikali onse akunja achotsedwe mdzikolo. "M'miyezi ingapo yotsatira, RCD idapangidwa," adatero Musavli.
Chomwe chilinso chodziwika bwino m'mbiri yonseyi ndikuyesa mobwerezabwereza, kudzera m'mapangano osiyanasiyana amtendere, kuphatikiza magulu opandukawa m'gulu lankhondo la Congo.
"Ichi sichinali chifuniro cha anthu aku Congo, chakhazikitsidwa," adatero Musavuli. "Kuyambira 1996, pakhala pali njira zambiri zokambilana zamtendere zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsogozedwa ndi mayiko akumadzulo. Kutsatira mgwirizano wamtendere wa 2002, tinali nawo wachiwiri kwa purezidenti anayi ndi pulezidenti mmodzi. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha mayiko, makamaka kazembe wakale wa US William Swing. ”
"Anthu a ku Congo atapita kukakambirana zamtendere ku South Africa, mabungwe a anthu adanenetsa kuti sakufuna kuti zigawenga zakale zikhale ndi udindo m'boma panthawi ya kusintha. Swing adasokoneza zokambiranazo, popeza kuti US nthawi zonse yakhala ikuthandizira zokambirana zamtendere ku DRC, ndipo adabwera ndi njira yomwe adawona akuluakulu anayi ankhondo ngati achiwiri kwa purezidenti wadzikolo. "
Nyumba yamalamulo ku Congo tsopano yaima molimba mtima motsutsana ndi zotheka zotere polengeza kuti M23 ndi 'gulu la zigawenga' ndikuletsa kuphatikizidwa kwa FARDC.
Kusokoneza Kwakunja Ndi Kuba Kwazinthu
Kulowerera kwa US ku DRC kwawonekera kuyambira pomwe idalandira ufulu, Musavuli adawonjezeranso - pakuphedwa kwa Patrice Lumumba, thandizo loperekedwa ku boma lankhanza la Mobuto Sese Seko, kuwukira kwazaka za m'ma 1990 ndi zokambirana zamtendere, komanso kusintha kwa malamulo adziko. mu 2006 kuti alole Joseph Kabila kupikisana nawo pachisankho. “Mu 2011, dziko la United States linali limodzi mwa mayiko oyamba kuzindikira zotsatira za zisankho zachinyengo. Kuwunika panthawiyo kunawonetsa kuti pochita izi, a US akubetcha pa bata m'malo mwa demokalase," adatero Musavuli.
Patatha miyezi itatu, zipolowe za M23 zinayamba. "Ndi gulu la zigawenga lomwelo pazaka makumi awiri, ndi asitikali omwewo komanso akuluakulu omwewo, kuti akwaniritse zofuna za Rwanda, yomwenso ndi mnzake wamphamvu wa US pankhondo yomwe imatchedwa Nkhondo Yachigawenga. Ndipo zofuna za Rwanda ku Congo- nthaka yake ndi chuma chake, "adaonjeza.
Chifukwa chake, "mkangano wa ku DRC suyenera kuwonedwa ngati nkhondo yapakati pa gulu la zigawenga ndi boma la Congo." Izi zinali yowonjezeredwa ndi wolemba komanso wolemba Claude Gatebuke, "Uku si kupanduka wamba. Ndikuwukiridwa kwa Congo ndi Rwanda ndi Uganda."
Ngakhale kuti Kigali yakana mobwerezabwereza kuti ikugwirizana ndi M23, umboni wotsimikizira kuti nkhaniyi yaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza, posachedwapa. lipoti la gulu la akatswiri a UN mu August. Lipotilo likuwonetsa kuti gulu lankhondo la Rwandan Defense Force (RDF) lakhala likuthandiza M23 kuyambira Novembara 2021, ndikuchita "ntchito zankhondo zolimbana ndi magulu ankhondo aku Congo ndi malo a FARDC," mosagwirizana kapena ndi M23. M’mwezi wa May, asilikali a dziko la Congo adagwiranso asilikali awiri a ku Rwanda m’dera lawo.
Musavuli adawonjezeranso kuti thandizo lamtunduwu likuwonekeranso chifukwa M23 ili ndi zida ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri.
Ulalo uwu umawonekera momveka bwino pazokambirana zothetsa nkhondo. “Kuti M23 ivomereze kuletsa nkhondo, Uhuru Kenyatta adayenera kuyimbira Purezidenti wa Rwanda Paul Kagame. Osati zokhazo, pa Disembala 5, dipatimenti ya US State idatulutsa a press communique Mlembi wa boma Antony Blinken adalankhula ndi Purezidenti Kagame, ndikufunsa Rwanda kuti asiye kulowerera ku DRC. Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani tsiku lotsatira? M23 idatulutsa chikalata chonena kuti sakumenyananso,” adatero Musavuli.
Rwanda yavomereza kuwukira kwawo ku DRC ponamizira kulimbana ndi gulu la zigawenga za Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), gulu la zigawenga zachihutu ku DRC omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wopha anthu ku Rwanda mu 1994. "Koma Rwanda siyitsatira FDLR, ikutsata migodi. Kodi migodi ya ku Congo ifika bwanji ku Kigali?”
Momwemonso, a Musavuli adati, Uganda idapanga chifukwa cholanda dziko la Congo ndikugwiritsa ntchito chuma chake - Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). "Uganda yati ADF ndi "jihadist" omwe akufuna kugwetsa boma. Chomwe tikudziwa ndi chakuti ADF ndi anthu aku Uganda omwe akhala akumenyana ndi boma la Museveni kuyambira 1986.
"Kugwirizana kwabodza kwapangidwa pakati pa ADF ndi ISIS kuti abweretse US kukhalapo ... zikupanga chifukwa chokhala ndi asitikali aku US ku Congo m'dzina lankhondo yolimbana ndi "chisilamu choyambirira" ndi "jihadists".
Pamene ziwawa zikupitilira, anthu aku Congo adachitanso zionetsero zazikulu mu 2022, zomwe zidawonetsanso mawu otsutsana ndi US, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe a ziwonetsero zonyamula mbendera yaku Russia. "Anthu a ku Congo awona kuti Rwanda ikupitirizabe kulandira thandizo kuchokera ku US ngakhale kuti ikupitiriza kupha ndi kuthandizira magulu opanduka ku DRC.", Musavuli anawonjezera.
"Pambuyo pa zaka makumi awiri zankhondo, anthu aku Congo akuti kwanira."
Yankho Limodzi
Mulungu wabwino, zosokoneza bwanji!