Kuchokera ku Afro-Middle East Center, February 19, 2018
Pomwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa African Union (AU) mu May 2001, zokambirana za chitetezo cha anthu ndi chigawenga zinali zovuta ponseponse padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Africa, zomwe zinayambitsa mikangano ku Sierra Leone ndi madera a Nyanja Yaikulu zinali zolemera kwambiri kwa anthu a ku South Africa, komanso pa thupi latsopano. Choncho AU yatsopanoyo adafuna kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zomwe zingapangitse mtendere ndi chitetezo kukhala ndi mtendere komanso chitetezo chaumunthu, ngakhale kulola kuti bungweli liyambe kulowerera m'mayiko ena. Mutu Wachinayi wa malamulo a AU a Constitutive Act adanena kuti kulowetsa m'dziko linalake kungakhale kuvomerezedwa ndi thupi ngati boma la dziko lomwelo lidzapondereza anthu ake; kupewa milandu ya nkhondo, milandu yotsutsa anthu ndi kuphedwa kwapadera kunatchulidwa momveka bwino.
Miyezi ingapo panthawi yolengedwa a AU, a Mabomba okwera mabomba a World Trade Center a September 2001 ku New York kunachitika, kukakamiza zofunikira zina pazochitika za AU. Chotsatira chake, a AU ali, kwa zaka khumi ndi theka zapitazi, adayesetsa kuchita khama kwambiri polimbana ndi chigawenga (nthawi zina ndi kuwononga anthu omwe ali m'boma). Mgwirizanowu wotsutsana ndi zigawenga wakhala ukulimbitsa pakati pa mayiko omwe akukhala nawo, komanso, kudetsa nkhaŵa, kuphunzitsa, kusamutsa luso, ndi kutumizidwa mwachindunji kwa magulu ochokera ku mayiko akunja - makamaka US ndi France - adafunsidwa kuti athetsere, zoopsa zowopsya. Izi mwadzidzidzi zinaloleza, kuphatikizapo kusakaniza zofuna zakunja pamodzi ndi za ku continent, nthawi zambiri kulola mabungwe achilendo kulamulira.
M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, mtundu watsopano wa ntchito yachilendo ku dziko lapansi wayamba kukhazikitsidwa, ndipo izi ndi zomwe tikufuna kuzinena monga chovuta kwa African Union, dziko lonse lapansi, ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko a ku Africa. Ife tikuwongolera pano pa chodabwitsa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwazomwe zida zankhondo zozunzirako nkhondo zogonjetsedwa ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Africa, omwe, mwina angatsutsane, akuyesa, kwa ife, zovuta mu ulamuliro wa dziko lonse.
Vuto la mabungwe
Nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa ndi asitikali ankhondo monga kuchepetsa 'kuponderezana kwakutali', malo operekera patsogolo amalola kutumizidwa kwa asitikali ndi zida, kulola nthawi yoyankha mwachangu, ndi kufupikitsa mtunda, makamaka pakufunika koti awonjezere mafuta. Njirayi idali poyambirira pamagulu ankhondo aku US - makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo yaku Europe yazaka zapakati pa makumi awiri, kapena nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Monga momwe zalembedwera Nick Turse, Maziko a asilikali a US (kuphatikizapo malo opita patsogolo, malo ogwirira ntchito zotetezera, ndi malo osokoneza bongo) ku Africa nambala pafupifupi 50, osachepera. The Mzinda wa US ku Diego Garcia, mwachitsanzo, adagwira nawo ntchito yayikuru ku nkhondo ya 2003 Iraq, ndi ufulu wochepa wopita kumayiko ena.
Maziko a US, makompyuta, maofesi a pa doko ndi mafuta a bunkers ali mu mayiko makumi atatu ndi anai a ku Africa, kuphatikizapo m'madera otchuka a Kenya, Ethiopia ndi Algeria. Pofuna kuthetsa uchigawenga, ndipo kudzera mu mgwirizanowu, Washington yalowa mu mabungwe otetezeka a continental ndipo yapanga lingaliro la kukhazikitsidwa pa-maofesi ogwirizana. Akuluakulu a usilikali a ku America ndi omwe amapanga malamulo akuwona kuti dziko lonse lapansi ndilo nkhondo yomenyana ndi dziko la China, ndipo kudzera mwa kulimbikitsa anthu, akuluakulu a ku United States akutsutsana ndi mayiko ena kuphatikizapo AU. Mpaka pano, izi sizinayambe zakhala zikupangitsa kuti magulu amtundu wina asagwirizane, koma mgwirizanowu wa US ukupanga mayiko omwe akugwirizana nawo kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe akunena. Komanso, US amagwiritsa ntchito mabungwe awa kuti achite ntchito pa maiko ena; Mwachitsanzo, ma drones omwe akuchokera ku Chadelley base ku Djibouti adagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Yemen ndi ku Syria. Izi zimapangitsa kuti Africa ikhale mikangano yosagwirizana ndi iwo, zigawo kapena dzikoli.
Maiko ena ambiri atsata njira ya US - ngakhale pangТono kakang'ono, makamaka ngati mayiko apadziko lonse (kapena mphamvu zapadziko lonse) zakula. Njira yamakiti ya pakombo tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US, Russia, China, France, ngakhale mayiko ang'onoang'ono monga Saudi Arabia, UAE ndi Iran. Izi zikhoza kuwonjezeka, makamaka popeza kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yapamwamba kwawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagalimoto zamadzimadzi, motero zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kutumiza zombo zonyamula katundu monga njira yowonetsera mphamvu. Kuwonjezera apo, kupita patsogolo kwa chitetezo cha misala, komanso kuchepa kwa ndalama zopezera luso lamakonoli kumatanthawuza kuti kuyendetsa ndege kwa nthawi yayitali, ngati njira yodzikweza, yakhala yoopsa; Kulakwitsa-kutetezera mwa njira zina kumathandiza mphamvu yotetezera.
Izi, makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu zapadziko lonse, zalepheretsa AU kukhazikitsa njira zowonjezereka zakumayiko, makamaka zomwe zimafuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano. Mali ndi ofunika pankhaniyi, makamaka popeza kukhalapo kwa asilikali a ku France omwe adaikidwa kumeneko ku Operation Barkhane kunalimbikitsa zoyendetsera dziko la Maliya kuti aphatikizepo Islamist Ansar Dine (yomwe tsopano ndi Gulu la Chitetezo cha Islam ndi Asilamu), motero obwebweta kumpoto. Mofananamo, UAE mabungwe ku Somalilandkulimbikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa kugawidwa kwa Somalia, ndi zotsatira zolakwika za m'deralo. M'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, mavuto ngati awa adzawonjezereka, monga mayiko monga India, Iran, ndi Saudi Arabia kumanga zankhondo m'mayiko a ku Afrika, komanso chifukwa njira zogwirizanitsa njira monga Multi-National Joint Task Force mu Nyanja ya Chad Basin, yomwe yakhala ikuyenda bwino, ili ndi luso lapadera polimbana ndi zigawenga zopanda malire. Zili zochititsa chidwi kuti zoyesayesazi nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa ndi mayiko aang'ono, mobwerezabwereza kutsutsana ndi zolinga ndi mapulogalamu apadziko lonse.
Palifunikira kofunikira kuti anthu a ku Africa azidera nkhaŵa za zochitikazi ndikuganizira za kukhazikitsidwa kwa maziko, chifukwa cha zomwe zimakhudza anthu a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso zomwe zimakhudza boma komanso dziko lonse lapansi. Diego Garcia, maziko omwe amachititsa zochitikazi ku Africa, akuwonetsa zokhudzana ndi zotsatirazi. Anthu a pachilumbachi adasandulika ufulu ndi kumasuka, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo adachotsedwa mwanyumba kwawo ndikuwathamangitsidwa - ambiri ku Mauritius ndi Seychelles, osaloledwa kubwerera. Kuwonjezera apo, kukhalapo kwa maziko kumatsimikiziranso kuti African Union ilibe mphamvu yaikulu pachilumbachi; idakalibe ulamuliro ngati gawo la Britain.
Mofananamo, 'nkhondo yapadziko lonse yowopsya', kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa China, yakuona mphamvu zadziko lonse zofuna kubwezeretsa kapena kulimbikitsa kukhalapo kwawo ku South Africa, ndi zotsatira zake zoipa. Onse a US ndi France apanga zitsulo zatsopano ku Africa, ndi China, UAE ndi Arabia Arabia motsatira. Pofuna kumenyana ndiuchigawenga, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zofuna zina, monga maziko a France ku Niger, omwe amayesetsa kuteteza Chidwi cha France kufupi ndi dziko la Niger.
Chaka chatha (2017), China inamaliza kumanga maziko ku Djibouti, ndi Saudi Arabia (2017), France, komanso Japan (omwe maziko ake adamangidwa mu 2011, ndi omwe akukonzekera kukonzanso) akusunga maziko dziko. Nthambi ya Eritrea ya Assab ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Iran ndi UAE (2015) kuti zigwiritse ntchito maziko, pamene Turkey (2017) ilikukonzanso chilumba cha Suakin ku Sudan podzisunga zosungira zinthu zakale za ku Turkey. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Horn ya Africa ili pafupi ndi zovuta za Bab Al-Mandab ndi Hormuz, zomwe malonda opitirira 20 peresenti ya malonda a padziko lonse akuyenda, ndipo ndi njira zamagulu monga momwe zimaperekera kuyang'anira nyanja zambiri za Indian. Komanso, zodziwika kuti pafupifupi maziko onse osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US ndi France adamangidwa pambuyo pa 2010, poyerekeza kuti zolinga za m'mbuyo mwazi zili ndi mphamvu zowonongeka ndi zovuta zotsutsana ndi zigawenga. UAE maziko a Assab, nayenso, ndilofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi; Abu Dhabi adagwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kuchokera ku mayiko onse a UAE ndi mayiko ena a ku Saudi, kuti apite nawo ku Yemen, zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto aumphawi komanso kugawidwa kwa dzikoli.
Maziko ndi ulamuliro
Kumanga kwa zida za nkhondo izi kwalepheretsa ulamulilo wa pakhomo ndi dziko lonse lapansi. UAE yomwe ili ku doko la Berbera la Sombiland (2016), mwachitsanzo, imalengeza kutha kwa polojekitiyi kuti liwonetsetse kuti Somalia ndi umodzi. Somaliland ali ndi gulu lamphamvu la chitetezo; maziko omangamanga ndi chithandizo chotsatira cha UAE chidzaonetsetsa kuti Mogadishu sichidzatha kulamulira Hargeisa. Izi zingachititse kuti pakhale mikangano yambiri, makamaka pamene Puntland ikuyamba kubwezeretsa ulamuliro wake, ndipo al-Shabab akugwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kumeneku ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zake.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, maziko a UAE a Assab, kuphatikizapo Qatari blockade, akuwopsyeza kuti azilamulira Mtsinje wa Eritrean-Djibouti, popeza chigamu cha Djibouti chokhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi Qatar chifukwa cha ubale wake wapafupi ndi Riyadh adawona Doha akuchotsa asilikali ake a mtendere (2017); Pamene Emirati akuthandizira Eritrea adalimbikitsanso Asmara kubwezeretsa asilikali ake kuzilumba za Doumeira, zomwe bungwe la UN likunena kuti ndi la Djibouti.
Kuwonjezera apo, mpikisano umenewu wopanga maziko (kuphatikizapo maiko ena) awona mayiko akunja nthawi zambiri amathandiza anthu amphamvu a ku Africa (osadabwitsa, poganiza kuti ena mwa mayiko akunja okha ndiwo maulamuliro), motero kumapangitsa kuti anthu azizunza ufulu wa anthu komanso kusokoneza makampani kupeza njira. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Libyan imbroglio, mwachitsanzo, lawona mayiko monga Egypt ndi Russia akuthandizira General Khalifa Haftar, yemwe walonjeza kuti adzasunga ufulu wake ngati apambana. Izi ziyenera kukhala zodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri pamene zikuwononga AU ndi zoyandikana zomwe zikuyesa kuthetsa mkangano.
AU ndi mabungwe
Izi zikuwopsyeza kuti m'tsogolomu zidzasokoneza ulamuliro wa African Union, makamaka chifukwa chakuti mphamvu za mayiko akunja, monga mabungwe amenewa, zimayambitsa mikangano yambiri. Kulimbirana kwawuka kale ku Ethiopia poyankha ku Eritrea kukakhala nawo maziko ambiri, pamene mayiko onsewa adayankhulaotsutsa kupita kumudzi wa Berbera ku Somaliland. Kuwonjezereka kumeneku kumatsimikiziranso kuti mikangano yosiyana, monga pakati pa Ethiopia ndi Eritrea, imakhala yovuta kwambiri, ndipo imachepetsanso mphamvu za AU zokakamiza kuti azitha kukambirana. Chodetsa nkhaŵa, maufulu olimbitsa kawirikawiri amalumikizana ndi mabiliyoni ambirimbiri akugulitsa zinthu. Izi sizidzangowonjezera kuti mikangano yopakatirana malire, monga pakati pa Ethiopia ndi Eritrea, ikutsata njira yowononga komanso yowonongeka, komanso mabomawo amatha kuthetseratu chisokonezo pakati pawo. Izi 'zowonjezera utsogoleri' ndizo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimapangitsa vuto lachiwawa limene AU adali nalo kuyambira pachiyambi.
Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe tingagwirizane ndi ntchito ya UAE yomwe ikugwiritsira ntchito asilikali a ku Yemen, Africa ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo omwe angapititse asilikali kumalo ena osokoneza bongo. Mwachidziŵikire, UAE, mu 2015, inafuna mkono wamphamvu Djibouti kulola ndege za Emirati ndi coalition kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lawo monga maziko a ntchito ya Yemeni. Djibouti ndi Abu Dhabi adachotsa mgwirizanowu, koma a UAE adapeza m'malo mwa Eritrea.
AU adzafunika kuwonjezera mphamvu zake (zovuta zambiri) kuti aziika patsogolo kwambiri kukaniza kusagwirizana ndi maiko akunja komanso kusemphana maganizo - ziopsezo zambiri kuposa uchigawenga. Ntchitoyi yakhala ikupambana kwambiri polimbana ndi milandu ya anthu omwe si a boma, makamaka mmalo olimbikitsa kugwirizanitsa boma. Mgwirizano wa mayiko osiyanasiyana pakati pa maboma a Lake Chad ndi G5 Sahel (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Chad) ndi njira zabwino zowonetsera njira zothetsera militancy, ngakhale kuti izi zikufunikanso kugwirizana pa kuphatikiza. Ngakhale ndi G5 Sahel, yomwe yathandiza mgwirizanowu pakati pa mayiko asanu a Sahelian, mayiko a ku France akusungirako zida zogwirira ntchito m'mayikowa zatsimikizira kuti Paris yathandiza kwambiri mapangidwe, mapangidwe ndi zolinga za mphamvu. Izi zikuchitika, ndipo zidzakhala ndi zotsatira zoopsa, makamaka, Mali chifukwa GSIM yachotsedwa pazokambirana, kuonetsetsa kuti kusakhazikika kumpoto kumakhalabe kosalekeza. Malinga a Liptako-Gourma pakati pa Mali, Niger ndi Burkina Faso adzawona zotsatira zabwino monga a French sakuphatikizidwapo nawo, ndipo chifukwa chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha m'malire kusiyana ndi ndale za boma.
Komabe, mgwirizano monga izi zidzakhala zovuta kuyambitsa mikangano yotsatizana ndi mphamvu za kunja, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mahekitala a m'madera ena. Izi makamaka chifukwa, mosiyana ndi nkhaniyi, mabungwe am'deralo adzafa ziwalo ngati mabomba ndi magulu akuluakulu. AU adzafunika kukonza mphamvu yake yothetsera mgwirizano ndi kukanika kapena kuikapo chiopsezo ngati momwe ziliri ku Libya. Ngakhale ku Burundi, kumene mabungwe akuluakulu a dziko lonse adalangizira kuti awonongeke kwa Peter Nkurunziza, boma lake likugwirabe ntchito, ngakhale kuopseza AU ndi zilango.
