Afghanistan: Zaka 19 Za Nkhondo

Wolemba Maya Evans, Okutobala 12, 2020

kuchokera Mauthenga a Zopanda Chilengedwe

Nkhondo ya NATO & US ku Afghanistan idayambitsidwa 7^th Okutobala 2001, patangotha ​​mwezi umodzi kuchokera pa 9/11, pomwe ambiri amaganiza kuti ingakhale nkhondo yamphamvu komanso mwala wopita ku Middle East. Zaka 19 pambuyo pake ndipo US ikuyesetsabe kudzipulumutsa pankhondo yayitali kwambiri m'mbiri yake, polephera pazolinga zake zitatu zoyambirira: kugwetsa a Taliban ndi kumasula azimayi aku Afghanistan. Mwina cholinga chokhacho chomwe chidakwaniritsidwa mwachidwi chinali kuphedwa kwa Osama Bin Laden mu 2, yemwe anali kubisala ku Pakistan. Mtengo wonse wankhondo wapitilira anthu aku Afghanistan aku 2012, komanso 100,000 NATO ndi asitikali aku US aphedwa. Zakhala zikuwerengedwa kuti US idagwiritsa ntchito mpaka pano $ Biliyoni 822 pa nkhondo. Ngakhale kulibe kuwerengera kwaposachedwa ku UK, mu 2013 kumaganiziridwa kuti kudakhala £ 37 biliyoni.

Zokambirana zamtendere pakati pa Taliban, Mujaheddin, Boma la Afghanistan ndi US zikuchitika pang'onopang'ono pazaka 2 zapitazi. Makamaka zomwe zikuchitika mumzinda wa Doha, Qatar, zokambiranazi zinali makamaka atsogoleri achikulire omwe akhala akufuna kuphana wina ndi mnzake kwazaka 30 zapitazi. Anthu a ku Taliban pafupifupi ali ndi mphamvu, monga pambuyo pa zaka 19 za akumenya mayiko 40 olemera kwambiri padziko lapansi, tsopano akulamulira pa osachepera magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa anthu mdzikolo, akuti ali ndi anthu ambiri ofuna kudzipha, ndipo posachedwapa atha kupeza mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi US kuti amasulidwe Akaidi 5,000 a Taliban. Nthawi yonseyi a Taliban adali ndi chidaliro pamasewerawa ataliatali ngakhale US idalonjeza 2001 kuti adzagonjetsa a Taliban.

Anthu ambiri aku Afghani amakhala ndi chiyembekezo chochepa chamakambirano amtendere, akuwadzudzula omwe akukambirana kuti sanachite bwino. Naima wazaka 21 wokhala ku Kabul anati: “Zokambiranazi ndi chabe chiwonetsero. Afghans amadziwa kuti anthuwa akhala akumenya nawo nkhondo kwazaka zambiri, kuti tsopano akungopanga zopereka kuti apereke Afghanistan. Zomwe US ​​akunena mwalamulo komanso zomwe zachitika ndizosiyana. Ngati akufuna kuchita nkhondo ndiye atero, ali m'manja mwawo ndipo sachita nawo ntchito yodzetsa mtendere. ”

Imsha wazaka 20, yemwenso amakhala ku Kabul, adati: “Sindikuganiza kuti zokambiranazi ndi zamtendere. Tidakhala nawo m'mbuyomu ndipo samabweretsa mtendere. Chizindikiro chimodzi ndikuti pamene zokambirana zikuchitika anthu akuphedwabe. Ngati akufunitsitsa kukhala mwamtendere, asiye kupha anzawo. ”

Mabungwe aboma ndi achinyamata sanaitanidwe kumisonkhano zosiyanasiyana ku Doha, ndipo nthawi imodzi yokha panali nthumwi za amayi adayitanidwa kuti anene mlandu wawo posunga ufulu womwe adapeza movutikira pazaka 19 zapitazi. Ngakhale kumasulidwa kwa amayi Chimodzi mwazifukwa zitatu zazikuluzikulu zoperekedwa ndi US ndi NATO pomenya nkhondo ku Afghanistan mu 2001, sichimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zokambirana pamgwirizano wamtendere, m'malo mwake nkhawa zazikuluzikulu zili pafupi ndi a Taliban osatinso al Qaeda, kuyimitsa nkhondo, ndi mgwirizano pakati pa Taliban ndi Boma la Afghanistan kuti agawane mphamvu. Palinso funso loti ngati a Taliban omwe akupezeka pazokambirana zamtendere ku Doha akuyimira magawo onse osiyanasiyana a a Taliban ku Afghanistan komanso ku Pakistan - anthu ambiri aku Afghanistan akuwona kuti alibe gawo lililonse, ndipo potero, zokambirana sizikhala zapathengo.

Pakadali pano, a Taliban agwirizana zokambirana ndi Boma la Afghanistan, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ndizolimbikitsa monga kale a Taliban amakana kuvomereza kuvomerezeka kwa Boma la Afghanistan lomwe, m'maso mwawo, linali boma lovomerezeka la US. Komanso, kuyimitsa mfuti ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamgwirizano wamtendere, zachisoni kuti sipanakhalepo zothetsa moto pazokambirana ndi kuwukira anthu wamba komanso nyumba zaboma zomwe zikuchitika pafupifupi tsiku lililonse.

Purezidenti Trump wanena momveka bwino kuti akufuna kuchotsa asitikali aku US ku Afghanistan, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti US ikufuna kukhalabe mdzikolo kudzera m'maboma ankhondo aku US, komanso ufulu wa migodi kutsegulidwa kwa mabungwe aku US, monga inakambidwa ndi Purezidenti Trump ndi Ghani mu Seputembala 2017; nthawi imeneyo, a Trump adalongosola Mapangano aku US ngati malipiro othandizira boma la Ghani. Zothandizira ku Afghanistan zimapangitsa kuti akhale amodzi mwamigodi yolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kafukufuku wophatikizidwa ndi The Pentagon ndi United States Geological Survey mu 2011 akuti $ 1 trilioni ya mchere wosagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikizapo golide, mkuwa, uranium, cobalt ndi zinc. Mwina sizangochitika mwangozi kuti nthumwi yapadera yamtendere yaku US pazokambiranazo ndi Zalmay Khalilzad, mlangizi wakale wa bungwe la RAND, komwe adalangiza za payipi yamagalimoto yopitilira Afghanistan.

Ngakhale a Trump akufuna kuchepetsa magulu ankhondo 12,000 aku US mpaka 4,000 pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, sizokayikitsa kuti US ipita kumabwalo awo ankhondo asanu omwe atsala mdzikolo; Ubwino wokhala ndikukhazikika mdziko lomwe likukwera mdani wake wamkulu China sangakhale wokhoza kusiya. Gawo lalikulu lazokambirana ku US ndikuwopseza kuti ataya thandizo, komanso kuthekera koponya mabomba - Trump wasonyeza kale kufunitsitsa kupita mwamphamvu komanso mwachangu, ndikuponya 'mayi wa mabomba onse' pa Nangahar mu 2017, bomba lalikulu kwambiri lomwe silinali la nyukiliya lomwe lidayimitsidwapo dziko. Kwa a Trump, bomba limodzi lalikulu kapena bomba lapamtunda lophulika likhala njira yake yotheka ngati zokambirana zikulephera, njira yomwe ingalimbikitsenso kampeni yake ya Purezidenti yomwe ikumenyedwera pa 'nkhondo yachikhalidwe' , akulimbikitsa kusankhana mitundu komanso kusankhana mitundu.

Ngakhale UN yapempha kuti mayiko athetse nkhondo pomanga Covid 19, nkhondo ikupitilirabe ku Afghanistan. Matendawa amadziwika kuti ali ndi kachilombo mpaka pano 39,693 ndipo anapha anthu a 1,472 popeza mlandu woyamba wotsimikizika pa 27^th February. Nkhondo makumi anayi zachepetsa ntchito yazaumoyo, kusiya okalamba makamaka pachiwopsezo cha matendawa. Vutoli litangoyamba kumene ku Afghanistan, a Taliban adatulutsa chikalata chonena kuti amawona kuti matendawa ndi chilango chaumulungu chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu komanso kuyesa kwa Mulungu kupirira kwaumunthu.

Ndi anthu 4 miliyoni omwe athawira kwawo, Covid 19 mosakayikira adzakhudza makamaka othawa kwawo. Mavuto okhalamo m'misasa amalepheretsa othawa kwawo kuti azitha kudziteteza, osagwirizana ndi anzawo mchipinda chimodzi chamatope, nthawi zambiri amakhala anthu osachepera 8, ndikusamba m'manja chovuta kwambiri. Madzi akumwa ndi chakudya sizikupezeka.

Malinga ndi UNHCR pali othaŵa kwawo miliyoni 2.5 miliyoni ochokera ku Afghanistan padziko lonse lapansi, kuwapangitsa kukhala anthu achiwiri padziko lonse lapansi osamukira kwawo padziko lonse lapansi, komabe ndi mfundo zovomerezeka zamayiko ambiri a EU (Britain kuphatikiza) kuthamangitsa anthu aku Afghanistan kubwerera ku Kabul, ku kudziwa kwathunthu kuti Afghanistan idasankhidwa kukhala "dziko lamtendere kwambiri padziko lapansi". M'zaka zaposachedwa kuthamangitsidwa mokakamiza kuchokera kumayiko a EU kwachulukirachulukirachulukira “Njira Yopita Patsogolo” mfundo. Malinga ndi zikalata zomwe zatulutsidwa, EU idadziwa bwino za kuopsa kwa omwe akufuna Asylum ku Afghanistan. Mu 2018 UNAMA adalemba omaliza omwe sanalembedwepo zandale omwe anaphatikizapo 11,000 ovulala, anthu 3,804 ndi 7,189 anavulala. Boma la Afghanistani lidagwirizana ndi EU kuti alandire omwe achotsedwa mdzikolo chifukwa choopa kuti kusayanjana kungapangitse kuti thandizo lidulidwe.

Sabata ino ndi gawo lachitetezo chadziko lofuna kuwonetsa mgwirizano ndi othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo omwe akukumana ndi malo ankhanza aukali komanso chithandizo chaku Britain. Zimabwera mkati mwa masiku athu Mlembi Wanyumba Preti Patel titanena kuti titaye othawa kwawo komanso osamuka opanda zikalata akuyesera kuwoloka ngalande ya Ascension Island, kuti amange anthu pazitsulo zosagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuti amange "mipanda yam'madzi" kudutsa ngalandeyi, ndikukhazikitsa mizinga yamadzi kuti apange mafunde akulu kuti asunthe mabwato awo. Britain idadzipereka ndi mtima wonse kunkhondo yaku Afghanistan ku 2001, ndipo tsopano ikutha ntchito zawo zapadziko lonse lapansi kuteteza anthu omwe akuthawa kuti apulumutse miyoyo yawo. Britain iyenera kuvomereza kulakwitsa kwa zinthu zomwe zimakakamiza anthu kuti athawire kwawo komanso kulipira zomwe adazunzidwa ndi nkhondo yawo.

Maya Evans amalumikizana ndi Voices for Creative Nonviolence, UK.